{ "schema_version": "4.0", "built_at": "2026-11-04T05:40:22.114735+00:00", "translation_model": "Qwen3-4B-Instruct-2507", "translation_notice": "原始题录与图注保持不变；译题与新增译文为机器初译，尚未逐条人工审定。", "stats": { "paper_records": 302, "unique_paper_ids": 296, "figures": 628, "original_image_bytes": 2770246155, "export_bytes": 3126866716, "exact_image_duplicate_groups": [], "largest_image_bytes": 33213106, "title_fallbacks": [], "sites": 222, "sites_approximate": 126, "selected_paper_records": 262, "supplemented_plates": 7, "panel_annotation_rows": 207, "sites_linked": 209 }, "papers": [ { "key": "S001_c60a2d2c918a", "id": "S001", "citation_original": "彭华胜, 蓝万里, 冯晓婷, 刘心雨, 武志江, 尹旻臻, 杨梦园, 汪如冰, 金和天, 张治国, 黄璐琦. 2座战国楚墓出土植物包的考古:出土的最早粽子遗存及祭祀屈原的源流[J].科学通报,2026,71(26):6286-6303.", "source_sha256": "c60a2d2c918a3aba64c2dc2b8b222bf6dc8c22586a4cc2664534deaf9f502fcd", "title": "2座战国楚墓出土植物包的考古:出土的最早粽子遗存及祭祀屈原的源流", "authors": [ "彭华胜", " 蓝万里", " 冯晓婷", " 刘心雨", " 武志江", " 尹旻臻", " 杨梦园", " 汪如冰", " 金和天", " 张治国", " 黄璐琦" ], "year": "2026", "journal": "科学通报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S001_c60a2d2c918a_S001-F04" ], "title_zh": "2座战国楚墓出土植物包的考古:出土的最早粽子遗存及祭祀屈原的源流", "title_en": "Archaeological Study of Plant Packages from Two Warring States Chu Tombs: The Earliest Known Zongzi Remains and the Origins of the Rituals to Qu Yuan", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN179", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "城阳城", "quote": "费专项资金(ZZXT202403)\n资助\n\n\n摘要 端午食粽是中国传统节日端午节最具代表性的传统习俗之一. 民间传说认为该习俗形成于祭祀屈原. 长期\n以来, 中国粽子用于祭祀的历史及其与屈原的关系主要依据传世文献, 未曾获得出土的实物史料证据. 河南省信阳\n市城阳城址八号墓和安徽省淮南市武王墩一号墓均出土了植物包. 通过古DNA分析, 鉴定2座战国楚墓出土植物包\n的包裹叶片来源于壳斗科栎属(Quercus)栎亚属白栎组(sect. 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Quercus)植物的叶片, 结合叶片边缘缺刻特征推断包裹\n叶片来源于槲树(Quercus dentata Thunb.)的叶片; 通过形态学、淀粉粒以及有机残留分析, 发现信阳市城阳城址八\n号墓植物包内容物主要含有果壳的稻(Oryza sativa L.)和黍(Panicum miliaceum L.), 是迄今发现最早的类粽子遗存.\n淮南市武王墩一号墓植物包内容物主要为粟", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c60a2d2c918a3aba64c2dc2b8b222bf6dc8c22586a4cc2664534deaf9f502fcd" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN179", "CN180" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S002_8f49ce46996d", "id": "S002", "citation_original": "杨晓燕，孔昭宸，刘长江，张芸，葛全胜．2009．中国北方主要坚果类淀粉粒形态对比．第四纪研究，29(1)：153—158。", "source_sha256": "8f49ce46996dd6d29bb38e01a25d7aec77c7b8d49fd7846d85fc1eb5e3fc8e89", "title": "中国北方主要坚果类淀粉粒形态对比", "authors": [ "杨晓燕", "孔昭宸", "刘长江", "张芸", "葛全胜" ], "year": "2009", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S002_8f49ce46996d_S002-F03" ], "title_zh": "中国北方主要坚果类淀粉粒形态对比", "title_en": "Morphological Comparison of Starch Grains from Major Nut Crops in Northern China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "key": "S003_7e5800eb776b", "id": "S003", "citation_original": "刘莉, 希恩·贝斯泰尔, 石金鸣, 宋艳花, 陈星灿. 中国北方地区旧石器时代末次盛冰期人类对植物性食物的利用[J].南方文物,2017,(4):236-248.", "source_sha256": "7e5800eb776b55c94a2c2661be21e5ddd661c48114610b00276e2066872d1344", "title": "中国北方地区旧石器时代末次盛冰期人类对植物性食物的利用", "authors": [ "刘莉", " 希恩·贝斯泰尔", " 石金鸣", " 宋艳花", " 陈星灿" ], "year": "2017", "journal": "南方文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S003_7e5800eb776b_S003-F03", "S003_7e5800eb776b_S003-F04" ], "title_zh": "中国北方地区旧石器时代末次盛冰期人类对植物性食物的利用", "title_en": "Human utilization of plant-based foods during the Late Pleistocene in northern China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN004", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "柿子滩S14", "quote": "留下的大量\n物质遗存，为研究黄河中游地区旧石器晚期向新石器 分析结果\n早期的过渡提供了十分丰富的材料。 我们采集了三件磨盘（GS1, GS2, GS3）的使用微\n 经过2000 年、2003 年以及2005 年对柿子滩S14 痕和残留物样本，这三件石器出土后一直保存在山西\n地点的发掘，在25 平方米的发掘区域中，发现了深度 博物馆。为了比较使用过的工具与未使用过的天然岩\n约50 至100 厘米的三个连续的文化层 (II, III, 和 石的区别，我们在遗址附近的一个非文化堆积里采集\n 域IV)，年代为ca. 23,000– 18,000 cal. BP（表S1）。发现 了一件自然砂岩（SS1）上的标本（表S2）。\n的物质遗存包括1643 件石制品和27", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7e5800eb776b55c94a2c2661be21e5ddd661c48114610b00276e2066872d1344" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN004" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S004_unavailable", "id": "S004", "citation_original": "杨晓燕, 孔昭宸, 刘长江, 葛全胜. 中国北方现代粟、黍及其野生近缘种的淀粉粒形态数据分析[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(2):364-371.", "source_sha256": "", "title": "中国北方现代粟、黍及其野生近缘种的淀粉粒形态数据分析", "authors": [ "杨晓燕", " 孔昭宸", " 刘长江", " 葛全胜" ], "year": "2010", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S004_unavailable_MAN_0f003a99e0d4", "S004_unavailable_MAN_ec6b022f4c47" ], "library_status": "清单所指原始PDF不存在，待找回", "title_zh": "中国北方现代粟、黍及其野生近缘种的淀粉粒形态数据分析", "title_en": "Morphological analysis of starch grains from modern foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and their wild relatives in northern China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "key": "S005_6e18f69d62d7", "id": "S005", "citation_original": "万智巍, 杨晓燕, 葛全胜, 蒋梅鑫. 中国南方现代块根块茎类植物淀粉粒形态分析[J].第四纪研究,2011,31(4):736-745.", "source_sha256": "6e18f69d62d7b6c5184e45ec537aafd121b1df039112eb96aae106b4cdb12bfa", "title": "中国南方现代块根块茎类植物淀粉粒形态分析", "authors": [ "万智巍", " 杨晓燕", " 葛全胜", " 蒋梅鑫" ], "year": "2011", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S005_6e18f69d62d7_S005-F01", "S005_6e18f69d62d7_S005-F02" ], "title_zh": "中国南方现代块根块茎类植物淀粉粒形态分析", "title_en": "Morphological analysis of starch grains from modern tuberous root and corm plants in southern China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "key": "S006_034068c543d6", "id": "S006", "citation_original": "杨晓燕.中国古代淀粉研究:进展与问题[J].第四纪研究,2017,37(1):196-210.", "source_sha256": "034068c543d674d1f473ccd22bdd4eb2bf4f4a7c712d6311982d7532ce44c88e", "title": "中国古代淀粉研究:进展与问题", "authors": [ "杨晓燕" ], "year": "2017", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S006_034068c543d6_S006-F03", "S006_034068c543d6_S006-F04" ], "title_zh": "中国古代淀粉研究:进展与问题", "title_en": "Research Progress and Issues in Ancient Chinese Starch", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "综述" } }, { "key": "S007_91b543846f9f", "id": "S007", "citation_original": "陈涛.中国史前时期石磨盘、石磨棒功能研究——来自科技考古的证据[J].农业考古,2019,(6):124-130.", "source_sha256": "91b543846f9f0478a1cb4d6bf6aa04c2aed169dc68291ca3f8b32270be9a8b06", "title": "中国史前时期石磨盘、石磨棒功能研究——来自科技考古的证据", "authors": [ "陈涛" ], "year": "2019", "journal": "农业考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "中国史前时期石磨盘、石磨棒功能研究——来自科技考古的证据", "title_en": "Functions of stone grinding slabs and handstones in prehistoric China: Evidence from archaeological science", "translation_status": "translation_reviewed", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "综述" } }, { "key": "S008_7c5eb6304a18", "id": "S008", "citation_original": "万智巍, 杨晓燕, 李明启, 马志坤, 葛全胜. 中国常见现代淀粉粒数据库[J].第四纪研究,2012,32(2):371-372.", "source_sha256": "7c5eb6304a18a16bd77e3da376cbe15676b36d5896889656de6ed36a59705dc1", "title": "中国常见现代淀粉粒数据库", "authors": [ "万智巍", " 杨晓燕", " 李明启", " 马志坤", " 葛全胜" ], "year": "2012", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "中国常见现代淀粉粒数据库", "title_en": "Database of Common Modern Starch Grains in China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "key": "S009_13b82bda158b", "id": "S009", "citation_original": "王强, 贾鑫, 李明启, 杨晓燕. 中国常见食用豆类淀粉粒形态分析及其在农业考古中的应用[J].文物春秋,2013,(3):3-11.DOI:10.13635/j.cnki.wwcq.2013.03.002.", "source_sha256": "13b82bda158bb41c78e2b1720a1c07fefb06b41d3825f8277b44a731d9496cde", "title": "中国常见食用豆类淀粉粒形态分析及其在农业考古中的应用", "authors": [ "王强", " 贾鑫", " 李明启", " 杨晓燕" ], "year": "2013", "journal": "文物春秋", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.13635/j.cnki.wwcq.2013.03.002", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S009_13b82bda158b_S009-F01", "S009_13b82bda158b_S009-F02" ], "title_zh": "中国常见食用豆类淀粉粒形态分析及其在农业考古中的应用", "title_en": "Morphological analysis of starch grains from common edible legumes in China and their application in agricultural archaeology", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN083", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "跨湖桥", "quote": "属红扁豆，鹰嘴豆属回回 索\n 豆、脑豆，菜豆属绿豆、菜豆，大豆属大豆、野大豆（大粒型）、野大豆（小粒型）共12 个品种现代样品进行淀粉粒\n 提取及观测，建立起部分豆科植物淀粉粒的鉴定及判别依据。以此为基础，对浙江萧山跨湖桥遗址以及甘肃临\n 潭陈旗磨沟遗址出土的考古样品进行淀粉粒分析，从中发现了小豆、豌豆以及回回豆淀粉粒，为研究此类豆科\n 植物的起源、传播及扩散问题提供了新的科学资料。\n 3\n\n\n\n 农业起源及文明起源研究一直是世界学 题。研究某类作物的起源，需要很多领域进行\n 界的热点，为多种学科所共同关注，其中", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "13b82bda158bb41c78e2b1720a1c07fefb06b41d3825f8277b44a731d9496cde" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN039", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "陈旗磨沟", "quote": "豆、脑豆，菜豆属绿豆、菜豆，大豆属大豆、野大豆（大粒型）、野大豆（小粒型）共12 个品种现代样品进行淀粉粒\n 提取及观测，建立起部分豆科植物淀粉粒的鉴定及判别依据。以此为基础，对浙江萧山跨湖桥遗址以及甘肃临\n 潭陈旗磨沟遗址出土的考古样品进行淀粉粒分析，从中发现了小豆、豌豆以及回回豆淀粉粒，为研究此类豆科\n 植物的起源、传播及扩散问题提供了新的科学资料。\n 3\n\n\n\n 农业起源及文明起源研究一直是世界学 题。研究某类作物的起源，需要很多领域进行\n 界的热点，为多种学科所共同关注，其中作为 合作，豆类作物亦不例外，如生物学领域关", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "13b82bda158bb41c78e2b1720a1c07fefb06b41d3825f8277b44a731d9496cde" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN083", "CN039" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S010_548c9c13e70c", "id": "S010", "citation_original": "杨益民.中国有机残留物分析的研究进展及展望[J].人类学学报,2021,40(3):535-545.DOI:10.16359/j.1000-3193/aas.2021.0051.", "source_sha256": "548c9c13e70cd87e099f28dd56c44607cf86da184949cbadf9aa2182f4efbd02", "title": "中国有机残留物分析的研究进展及展望", "authors": [ "杨益民" ], "year": "2021", "journal": "人类学学报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16359/j.1000-3193/aas.2021.0051", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "筛选会话无候选图", "title_zh": "中国有机残留物分析的研究进展及展望", "title_en": "Research Progress and Prospects of Organic Residue Analysis in China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "综述" } }, { "key": "S011_51ebdda2b100", "id": "S011", "citation_original": "王维维, 马永超, 李昭, 马志坤, 杨晓燕. 中国现代块根块茎类植物淀粉粒形态分析[J]. 第四纪研究, 2018, 38(6): 1409-1423.", "source_sha256": "51ebdda2b1009f362e4349fc9ecd6de91308f208ed06f43b2f104f9b0e37c627", "title": "中国现代块根块茎类植物淀粉粒形态分析", "authors": [ "王维维", "马永超", "李昭", "马志坤", "杨晓燕" ], "year": "2018", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "38", "issue": "6", "pages": "1409-1423", "doi": "10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2018.06.08", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B000", "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0008-B003", "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0012-B006" ], "title_zh": "中国现代块根块茎类植物淀粉粒形态分析", "title_en": "Morphological analysis of starch grains from modern tuberous root and stem plants in China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "key": "S012_4dcc96141b2f", "id": "S012", "citation_original": "刘莉, 张健平, 李静波, 贺娅辉, 高中哲, 蒋乐平. 中国长江下游上山遗址距今一万年的稻米酒[J].南方文物,2026,(1):118-133.", "source_sha256": "4dcc96141b2f6eac18f92988dba9623141f36c664c05cab7c179c4305787baa2", "title": "中国长江下游上山遗址距今一万年的稻米酒", "authors": [ "刘莉", " 张健平", " 李静波", " 贺娅辉", " 高中哲", " 蒋乐平" ], "year": "2026", "journal": "南方文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S012_4dcc96141b2f_S012-F03", "S012_4dcc96141b2f_S012-F05", "S012_4dcc96141b2f_S012-F06", "S012_4dcc96141b2f_S012-F07" ], "title_zh": "中国长江下游上山遗址距今一万年的稻米酒", "title_en": "Rice wine from the Shangshan site in the lower Yangtze River region dating back 10,000 years in China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "g Zhang, Jingbo Li, Yahui He, Zhongzhe Gao, and Leping\n Jiang. 2024. “Identification of 10,000-Year-Old Rice Beer at Shangshan in the Lower Yangzi River Valley of China.”\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol.121, No.51, e2412274121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2412274121.\n 李静波、贺娅辉译。\n\n- 118 -", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4dcc96141b2f6eac18f92988dba9623141f36c664c05cab7c179c4305787baa2" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN079" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S013_28e9c9fbbb04", "id": "S013", "citation_original": "吕厚远, 李玉梅c, 张健平, 杨晓燕d, 叶茂林e, 李泉d, 王灿, 吴乃琴. 青海喇家遗址出土4000年前面条的成分分析与复制[J].科学通报,2015,60(8):744-760.", "source_sha256": "28e9c9fbbb049ec7377dd95d8702e2aceb62104da2ef0a91dfc872c9271dd17d", "title": "青海喇家遗址出土4000年前面条的成分分析与复制", "authors": [ "吕厚远", " 李玉梅c", " 张健平", " 杨晓燕d", " 叶茂林e", " 李泉d", " 王灿", " 吴乃琴" ], "year": "2015", "journal": "科学通报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S013_28e9c9fbbb04_S013-F05", "S013_28e9c9fbbb04_S013-F06", "S013_28e9c9fbbb04_S013-F07" ], "title_zh": "青海喇家遗址出土4000年前面条的成分分析与复制", "title_en": "Component analysis and replication of 4000-year-old noodles from the Lajia site in Qinghai", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "遗址；植硅体；淀粉；生物标志物；面条起源；粟类面条\n\n Component and Simulation of the 4000-year-old Noodles Excavated\n from the Archaeological Site of Lajia in Qinghai, China\n\n Lu Hou Yuanab, Li Yu Meic, Zhang Jian Pinga, Yang Xiao Yand, Ye Mao Line,\n Li Quand, Wang Cana, Wu Nai Qina\n （a. Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "28e9c9fbbb049ec7377dd95d8702e2aceb62104da2ef0a91dfc872c9271dd17d" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN119" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S014_2c01e3b9ac5f", "id": "S014", "citation_original": "贺娅辉, 赵海涛, 刘莉, 许宏. 二里头贵族阶层酿酒与饮酒活动分析：来自陶器残留物的证据[J].中原文物,2022,(6):30-44.", "source_sha256": "2c01e3b9ac5f0fd37118d96e9d537d03563296662eef3ef5d231e0170854673e", "title": "二里头贵族阶层酿酒与饮酒活动分析:来自陶器残留物的证据", "authors": [ "贺娅辉", " 赵海涛", " 刘莉", " 许宏" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "中原文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S014_2c01e3b9ac5f_S014-F03", "S014_2c01e3b9ac5f_S014-F04", "S014_2c01e3b9ac5f_S014-F05" ], "title_zh": "二里头贵族阶层酿酒与饮酒活动分析:来自陶器残留物的证据", "title_en": "Analysis of Brewing and Drinking Activities among the Elite at Erlitou: Evidence from Residues on Ceramics", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN155", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "erlitou", "quote": "ic vessels made of white clay. This transformation of such\n ceramic vessels into their bronze counterparts took place at the Erlitou site in the Yiluo basin, north China\n （ca. 1,800–1,500 BC）. Such pottery types are commonly regarded as alcohol-related vessels, but there is a\n lack of scientific analysis of organic remains on vessels’interior surfaces to understand their function", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2c01e3b9ac5f0fd37118d96e9d537d03563296662eef3ef5d231e0170854673e" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN155" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S015_3087ee579d2e", "id": "S015", "citation_original": "杜瑞妍, 吉学平, 周振宇, 关莹, 张茂林, 周晓燕, 邢松. 云南马鹿洞和塘子沟遗址古人类牙齿残留物中的淀粉粒[J].人类学学报,2025,44(6):1072-1082.DOI:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0099.", "source_sha256": "3087ee579d2e325d4c77d5916e4943c6065b13c7063c7fcd1296c47b799c9fda", "title": "云南马鹿洞和塘子沟遗址古人类牙齿残留物中的淀粉粒", "authors": [ "杜瑞妍", " 吉学平", " 周振宇", " 关莹", " 张茂林", " 周晓燕", " 邢松" ], "year": "2025", "journal": "人类学学报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0099", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S015_3087ee579d2e_S015-F02", "S015_3087ee579d2e_S015-F03", "S015_3087ee579d2e_S015-F04" ], "title_zh": "云南马鹿洞和塘子沟遗址古人类牙齿残留物中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from ancient human dental residues at the Maludong and Tangzigou sites in Yunnan", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN012", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "maludong", "quote": "，为揭示早期人类适应策略提供了关键的生物考古学证据。\n\n 关键词：更新世晚期；西南地区；古人类；植物微体遗存\n\n\n Starch granules in dental residues of ancient humans from the Maludong and\n Tangzigou sites, Yunnan\n\n DU Ruiyan 1,2, JI Xueping3,4, ZHOU Zhenyu5, GUAN Ying2,\n ZHANG Maolin 1, ZHOU Xiaoyan 6, XING Song 2\n\n 1. Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen, Jia", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3087ee579d2e325d4c77d5916e4943c6065b13c7063c7fcd1296c47b799c9fda" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN013", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "tangzigou", "quote": "地区；古人类；植物微体遗存\n\n\n Starch granules in dental residues of ancient humans from the Maludong and\n Tangzigou sites, Yunnan\n\n DU Ruiyan 1,2, JI Xueping3,4, ZHOU Zhenyu5, GUAN Ying2,\n ZHANG Maolin 1, ZHOU Xiaoyan 6, XING Song 2\n\n 1. Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi 333001; 2. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3087ee579d2e325d4c77d5916e4943c6065b13c7063c7fcd1296c47b799c9fda" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN012", "CN013" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S016_2faa48afe757", "id": "S016", "citation_original": "刘莉,王佳静,邸楠.从平底瓶到尖底瓶——黄河中游新石器时期酿酒器的演化和酿酒方法的传承[J].中原文物,2020,(3):94-106.", "source_sha256": "2faa48afe757e8ba50cfa541d2a13fab9ca1643f8b65546b8fb6724719e4a179", "title": "从平底瓶到尖底瓶——黄河中游新石器时期酿酒器的演化和酿酒方法的传承", "authors": [ "刘莉", "王佳静", "邸楠" ], "year": "2020", "journal": "中原文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S016_2faa48afe757_S016-F02", "S016_2faa48afe757_S016-F03", "S016_2faa48afe757_S016-F04", "S016_2faa48afe757_S016-F05" ], "title_zh": "从平底瓶到尖底瓶——黄河中游新石器时期酿酒器的演化和酿酒方法的传承", "title_en": "From Flat-Bottomed Bottles to Pointed-Bottomed Bottles—The Evolution of Brewing Vessels and the Transmission of Brewing Methods in the Middle Yellow River Region during the Neolithic Period", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN145", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "lingkou", "quote": "order to answer this question，we\n carried out residue analysis on 20 flat-base and conical-base amphorae unearthed from the Lingkou site in\n Lintong，Shaanxi. We identified starch granules with characteristics of fermentation，phytoliths from cereal\n husks，as well as yeast cells，together suggesting that both types of pottery were brewing vessels. Ancient\n people used germinate", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2faa48afe757e8ba50cfa541d2a13fab9ca1643f8b65546b8fb6724719e4a179" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN145" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S017_c4b4d336785d", "id": "S017", "citation_original": "宋艳花,石金鸣,刘莉.从柿子滩遗址S9地点石磨盘的功能看华北粟作农业的起源[J].中国农史,2013,32(3):3-8+101.", "source_sha256": "c4b4d336785d6a8f7a46f6e68ad29d569ed8e37d7cd65d86858128347a8d8bb5", "title": "从柿子滩遗址S9地点石磨盘的功能看华北粟作农业的起源", "authors": [ "宋艳花", "石金鸣", "刘莉" ], "year": "2013", "journal": "中国农史", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "从柿子滩遗址S9地点石磨盘的功能看华北粟作农业的起源", "title_en": "On the Origins of Millet-Based Agriculture in North China from the Functional Analysis of the Stone Grinding Slab at Site S9, Shizitan Site", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN005", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "page": 1, "quote": "从柿子滩遗址S9地点石磨盘的功能看华北粟作农业的起源", "method": "原始PDF页面视觉核对", "pdf_sha256": "c4b4d336785d6a8f7a46f6e68ad29d569ed8e37d7cd65d86858128347a8d8bb5" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN005" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S018_25a7b31ea678", "id": "S018", "citation_original": "刘莉, 陈剑, 王佳静, 赵雅楠, 陈星灿. 从黄河流域到青藏高原——新石器时代汉藏语系人群早期迁徙的考古学证据[J].南方文物,2023,(5):57-75.", "source_sha256": "25a7b31ea6784e6916ce6811084c87bcc621b49946a8ab8e50e3b315387518a5", "title": "从黄河流域到青藏高原——新石器时代汉藏语系人群早期迁徙的考古学证据", "authors": [ "刘莉", " 陈剑", " 王佳静", " 赵雅楠", " 陈星灿" ], "year": "2023", "journal": "南方文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S018_25a7b31ea678_S018-F02", "S018_25a7b31ea678_S018-F03", "S018_25a7b31ea678_S018-FS3" ], "title_zh": "从黄河流域到青藏高原——新石器时代汉藏语系人群早期迁徙的考古学证据", "title_en": "From the Yellow River Basin to the Tibetan Plateau—Archaeological Evidence for Early Migrations of Sino-Tibetan-speaking Populations during the Neolithic", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "大地湾", "quote": "，二者均代表最早迁徙到川西北高原的\n\n 农耕人群的扩张就是其中之一。随着人口密度的不断 仰韶社群（图一：A）。\n\n 增加，新石器时代农耕人群从其发源地离心式扩张，\n 并将他们的基因、语言和文化带到周边地区，早期农 一、仰韶文化大地湾遗址\n 人在人口和技术上都较周边地区的原土著狩猎-采集 仰韶文化繁荣于黄河中游地区，文化特征包括定\n 人群占有优势。汉藏语系是世界第二大语系，全球有 居村落、彩陶生产、家猪与家犬驯养，以及以粟（Setaria\n 超过1.3亿的人口使用，主要分布在中国境内。最近，比 italica）和黍（Panicum miliaceum）为主、水稻（Oryza\n 较语言学研究将汉藏语系的源头溯至距今约8000年前 sativa）为辅的农业种植等。仰韶文化在早期阶段（距", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "25a7b31ea6784e6916ce6811084c87bcc621b49946a8ab8e50e3b315387518a5" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN070", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "波西", "quote": "的考古遗存：（1）甘肃地区的大地湾遗址，代表在渭河 研究显示，大地湾遗址尖底瓶和壶的功能都与酒类的\n 流域原始汉藏语系发源地生活的社群，渭河是黄河的 生产和消费有关。本研究将重新分析大地湾遗址出土\n 一条主要支流；（2）岷江流域的波西遗址和大渡河流 的陶器，以探究其所使用的酿造技术。\n\n\n - 58 -", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "25a7b31ea6784e6916ce6811084c87bcc621b49946a8ab8e50e3b315387518a5" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN071", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "哈休", "quote": "南方文物NAN FANG WEN WU 2023.05\n\n\n 人类历史由多层次的迁徙活动构成，新石器时代 域的哈休遗址，二者均代表最早迁徙到川西北高原的\n\n 农耕人群的扩张就是其中之一。随着人口密度的不断 仰韶社群（图一：A）。\n\n 增加，新石器时代农耕人群从其发源地离心式扩张，\n 并将他们的基因、语言和文化带到周边地区，早期农 一、仰韶文化大地湾遗址\n 人在人口和技术上都较周边地区的原土著狩猎-采集 仰韶文化繁荣于黄河中游地区，文化特征包括定\n 人群占有优势。汉藏语系是世界第二大语系，全球有 居村落、彩陶生产、家猪与家犬驯养，以及以粟（Setaria\n 超", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "25a7b31ea6784e6916ce6811084c87bcc621b49946a8ab8e50e3b315387518a5" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN034", "CN070", "CN071" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S019_3b8916ac74d3", "id": "S019", "citation_original": "刘莉, 王佳静, 陈星灿, 李永强, 赵昊. 仰韶文化大房子与宴饮传统:河南偃师灰嘴遗址F1地面和陶器残留物分析[J].中原文物,2018,(1):32-43.", "source_sha256": "3b8916ac74d31182eeddd5b93e3263be10b1fd305cf1a7cddaad0d908258dc32", "title": "仰韶文化大房子与宴饮传统:河南偃师灰嘴遗址F1地面和陶器残留物分析", "authors": [ "刘莉", " 王佳静", " 陈星灿", " 李永强", " 赵昊" ], "year": "2018", "journal": "中原文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S019_3b8916ac74d3_S019-F03", "S019_3b8916ac74d3_S019-F04", "S019_3b8916ac74d3_S019-F05", "S019_3b8916ac74d3_S019-F06" ], "title_zh": "仰韶文化大房子与宴饮传统:河南偃师灰嘴遗址F1地面和陶器残留物分析", "title_en": "The Large House and Feasting Tradition of the Yangshao Culture: Analysis of Residues from the Ground and Pottery at Site F1, Huizui, Yanshi, Henan", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN142", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "huizui", "quote": "In this paper, we employ starch and phytolith analyses to study the residues from\n floors of a large Yangshao house F1 at Huizui in Yanshi, Henan, together with pottery vessels found near the\n house. The results suggest that this house and the nearby pottery vessels may have been used as facilities for\n feasting, including brewing beer with millet, rice, Triticeae, and tub", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3b8916ac74d31182eeddd5b93e3263be10b1fd305cf1a7cddaad0d908258dc32" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN142" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S020_4ec0f943eafe", "id": "S020", "citation_original": "刘莉,李永强,陈星灿.仰韶文化晚期大口尖底器的酿酒功能初探[J].中原文物,2024,(4):51-61.", "source_sha256": "4ec0f943eafea3b705468d4f6f04d27b836946afc40c42c97303f5a154423ed0", "title": "仰韶文化晚期大口尖底器的酿酒功能初探", "authors": [ "刘莉", "李永强", "陈星灿" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "中原文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S020_4ec0f943eafe_S020-F06", "S020_4ec0f943eafe_S020-F07", "S020_4ec0f943eafe_S020-F08" ], "title_zh": "仰韶文化晚期大口尖底器的酿酒功能初探", "title_en": "An Initial Exploration into the Fermentative Function of Late Yangshao Culture Large-Orifice, Pointed-Bottom Vessels", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN142", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "huizui", "quote": "ts a microfossil analysis of the residue found inside a large vessel of the Late\nYangshao period, unearthed in the Huizui site in Yanshi, Henan. The analysis revealed a significant presence\n Monascusof starch granules, phytoliths, mold, and yeast cells. The findings suggest that the vessel was used", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4ec0f943eafea3b705468d4f6f04d27b836946afc40c42c97303f5a154423ed0" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN142" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S021_20f45384b1a5", "id": "S021", "citation_original": "刘莉, 王佳静, 赵雅楠, 杨利平. 仰韶文化的谷芽酒:解密杨官寨遗址的陶器功能[J].农业考古,2017,(6):26-32.", "source_sha256": "20f45384b1a5195cd5fb20162b01f3eefa2670b0992e2c51965702fac706e195", "title": "仰韶文化的谷芽酒:解密杨官寨遗址的陶器功能", "authors": [ "刘莉", " 王佳静", " 赵雅楠", " 杨利平" ], "year": "2017", "journal": "农业考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S021_20f45384b1a5_S021-F02", "S021_20f45384b1a5_S021-F03", "S021_20f45384b1a5_S021-F04" ], "title_zh": "仰韶文化的谷芽酒:解密杨官寨遗址的陶器功能", "title_en": "The Rice-Grain Beer Culture of the Yangshao Period: Decoding the Function of Pottery at Yangguanzhai Site", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN191", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "杨官寨", "quote": "农业考古2017·62017 年第6 期\n\n\n 仰韶文化的谷芽酒：\n 解密杨官寨遗址的陶器功能\n\n 刘 莉 王佳静 赵雅楠 杨利平\n\n\n\n\n 摘要：黄河中游的仰韶文化在中期（庙底沟类型时期）迅速向周边地区扩张，表现之一为具有代表性的\n\n 陶器组合出现在许多同时期的遗址中，包括小口尖底瓶、小口平底瓶和漏斗。我们对陕西高陵杨官寨遗址仰\n\n 韶中期的这三种器物中的遗存进行了淀粉粒和植硅体分析，其结果揭示了它们作为酿酒器具的功用，并可\n\n 藉此复原目前所知经科学鉴定的中国最早的谷芽酒（距今5700－5300年前）的酿制过程，即以黍和薏苡为基", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "20f45384b1a5195cd5fb20162b01f3eefa2670b0992e2c51965702fac706e195" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN191" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S022_93caba017bdc", "id": "S022", "citation_original": "刘莉, 玖迪丝·菲尔德, 爱丽森·韦斯克珀夫, 约翰·韦伯, 蒋乐平, 王海明, 陈星灿, 葛威. 全新世早期中国长江下游地区橡子和水稻的开发利用[J].人类学学报,2010,29(3):317-336.DOI:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2010.03.006.", "source_sha256": "93caba017bdcf00a27c67757a708ed38d6637678e54760f4698d8a99341719b4", "title": "全新世早期中国长江下游地区橡子和水稻的开发利用", "authors": [ "刘莉", " 玖迪丝·菲尔德", " 爱丽森·韦斯克珀夫", " 约翰·韦伯", " 蒋乐平", " 王海明", " 陈星灿", " 葛威" ], "year": "2010", "journal": "人类学学报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2010.03.006", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S022_93caba017bdc_S022-F03" ], "title_zh": "全新世早期中国长江下游地区橡子和水稻的开发利用", "title_en": "Utilization of acorns and rice in early Holocene downstream regions of the Yangtze River in China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "5. Institute of Archaeology，Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Beijing 100710)\n\n\n Abstract: Recent excavations at Shangshan and Xiaohuangshan (11，400-8000 cal BP) in\n\n Zhejiang Province have revealed the earliest evidence for the emergence of sedentary villages in\n\n the Lower Yangzi River region. Both sites yielded abundant grinding stones but few organic", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "93caba017bdcf00a27c67757a708ed38d6637678e54760f4698d8a99341719b4" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN080", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Xiaohuangshan", "quote": "tute of Archaeology，Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Beijing 100710)\n\n\n Abstract: Recent excavations at Shangshan and Xiaohuangshan (11，400-8000 cal BP) in\n\n Zhejiang Province have revealed the earliest evidence for the emergence of sedentary villages in\n\n the Lower Yangzi River region. Both sites yielded abundant grinding stones but few organic\n\n remains. A", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "93caba017bdcf00a27c67757a708ed38d6637678e54760f4698d8a99341719b4" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN079", "CN080" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S023_cfd14b7028c9", "id": "S023", "citation_original": "曾慧芳,朱宏斌.关于中国新石器时代石磨盘用途的几点思考[J].农业考古,2012,(3):137-140.", "source_sha256": "cfd14b7028c9923be6dd79e1e1d1119e8335e25b5b030ee91c2a0fb0ac843f94", "title": "关于中国新石器时代石磨盘用途的几点思考", "authors": [ "曾慧芳", "朱宏斌" ], "year": "2012", "journal": "农业考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "提取结果为空，未建立筛选会话", "title_zh": "关于中国新石器时代石磨盘用途的几点思考", "title_en": "A Few Thoughts on the Use of Stone Querns from the Neolithic Period in China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "综述" } }, { "key": "S024_0a706bc25e27", "id": "S024", "citation_original": "吴文婉,青格勒,靳桂云.内蒙古塔布敖包遗址石器淀粉粒分析初步结果[J].华夏考古,2018,(5):52-58+96.DOI:10.16143/j.cnki.1001-9928.2018.05.005.", "source_sha256": "0a706bc25e27370e045630dc6142507eab3975b270eed5d0d1cff87578936aac", "title": "内蒙古塔布敖包遗址石器淀粉粒分析初步结果", "authors": [ "吴文婉", "青格勒", "靳桂云" ], "year": "2018", "journal": "华夏考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16143/j.cnki.1001-9928.2018.05.005", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S024_0a706bc25e27_S024-F02" ], "title_zh": "内蒙古塔布敖包遗址石器淀粉粒分析初步结果", "title_en": "Preliminary Results of Starch Grain Analysis from Stone Tools at the Tabuaobao Site in Inner Mongolia", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN045", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "tabuaobao", "quote": "、小麦族在内的禾本科、块根块茎等植物淀粉粒遗存，另有一些暂未知种属淀粉粒。通过量化分析，\n\n并结合其他考古证据，初步认为农业生产与采集渔猎并重的模式是塔布敖包聚落的生计方式。囿于资料的局限，目前尚\n\n无法进一步衡量聚落农业生产的规模和水平。\nKeywords：Tabu’aobao site; stone tools; starch grains; subsistence\nAbstract：Tabu’aobao is a site of Late Xinglongwa culture. Several types of micro-plant remains were recovered from stone tools\nof that site by using the Starch- grain analyses tehnique, including millets, Triticea", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0a706bc25e27370e045630dc6142507eab3975b270eed5d0d1cff87578936aac" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN045" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S025_7f0dba9a6dcc", "id": "S025", "citation_original": "王春雪, 成璟瑭, 曹建恩, 塔拉, 熊增珑, 关莹. 内蒙古魏家窝铺遗址陶器内淀粉粒反映的古人类食谱及相关问题[J].人类学学报,2017,36(3):405-413.DOI:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2017.0055.", "source_sha256": "7f0dba9a6dcc5f2750c4d9f5db8059f1e63cb4df8595047c98119a557867bab1", "title": "内蒙古魏家窝铺遗址陶器内淀粉粒反映的古人类食谱及相关问题", "authors": [ "王春雪", " 成璟瑭", " 曹建恩", " 塔拉", " 熊增珑", " 关莹" ], "year": "2017", "journal": "人类学学报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2017.0055", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S025_7f0dba9a6dcc_S025-F02" ], "title_zh": "内蒙古魏家窝铺遗址陶器内淀粉粒反映的古人类食谱及相关问题", "title_en": "Starch grains from pottery at the Weijiawopu Site in Inner Mongolia reflecting ancient human diets and related issues", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN047", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "weijiawopu", "quote": "0-3193(2017)03-0406-09\n\n\n Diet and related issues revealed by starch grain analysis on pottery unearthed\n from the Weijiawopu site, Inner Mongolia\n\n WANG Chunxue 1, 2, CHENG Jingtang1 , CAO Jianen 3, TA La4,\n XIONG Zenglong 5 , GUAN Ying 2\n\n1. Research Center of Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012; 2. Key Laboratory of Vertebra", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7f0dba9a6dcc5f2750c4d9f5db8059f1e63cb4df8595047c98119a557867bab1" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN047" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S026_6ace8e86a13d", "id": "S026", "citation_original": "赵昊,刘海旺.内黄三杨庄遗址汉代旋转磨功能的淀粉粒分析[J].考古与文物,2020,(2):122-126.", "source_sha256": "6ace8e86a13d85af544c4c7d4c9b21ea75a6983231c92827711c393b3aeedacd", "title": "内黄三杨庄遗址汉代旋转磨功能的淀粉粒分析", "authors": [ "赵昊", "刘海旺" ], "year": "2020", "journal": "考古与文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S026_6ace8e86a13d_S026-F01" ], "title_zh": "内黄三杨庄遗址汉代旋转磨功能的淀粉粒分析", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis of Han Dynasty rotary grinding at the Sanyangzhuang Site in Neiying", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN074", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "sanyangzhuang", "quote": "秦汉时期的旋转磨主要用于加工小麦。对三杨\n\n庄遗址出土汉代旋转磨的淀粉残留物分析表明，粉食粟亦为汉代农户重要的消费方式。因此，由粒食向粉食的转变，\n\n不能简单地等同于为食粟向食麦的转变。旋转磨应当更多地被视为一种多功能粮食加工平台。\n KEYWORDS: Sanyangzhuang site, Han Dynasty, Rotary quern, Starch grains\n ABSTRACT: The transition from grain-eating to flour-eating was a significant turning point in the history of Chinese\nfood culture. In the literature, the widespread of rotary querns has been considered as an", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6ace8e86a13d85af544c4c7d4c9b21ea75a6983231c92827711c393b3aeedacd" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN074" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S027_4f71cd6dc8c2", "id": "S027", "citation_original": "葛威,刘莉,金正耀.几种禾本科植物淀粉粒形态比较及其考古学意义[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(2):377-384.", "source_sha256": "4f71cd6dc8c26289a0346835bb4ef46fafa1f8a0cc287866a9b76e420c418b3a", "title": "几种禾本科植物淀粉粒形态比较及其考古学意义", "authors": [ "葛威", "刘莉", "金正耀" ], "year": "2010", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S027_4f71cd6dc8c2_S027-F01", "S027_4f71cd6dc8c2_S027-F04" ], "title_zh": "几种禾本科植物淀粉粒形态比较及其考古学意义", "title_en": "A comparative study of starch grain morphology in several grass family plants and its archaeological significance", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "key": "S028_3c3416c8ce23", "id": "S028", "citation_original": "杨晓燕, 郁金城, 吕厚远, 崔天兴, 郭京宁, 刁现民, 孔昭宸, 刘长江, 葛全胜. 北京平谷上宅遗址磨盘磨棒功能分析:来自植物淀粉粒的证据[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2009,39(9):1266-1273.", "source_sha256": "3c3416c8ce233cfe93fe3a4b3c146b672ad1ed958a8057cd56ca7bf36d00a4c8", "title": "北京平谷上宅遗址磨盘磨棒功能分析:来自植物淀粉粒的证据", "authors": [ "杨晓燕", " 郁金城", " 吕厚远", " 崔天兴", " 郭京宁", " 刁现民", " 孔昭宸", " 刘长江", " 葛全胜" ], "year": "2009", "journal": "中国科学(D辑:地球科学)", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S028_3c3416c8ce23_S028-F02", "S028_3c3416c8ce23_S028-F03" ], "title_zh": "北京平谷上宅遗址磨盘磨棒功能分析:来自植物淀粉粒的证据", "title_en": "Functional analysis of grinding stones and grinding rods from the Shangzhai site in Pinggu, Beijing: evidence from plant starch grains", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN023", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shangzhai", "quote": "有的学者对中国农业社会 没有直接的证据.\n\n\n\n引用格式: Yang X Y, Yu J C, Lü H Y, et al. Starch grain analysis reveals function of grinding stone tools at Shangzhai site, Beijing. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 2009,\n 52(8): 1164—1171, doi: 10.1007/s11430-009-0089-9", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3c3416c8ce233cfe93fe3a4b3c146b672ad1ed958a8057cd56ca7bf36d00a4c8" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN023" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S029_c2450443bbbf", "id": "S029", "citation_original": "刘莉, 王佳静, 陈星灿, 梁中合. 北辛文化小口双耳罐的酿酒功能研究[J].东南文化,2020,(5):74-84+191-192.", "source_sha256": "c2450443bbbf85fc9323624e801d56c4b88b43f3b1b344bdea6739eef83fc998", "title": "北辛文化小口双耳罐的酿酒功能研究", "authors": [ "刘莉", " 王佳静", " 陈星灿", " 梁中合" ], "year": "2020", "journal": "东南文化", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S029_c2450443bbbf_S029-F02", "S029_c2450443bbbf_S029-F03", "S029_c2450443bbbf_S029-F04" ], "title_zh": "北辛文化小口双耳罐的酿酒功能研究", "title_en": "A Study on the Brewing Function of the Small-Orifice Double-Ear Pot from the Beixin Culture", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN149", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "东贾柏", "quote": "美国； （1．斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 美国；2.斯坦福大学考古中心\n 北京 3.中国社会科学院考古研究所 100710）\n\n\n\n 内容提要：山东济宁东贾柏遗址出土的北辛文化中期的两件小口双耳罐和两件磨棒上的残留物\n中发现较多的淀粉粒、植硅体、霉菌和酵母细胞。分析结果显示，两件陶罐曾用于酿酒，酿酒原料以稻\n米为主，并加入粟黍、小麦族、栝楼根和橡子。酿酒方法可能包括两种：一种为曲酒，利用发霉谷物，并\n且可能加入植物茎叶制曲酿造，其中根霉可能是曲中的主要发酵剂；另一种为口嚼酒，通过咀嚼谷物\n利用人的唾液糖化淀粉。北辛文化酿造曲酒的方法可能是受到了中原地区文化的影响，但口嚼酒是\n目前最早的考古学证据。口嚼酒是否起源于海岱地区，需要进一步研究。\n 关键词：北辛文化 东贾柏遗", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c2450443bbbf85fc9323624e801d56c4b88b43f3b1b344bdea6739eef83fc998" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN149" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S030_845a44556ba1", "id": "S030", "citation_original": "刘莉,王佳静,刘慧芳.半坡和姜寨出土仰韶文化早期尖底瓶的酿酒功能[J].考古与文物,2021,(2):110-122+128.", "source_sha256": "845a44556ba1d48aa260ce39197fe337b8e59e25eab7153bbc783990346fa428", "title": "半坡和姜寨出土仰韶文化早期尖底瓶的酿酒功能", "authors": [ "刘莉", "王佳静", "刘慧芳" ], "year": "2021", "journal": "考古与文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S030_845a44556ba1_S030-F03", "S030_845a44556ba1_S030-F04", "S030_845a44556ba1_S030-F05" ], "title_zh": "半坡和姜寨出土仰韶文化早期尖底瓶的酿酒功能", "title_en": "The alcoholic fermentation function of early Yangshao culture jar with pointed bottom from Banpo and Jiangzhai", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN146", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "banpo", "quote": "nical and microbial remains in the residues\n extracted from the interior walls of 11 jiandiping pointed-based bottles from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi, dating to the early\n Yangshao period. 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基于模拟实验的淀粉粒形态变化及其农业考古学意义——以小麦为例(英文)[J].Agricultural Science & Technology,2011,12(11):1621-1624.DOI:10.16175/j.cnki.1009-4229.2011.11.031.", "source_sha256": "2498b56667032730d13b9de3d124fedb17cef98ddb34fc542f9c2d48d5be2c9a", "title": "基于模拟实验的淀粉粒形态变化及其农业考古学意义——以小麦为例(英文)", "authors": [ "万智巍", " 杨晓燕", " 马志坤", " 刘光旭" ], "year": "2011", "journal": "Agricultural Science & Technology", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16175/j.cnki.1009-4229.2011.11.031", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S039_2498b5666703_S039-F02", "S039_2498b5666703_S039-F03" ], "title_zh": "基于模拟实验的淀粉粒形态变化及其农业考古学意义——以小麦为例(英文)", "title_en": "Starch grain morphological changes based on simulation experiments and their implications in agricultural archaeology—taking wheat as an example", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", 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"译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN140", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "liguaigou", "quote": "中图分类号：Ｋ８７８　　ＤＯＩ：１０．１６１５２／ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．ｘｄｘｂｚｒ．２０２３⁃０１⁃０１２\n Ｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｍｐｈｏｒａ’ｓｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｂａｓｅｄｏｎｒｅｓｉｄｕｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ：\n ＴａｋｉｎｇｔｈｅＬｉｇｕａｉｇｏｕｓｉｔｅｉｎＷｕｑｉＣｏｕｎｔｙ， ＳｈａａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅａｓａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅ\n ＳＯＮＧＡｑｉａｎ １，ＱＩＡＮＹａｏｐｅｎｇ １，ＺＨＡＮＧＨｕａ ２，ＹＡＮＧＢｏ ２ （１．ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＣｕｌｔｕｒａｌＨｅｒｉｔａｇｅ，ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｘｉ’ａｎ７１０１２７，Ｃｈｉｎａ；\n ２．Ｙａｎ’ａｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＣｕｌｔｕｒａｌＲｅｌｉｃｓ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a9de76b1500e7c73dd908b53dcd2c9a1cd8d57f880f91ef0d2ec012f11c3f2c5" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN140" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S041_b45c82eeb616", "id": "S041", "citation_original": "万智巍, 杨晓燕, 葛全胜, 樊昌生, 周广明, 马志坤. 基于淀粉粒分析的江西广丰社山头遗址植物资源利用[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(5):639-645.", "source_sha256": "b45c82eeb61688aa3ed60199ac178b0d1951d871044642d36c4f0f9d754ec5ae", "title": "基于淀粉粒分析的江西广丰社山头遗址植物资源利用", "authors": [ "万智巍", " 杨晓燕", " 葛全胜", " 樊昌生", " 周广明", " 马志坤" ], "year": "2012", "journal": "地理科学进展", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S041_b45c82eeb616_S041-F04" ], "title_zh": "基于淀粉粒分析的江西广丰社山头遗址植物资源利用", "title_en": "Plant resource utilization at the Sheshantou Site, Guangfeng, Jiangxi, based on starch grain analysis", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN103", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "社山头", "quote": "Vol.31, No.5\n 2012年05月 PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY May, 2012\n\n 基于淀粉粒分析的江西广丰社山头遗址\n 植物资源利用\n\n 万智巍 1,2，杨晓燕 1，葛全胜 1，樊昌生 3，周广明 3，马志坤 1,2\n (1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京100101; 2. 中国科学院研究生院，北京100049;\n 3. 江西省文物考古研究所，南昌330008)\n\n\n 摘要：江西社山头遗址是赣东北地区新石器时代的典型遗址，尚未开展相关环境考古和植物考古等方面的研\n 究。对该遗址", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b45c82eeb61688aa3ed60199ac178b0d1951d871044642d36c4f0f9d754ec5ae" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN103" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S042_63bcf96910ae", "id": "S042", "citation_original": "岳明,曾丽.姜家村汉墓的医学考古学探识[J].文博,2026,(3):59-65.", "source_sha256": "63bcf96910ae495ea2a8ca253b04f61d69fa386350e69e9be156ad6f4f91c732", "title": "姜家村汉墓的医学考古学探识", "authors": [ "岳明", "曾丽" ], "year": "2026", "journal": "文博", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S042_63bcf96910ae_S042-F02-P0005", "S042_63bcf96910ae_S042-F03-P0005", "S042_63bcf96910ae_S042-F04-P0005" ], "title_zh": "姜家村汉墓的医学考古学探识", "title_en": "Archaeomedical Insights from the Jiangjiacun Han Dynasty Tomb", "translation_status": "machine_draft", 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Among them, tomb no. M20 yielded a complete set of\n medical equipment, including a bronze mortar and pestle, a bronze measuring vessel, and a bronze mou\n cauldron, illustrating the full pharmaceutical production process in the Han", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "63bcf96910ae495ea2a8ca253b04f61d69fa386350e69e9be156ad6f4f91c732" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN195" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S043_98853abafb38", "id": "S043", "citation_original": "孙青丽, 朔知, 吴妍, 杨益民. 安徽含山凌家滩遗址出土刻槽盆的淀粉粒分析[J].人类学学报,2019,38(1):132-147.DOI:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2018.0036.", "source_sha256": "98853abafb3805cc26058c66b32bce7b6962ef987d552075c37ebc108e0ad8cd", "title": "安徽含山凌家滩遗址出土刻槽盆的淀粉粒分析", "authors": [ "孙青丽", " 朔知", " 吴妍", " 杨益民" ], "year": "2019", "journal": "人类学学报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2018.0036", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S043_98853abafb38_S043-F03", "S043_98853abafb38_S043-F04", "S043_98853abafb38_S043-F05" ], "title_zh": "安徽含山凌家滩遗址出土刻槽盆的淀粉粒分析", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis of carved-slot bowls from the Lingjiatan site in Huanshan, Anhui", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN091", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "lingjiatan", "quote": "功能；经济形态；加工方式\n中图法分类号: Q914.2 +2; 文献标识码: A; 文章编号: 1000-3193(2019)01-0132-16\n\n\n Starch grain analysis of the grooved basin from the Lingjiatan site, Hanshan\n county, Anhui Province\n\n SUN Qingli 1, 2, SHUO Zhi 3, WU Yan2, 4, YANG Yimin2, 5\n\n 1. Cultural Relics and Archaeology Institute of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumchi 830011; 2. Key Laboratory of Verteb", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "98853abafb3805cc26058c66b32bce7b6962ef987d552075c37ebc108e0ad8cd" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN091" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S044_b03e0b500f98", "id": "S044", "citation_original": "罗武宏, 禤华丽, 姚凌, 杨玉璋, 易文文, 阚绪杭, 张居中, 张爱冰. 安徽定远侯家寨遗址二期植物性食物资源利用的淀粉粒证据[J].人类学学报,2020,39(2):292-305.DOI:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0023.", "source_sha256": "b03e0b500f98d9134833a861e787f1fd6cd54e433a0d04e908de434a08e1227d", "title": "安徽定远侯家寨遗址二期植物性食物资源利用的淀粉粒证据", "authors": [ "罗武宏", " 禤华丽", " 姚凌", " 杨玉璋", " 易文文", " 阚绪杭", " 张居中", " 张爱冰" ], "year": "2020", "journal": "人类学学报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0023", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S044_b03e0b500f98_S044-F03", "S044_b03e0b500f98_S044-F04" ], "title_zh": "安徽定远侯家寨遗址二期植物性食物资源利用的淀粉粒证据", "title_en": "Starch grain evidence for the utilization of plant-based food resources at the Second Phase of the Houjiazhai Site, Dingyuan, Anhui", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN090", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "houjiazhai", "quote": "、粟作农业传播的时空路线等问题具有重要的科学价值。\n\n关键词：淮河中游地区；侯家寨遗址二期；淀粉粒分析；植物性资源；农业结构\n\n\n Starch grain evidence for plant utilization at Phase II of the Houjiazhai site\n in Dingyuan County, Anhui Province\n\n LUO Wuhong 1, XUAN Huali 2, YAO Ling3, YANG Yuzhang1, YI Wenwen1,\n KAN Xuhang 4, ZHANG Juzhong 1, ZHANG Aibing 5\n\n 1. Department for the History of Science and Scientific Archaeol", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b03e0b500f98d9134833a861e787f1fd6cd54e433a0d04e908de434a08e1227d" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN090" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S045_88d5b01a79e2", "id": "S045", "citation_original": "程至杰.安徽淮河流域大汶口文化时期的原始农业初探[J].农业考古,2020,(1):22-28.", "source_sha256": "88d5b01a79e23d7403790a0d0608fdf31ffacc88412e2ae0bdb55af9ca203c84", "title": "安徽淮河流域大汶口文化时期的原始农业初探", "authors": [ "程至杰" ], "year": "2020", "journal": "农业考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S045_88d5b01a79e2_S045-F02" ], "title_zh": "安徽淮河流域大汶口文化时期的原始农业初探", "title_en": "An Initial Exploration of Early Agriculture in the Dawenkou Culture Period in the Huai River Basin, Anhui", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "区域综合" } }, { "key": "S046_37fc0565b5da", "id": "S046", "citation_original": "董珍, 张居中, 杨玉璋, 姚凌, 李为亚, 贾庆元. 安徽濉溪石山子遗址古人类植物性食物资源利用情况的淀粉粒分析[J].第四纪研究,2014,34(1):114-125.", "source_sha256": "37fc0565b5da4a85b54f2d8c17f4ef257d9a93a91de40e7e455e030a9b0f71fc", "title": "安徽濉溪石山子遗址古人类植物性食物资源利用情况的淀粉粒分析", "authors": [ "董珍", " 张居中", " 杨玉璋", " 姚凌", " 李为亚", " 贾庆元" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S046_37fc0565b5da_S046-F04", "S046_37fc0565b5da_S046-F05" ], "title_zh": "安徽濉溪石山子遗址古人类植物性食物资源利用情况的淀粉粒分析", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis of plant-based food resource utilization by ancient humans at the Shishanzi Site in Suixi, Anhui", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN088", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "石山子", "quote": "Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ，２０１４\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１４．０１．１４ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１４）０１－１１４－１２\n\n 安徽濉溪石山子遗址古人类植物性食物资源\n 利用情况的淀粉粒分析\n\n 董　珍 ①　张居中 ①　杨玉璋 ①　姚　凌 ①　李为亚 ①　贾庆元 ②\n\n （①中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系，合肥　２３００２６；②安徽省文物考古研究所，合肥　２３００６１）\n\n\n 摘要　　利用淀粉粒分析方法，对安徽濉溪石山子遗址（约７０００ａＢＰ．，３３°５１′Ｎ、１１６°４９′Ｅ）出土的５件石磨盘和５\n\n 件石磨棒表面附着残留物进行了研究。结果表明，这批石器表面残留物中包含了种类丰富的植物淀粉粒，其可能", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "37fc0565b5da4a85b54f2d8c17f4ef257d9a93a91de40e7e455e030a9b0f71fc" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN088" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S047_5c48c971235d", "id": "S047", "citation_original": "杨玉璋, 禤华丽, 袁增箭, 姚凌, 张居中, 徐繁. 安徽繁昌缪墩遗址古人类植物性食物资源利用的淀粉粒分析[J].第四纪研究,2016,36(6):1466-1474.", "source_sha256": "5c48c971235d8165d69ac7f955afef1cc70355996a0fc9d59bb49ae46fdfb4f3", "title": "安徽繁昌缪墩遗址古人类植物性食物资源利用的淀粉粒分析", "authors": [ "杨玉璋", " 禤华丽", " 袁增箭", " 姚凌", " 张居中", " 徐繁" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S047_5c48c971235d_S047-F03", "S047_5c48c971235d_S047-F04" ], "title_zh": "安徽繁昌缪墩遗址古人类植物性食物资源利用的淀粉粒分析", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis of plant-based food resource utilization by ancient humans at Moudun Site, Fan Chang, Anhui", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN097", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "缪墩", "quote": "Ｎｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ，２０１６\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１６．０６．１２ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１６）０６－１４６６－０９\n\n 安徽繁昌缪墩遗址古人类\n 植物性食物资源利用的淀粉粒分析\n\n 杨玉璋 ①　郖华丽 ①　袁增箭 ①　姚　凌 ①　张居中 ①　徐　繁 ②\n\n （①中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系，合肥　２３００２６；②繁昌县文物管理局，繁昌　２４１２００）\n\n\n 摘要　　皖南沿江平原位于长江中游的鄱阳湖平原和长江下游的太湖平原之间，是长江中、下游史前文化交流、\n\n 传播与融合的重要通道。缪墩遗址（５０６０～４８９０ｃａｌ．ａＢＣ）位于安徽省芜湖市繁昌县境内，是皖南沿江平原地区目\n\n 前发现的年代最早的新石器", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5c48c971235d8165d69ac7f955afef1cc70355996a0fc9d59bb49ae46fdfb4f3" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN097" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S048_154ca61c2945", "id": "S048", "citation_original": "葛威,陈星灿,金正耀.小米能否制作面条的实验研究:兼论喇家面条的成分[J].南方文物,2010,(4):26-32.", "source_sha256": "154ca61c29458c34c0b77e95730bbacf504c54d00edd439ba625c67104917017", "title": "小米能否制作面条的实验研究:兼论喇家面条的成分", "authors": [ "葛威", "陈星灿", "金正耀" ], "year": "2010", "journal": "南方文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S048_154ca61c2945_S048-F02", "S048_154ca61c2945_S048-F03", "S048_154ca61c2945_S048-F04", "S048_154ca61c2945_S048-F05" ], "title_zh": "小米能否制作面条的实验研究:兼论喇家面条的成分", "title_en": "Experimental Study on the Feasibility of Making Noodles from Foxtail Millet: A Discussion on the Composition of Lajia Noodles", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代实验" } }, { "key": "S049_3856d17bd6cb", "id": "S049", "citation_original": "万智巍,李明启,李姮莹.小麦族植物淀粉粒形态研究[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(8):1020-1027.", "source_sha256": "3856d17bd6cbca8f00686d81382904e1cd413fa78493c8463945e1ba631ba8e7", "title": "小麦族植物淀粉粒形态研究", "authors": [ "万智巍", "李明启", "李姮莹" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "麦类作物学报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S049_3856d17bd6cb_S049-F01", "S049_3856d17bd6cb_S049-F02" ], "title_zh": "小麦族植物淀粉粒形态研究", "title_en": "Morphological study of starch grains from Triticeae plants", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "key": "S050_aa23adcac039", "id": "S050", "citation_original": "王强, 上条信彦, 栾丰实. 山东即墨北阡遗址出土磨盘、磨棒类工具研究[J]. 东方考古, 2013, (0): 154-179.", "source_sha256": "aa23adcac039ca3981331623743b025dc33dbd0d5ff5aa6f2026b9eeb2ca338b", "title": "山东即墨北阡遗址出土磨盘、磨棒类工具研究", "authors": [ "王强", " 上条信彦", " 栾丰实" ], "year": "2013", "journal": "东方考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S050_aa23adcac039_S050-F06-P0025" ], "title_zh": "山东即墨北阡遗址出土磨盘、磨棒类工具研究", "title_en": "Study on Grinding Stones and Grinding Rods from the 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"44dd3e928545e6238c91cea60a57ecaeb86da4f0e8437e0ce5577460b24efd72", "title": "山东大汶口文化酒器初探", "authors": [ "刘莉", " 王佳静", " 陈星灿", " 梁中合" ], "year": "2021", "journal": "华夏考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16143/j.cnki.1001-9928.2021.01.004", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F02", "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F03", "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F04", "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F05" ], "title_zh": "山东大汶口文化酒器初探", "title_en": "An Initial Exploration of Alcohol Vessels from the Dawenkou Culture in Shandong", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN222", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "wangyin", "quote": "the authors analyze microboanicat and micrbial remains on four pottery vesseis of the\nDawenkou Culture period, excavated from the Wangyin and Xixiahou Sites in Shandong Province, and reveal the wine-making\ntradition in the Haidai region 4600 to 6200 years ago. It has been found out that Qu, made from Aspergillus, Rhizopus and/or\nMucor and major ingredients, such as millet, Triticeae, kudzu root", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "44dd3e928545e6238c91cea60a57ecaeb86da4f0e8437e0ce5577460b24efd72" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN224", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Xixiahou", "quote": "analyze microboanicat and micrbial remains on four pottery vesseis of the\nDawenkou Culture period, excavated from the Wangyin and Xixiahou Sites in Shandong Province, and reveal the wine-making\ntradition in the Haidai region 4600 to 6200 years ago. It has been found out that Qu, made from Aspergillus, Rhizopus and/or\nMucor and major ingredients, such as millet, Triticeae, kudzu root, snake gourd", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "44dd3e928545e6238c91cea60a57ecaeb86da4f0e8437e0ce5577460b24efd72" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN222", "CN224" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S052_f3d7cb76a9b3", "id": "S052", "citation_original": "王强, 栾丰实, 王建华. 山东济南月庄遗址后李文化时期石器研究[J]. 东方考古, 2023, (1): 93-108.", "source_sha256": "f3d7cb76a9b33ad9448c850513b4977d14aee21e09ef71604541ec3d4fa3e574", "title": "山东济南月庄遗址后李文化时期石器研究", "authors": [ "王强", " 栾丰实", " 王建华" ], "year": "2023", "journal": "东方考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S052_f3d7cb76a9b3_S052-F05" ], "title_zh": "山东济南月庄遗址后李文化时期石器研究", "title_en": "Stone tool research from the Houli culture period at Yuezhuang site in Jinan, Shandong", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN061", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "月庄", "quote": "山东济南月庄遗址后李文化时期石器研究\n\n\n 王 强 １ 栾丰实 １ 王建华 ２\n\n （ １ ． 山东大学历史文化学院 ； ２ ．西南民族大学旅游与历史文化学院 ）\n\n\n内容提要 ： 本文对月庄遗址后李文化时期所出石器进行了综合研究 。 通过类型学分析 ，\n\n我们认为其工具套并不完整 ， 缺少石铲及石刀等与农业密切相关的工具类型 ３ 其中的\n\n有足磨盘应该与裴李岗文化有直接关系 。 通过石料质地及产源分析 ， 我们发", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f3d7cb76a9b33ad9448c850513b4977d14aee21e09ef71604541ec3d4fa3e574" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN061" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S053_4a5e092c8f33", "id": "S053", "citation_original": "吴文婉, 靳桂云, 王海玉, 田永德. 山东诸城六吉庄子遗址磨盘、磨棒淀粉粒分析初步结果[J].南方文物,2017,(4):201-206.", "source_sha256": "4a5e092c8f337c8ac19a597a266aca76c21aefe91b28a678c5667ed07891d255", "title": "山东诸城六吉庄子遗址磨盘、磨棒淀粉粒分析初步结果", "authors": [ "吴文婉", " 靳桂云", " 王海玉", " 田永德" ], "year": "2017", "journal": "南方文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S053_4a5e092c8f33_S053-F02", "S053_4a5e092c8f33_S053-F06-P0004" ], "title_zh": "山东诸城六吉庄子遗址磨盘、磨棒淀粉粒分析初步结果", "title_en": "Preliminary Results of Starch Grain Analysis from Grinding Stones and Grinding Rods at the Liujizhuangzi Site in Zucheng, Shandong", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN062", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "liujizhuangzi", "quote": "that Liujizhuangzi people collected", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4a5e092c8f337c8ac19a597a266aca76c21aefe91b28a678c5667ed07891d255" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN062" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S054_ea019c543c91", "id": "S054", "citation_original": "刘莉,陈星灿,石金鸣.山西武乡县牛鼻子湾石磨盘、磨棒的微痕与残留物分析[J].考古与文物,2014,(3):109-118.", "source_sha256": "ea019c543c91700384985e8cdf00fd9d5a03a7e1ffd6fd50145a85fa3c443f30", "title": "山西武乡县牛鼻子湾石磨盘、磨棒的微痕与残留物分析", "authors": [ "刘莉", "陈星灿", "石金鸣" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "考古与文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S054_ea019c543c91_S054-F04", "S054_ea019c543c91_S054-F06" ], "title_zh": "山西武乡县牛鼻子湾石磨盘、磨棒的微痕与残留物分析", "title_en": "Microscopic traces and residue analysis of stone millstones and millstones from Niubiziwan, Wuxiang County, Shanxi Province", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN117", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "niubiziwan", "quote": "Starch\n ABSTＲACT: A set of grinding stones ( a slab and an elongate handstone) dating to the Cishan culture were unearthed at\nNiubiziwan，Wuxiang county，Shanxi province．We conducted use-wear and starch analyses on these tools in order to under-\n\nstand the subsistence economy of the Cishan culture in this region．The results show that these tools were used for processing\nseveral plants，includingQ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ea019c543c91700384985e8cdf00fd9d5a03a7e1ffd6fd50145a85fa3c443f30" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN117" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S055_4dc565633302", "id": "S055", "citation_original": "刘莉, 郑媛, 王宇阳, 王普军. 山西汾阳杏花村遗址冯郝沟地点仰韶文化陶器上的酒残留物分析[J].中原文物,2026,(1):114-129.", "source_sha256": "4dc5656333028e81c2d3c5b648c7dc105fb3f8c0d1056af7a5cde77fc8bf5616", "title": "山西汾阳杏花村遗址冯郝沟地点仰韶文化陶器上的酒残留物分析", "authors": [ "刘莉", " 郑媛", " 王宇阳", " 王普军" ], "year": "2026", "journal": "中原文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S055_4dc565633302_S055-F03", "S055_4dc565633302_S055-F04", "S055_4dc565633302_S055-F06" ], "title_zh": "山西汾阳杏花村遗址冯郝沟地点仰韶文化陶器上的酒残留物分析", "title_en": "Residue Analysis of Alcohol on Yangshao Culture Pottery from the Fenghao Gou Site at Xinghuacun Site, Shanxi Province", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN138", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "杏花村冯郝沟", "quote": "上震荡2 CENTRAL 分钟，倾倒上清 示，庙底沟类型的年代范围为公元前4000—3100 蒸馏水，并以1500 rpm 离心5\n 年 ［12］。据此推算，杏花村—冯郝沟遗址的年代大 毫升比重 CHINA 液。（2）重液分离法：向试管中加入4\n 致在距今6000—5500年之间。 为2.35 的多钨酸钠（sodium polytungstate）溶\n 分钟。使用移液管小心 液，以1000 rpm 离心15", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4dc5656333028e81c2d3c5b648c7dc105fb3f8c0d1056af7a5cde77fc8bf5616" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN138" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S056_db34a9c90622", "id": "S056", "citation_original": "李昭, 赵婧, 李泉, 马志坤, 刘长, 尚杰, 刘长江, 杨晓燕. 广东山地丘陵地带狮雄山遗址秦汉时期植物遗存分析[J].第四纪研究,2016,36(5):1253-1262.", "source_sha256": "db34a9c9062281eadbff02a08f1a5a4b4be29bb00f4d4d07e6cb17ec6d5ac12a", "title": "广东山地丘陵地带狮雄山遗址秦汉时期植物遗存分析", "authors": [ "李昭", " 赵婧", " 李泉", " 马志坤", " 刘长", " 尚杰", " 刘长江", " 杨晓燕" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S056_db34a9c90622_S056-F05" ], "title_zh": "广东山地丘陵地带狮雄山遗址秦汉时期植物遗存分析", "title_en": "Plant remains analysis from the Shixiongshan site in the mountainous and hilly areas of Guangdong during the Qin and Han periods", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN114", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "狮雄山", "quote": "Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ，２０１６\n\n\n ｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１６．０５．２０ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１６）０５－１２５３－１０\n\n广东山地丘陵地带狮雄山遗址秦汉时期植物遗存分析\n\n 李　昭 ①②　赵　婧 ③　李　泉 ①　马志坤 ④\n 刘　长 ⑤　尚　杰 ⑤　刘长江 ⑥　杨晓燕 ①\n\n （①中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，中国科学院陆地表层格局与模拟重点实验室，北京　１００１０１；\n\n ②中国科学院大学，北京　１０００４９；③首都师范大学历史学院；北京　１０００４８；④北京大学考古文博学院，北京　１００８７１；\n\n ⑤广东省文物考古研究所，广州　５１００７５；⑥中国科学院植物研究所，北", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "db34a9c9062281eadbff02a08f1a5a4b4be29bb00f4d4d07e6cb17ec6d5ac12a" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN114" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S057_de280e8949df", "id": "S057", "citation_original": "杜瑞妍,张茂林,关莹.广西柳城步氏巨猿牙结石中的植物微体遗存[J].人类学学报,2026,45(2):268-279.DOI:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2026.0012.", "source_sha256": "de280e8949df6fa1aeeed1e6c9b4ad042f9a4d31606b0b5882934100087a4b6b", "title": "广西柳城步氏巨猿牙结石中的植物微体遗存", "authors": [ "杜瑞妍", "张茂林", "关莹" ], "year": "2026", "journal": "人类学学报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2026.0012", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S057_de280e8949df_S057-F03", "S057_de280e8949df_S057-F04" ], "title_zh": "广西柳城步氏巨猿牙结石中的植物微体遗存", "title_en": "Plant microfossils from dental calculus of Simaanthropus putaoensis in Liuceng, Guangxi", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN203", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Gigantopithecus", "quote": "1. 景德镇陶瓷大学，景德镇333001；\n 2. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室，北京100044\n\n摘要：步氏巨猿（Gigantopithecus blacki）的食性特征是揭示其演化适应与绝灭机制的关键证据。本文通\n过分析广西柳城巨猿洞发现的3 件巨猿下颌牙结石中的植物残留物，探索步氏巨猿的食性，在尽量保持\n牙结石完整、避免植物微体损伤的前提下，提取并分析其中的植物微体遗存。本研究共提取8 份样本，\n研究结果表明：5 份为牙结石样本，3 份为其他沉积物样本；5 份牙结石样本共提取出5 颗淀粉粒（禾本\n科草籽、木本植物果实、植物的块根块茎）、4 颗植硅体和较多破损植物纤维和管胞遗骸。综上，步氏\n\n巨猿食谱兼具禾本科草籽、树冠果实、叶片（裸子植物、蕨类）、茎秆", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "de280e8949df6fa1aeeed1e6c9b4ad042f9a4d31606b0b5882934100087a4b6b" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN203" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S058_007799a0b67b", "id": "S058", "citation_original": "张烨昆, 黄胜敏, 覃芳, 蒲晓东, 韦文恒, 黄渺淼. 广西邕江流域早全新世贝丘遗址的生业形态和定居模式分析:来自植物遗存的综合证据[J].第四纪研究,2021,41(5):1408-1424.", "source_sha256": "007799a0b67b27fd9e20b83f2e9d6764aa2f79faa09dffd702be6311861a16e1", "title": "广西邕江流域早全新世贝丘遗址的生业形态和定居模式分析:来自植物遗存的综合证据", "authors": [ "张烨昆", " 黄胜敏", " 覃芳", " 蒲晓东", " 韦文恒", " 黄渺淼" ], "year": "2021", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S058_007799a0b67b_S058-F02", "S058_007799a0b67b_S058-F06" ], "title_zh": "广西邕江流域早全新世贝丘遗址的生业形态和定居模式分析:来自植物遗存的综合证据", "title_en": "A comprehensive analysis of subsistence patterns and settlement models at early Holocene shell midden sites in the Yongjiang River Basin, Guangxi: evidence from plant remains", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN015", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "豹子头", "quote": "博物馆，广西南宁５３０２２１；５．中山大学社会学与人类学学院，广东广州５１０２７５）\n\n\n 摘要：河旁贝丘遗址是广西新石器时代早中期的一种重要文化遗址类型，目前对其生业状态和定居模式的研究还\n\n 相对薄弱。本研究使用综合性植物考古学研究方法，对邕江流域豹子头、石船头和那北咀这３个河旁贝丘遗址进\n\n 行了大遗存分析、薄壁组织（ｐａｒｅｎｃｈｙｍａ）遗存分析、炭屑分析以及淀粉粒和植硅体等微体遗存分析。本研究的分\n\n 析结果与以往的研究成果表明，邕江流域河旁贝丘群体的食谱范围非常广泛，且包含了多种回报率档次差异极大\n\n 的食物资源，其生业模式应为广谱采集。磨石、陶器、炭化食物遗存的发现以及对棕榈的强化利用行为，表明贝\n\n 丘群体已经具备改造环境、提高多种食物资源回报率的能力，但是对植物资源的强化利用程度仍然较为初级。贝\n\n 丘群体掌握了新的食物收获和处理技术，并", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "007799a0b67b27fd9e20b83f2e9d6764aa2f79faa09dffd702be6311861a16e1" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN016", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "石船头", "quote": "馆，广西南宁５３０２２１；５．中山大学社会学与人类学学院，广东广州５１０２７５）\n\n\n 摘要：河旁贝丘遗址是广西新石器时代早中期的一种重要文化遗址类型，目前对其生业状态和定居模式的研究还\n\n 相对薄弱。本研究使用综合性植物考古学研究方法，对邕江流域豹子头、石船头和那北咀这３个河旁贝丘遗址进\n\n 行了大遗存分析、薄壁组织（ｐａｒｅｎｃｈｙｍａ）遗存分析、炭屑分析以及淀粉粒和植硅体等微体遗存分析。本研究的分\n\n 析结果与以往的研究成果表明，邕江流域河旁贝丘群体的食谱范围非常广泛，且包含了多种回报率档次差异极大\n\n 的食物资源，其生业模式应为广谱采集。磨石、陶器、炭化食物遗存的发现以及对棕榈的强化利用行为，表明贝\n\n 丘群体已经具备改造环境、提高多种食物资源回报率的能力，但是对植物资源的强化利用程度仍然较为初级。贝\n\n 丘群体掌握了新的食物收获和处理技术，并且可能意", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "007799a0b67b27fd9e20b83f2e9d6764aa2f79faa09dffd702be6311861a16e1" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN017", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "那北咀", "quote": "南宁５３０２２１；５．中山大学社会学与人类学学院，广东广州５１０２７５）\n\n\n 摘要：河旁贝丘遗址是广西新石器时代早中期的一种重要文化遗址类型，目前对其生业状态和定居模式的研究还\n\n 相对薄弱。本研究使用综合性植物考古学研究方法，对邕江流域豹子头、石船头和那北咀这３个河旁贝丘遗址进\n\n 行了大遗存分析、薄壁组织（ｐａｒｅｎｃｈｙｍａ）遗存分析、炭屑分析以及淀粉粒和植硅体等微体遗存分析。本研究的分\n\n 析结果与以往的研究成果表明，邕江流域河旁贝丘群体的食谱范围非常广泛，且包含了多种回报率档次差异极大\n\n 的食物资源，其生业模式应为广谱采集。磨石、陶器、炭化食物遗存的发现以及对棕榈的强化利用行为，表明贝\n\n 丘群体已经具备改造环境、提高多种食物资源回报率的能力，但是对植物资源的强化利用程度仍然较为初级。贝\n\n 丘群体掌握了新的食物收获和处理技术，并且可能意识到某些", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "007799a0b67b27fd9e20b83f2e9d6764aa2f79faa09dffd702be6311861a16e1" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN015", "CN016", "CN017" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S059_4cb7aa914f12", "id": "S059", "citation_original": "王强, 上条信彦. 微痕及淀粉粒分析在海岱地区史前农业考古研究中的应用[J]. 东方考古, 2012, (0): 665-676.", "source_sha256": "4cb7aa914f12a5a4a2c86659e4b926ecefc13402b36b02b4583b0993cb9e1529", "title": "微痕及淀粉粒分析在海岱地区史前农业考古研究中的应用", "authors": [ "王强", " 上条信彦" ], "year": "2012", "journal": "东方考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S059_4cb7aa914f12_S059-F05" ], "title_zh": "微痕及淀粉粒分析在海岱地区史前农业考古研究中的应用", "title_en": "The Application of Microresidues and Starch Grains Analysis in Prehistoric Agricultural Archaeological Research in the Haidai Region", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN063", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "扁扁洞", "quote": "多角度研究 试图复原古人当时生业经济类型 进而探讨早期农器—\n业的出现及发展 以及其与古人类之间的互动关系。\n 一、材料与方法\n 为了研究海岱地区史前时期生业经济的历时变化 本文分析的磨盘及磨棒标本分别来\n\n自新石器时代早期的扁扁洞遗址 以拟〕一 、新石器时代中期的后李文化\n 以及新石器时代晚期的北辛及大坟口文化 洲 闷召 一《 。此外\n在标本选取时 也充分考虑到不同的地域范围 山东内陆及胶东半岛都有所涉及。目前\n对于考古遗址中出土石器的功能研究 主要包括微痕分析、淀粉粒分析及模拟实验。\n 一 微痕分析\n\n 微痕分析是通过对遗留在石制品表面上的多种微痕", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4cb7aa914f12a5a4a2c86659e4b926ecefc13402b36b02b4583b0993cb9e1529" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN064", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "西河", "quote": "效性及效率的高低。\n 二、结果与讨论\n\n 早于后李时期仅发现扁扁洞一处遗址 并仅对一采集磨盘断块进行微痕分析 显示\n其可能用来加工坚果类物质。\n 后李文化时期 我们共对 个遗址进行微痕分析 即西河、小荆山及月庄。其中西\n河遗址共分析 件标本 包括 件磨盘 件曾加工坚果 件磨棒。磨盘微痕分析显示\n另 件既加工坚果 件用途不同确定 另外 同时也曾加工谷物类物质。件磨棒中\n件 件加工谷物类 另 件既加工坚果 同时也曾加工谷物类物质。小荆山遗址分析\n 件标本 也有称为犁形器 经 均为磨盘。有 件不能确定功能", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4cb7aa914f12a5a4a2c86659e4b926ecefc13402b36b02b4583b0993cb9e1529" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN061", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "月庄", "quote": "低。\n 二、结果与讨论\n\n 早于后李时期仅发现扁扁洞一处遗址 并仅对一采集磨盘断块进行微痕分析 显示\n其可能用来加工坚果类物质。\n 后李文化时期 我们共对 个遗址进行微痕分析 即西河、小荆山及月庄。其中西\n河遗址共分析 件标本 包括 件磨盘 件曾加工坚果 件磨棒。磨盘微痕分析显示\n另 件既加工坚果 件用途不同确定 另外 同时也曾加工谷物类物质。件磨棒中\n件 件加工谷物类 另 件既加工坚果 同时也曾加工谷物类物质。小荆山遗址分析\n 件标本 也有称为犁形器 经 均为磨盘。有 件不能确定功能。件中间有孔磨", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4cb7aa914f12a5a4a2c86659e4b926ecefc13402b36b02b4583b0993cb9e1529" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN066", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "我们对大汶口文化时期3个遗址进行了分析，即白石村、北阡、王因。", "method": "原始PDF页面视觉核对", "pdf_sha256": "4cb7aa914f12a5a4a2c86659e4b926ecefc13402b36b02b4583b0993cb9e1529" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN149", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "东贾柏", "quote": "」 一」\n\n 图一 月庄巧 ⑩巧微痕观察区域\n\n\n 北辛文化时期对 个遗址进行了分析 件 即北辛、王因、东贾柏。北辛遗址包括\n磨盘 件磨棒 同时也曾加工谷 件磨饼。件磨盘微痕分析显示均为既加工坚果\n 件磨盘微痕结果与淀粉粒分析完全一致物类物质。并且 使得结论十分可靠。件磨\n棒中 件曾加工坚果 另外 件 既加工坚果 同时也曾加工谷物类物质。磨饼则可\n 件 件磨盘能用来加工储石类颜料。王因遗址属北辛文化的有 件磨棒。件", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4cb7aa914f12a5a4a2c86659e4b926ecefc13402b36b02b4583b0993cb9e1529" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN220", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "小荆山", "quote": "效率的高低。\n 二、结果与讨论\n\n 早于后李时期仅发现扁扁洞一处遗址 并仅对一采集磨盘断块进行微痕分析 显示\n其可能用来加工坚果类物质。\n 后李文化时期 我们共对 个遗址进行微痕分析 即西河、小荆山及月庄。其中西\n河遗址共分析 件标本 包括 件磨盘 件曾加工坚果 件磨棒。磨盘微痕分析显示\n另 件既加工坚果 件用途不同确定 另外 同时也曾加工谷物类物质。件磨棒中\n件 件加工谷物类 另 件既加工坚果 同时也曾加工谷物类物质。小荆山遗址分析\n 件标本 也有称为犁形器 经 均为磨盘。有 件不能确定功能。件中间", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4cb7aa914f12a5a4a2c86659e4b926ecefc13402b36b02b4583b0993cb9e1529" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN221", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "北辛", "quote": "。\n 一、材料与方法\n 为了研究海岱地区史前时期生业经济的历时变化 本文分析的磨盘及磨棒标本分别来\n\n自新石器时代早期的扁扁洞遗址 以拟〕一 、新石器时代中期的后李文化\n 以及新石器时代晚期的北辛及大坟口文化 洲 闷召 一《 。此外\n在标本选取时 也充分考虑到不同的地域范围 山东内陆及胶东半岛都有所涉及。目前\n对于考古遗址中出土石器的功能研究 主要包括微痕分析、淀粉粒分析及模拟实验。\n 一 微痕分析\n\n 微痕分析是通过对遗留在石制品表面上的多种微痕 包括光泽、崩损、擦痕等\n做放大观察 通常是在显微镜下 然后再根据这", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4cb7aa914f12a5a4a2c86659e4b926ecefc13402b36b02b4583b0993cb9e1529" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN222", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "王因", "quote": "」 一」\n\n 图一 月庄巧 ⑩巧微痕观察区域\n\n\n 北辛文化时期对 个遗址进行了分析 件 即北辛、王因、东贾柏。北辛遗址包括\n磨盘 件磨棒 同时也曾加工谷 件磨饼。件磨盘微痕分析显示均为既加工坚果\n 件磨盘微痕结果与淀粉粒分析完全一致物类物质。并且 使得结论十分可靠。件磨\n棒中 件曾加工坚果 另外 件 既加工坚果 同时也曾加工谷物类物质。磨饼则可\n 件 件磨盘能用来加工储石类颜料。王因遗址属北辛文化的有 件", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4cb7aa914f12a5a4a2c86659e4b926ecefc13402b36b02b4583b0993cb9e1529" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN223", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "白石村", "quote": "第 集 · ·东方考古\n\n 我们对大汝口文化时期 个遗址进行了分析 即白石村、北吁、王因。白石村遗址\n标本均为白石村二期 共 件标本 件磨盘 件磨棒。磨盘均为加工坚果类物质\n 但其中 件除发现坚果外一件可以得到淀粉粒证明。磨棒微痕分析显示均为加工坚果类物质件标本 件磨盘 件磨棒 件 还发现谷物类物质。北吁遗址共包括\n 件为既加工坚果 同时也曾加工谷物类物石臼。磨盘均为加工坚果类物质。磨棒中\n质 件为加工豆类物质 件不能确定功能 其他 件均为", "page": 6, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4cb7aa914f12a5a4a2c86659e4b926ecefc13402b36b02b4583b0993cb9e1529" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN063", "CN064", "CN061", "CN066", "CN149", "CN220", "CN221", "CN222", "CN223" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S060_0ea929faf60a", "id": "S060", "citation_original": "李涛, 施继龙, 方晓阳, 王昌燧. 拉曼光谱、植硅体和淀粉粒分析在纸质文物研究中的应用[J].北京印刷学院学报,2009,17(6):6-10.DOI:10.19461/j.cnki.1004-8626.2009.06.002.", "source_sha256": "0ea929faf60aaed2fd3135cf62ca0a0ebb762c7ef40dd45c8385b262e0391bed", "title": "拉曼光谱、植硅体和淀粉粒分析在纸质文物研究中的应用", "authors": [ "李涛", " 施继龙", " 方晓阳", " 王昌燧" ], "year": "2009", "journal": "北京印刷学院学报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.19461/j.cnki.1004-8626.2009.06.002", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F11", "S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F13", "S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F12", "S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F14", "S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F15", "S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F16" ], "title_zh": "拉曼光谱、植硅体和淀粉粒分析在纸质文物研究中的应用", "title_en": "Applications of Raman spectroscopy, phytoliths, and starch grains in the study of paper-based cultural relics", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "文物方法研究／待核来源" } }, { "key": "S061_b0580ad465da", "id": "S061", "citation_original": "王佳静,蒋乐平,孙瀚龙.揭示上山文化桥头遗址九千年前的饮酒传统[J].南方文物,2026,(1):102-117.", "source_sha256": "b0580ad465dabcb8ca6416cad21cc42e4a29918833deeb827059058e3257487f", "title": "揭示上山文化桥头遗址九千年前的饮酒传统", "authors": [ "王佳静", "蒋乐平", "孙瀚龙" ], "year": "2026", "journal": "南方文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S061_b0580ad465da_S061-F04", "S061_b0580ad465da_S061-F05", "S061_b0580ad465da_S061-F07", "S061_b0580ad465da_S061-F09" ], "title_zh": "揭示上山文化桥头遗址九千年前的饮酒传统", "title_en": "Revealing the drinking tradition of the Shangshan culture Qiaotou site 9,000 years ago", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN082", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "qiaotou", "quote": "drinking in the context of burial ritual in early Holocene southern China.\n Recent archaeological investigations at Qiaotou (9,000 – 8,700 cal. BP) have revealed a platform\n mound containing human burials and high concentrations of painted pottery, encircled by a human-\n made ditch. By applying microfossil (starch, phytolith, and fungi) residue analysis on th", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b0580ad465dabcb8ca6416cad21cc42e4a29918833deeb827059058e3257487f" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN082" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S062_56ba331d5dc1", "id": "S062", "citation_original": "王佳静, 刘莉, Terry Ball, 俞霖洁, 李元青, 邢福来. 揭示中国5000年前酿造谷芽酒的配方[J].考古与文物,2017,(6):45-53.", "source_sha256": "56ba331d5dc1ae1b84f7b5ebc1ff7ce07fadfa29781ac4bd69960ae61efddfc1", "title": "揭示中国5000年前酿造谷芽酒的配方", "authors": [ "王佳静", " 刘莉", " Terry Ball", " 俞霖洁", " 李元青", " 邢福来" ], "year": "2017", "journal": "考古与文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S062_56ba331d5dc1_S062-F04", "S062_56ba331d5dc1_S062-F05", "S062_56ba331d5dc1_S062-F07" ], "title_zh": "揭示中国5000年前酿造谷芽酒的配方", "title_en": "Revealing the recipe for brewing malted grain wine in China 5000 years ago", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN128", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "mijiaya", "quote": "hao culture, Jiandiping (pointed-based bottle), Beer making, Starch, Phytolith, Oxalate\n ABSTRACT: The pottery vessels from the Mijiaya site reveal the first direct evidence of in-situ beer making in China,\nbased on the analyses of starch, phytolith and chemical residues. Our data reveal a surprising beer recipe in which broomcorn\nmillet (Panicum miliaceum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), Job’s te", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "56ba331d5dc1ae1b84f7b5ebc1ff7ce07fadfa29781ac4bd69960ae61efddfc1" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN128" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S063_1b4685e36bee", "id": "S063", "citation_original": "马志坤, 刘舒, 任萌, 郇秀佳, 习通源, 王建新, 马健. 新疆东天山地区巴里坤石人子沟遗址储粮坑分析[J].第四纪研究,2021,41(1):214-223.", "source_sha256": "1b4685e36bee16db36504f60135ca685a23a6354cc43a7d87c6850bffe97743b", "title": "新疆东天山地区巴里坤石人子沟遗址储粮坑分析", "authors": [ "马志坤", " 刘舒", " 任萌", " 郇秀佳", " 习通源", " 王建新", " 马健" ], "year": "2021", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S063_1b4685e36bee_S063-F03" ], "title_zh": "新疆东天山地区巴里坤石人子沟遗址储粮坑分析", "title_en": "Starch analysis of storage pits at the Basilinzi Gou site in Barlikun, eastern Tianshan region, Xinjiang", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN193", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shirenzigou", "quote": "２０２１\n\n\n马志坤，刘舒，任萌，等．新疆东天山地区巴里坤石人子沟遗址储粮坑分析［Ｊ］．第四纪研究，２０２１，４１（１）：２１４－２２３．\n\nＭＡＺｈｉｋｕｎ，ＬＩＵＳｈｕ，ＲＥＮＭｅｎｇ，ｅｔａｌ．ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｇｒａｉｎｓｔｏｒａｇｅｐｉｔｏｆｔｈｅＳｈｉｒｅｎｚｉｇｏｕｓｉｔｅｉｎＢａｌｉｋｕｎＣｏｕｎｔｙ，ｅａｓｔＴｉａｎｓｈａｎａｒｅａ，Ｘｉｎｊｉａｎｇ［Ｊ］．\n\nＱｕａｔｅｒｎａｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２０２１，４１（１）：２１４－２２３．\n\n\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０２１．０１．１９ 文章编号：１００１－７４１０（２０２１）０１－２１４－１０\n 新疆东天山地区巴里坤石人子沟遗址储粮坑分析\n\n 马志坤 １，刘舒 １，任萌 １，郇秀佳 ２，习通源 １，王建新 １，马健", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1b4685e36bee16db36504f60135ca685a23a6354cc43a7d87c6850bffe97743b" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN193" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S064_10eb1166b935", "id": "S064", "citation_original": "解明思, 蒋洪恩, 杨益民, 伊弟利斯·阿不都热苏勒, 胡新军, 王昌燧. 新疆克里雅河北方墓地出土食物遗存的植物微体化石分析[J]. 东方考古, 2014, (0): 394-401.", "source_sha256": "10eb1166b935132064aa37edcbac9a59266655f16aded2e48ffb7ee6402fb343", "title": "新疆克里雅河北方墓地出土食物遗存的植物微体化石分析", "authors": [ "解明思", " 蒋洪恩", " 杨益民", " 伊弟利斯·阿不都热苏勒", " 胡新军", " 王昌燧" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "东方考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S064_10eb1166b935_S064-F02", "S064_10eb1166b935_S064-F03", "S064_10eb1166b935_S064-F04" ], "title_zh": "新疆克里雅河北方墓地出土食物遗存的植物微体化石分析", "title_en": "Plant microfossil analysis of food remains from the Keliyahebeifangmudi site in Xinjiang", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN130", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "克里雅河北方墓地", "quote": "新疆克里雅河北方墓地出土食物遗存的\n 植物微体化石分析 ＊\n\n\n解明思 “ ２、 ４ 蒋洪恩 “ ２ 杨益民 Ｋ ２ 伊弟利斯 ？阿不都热苏勒 ３\n 胡新军 ３ 王昌燧 “ ２\n\n（ １ ．中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室 ’ 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类\n\n研究所 ，北京 ； ２．中国科学院大学科技史与科技考古系 ，北京 ； ３ ．新疆文物考古研究\n\n 所 ，乌鲁木齐 ； ４ ．馆藏文物保存环境国家文物局重点科研基地 ，上海博物馆 ，上海 ）", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "10eb1166b935132064aa37edcbac9a59266655f16aded2e48ffb7ee6402fb343" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN130" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S065_c4740007d2d9", "id": "S065", "citation_original": "李亚, 李肖, 曹洪勇, 李春长, 蒋洪恩, 李承森. 新疆吐鲁番考古遗址中出土的粮食作物及其农业发展[J].科学通报,2013,58(S1):40-45.", "source_sha256": "c4740007d2d918d7ebc03dc3cb79a0e9b9f45a191f9ba4639ca6e13ae120777c", "title": "新疆吐鲁番考古遗址中出土的粮食作物及其农业发展", "authors": [ "李亚", " 李肖", " 曹洪勇", " 李春长", " 蒋洪恩", " 李承森" ], "year": "2013", "journal": "科学通报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S065_c4740007d2d9_S065-F02" ], "title_zh": "新疆吐鲁番考古遗址中出土的粮食作物及其农业发展", "title_en": "Grain crops and agricultural development from archaeological sites in Xingjiang Turpan", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN131", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "洋海", "quote": ": lics@ibcas.ac.cn\n\n2013-04-11 收稿, 2013-08-08 接受\n\n\n摘要 吐鲁番地区降水稀少﹑气候干燥, 大量考古遗址得以保存. 这些考古遗址中粮食作物 关键词\n的遗存为揭示吐鲁番地区农业发展的历程提供了直接的证据. 本文以洋海古墓群﹑胜金店墓 吐鲁番\n地和阿斯塔那古墓群为代表, 对古墓中出土的保存在吐鲁番博物馆的植物遗存进行了研究, 洋海古墓群\n结果揭示了吐鲁番地区绿洲农业的发展历史. 对洋海古墓群中出土的馒头中淀粉粒的分析表 胜金店墓地\n 阿斯塔那古墓群\n明它由黍(Panicum miliaceum)和青稞(Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste)制作而成. 考古学资料表", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c4740007d2d918d7ebc03dc3cb79a0e9b9f45a191f9ba4639ca6e13ae120777c" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN132", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "阿斯塔那", "quote": "2013-04-11 收稿, 2013-08-08 接受\n\n\n摘要 吐鲁番地区降水稀少﹑气候干燥, 大量考古遗址得以保存. 这些考古遗址中粮食作物 关键词\n的遗存为揭示吐鲁番地区农业发展的历程提供了直接的证据. 本文以洋海古墓群﹑胜金店墓 吐鲁番\n地和阿斯塔那古墓群为代表, 对古墓中出土的保存在吐鲁番博物馆的植物遗存进行了研究, 洋海古墓群\n结果揭示了吐鲁番地区绿洲农业的发展历史. 对洋海古墓群中出土的馒头中淀粉粒的分析表 胜金店墓地\n 阿斯塔那古墓群\n明它由黍(Panicum miliaceum)和青稞(Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste)制作而成. 考古学资料表", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c4740007d2d918d7ebc03dc3cb79a0e9b9f45a191f9ba4639ca6e13ae120777c" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN196", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "胜金店墓地", "quote": "地区农业发展的历程提供了直接的证据. 本文以洋海古墓群﹑胜金店墓 吐鲁番\n地和阿斯塔那古墓群为代表, 对古墓中出土的保存在吐鲁番博物馆的植物遗存进行了研究, 洋海古墓群\n结果揭示了吐鲁番地区绿洲农业的发展历史. 对洋海古墓群中出土的馒头中淀粉粒的分析表 胜金店墓地\n 阿斯塔那古墓群\n明它由黍(Panicum miliaceum)和青稞(Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste)制作而成. 考古学资料表\n 绿洲农业\n明, 吐鲁番地区晚青铜至早铁器时代的社会生活以游牧业为主, 以农业和园艺业为辅, 经汉\n代逐步发展过渡为唐代的以绿洲农业为主体的生产和生活方式. 丝绸之路的兴起和坎儿井", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c4740007d2d918d7ebc03dc3cb79a0e9b9f45a191f9ba4639ca6e13ae120777c" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN131", "CN132", "CN196" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S066_ecf3f6121eb4", "id": "S066", "citation_original": "王清, 马志坤, 陈秋荷, 马永超, 阮秋荣, 王永强, 韩建业, 杨晓燕. 新疆尼勒克县吉仁台沟口遗址石器功能分析:来自植物微体遗存的证据[J].第四纪研究,2020,40(2):450-456+458+460-461.", "source_sha256": "ecf3f6121eb42723cdbeeba5489d333edc81f70c39061b3fedb3629b2efb44cc", "title": "新疆尼勒克县吉仁台沟口遗址石器功能分析:来自植物微体遗存的证据", "authors": [ "王清", " 马志坤", " 陈秋荷", " 马永超", " 阮秋荣", " 王永强", " 韩建业", " 杨晓燕" ], "year": "2020", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S066_ecf3f6121eb4_S066-F03", "S066_ecf3f6121eb4_S066-F04" ], "title_zh": "新疆尼勒克县吉仁台沟口遗址石器功能分析:来自植物微体遗存的证据", "title_en": 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Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems with the Ministry of Education,\n College of Earth and Enviro", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "db2aa7b97c2e4f3d9bfc159f4dfdfa94d1f17bffbe07444887e23ff3c8cd8e5a" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN034" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S074_9d03e90a5f0d", "id": "S074", "citation_original": "杨晓燕,吕厚远,夏正楷.植物淀粉粒分析在考古学中的应用[J].考古与文物,2006,(3):87-91.", "source_sha256": "9d03e90a5f0d148a09c8bc695b10379b067dcf82329e8b7fe75583b3527a1f70", "title": "植物淀粉粒分析在考古学中的应用", "authors": [ "杨晓燕", "吕厚远", "夏正楷" ], "year": "2006", "journal": "考古与文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "提取结果为空，未建立筛选会话", "title_zh": "植物淀粉粒分析在考古学中的应用", "title_en": "Applications of starch grain 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"site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "综述" } }, { "key": "S076_e692d7ea6820", "id": "S076", "citation_original": "赵昊.汉代黄河下游粟麦轮作的植物考古学分析——以河南内黄三杨庄遗址为例[J].郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2020,53(5):107-111+128.", "source_sha256": "e692d7ea6820dcb56bab32c13dea07f3814a3d91d11bbe30e67637baa8bfdecd", "title": "汉代黄河下游粟麦轮作的植物考古学分析——以河南内黄三杨庄遗址为例", "authors": [ "赵昊" ], "year": "2020", "journal": "郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "筛选会话无候选图", "title_zh": "汉代黄河下游粟麦轮作的植物考古学分析——以河南内黄三杨庄遗址为例", "title_en": "An archaeobotanical analysis of millet–wheat crop rotation in the lower Yellow River region during the Han dynasty: The Sanyangzhuang site in Neihuang, Henan", "translation_status": "translation_reviewed", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN074", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "三杨庄", "quote": "No．5 JOUＲNAL OF ZHENGZHOU UNIVEＲSITY Sep．2020\n\n\n 汉代黄河下游粟麦轮作的植物考古学分析\n\n ———以河南内黄三杨庄遗址为例\n 赵 昊\n ( 郑州大学历史学院，河南郑州450001)\n\n\n 摘 要: 河南内黄汉代三杨庄村落遗址反映了中原地区典型农村聚落日常生活和社会生产组织形\n 态。微植物考古研究揭示，粟淀粉和小麦淀粉在三杨庄遗址各庭院出土的粮食加工工具上的比例始终\n 维持均势地位，表现出当地农户普遍的粟麦并重的二元化粮食消费习惯。而消费层面的模式可能正是\n 由于", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "e692d7ea6820dcb56bab32c13dea07f3814a3d91d11bbe30e67637baa8bfdecd" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN074" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S077_9a713a2cca2c", "id": "S077", "citation_original": "张居中, 李为亚, 尹承龙, 程至杰, 杨玉璋, 罗武宏, 姚凌, 赵熳, 林留根, 甘恢元, 闫龙. 江苏泗洪顺山集遗址植物遗存分析的主要收获[J]. 东方考古, 2014, (0): 365-373.", "source_sha256": "9a713a2cca2ce43c10f9ccff7532008ba29fd88ae06a50d640b650f6cdc4956e", "title": "江苏泗洪顺山集遗址植物遗存分析的主要收获", "authors": [ "张居中", " 李为亚", " 尹承龙", " 程至杰", " 杨玉璋", " 罗武宏", " 姚凌", " 赵熳", " 林留根", " 甘恢元", " 闫龙" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "东方考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S077_9a713a2cca2c_S077-F04", "S077_9a713a2cca2c_S077-F05" ], "title_zh": "江苏泗洪顺山集遗址植物遗存分析的主要收获", "title_en": "Main findings from the analysis of plant remains at the Shunshanji site in Sihong, Jiangsu", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN087", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "顺山集", "quote": "？工苏泗洪顺山集遗址植物遗存\n 分析的主要收获 ＊\n\n\n 张居中 １ 李为亚 １ 尹承龙 １ 程至杰 １ 杨玉璋 １ 罗武宏 １\n 姚 凌 １ 赵 熳 １ 林留根 ２ 甘恢元 ２ 闰 龙 ２\n\n （ １ ．中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系 ，合肥 ；\n\n ２ ．南京博物院 ，南京 ）\n\n 弓 Ｉ＿", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9a713a2cca2ce43c10f9ccff7532008ba29fd88ae06a50d640b650f6cdc4956e" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN087" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S078_d27e56cae407", "id": "S078", "citation_original": "万智巍, 马志坤, 杨晓燕, 张弛, 周广明, 樊昌生, 葛全胜. 江西万年仙人洞和吊桶环遗址蚌器表面残留物中的淀粉粒及其环境指示[J].第四纪研究,2012,32(2):256-263.", "source_sha256": "d27e56cae407a025f8c9a50c9843867244830361e00a3c42a3249a1d5510b9c3", "title": "江西万年仙人洞和吊桶环遗址蚌器表面残留物中的淀粉粒及其环境指示", "authors": [ "万智巍", " 马志坤", " 杨晓燕", " 张弛", " 周广明", " 樊昌生", " 葛全胜" ], "year": "2012", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S078_d27e56cae407_S078-F02", "S078_d27e56cae407_S078-F03" ], "title_zh": "江西万年仙人洞和吊桶环遗址蚌器表面残留物中的淀粉粒及其环境指示", "title_en": "Starch grains from the surface residues of shell tools at the Wanyan Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan sites and their environmental indicators", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN018", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "仙人洞", "quote": "Ｍａｒｃｈ，２０１２\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１２．０２．１１ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１２）０２－２５６－０８\n\n\n 江西万年仙人洞和吊桶环遗址蚌器表面\n 残留物中的淀粉粒及其环境指示 \n\n 万智巍 ①②　马志坤 ①②　杨晓燕 ①　张　弛 ③\n 周广明 ④　樊昌生 ④　葛全胜 ①\n\n （①中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京　１００１０１；②中国科学院研究生院，北京　１０００４９；\n\n ③北京大学考古文博学院，北京　１００８７１；④江西省文物考古研究所，南昌　３３０００８）\n\n\n 摘要　　江西万年仙人洞和吊桶环遗址是中国长江中游鄱阳湖流域旧石器时期（２０～１", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d27e56cae407a025f8c9a50c9843867244830361e00a3c42a3249a1d5510b9c3" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN019", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "吊桶环", "quote": "Ｍａｒｃｈ，２０１２\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１２．０２．１１ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１２）０２－２５６－０８\n\n\n 江西万年仙人洞和吊桶环遗址蚌器表面\n 残留物中的淀粉粒及其环境指示 \n\n 万智巍 ①②　马志坤 ①②　杨晓燕 ①　张　弛 ③\n 周广明 ④　樊昌生 ④　葛全胜 ①\n\n （①中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京　１００１０１；②中国科学院研究生院，北京　１０００４９；\n\n ③北京大学考古文博学院，北京　１００８７１；④江西省文物考古研究所，南昌　３３０００８）\n\n\n 摘要　　江西万年仙人洞和吊桶环遗址是中国长江中游鄱阳湖流域旧石器时期（２０～１２ｋａＢ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d27e56cae407a025f8c9a50c9843867244830361e00a3c42a3249a1d5510b9c3" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN018", "CN019" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S079_658d00795f8a", "id": "S079", "citation_original": "刘莉, Maureece J. 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Levin", " 陈星灿", " 李永强" ], "year": "2018", "journal": "中原文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S079_658d00795f8a_S079-P0006-B004", "S079_658d00795f8a_S079-P0009-B002", "S079_658d00795f8a_S079-F04" ], "title_zh": "河南偃师灰嘴遗址新石器时代和二里头文化时期工具残留物及微痕分析", "title_en": "Microresidue and microtrace analysis of tools from the Neolithic and Erlitou culture periods at the Huizui site in Yanshi, Henan", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN142", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "huizui", "quote": "Maureece J.Levin 2 陈星灿 3 李永强 3\n\n 1. 美国斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 2. 美国斯坦福大学考古中心\n 3. 中国社会科学院考古研究所，北京 100732\n\n\n\n Abstract：Huizui，located in Yanshi county，Henan Province，was occupied for a very long period of\n time，including the middle and late Yangshao，middle and late Longshan，Erlitou，and Eastern Zhou. The\n site became a center of stone tool production in late Longshan and", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "658d00795f8a3b0fff976c5d300137643fc8edfc8a7b2190ddacb9cb82411b1e" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN142" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S080_78fc05c73406", "id": "S080", "citation_original": "王强,王青,李明启.河南博爱西金城遗址石器及陶器上残存淀粉粒反映的古人类植食性食谱——四千年前的麦作农业[J].中国农史,2015,34(5):3-11.", "source_sha256": "78fc05c73406f5f32570c3ecf26e36d14c60160ff7f6b1600702e7ca74338662", "title": "河南博爱西金城遗址石器及陶器上残存淀粉粒反映的古人类植食性食谱——四千年前的麦作农业", "authors": [ "王强", "王青", "李明启" ], "year": "2015", "journal": "中国农史", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S080_78fc05c73406_MAN_2dd4828931e3" ], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "河南博爱西金城遗址石器及陶器上残存淀粉粒反映的古人类植食性食谱——四千年前的麦作农业", "title_en": "Starch grains preserved on stone and pottery artifacts reveal ancient plant-food diets at Xijincheng, Bo’ai, Henan: Wheat agriculture 4,000 years ago", "translation_status": "translation_reviewed", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN192", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "xijincheng", "quote": "1000-4459（2015）05-0003-09\n\n\n The Phytophagous Diet Has Been Revealed by Starch Grain\n Analysis from Stone Tools and Pottery at Xijincheng Site, Bo' ai\n County，Henan Province: the Cultivation of the Tribe Triticeae\n\n WANG Qiang1 WANG Qing2 LI ming-qi3\n\n （1. The School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100;\n 2. The Inst", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "78fc05c73406f5f32570c3ecf26e36d14c60160ff7f6b1600702e7ca74338662" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN192" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S081_31f0c0cc85a8", "id": "S081", "citation_original": "刘莉,陈星灿,赵昊.河南孟津寨根、班沟出土裴李岗晚期石磨盘功能分析[J].中原文物,2013,(5):76-86.", "source_sha256": "31f0c0cc85a83884c9e27a3e7df7cc5d92158cba76d1a0e6aed8567e8799f5d5", "title": "河南孟津寨根、班沟出土裴李岗晚期石磨盘功能分析", "authors": [ "刘莉", "陈星灿", "赵昊" ], "year": "2013", "journal": "中原文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S081_31f0c0cc85a8_S081-F04", "S081_31f0c0cc85a8_S081-F05" ], "title_zh": "河南孟津寨根、班沟出土裴李岗晚期石磨盘功能分析", "title_en": "Functional Analysis of Peiligang Late-Stage Stone Grinding Slabs Excavated from Zhaigen and Bangou, Henan Province", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN028", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "zhaigen", "quote": "美国斯坦福大学东亚系，2. 中国社会科学院考古研究所)\n\n\n Abstract: A number of grinding stones have been found at the late Peiligang cultural sites of Zhaigen\nand Bangou in Mengjin，Henan. We conducted usewear and residue analyses on two grinding stones from\nthese sites，in order to understand their function. The results show that these tools were mainly used to process\nplants，including snakegourd roots，Triticeae gra", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "31f0c0cc85a83884c9e27a3e7df7cc5d92158cba76d1a0e6aed8567e8799f5d5" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN029", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "bangou", "quote": "2. 中国社会科学院考古研究所)\n\n\n Abstract: A number of grinding stones have been found at the late Peiligang cultural sites of Zhaigen\nand Bangou in Mengjin，Henan. We conducted usewear and residue analyses on two grinding stones from\nthese sites，in order to understand their function. The results show that these tools were mainly used to process\nplants，including snakegourd roots，Triticeae grasses，Job’s", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "31f0c0cc85a83884c9e27a3e7df7cc5d92158cba76d1a0e6aed8567e8799f5d5" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN028", "CN029" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S082_123639c99169", "id": "S082", "citation_original": "郭荣臻.河南新郑史前农业初论[J].文物春秋,2020,(1):20-29.DOI:10.13635/j.cnki.wwcq.2020.01.002.", "source_sha256": "123639c99169adfa1be696251ee0f234a1676ef48dddd9416181481989e8bce3", "title": "河南新郑史前农业初论", "authors": [ "郭荣臻" ], "year": "2020", "journal": "文物春秋", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.13635/j.cnki.wwcq.2020.01.002", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "筛选会话无候选图", "title_zh": "河南新郑史前农业初论", "title_en": "An Initial Discussion on Prehistoric Agriculture in Xinzheng, Henan", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "区域综合" } }, { "key": "S083_ae7e34ff2756", "id": "S083", "citation_original": "李文成,宋国定,吴妍.河南淅川坑南遗址石制品表面残留淀粉粒的初步分析[J].人类学学报,2014,33(1):70-81.DOI:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2014.01.012.", "source_sha256": "ae7e34ff2756b64fa3a5c8d4453f36dd724d9ae90cfdd03240c0090cc14d8f32", "title": "河南淅川坑南遗址石制品表面残留淀粉粒的初步分析", "authors": [ "李文成", "宋国定", "吴妍" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "人类学学报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2014.01.012", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S083_ae7e34ff2756_S083-F03", "S083_ae7e34ff2756_S083-F04" ], "title_zh": "河南淅川坑南遗址石制品表面残留淀粉粒的初步分析", "title_en": "Preliminary Analysis of Starch Grains Residues on Stone Tools from the Kengnan Site in Xichuan, Henan", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN008", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "坑南", "quote": "Vol.33, No.1\n 2014 年2 月 ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA February, 2014\n\n 河南淅川坑南遗址石制品表面\n 残留淀粉粒的初步分析\n\n 李文成1, 2，宋国定1, 2，吴 妍1\n\n 1. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室, 北京 100044;\n 2. 中国科学院大学人文学院科技史与科技考古系 北京 100049\n 摘 要：本文分析了河南淅川坑南遗址新石器", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ae7e34ff2756b64fa3a5c8d4453f36dd724d9ae90cfdd03240c0090cc14d8f32" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN008" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S084_33aae0fab22b", "id": "S084", "citation_original": "易文文, 魏兴涛, 杨玉璋, 姚凌, 蓝万里, 张小虎, 张居中. 河南舞阳张王庄遗址仰韶早期先民食物的淀粉粒分析[J].人类学学报,2021,40(5):867-878.DOI:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0032.", "source_sha256": "33aae0fab22b8e7493ea6cefdfea77f104b3a1d803523eec6f548e8e26f9f2b4", "title": "河南舞阳张王庄遗址仰韶早期先民食物的淀粉粒分析", "authors": [ "易文文", " 魏兴涛", " 杨玉璋", " 姚凌", " 蓝万里", " 张小虎", " 张居中" ], "year": "2021", "journal": "人类学学报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0032", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S084_33aae0fab22b_S084-F03", "S084_33aae0fab22b_S084-F04" ], "title_zh": "河南舞阳张王庄遗址仰韶早期先民食物的淀粉粒分析", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis of early Yangshao period inhabitants' food at the Zhangwangzhuang site in Wuyang, Henan", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN092", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "zhangwangzhuang", "quote": "利用与农业发展状况的科学证据，对认识黄淮西部史前农作物传播与农业结\n\n构演化的具体时空过程等具有重要价值。\n\n关键词：张王庄；仰韶早期；淀粉粒；植食资源；稻粟兼种\n\n\n An analysis of the starch grains from the Zhangwangzhuang site of\n early Yangshao culture\n\n YI Wenwen1, WEI Xingtao2, YANG Yuzhang1, YAO Ling3,\n LAN Wanli2, ZHANG Xiaohu 2, ZHANG Juzhong 1\n 1. 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In the Paleolithic era, the handaxe was a ubiquitous implement in\ndaily activities. 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"site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "方法与区域综合" } }, { "key": "S093_b39a12aea75e", "id": "S093", "citation_original": "杨晓燕,蒋乐平.淀粉粒分析揭示浙江跨湖桥遗址人类的食物构成[J].科学通报,2010,55(7):600-606.", "source_sha256": "b39a12aea75ef20619d589faf410ae31f5d707e6a8dc77a334abe9f01f901727", "title": "淀粉粒分析揭示浙江跨湖桥遗址人类的食物构成", "authors": [ "杨晓燕", "蒋乐平" ], "year": "2010", "journal": "科学通报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S093_b39a12aea75e_S093-P0002-B003", "S093_b39a12aea75e_S093-P0004-B009", "S093_b39a12aea75e_S093-P0005-B008" ], "title_zh": "淀粉粒分析揭示浙江跨湖桥遗址人类的食物构成", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis reveals the food composition of humans at the Kuahuqiao site in Zhejiang", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN083", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "kuahuqiao", "quote": "面团就包含了成百上千个淀粉粒[3], 这为 物的淀粉粒形态进行了研究[16,17], 收集了来自禾本\n\n\n\n\n 英文版见: Yang X Y, Jiang L P. Starch grain analysis reveals ancient diet at Kuahuqiao site, Zhejiang Province. Chinese Sci Bull, 2010, 55, doi: 10.1007/s11434-009-0545-0", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b39a12aea75ef20619d589faf410ae31f5d707e6a8dc77a334abe9f01f901727" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN083" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S094_30d46b62cce2", "id": "S094", "citation_original": "杨玉璋, 李为亚, 姚凌, 程至杰, 罗武宏, 张居中, 林留根, 甘恢元, 闫龙. 淀粉粒分析揭示的江苏泗洪顺山集遗址古人类植物性食物来源与石器功能[J].中国科学:地球科学,2016,46(7):939-948.", "source_sha256": "30d46b62cce2e0fb180b8c940b8d83714779c8cec67dbfe20115fa59a0f298d7", "title": "淀粉粒分析揭示的江苏泗洪顺山集遗址古人类植物性食物来源与石器功能", "authors": [ "杨玉璋", " 李为亚", " 姚凌", " 程至杰", " 罗武宏", " 张居中", " 林留根", " 甘恢元", " 闫龙" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "中国科学:地球科学", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S094_30d46b62cce2_S094-F03", "S094_30d46b62cce2_S094-F04" ], "title_zh": "淀粉粒分析揭示的江苏泗洪顺山集遗址古人类植物性食物来源与石器功能", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis reveals the plant-based food sources of early humans and stone tool functions at the Shunshanji site in Jiangsu Shihong", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN087", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shunshanji", "quote": "Luo W H, Zhang J Z, Lin L G, Gan H Y, Yan L. 2016. Plant food sources and stone tools’ function at the site\n of Shunshanji based on starch grain analysis. Science China Earth Sciences, 59: 1574–1582, doi: 10.1007/s11430-016-5321-9\n\n\n© 2016《中国科学》杂志社 www.scichina.com", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "30d46b62cce2e0fb180b8c940b8d83714779c8cec67dbfe20115fa59a0f298d7" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN087" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S095_bf70a9f51f3c", "id": "S095", "citation_original": "杨玉璋, 李为亚, 姚凌, 程至杰, 张居中, 信应君. 淀粉粒分析揭示的河南唐户遗址裴李岗文化古人类植物性食物资源利用[J].第四纪研究,2015,35(1):229-239.", "source_sha256": "bf70a9f51f3c72c4286c589e4a01bb111ec8e7d06512a4ccf5f0fce3645c6be7", "title": "淀粉粒分析揭示的河南唐户遗址裴李岗文化古人类植物性食物资源利用", "authors": [ "杨玉璋", " 李为亚", " 姚凌", " 程至杰", " 张居中", " 信应君" ], "year": "2015", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S095_bf70a9f51f3c_S095-F04", "S095_bf70a9f51f3c_S095-F05" ], "title_zh": "淀粉粒分析揭示的河南唐户遗址裴李岗文化古人类植物性食物资源利用", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis reveals ancient human utilization of plant-based food resources at the Tanghu Site during the Peiligang Culture in Henan Province", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN030", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "唐户", "quote": "Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ，２０１５\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１５．０１．２２ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１５）０１－２２９－１１\n\n\n 淀粉粒分析揭示的河南唐户遗址裴李岗文化\n 古人类植物性食物资源利用 \n\n 杨玉璋 ①　李为亚 ①　姚　凌 ①　程至杰 ①　张居中 ①　信应君 ②\n\n （①中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系，合肥　２３００２６；②郑州市文物考古研究院，郑州　４５０００５）\n\n\n 摘要　　本文利用淀粉粒分析方法对河南唐户遗址（约７８～７０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．）出土的裴李岗文化时期６件石磨盘、２件\n\n 石磨棒和８件陶炊器残片表面附着残留物进行了分析，共提取到６类不同形态的淀粉粒，鉴定结果显示有分别来\n\n 自小麦族（Ｔｒｉｔｉ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "bf70a9f51f3c72c4286c589e4a01bb111ec8e7d06512a4ccf5f0fce3645c6be7" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN030" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S096_80e6f4454a06", "id": "S096", "citation_original": "万智巍, 杨晓燕, 葛全胜, 樊昌生, 周广明, 蒋梅鑫. 淀粉粒分析揭示的赣江中游地区新石器晚期人类对植物的利用情况[J].中国科学:地球科学,2012,42(10):1582-1589.", "source_sha256": "80e6f4454a0689841d6471554f742f76ef0814dba724c5f738f8bee0936e5894", "title": "淀粉粒分析揭示的赣江中游地区新石器晚期人类对植物的利用情况", "authors": [ "万智巍", " 杨晓燕", " 葛全胜", " 樊昌生", " 周广明", " 蒋梅鑫" ], "year": "2012", "journal": "中国科学:地球科学", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S096_80e6f4454a06_S096-P0005-B000" ], "title_zh": "淀粉粒分析揭示的赣江中游地区新石器晚期人类对植物的利用情况", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis reveals Late Neolithic human utilization of plants in the middle reaches of the Ganjiang River region", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN098", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "樊城堆", "quote": "0CB950101)和中国科学院战略性先导科\n技专项(编号: XDA05130603, XDA05130402, XDA05080100)资助\n\n\n摘要 相对于中国北方地区而言, 史前时期赣江流域的植物利用情况一直不甚明了. 距今 关键词\n5~4 ka 的樊城堆遗址、拾年山遗址、筑卫城遗址和尹家坪遗址, 地处赣江中游, 是南方地区 淀粉粒分析\n 赣江中游地区\n具有代表性的新石器文化遗址. 在发掘过程中所观察到的植物遗存只有红烧土中所保存的稻\n 新石器晚期\n壳和稻秆遗迹, 尚缺乏系统的植物考古研究. 本文对这4 个遗址新石器晚期文化层出土的13", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "80e6f4454a0689841d6471554f742f76ef0814dba724c5f738f8bee0936e5894" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN099", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "拾年山", "quote": "101)和中国科学院战略性先导科\n技专项(编号: XDA05130603, XDA05130402, XDA05080100)资助\n\n\n摘要 相对于中国北方地区而言, 史前时期赣江流域的植物利用情况一直不甚明了. 距今 关键词\n5~4 ka 的樊城堆遗址、拾年山遗址、筑卫城遗址和尹家坪遗址, 地处赣江中游, 是南方地区 淀粉粒分析\n 赣江中游地区\n具有代表性的新石器文化遗址. 在发掘过程中所观察到的植物遗存只有红烧土中所保存的稻\n 新石器晚期\n壳和稻秆遗迹, 尚缺乏系统的植物考古研究. 本文对这4 个遗址新石器晚期文化层出土的13", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "80e6f4454a0689841d6471554f742f76ef0814dba724c5f738f8bee0936e5894" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN100", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "尹家坪", "quote": "性先导科\n技专项(编号: XDA05130603, XDA05130402, XDA05080100)资助\n\n\n摘要 相对于中国北方地区而言, 史前时期赣江流域的植物利用情况一直不甚明了. 距今 关键词\n5~4 ka 的樊城堆遗址、拾年山遗址、筑卫城遗址和尹家坪遗址, 地处赣江中游, 是南方地区 淀粉粒分析\n 赣江中游地区\n具有代表性的新石器文化遗址. 在发掘过程中所观察到的植物遗存只有红烧土中所保存的稻\n 新石器晚期\n壳和稻秆遗迹, 尚缺乏系统的植物考古研究. 本文对这4 个遗址新石器晚期文化层出土的13", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "80e6f4454a0689841d6471554f742f76ef0814dba724c5f738f8bee0936e5894" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN101", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "筑卫城", "quote": "国科学院战略性先导科\n技专项(编号: XDA05130603, XDA05130402, XDA05080100)资助\n\n\n摘要 相对于中国北方地区而言, 史前时期赣江流域的植物利用情况一直不甚明了. 距今 关键词\n5~4 ka 的樊城堆遗址、拾年山遗址、筑卫城遗址和尹家坪遗址, 地处赣江中游, 是南方地区 淀粉粒分析\n 赣江中游地区\n具有代表性的新石器文化遗址. 在发掘过程中所观察到的植物遗存只有红烧土中所保存的稻\n 新石器晚期\n壳和稻秆遗迹, 尚缺乏系统的植物考古研究. 本文对这4 个遗址新石器晚期文化层出土的13", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "80e6f4454a0689841d6471554f742f76ef0814dba724c5f738f8bee0936e5894" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN098", "CN099", "CN100", "CN101" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S097_f58e56bbefd0", "id": "S097", "citation_original": "杨玉璋, 程至杰, 李为亚, 姚凌, 李占扬, 罗武宏, 袁增箭, 张娟, 张居中. 淮河上、中游地区史前稻-旱混作农业模式的形成、发展与区域差异[J].中国科学:地球科学,2016,46(8):1037-1050.", "source_sha256": "f58e56bbefd01beff9c38d314ed723bcef19d3e3eaf1c9ce4f990098cf8f153b", "title": "淮河上、中游地区史前稻-旱混作农业模式的形成、发展与区域差异", "authors": [ "杨玉璋", " 程至杰", " 李为亚", " 姚凌", " 李占扬", " 罗武宏", " 袁增箭", " 张娟", " 张居中" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "中国科学:地球科学", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S097_f58e56bbefd0_S097-F02", "S097_f58e56bbefd0_S097-P0007-B000" ], "title_zh": "淮河上、中游地区史前稻-旱混作农业模式的形成、发展与区域差异", "title_en": "The Formation, Development, and Regional Differences of Prehistoric Rice-Urban Mixed Farming Systems in the Upper and Middle Reaches of the Huai River", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "区域综合" } }, { "key": "S098_a03f5c803d97", "id": "S098", "citation_original": "张国文,甘恢元,林留根.淮河流域新石器时代中期先民生计方式研究[J].南方文物,2023,(1):161-169.", "source_sha256": "a03f5c803d9778d1f60fa46ada115d1e52066a134cd229ab668ae51cb7be8409", "title": "淮河流域新石器时代中期先民生计方式研究", "authors": [ "张国文", "甘恢元", "林留根" ], "year": "2023", "journal": "南方文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "淮河流域新石器时代中期先民生计方式研究", "title_en": "Study on the subsistence strategies of Neolithic mid-period inhabitants in the Huai River basin", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "区域综合" } }, { "key": "S099_d19c57a5cba0", "id": "S099", "citation_original": "刘莉,李永强,侯建星.渑池丁村遗址仰韶文化的曲酒和谷芽酒[J].中原文物,2021,(5):75-85.", "source_sha256": "d19c57a5cba00f967b4891663a1a76005823a4f101c4adf9586de765a5e26a1f", "title": "渑池丁村遗址仰韶文化的曲酒和谷芽酒", "authors": [ "刘莉", "李永强", "侯建星" ], "year": "2021", "journal": "中原文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S099_d19c57a5cba0_S099-F02", "S099_d19c57a5cba0_S099-F03", "S099_d19c57a5cba0_S099-F04" ], "title_zh": "渑池丁村遗址仰韶文化的曲酒和谷芽酒", "title_en": "Qu wine and rice sprout wine from the Yangshao culture at the Dingcun site in Xianchi", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN137", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Dingcun", "quote": "ng which are preserved in pottery residues. We examined nine Neolithic amphorae from a middle\n Yangshao culture site at Dingcun in Mianchi, Henan (ca. 6000-5100 cal. BP), and revealed the evidence of\n ancient beer as well as brewing techniques. 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Starch grains from dental calculus reveal ancient plant foodstuffs at Chenqimogou site, Gansu Province. Sci China Earth\n Sci, 2010, doi: 10.1007/s11430-010-0052-9", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ffd6ca99f4b1c6ddec27134e4950d729ef4f41de9ca20450d471ef7e39a697e1" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN039" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S104_a48dbc5d1ff7", "id": "S104", "citation_original": "关莹, Deborah M. Pearsall, 高星, 周振宇. 石制品植物残留物分析的实验室方法———以水洞沟石制品处理为例[J].人类学学报,2010,29(4):395-404.DOI:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2010.04.010.", "source_sha256": "a48dbc5d1ff78946eb3b7c0baff04eadf1c1a2a4c8b3ed4abe619d8d13951858", "title": "石制品植物残留物分析的实验室方法———以水洞沟石制品处理为例", "authors": [ "关莹", " Deborah M. Pearsall", " 高星", " 周振宇" ], "year": "2010", "journal": "人类学学报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2010.04.010", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S104_a48dbc5d1ff7_S104-F02", "S104_a48dbc5d1ff7_S104-F03" ], "title_zh": "石制品植物残留物分析的实验室方法———以水洞沟石制品处理为例", "title_en": "Laboratory Methods for the Analysis of Plant Residues on Stone Tools—A Case Study of Shuidonggou Stone Tools Processing", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN009", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "SDG2", "quote": "大程度地避免标本出土后受到的污染。\n 水洞沟遗址(SDG)是中国北方典型的旧石器时代晚期遗址，大量的年代数据表明遗址\n堆积年代集中于距今3. 5—2 万年 ［20—24］。大量石制品在文化层中与烧骨、火塘等共存，是理\n想的研究材料。2 号地点1 号发掘坑( SDG2T1) 在2007 年的系统发掘中遵从了前述方法，\n严格控制了外来污染，建立了实验分析的基础条件。在4915 件出土物中，石制品占绝大多\n数。由于残留物分析需要消耗大量时间，很难完成全部标本的处理，因此选择部分适当标本", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": 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"title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F03", "S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F04", "S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F05", "S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F09", "S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F00" ], "title_zh": "石峁遗址出土陶、石器功能反映的礼仪和生计活动", "title_en": "Lithic and ceramic artifacts from the Shimao site reflect ritual and subsistence activities", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN123", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shimao", "quote": "计活动\n\n\n\n\n刘 莉 1、2 Maureece Levin 2 孙周勇 3 邵 晶 3\n\n1. 西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西 西安 710127；2. 美国斯坦福大学考古中心；3. 陕西省考古研究院,陕西 西安\n710054\n\n\n\n\n\nAbstract：Shimao was a regional center in an early stage of urbanization in northern China 4,000 years ago.\nIn this paper, we analyzed the use-wear traces and residues on 19 pottery and stone tools unearthed at the\nEast Gate and the Hanjiagedan residential locality to inv", "page": 1, "method": 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Province, before and after 4000 years BP, inferred from stable isotope and plant micromorphological fossil evidence", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN161", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "辛章", "quote": "8\n教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(编号: 15YJC780003)资助\n\n\n摘要 为了揭示4000a BP前后地理条件封闭的忻定盆地考古学文化大发展与传统粟黍农业及外来麦类种植和牛\n羊饲养业的关系, 讨论中国北方文明事件所产生的广泛的经济基础, 文章以辛章遗址出土的9例人骨和58例动物\n骨骼为研究对象, 运用碳氮稳定同位素分析和人牙结石上植物微体化石分析的研究方法, 还原了先民的食物结构\n和生业经济. 结果显示, 先民、猪和狗主要以粟黍类食物为生, 牛和羊的食物中也包含一定量的粟黍副产品(如秸\n秆)等. 然而, 小麦等并没有在该地区被种植. 显然, 粟黍农业已对外来动物(牛和羊)的饲喂产生明显影响. 由此可\n见, 忻定盆地完全采用了以粟黍农业为主兼容诸多外来农业因素的新的农业体系(粟黍农业及猪牛羊饲喂业), 进\n而证实了新的农业体系已成为更广阔区域先民生产和生活的最", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3d92daad289b7daaf9d5c09e80aede7c6147eca09d2e8ac965084eae94d2a8b8" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN161" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S110_062d42783d38", "id": "S110", "citation_original": "杨晓燕, 李昭, 王维维, 崔勇. 稻作南传:岭南稻作农业肇始的年代及人类社会的生计模式背景[J].文博学刊,2018,(1):33-47.", "source_sha256": "062d42783d380d047c3fc9c108cc68634518a0b9ce97f0aaa6aabea2b49e6355", "title": "稻作南传:岭南稻作农业肇始的年代及人类社会的生计模式背景", "authors": [ "杨晓燕", " 李昭", " 王维维", " 崔勇" ], "year": "2018", "journal": "文博学刊", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S110_062d42783d38_S110-F06", "S110_062d42783d38_S110-F07", "S110_062d42783d38_S110-F08" ], "title_zh": "稻作南传:岭南稻作农业肇始的年代及人类社会的生计模式背景", "title_en": "The Southward Spread of Rice Cultivation: The Origins of Rice Agriculture and the Subsistence Patterns of Human Societies in Lingnan", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN108", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "古椰", "quote": 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"translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "综述" } }, { "key": "S116_6ee7cf1a1a37", "id": "S116", "citation_original": "李永强.裴李岗文化生业经济研究现状与思考[J].南方文物,2018,(4):41-51.", "source_sha256": "6ee7cf1a1a377fcb5a5a6ce832b49725f4ae6c8624b8b551c4608868aac9839d", "title": "裴李岗文化生业经济研究现状与思考", "authors": [ "李永强" ], "year": "2018", "journal": "南方文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "裴李岗文化生业经济研究现状与思考", "title_en": "A Review of the Current Research and Reflections on the Subsistence Economy of the Peiligang Culture", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "综述" } }, { "key": "S117_3e9377c18a79", "id": "S117", "citation_original": "张永辉, 翁屹, 姚凌, 张居中, 周昱君, 方方, 崔炜. 裴李岗遗址出土石磨盘表面淀粉粒的鉴定与分析[J].第四纪研究,2011,31(5):891-899.", "source_sha256": "3e9377c18a791d14226226a73faff0ee0d03a89950674636801c5a5d7b518c43", "title": "裴李岗遗址出土石磨盘表面淀粉粒的鉴定与分析", "authors": [ "张永辉", " 翁屹", " 姚凌", " 张居中", " 周昱君", " 方方", " 崔炜" ], "year": "2011", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S117_3e9377c18a79_S117-F02", "S117_3e9377c18a79_S117-F03" ], "title_zh": "裴李岗遗址出土石磨盘表面淀粉粒的鉴定与分析", "title_en": "Starch grain identification and analysis from the surface of stone querns excavated at the Peiligang site", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN025", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "裴李岗", "quote": "Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ，２０１１\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１１．０５．１４ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１１）０５－８９１－０９\n\n 裴李岗遗址出土石磨盘表面淀粉粒的鉴定与分析 \n\n 张永辉　翁　屹　姚　凌　张居中　周昱君　方　方　崔　炜\n\n （中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系，合肥　２３００２６）\n\n\n 摘要　　文章论述了从河南新郑裴李岗遗址（８５００～７０００ａＢＰ．）出土的８件石磨盘表面提取的１０００多颗淀粉粒\n\n 的研究情况，根据其形态特征分析，其来源至少可分为栎属（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓｓｐｐ．）果实（橡子）、小麦族（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｅａｅＤｕｍｏｒｔ．）、\n\n 粟（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3e9377c18a791d14226226a73faff0ee0d03a89950674636801c5a5d7b518c43" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN025" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S118_5c7660ce0d9c", "id": "S118", "citation_original": "刘莉, 刘歆益, 于春雷, 苗轶飞. 西安金代梅瓶中保存的八百年前液态酒:中国最早的高粱、小麦谷芽酒证据[J].中原文物,2025,(6):117-130.", "source_sha256": "5c7660ce0d9c65fc0b83e7c6e47569fa56696315966619ce091ed897dbd6e196", "title": "西安金代梅瓶中保存的八百年前液态酒:中国最早的高粱、小麦谷芽酒证据", "authors": [ "刘莉", " 刘歆益", " 于春雷", " 苗轶飞" ], "year": "2025", "journal": "中原文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S118_5c7660ce0d9c_S118-F02", "S118_5c7660ce0d9c_S118-F03", "S118_5c7660ce0d9c_S118-F04" ], "title_zh": "西安金代梅瓶中保存的八百年前液态酒:中国最早的高粱、小麦谷芽酒证据", "title_en": "Liquid wine preserved in a Jin Dynasty meiping from Xi'an: Evidence of China's earliest sorghum and wheat grain-based fermented wine", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN160", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Li Jurou", "quote": "安 710000\n\n\n\n Abstract：This study investigates a rare case of liquid alcohol preserved in a glazed ceramic vase from the\n tomb of Li Jurou （AD 1226）, Jin dynasty, Xi’an, China, to provide new insights into medieval brewing\n traditions. We applied a multi-proxy approach combining microfossil analysis, stable isotope testing,\n experimental brewing with sorghum, and incorporated prev", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5c7660ce0d9c65fc0b83e7c6e47569fa56696315966619ce091ed897dbd6e196" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN160" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "id": "S119", "citation_original": "葛威, 刘莉, 赵丛苍, 金正耀. 西山遗址出土器物淀粉残留物分析[J].考古与文物,2020,(4):111-119.", "source_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f", "title": "西山遗址出土器物淀粉残留物分析", "authors": [ "葛威", " 刘莉", " 赵丛苍", " 金正耀" ], "year": "2020", "journal": "考古与文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F04", "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-P0004-B007", "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F06", "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F07", "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F08", "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F09", "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F00", "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F02-P0007" ], "title_zh": "西山遗址出土器物淀粉残留物分析", "title_en": "Starch residue analysis from archaeological artifacts at the Xishan site", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN073", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "xishan", "quote": "对比，这些淀粉粒可以鉴定为4 个不同的植物类别，包括薏苡、小麦族、\n\n燕麦和山药。在鉴定的淀粉粒中，有完好的，也有一些呈现由碾磨和烹饪所造成的损伤特征，反映了当时的食物加\n\n工情况。研究结果表明西周晚期的秦人种植和消费多种经济作物。\n KEYWORDS: Xishan site, Pottery, Stone tools, Starch grains, Archaeobotany\n ABSTRACT: This study presents the results of starch grains extracted from stone tools and pottery vessels from the Xishan\nsite dating to the prehistoric and Western Zhou period. A total of 475 starch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN073" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S120_aab79a368547", "id": "S120", "citation_original": "马志坤, 杨晓燕, 张弛, 孙永刚, 贾鑫. 西辽河地区全新世早中期粟类植物利用[J].中国科学:地球科学,2016,46(7):918-925.", "source_sha256": "aab79a36854758aabc1bea928bdd8bc5fc86491aa7a25848f06fdb23c905f190", "title": "西辽河地区全新世早中期粟类植物利用", "authors": [ "马志坤", " 杨晓燕", " 张弛", " 孙永刚", " 贾鑫" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "中国科学:地球科学", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S120_aab79a368547_S120-F03", "S120_aab79a368547_S120-F04" ], "title_zh": "西辽河地区全新世早中期粟类植物利用", "title_en": "Utilization of foxtail millet plants in the early to middle Holocene of the Xiliaohe Region", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "区域综合" } }, { "key": "S121_86a97d5f5950", "id": "S121", "citation_original": "吴文婉.辽宁阜新查海遗址生业经济初步分析:来自石器淀粉粒分析结果的指示[J].农业考古,2015,(3):1-9.", "source_sha256": "86a97d5f5950c2ed59c6e6552d9799a065472a028033f256bfd6fc713165e4be", "title": "辽宁阜新查海遗址生业经济初步分析:来自石器淀粉粒分析结果的指示", "authors": [ "吴文婉" ], "year": "2015", "journal": "农业考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S121_86a97d5f5950_S121-F02", "S121_86a97d5f5950_S121-F03" ], "title_zh": "辽宁阜新查海遗址生业经济初步分析:来自石器淀粉粒分析结果的指示", "title_en": "Preliminary Analysis of Subsistence Economy at the Chahai Site, Fuxin, Liaoning: Indications from Starch Grains on Stone Tools", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN043", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "查海", "quote": "2015 年第3 期\n\n\n 辽宁阜新查海遗址生业经济初步分析：\n 来自石器淀粉粒分析结果的指示*\n\n 吴文婉\n\n\n\n\n 摘要：查海遗址石器残留物分析发现了禾本科、豆科、块根块茎类等植物的淀粉粒，其中禾本科植物淀\n\n 粉粒可能包括粟、黍、狗尾草属、黍属和小麦族等。上述植物遗存反映了查海遗址具有较广谱的植物性食物\n\n 来源。从各类植物淀粉粒的数量比例和历时发展来看，禾本科植物是最重要的，其中粟、黍植物淀粉粒的大\n\n 量出现证实了当时聚落中存在植物栽培和驯化，与大遗存等分析的信息相符。此外，小麦族和块根", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "86a97d5f5950c2ed59c6e6552d9799a065472a028033f256bfd6fc713165e4be" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN043" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S122_191cf9c6a438", "id": "S122", "citation_original": "杜瑞妍, 张茂林, 周振宇, 关莹. 迈向农业：中国史前采集者的植物性食物选择与模式[J].农业考古,2026,(4):44-52.", "source_sha256": "191cf9c6a43853823c599c7607affe783a0cf85d2395675d0c220e6304c19591", "title": "迈向农业:中国史前采集者的植物性食物选择与模式", "authors": [ "杜瑞妍", " 张茂林", " 周振宇", " 关莹" ], "year": "2026", "journal": "农业考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "提取结果为空，未建立筛选会话", "title_zh": "迈向农业:中国史前采集者的植物性食物选择与模式", "title_en": "Toward Agriculture: Plant Food Selection and Patterns of Prehistoric Foragers in China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "综述" } }, { "key": "S123_f012c7fa3aec", "id": "S123", "citation_original": "赵珍珍, 王富强, 陈松涛, 靳桂云. 通过烟台午台遗址人牙结石淀粉粒探究人类对植物资源的利用[J].人类学学报,2020,39(3):473-482.DOI:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0046.", "source_sha256": "f012c7fa3aec2ad21cce748b0071227505663157c3f1b27b6e5393c5cc9aeeb1", "title": "通过烟台午台遗址人牙结石淀粉粒探究人类对植物资源的利用", "authors": [ "赵珍珍", " 王富强", " 陈松涛", " 靳桂云" ], "year": "2020", "journal": "人类学学报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0046", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S123_f012c7fa3aec_S123-F02" ], "title_zh": "通过烟台午台遗址人牙结石淀粉粒探究人类对植物资源的利用", "title_en": "Investigating human utilization of plant resources through starch grains from human dental calculus at the Wutai Site in Yantai", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN164", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "wutai", "quote": "源外，还广泛采集一些野生果类和块根块茎类作为食物的补\n\n充。本研究中发现了大遗存中没有发现的壳斗科栎属等，弥补了大遗存研究的不足。\n\n关键词：午台遗址；人牙结石；淀粉粒分析；植物资源\n\n Plant resources utilization at the Wutai site in Yantai county: Ancient starch\n residue evidence from human dental calculus\n\n ZHAO Zhenzhen1, WANG Fuqiang2, CHEN Songtao1, JIN Guiyun 3\n 1. School of History and Culture,Shandong Uninversity,Jinan 250100; 2. Yantai", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f012c7fa3aec2ad21cce748b0071227505663157c3f1b27b6e5393c5cc9aeeb1" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN164" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S124_a514ba5d6f72", "id": "S124", "citation_original": "孙亚男, 杨玉璋, 张家强, 姚凌, 禤华丽, 袁增箭, 顾万发, 张居中. 郑州地区东赵先民植物性食物结构及遗址出土部分陶器功能分析:来自植物淀粉粒的证据[J].第四纪研究,2018,38(2):406-419.", "source_sha256": "a514ba5d6f7271836544a04652763ecaf77605d0d64f581b6aa70a1d3ab7e4d4", "title": "郑州地区东赵先民植物性食物结构及遗址出土部分陶器功能分析:来自植物淀粉粒的证据", "authors": [ "孙亚男", " 杨玉璋", " 张家强", " 姚凌", " 禤华丽", " 袁增箭", " 顾万发", " 张居中" ], "year": "2018", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S124_a514ba5d6f72_S124-F03", "S124_a514ba5d6f72_S124-F04" ], "title_zh": "郑州地区东赵先民植物性食物结构及遗址出土部分陶器功能分析:来自植物淀粉粒的证据", "title_en": "Plant-based food structure of the Dongzhao early inhabitants in Zhengzhou and functional analysis of some pottery artifacts from the site: evidence from plant starch grains", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN127", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "dongzhao", "quote": "８，３８（２）：４０６－４１９．\n\nＳｕｎＹａｎａｎ，ＹａｎｇＹｕｚｈａｎｇ，ＺｈａｎｇＪｉａｑｉａｎｇ，ｅｔａｌ．ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｒｅｖｅａｌｓｈｕｍａｎｓｐｌａｎｔｆｏｏｄｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｐｏｔｔｅｒｙｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｔＤｏｎｇｚｈａｏｓｉｔｅｉｎ\n\nＺｈｅｎｇｚｈｏｕＣｉｔｙ，ＨｅｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ［Ｊ］．ＱｕａｔｅｒｎａｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２０１８，３８（２）：４０６－４１９．\n\n\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１８．０２．１２ 文章编号：１００１－７４１０（２０１８）０２－４０６－１４\n\n 郑州地区东赵先民植物性食物结构\n 及遗址出土部分陶器功能分析：\n 来自植物淀粉粒的证据\n\n 孙亚男 １，杨玉璋", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a514ba5d6f7271836544a04652763ecaf77605d0d64f581b6aa70a1d3ab7e4d4" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN127" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S125_1366ecf9b2b8", "id": "S125", "citation_original": "陶大卫, 吴倩, 崔天兴, 赵珍珍. 郑州望京楼遗址二里头文化时期植物资源的利用——来自石器残留淀粉粒的证据[J].第四纪研究,2016,36(2):294-301.", "source_sha256": "1366ecf9b2b850122d1c7a23b300662e7478c043bdd21eebaf0558c22bb98a66", "title": "郑州望京楼遗址二里头文化时期植物资源的利用——来自石器残留淀粉粒的证据", "authors": [ "陶大卫", " 吴倩", " 崔天兴", " 赵珍珍" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S125_1366ecf9b2b8_S125-F02", "S125_1366ecf9b2b8_S125-F03" ], "title_zh": "郑州望京楼遗址二里头文化时期植物资源的利用——来自石器残留淀粉粒的证据", "title_en": "Plant Resource Utilization at the Wangjinglou Site, Zhengzhou during the Erlitou Culture: Evidence from Starch Grains Residual on Stone Tools", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN122", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "望京楼", "quote": "Ｍａｒｃｈ，２０１６\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１６．０２．０５ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１６）０２－２９４－０８\n\n 郑州望京楼遗址二里头文化时期植物资源的利用\n\n ———来自石器残留淀粉粒的证据\n\n 陶大卫 ①　吴　倩 ②　崔天兴 ①　赵珍珍 ①\n\n （①郑州大学历史文化遗产保护研究中心，郑州　４５０００１；②郑州市文物考古研究院，郑州　４５０００５）\n\n\n 摘要　　通过对郑州望京楼遗址出土的二里头文化时期石杵和石臼进行淀粉粒分析，发现了５类可鉴定的不同形\n\n 态淀粉粒，主要为粟黍类、小麦族（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｅａｅ）、薏苡属（Ｃｏｉｘ）、栎属（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ）和豆科（Ｆａｂａｃｅａｅ）等，", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1366ecf9b2b850122d1c7a23b300662e7478c043bdd21eebaf0558c22bb98a66" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN122" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S126_ad83484d7ea0", "id": "S126", "citation_original": "赵雅楠,刘莉.陇东地区仰韶文化酿酒之法初探——以秦安大地湾遗址为例[J].中原文物,2021,(1):49-63.", "source_sha256": "ad83484d7ea0da122982f5e491a8e3fd92fa3b0fb7519554921beacc911d013b", "title": "陇东地区仰韶文化酿酒之法初探——以秦安大地湾遗址为例", "authors": [ "赵雅楠", "刘莉" ], "year": "2021", "journal": "中原文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S126_ad83484d7ea0_S126-F04", "S126_ad83484d7ea0_S126-F05", "S126_ad83484d7ea0_S126-F06" ], "title_zh": "陇东地区仰韶文化酿酒之法初探——以秦安大地湾遗址为例", "title_en": "An Initial Exploration of Brewing Methods in the Yangshao Culture in the陇East Region—A Case Study of the Dadiwan Site in Qin'an", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "dadiwan", "quote": "ingdiping amphora huresidue analysis on and painted pottery pot from the Dadiwan\nsite, Qin’an, expanding the study area to eastern Gansu. Microfossil assemblage (including starch granules,\nphytoliths, yeasts and molds) related to brewing process are detected in all three vessel types, indicate that", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ad83484d7ea0da122982f5e491a8e3fd92fa3b0fb7519554921beacc911d013b" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN034" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S127_411ab0b9f33c", "id": "S127", "citation_original": "宋阿倩,豆海锋.陕西旬邑西头遗址商末周初殉人植物性食物组成分析——来自牙结石中的淀粉粒和植硅体证据[J].第四纪研究,2023,43(1):242-255.", "source_sha256": "411ab0b9f33c7c90340120a435d9882d2c02e148ba17efaba3974c8fe03500c5", "title": "陕西旬邑西头遗址商末周初殉人植物性食物组成分析——来自牙结石中的淀粉粒和植硅体证据", "authors": [ "宋阿倩", "豆海锋" ], "year": "2023", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S127_411ab0b9f33c_S127-F02", "S127_411ab0b9f33c_S127-F03", "S127_411ab0b9f33c_S127-F04", "S127_411ab0b9f33c_S127-F05" ], "title_zh": "陕西旬邑西头遗址商末周初殉人植物性食物组成分析——来自牙结石中的淀粉粒和植硅体证据", "title_en": "Starch grain and phytolith evidence from dental calculus on the plant-based diet composition of sacrificed individuals at Xitou Site, Xunyi, Shaanxi during the late Shang and early Zhou periods", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN173", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "xitou", "quote": "自牙结石中的淀粉粒和植硅体证据［J］．第四纪研究，2023，\n43( 1) : 242－255.\nSONG Aqian，DOU Haifeng．Analysis of plant food composition of human sacrifices in Xitou site，Xunyi County，Shaanxi Province during the late Shang\nand early Zhou periods: Evidence from starch grains and phytoliths in dental calculus［J］．Quaternary Sciences，2023，43( 1) : 242－255.\n\n\n\ndoi: 10．11928/j．issn．1001-7410．2023．01．20 文章编号", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "411ab0b9f33c7c90340120a435d9882d2c02e148ba17efaba3974c8fe03500c5" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN173" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S128_2eb4221e01b9", "id": "S128", "citation_original": "贺娅辉, 刘莉, 邵晶, 邸楠, 孙周勇. 陕西榆林石峁遗址皇城台地点酒类残留物及相关陶器分析[J].考古与文物,2022,(2):146-154.", "source_sha256": "2eb4221e01b93fe3f8257120f3410fe4a45525dee9fa0eac9dbb4e8090f2611b", "title": "陕西榆林石峁遗址皇城台地点酒类残留物及相关陶器分析", "authors": [ "贺娅辉", " 刘莉", " 邵晶", " 邸楠", " 孙周勇" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "考古与文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S128_2eb4221e01b9_S128-F02", "S128_2eb4221e01b9_S128-F03" ], "title_zh": "陕西榆林石峁遗址皇城台地点酒类残留物及相关陶器分析", "title_en": "Analysis of alcoholic residue and related pottery from the Huangchengtai location at the Shimao Site, Shaanxi Yulin", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN123", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shimao", "quote": "Yellow River region. In this study, by\nanalyzing microfossil residues on ten pitchers, two cups, three lids, and one urn from the Shimao site, one of the earliest\nurban centers in late Neolithic north China, we recovered remains of alcoholic beverages, which were brewed by using the\nmalting method and the qu starter. The main ingredients include millet, Triticeae, rice, lily, snake gourd root,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2eb4221e01b93fe3f8257120f3410fe4a45525dee9fa0eac9dbb4e8090f2611b" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN123" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S129_d00f4536ebaf", "id": "S129", "citation_original": "曹家凤, 朱瑛培, 田多, 邵晶, 李静波, 马志坤. 陕西泾阳大堡子汉墓出土植物遗存分析[J].微体古生物学报(中英文),2024,41(4):384-397.DOI:10.16087/j.cnki.1000-0674.20241202.002.", "source_sha256": "d00f4536ebaf5d8ee5772bbcd448c47d62ca944b310c92a0230991bc257e1324", "title": "陕西泾阳大堡子汉墓出土植物遗存分析", "authors": [ "曹家凤", " 朱瑛培", " 田多", " 邵晶", " 李静波", " 马志坤" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "微体古生物学报(中英文)", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.16087/j.cnki.1000-0674.20241202.002", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S129_d00f4536ebaf_S129-F03", "S129_d00f4536ebaf_S129-P0007-B003" ], "title_zh": "陕西泾阳大堡子汉墓出土植物遗存分析", "title_en": "Plant remains from the Dabuzihanmu Han tomb in Jingyang, Shaanxi", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN075", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "大堡子汉墓", "quote": "微体古生物学报(中英文) 2024年12月; 41(4): 384–397\nActa Micropalaeontologica Sinica 41(4): 384–397; December, 2024\n\n\n 陕西泾阳大堡子汉墓出土植物遗存分析*\n\n 曹家凤1, 2) 朱瑛培3) 田 多1, 2)** 邵 晶3) 李静波4) 马志坤1, 2)\n\n 1) 西北大学文化遗产学院, 中国-中亚人类与环境“一带一路”联合实验室, 西安 710127, 中国\n\n 2) 西北大学文化遗产学院, 文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室, 西安 710127, 中国", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d00f4536ebaf5d8ee5772bbcd448c47d62ca944b310c92a0230991bc257e1324" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN075" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S130_fadefcfe702d", "id": "S130", "citation_original": "刘莉, 王佳静, 赵昊, 邵晶, 邸楠, 冯索菲. 陕西蓝田新街遗址仰韶文化晚期陶器残留物分析:酿造谷芽酒的新证据[J].农业考古,2018,(1):7-15.", "source_sha256": "fadefcfe702d990662f489df982340180a4fcefdafd75eb5517aaef9d7896b51", "title": "陕西蓝田新街遗址仰韶文化晚期陶器残留物分析:酿造谷芽酒的新证据", "authors": [ "刘莉", " 王佳静", " 赵昊", " 邵晶", " 邸楠", " 冯索菲" ], "year": "2018", "journal": "农业考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S130_fadefcfe702d_S130-F02", "S130_fadefcfe702d_S130-F03", "S130_fadefcfe702d_S130-F04" ], "title_zh": "陕西蓝田新街遗址仰韶文化晚期陶器残留物分析:酿造谷芽酒的新证据", "title_en": "Starch residue analysis from Yangshao culture late period pottery at Xinjie Site, Lan'tian, Shaanxi: new evidence for brewing malted grain wine", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN141", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "xinjie", "quote": "粒；植硅体；黍；稻；薏苡\n 中图分类号：K875 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-2335（2018）01-0007-09\n\n\n Analysis on Pottery Residue of the Late Yangshao Culture in Xinjie Site of Lantian,\n Lantian: New Evidence of Guya Beer Brewing\n Liu Li, Wang Jiajing, Zhao Hao, Shao Jing, Di Nan, Feng Suofei\n\n Abstract:In order to further explore the sociopolitical and economic development during the late Y", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fadefcfe702d990662f489df982340180a4fcefdafd75eb5517aaef9d7896b51" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN141" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S131_d85967801c98", "id": "S131", "citation_original": "陶大卫, 杨益民, 黄卫东, 吴妍, 吴耀利, 王昌燧. 雕龙碑遗址出土器物残留淀粉粒分析[J].考古,2009,(9):92-96.", "source_sha256": "d85967801c98b9d173ce4026418d823f827bc55e8191763acb176907c32e2042", "title": "雕龙碑遗址出土器物残留淀粉粒分析", "authors": [ "陶大卫", " 杨益民", " 黄卫东", " 吴妍", " 吴耀利", " 王昌燧" ], "year": "2009", "journal": "考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S131_d85967801c98_S131-F01", "S131_d85967801c98_S131-F03", "S131_d85967801c98_S131-F04", "S131_d85967801c98_S131-F05" ], "title_zh": "雕龙碑遗址出土器物残留淀粉粒分析", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis of residue from artifacts at the Diaolongbei site", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN124", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "diaolongbei", "quote": "器物残留淀粉粒分析 ∗\n\n 陶大卫 杨益民 黄卫东 吴妍 吴耀利 王昌燧\n\n\n 刚果红染色法 雕龙碑遗址 陶研磨棒 刻槽盆 关键词：淀粉粒\n KEY WORDS:starch grain Congo red staining Diaolongbei site pottery roller grooved\n basin\n ABSTRACT:Congo red staining can be used to detect effectively the remains of starch grain pro-\ncessing so some pottery objects and stone implements unearthed from the Diaolongbei site were tested", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d85967801c98b9d173ce4026418d823f827bc55e8191763acb176907c32e2042" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN124" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S132_ffee927bafd8", "id": "S132", "citation_original": "侯光良, 马志坤, 马永超. 青海中石器拉乙亥遗址磨盘及磨棒淀粉粒分析及其揭示的植物利用情况[J]. 农业考古, 2017, (4): 7-13.", "source_sha256": "ffee927bafd8931860fbcdad94e6846ff6cdb0a42c3167c760eff18336d156bc", "title": "青海中石器拉乙亥遗址磨盘及磨棒淀粉粒分析及其揭示的植物利用情况", "authors": [ "侯光良", " 马志坤", " 马永超" ], "year": "2017", "journal": "农业考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S132_ffee927bafd8_S132-F03", "S132_ffee927bafd8_S132-F04" ], "title_zh": "青海中石器拉乙亥遗址磨盘及磨棒淀粉粒分析及其揭示的植物利用情况", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis of grinding stones and grinding rods from the La Yihai site of the Middle Paleolithic in Qinghai and its implications for plant utilization", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN190", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "拉乙亥", "quote": "2017 年第4 期\n\n\n 青海中石器拉乙亥遗址磨盘及\n磨棒淀粉粒分析及其揭示的植物利用情况*\n\n 侯光良 马志坤 马永超\n\n\n\n\n 摘要：青藏高原海拔高，气候干燥，降雨量少，先民对其适应策略引起了广泛关注。目前，学者对高原植\n\n 物资源的利用和开发的情况尚缺乏全面的了解。距今约7.6ka BP拉乙亥遗址是一处位于青藏高原东北缘的\n\n 新旧石器过渡时期遗址，出土了高原早期文化遗存鲜见的石磨盘和石磨棒。本文对拉乙亥遗址一件磨盘和\n\n 一件磨棒表面残留物进行淀粉粒和植硅体分析，结果表明：黍族淀粉粒含量较", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ffee927bafd8931860fbcdad94e6846ff6cdb0a42c3167c760eff18336d156bc" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN190" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S133_8dea5d9a8922", "id": "S133", "citation_original": "李明启, 葛全胜, 王强, 蔡林海, 任晓燕. 青海卡约文化丰台遗址灰坑古代淀粉粒揭示的植物利用情况[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(2):372-376.", "source_sha256": "8dea5d9a89220443cec2cc3f36287e99f7686088c767e7c86b857ae767c44b67", "title": "青海卡约文化丰台遗址灰坑古代淀粉粒揭示的植物利用情况", "authors": [ "李明启", " 葛全胜", " 王强", " 蔡林海", " 任晓燕" ], "year": "2010", "journal": "第四纪研究", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S133_8dea5d9a8922_S133-F02", "S133_8dea5d9a8922_S133-F03" ], "title_zh": "青海卡约文化丰台遗址灰坑古代淀粉粒揭示的植物利用情况", "title_en": "Starch grains from ancient pit contexts at Fengtai Site of the Kaya Culture in Qinghai reveal plant utilization", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN042", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "丰台", "quote": "Ｍａｒｃｈ，２０１０\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１０．０２．１４ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１０）０２－３７２－０５\n\n\n 青海卡约文化丰台遗址灰坑古代淀粉粒\n 揭示的植物利用情况 \n\n 李明启 ①②　葛全胜 ①　王　强 ①　蔡林海 ③　任晓燕 ③\n\n （①中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京　１００１０１；②中国科学院研究生院，北京　１０００４９；\n\n ③青海省文物考古研究所，西宁　８１０００７）\n\n\n 摘要　　青海丰台遗址是一处卡约文化遗址，约３２００～２８００ａＢＰ．。通过对其灰坑中提取的淀粉粒分析了该区域\n\n 当时先民们对植物利用情况。灰坑中包含", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8dea5d9a89220443cec2cc3f36287e99f7686088c767e7c86b857ae767c44b67" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN042" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9", "id": "S134", "citation_original": "马志坤, 李泉, 郇秀佳, 杨晓燕, 郑景云, 叶茂林. 青海民和喇家遗址石刀功能分析:来自石刀表层残留物的植物微体遗存证据[J].科学通报,2014,59(13):1242-1248.", "source_sha256": "6ca5edd1a7c9953ea4f91acbcedb9dba3fd74381f9f63a3306c60420530819aa", "title": "青海民和喇家遗址石刀功能分析:来自石刀表层残留物的植物微体遗存证据", "authors": [ "马志坤", " 李泉", " 郇秀佳", " 杨晓燕", " 郑景云", " 叶茂林" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "科学通报", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0004-B001", "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0005-B001" ], "title_zh": "青海民和喇家遗址石刀功能分析:来自石刀表层残留物的植物微体遗存证据", "title_en": "Functional analysis of stone knives from Lajia site in Minhe, Qinghai: botanical microremains from surface residues on stone knives", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "–1248\n 英文版见: Ma Z K, Li Q, Huan X J, et al. Plant microremains provide direct evidence for the functions of stone knives from the Lajia site, northwestern\n China. Chin Sci Bull, 2014, 59: 1151–1158, doi: 10.1007/s11434-014-0174-0", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6ca5edd1a7c9953ea4f91acbcedb9dba3fd74381f9f63a3306c60420530819aa" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN119" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S135_931c7d097e29", "id": "S135", "citation_original": "葛威, 刘莉, 陈星灿, 金正耀. 食物加工过程中淀粉粒损伤的实验研究及在考古学中的应用[J].考古,2010,(7):77-86+97.", "source_sha256": "931c7d097e29cac402f1ab10d079bd25c614f7db790aa2f03bdaa9495fa4d5b0", "title": "食物加工过程中淀粉粒损伤的实验研究及在考古学中的应用", "authors": [ "葛威", " 刘莉", " 陈星灿", " 金正耀" ], "year": "2010", "journal": "考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F01", "S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F02", "S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F03", "S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F04", "S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F05", "S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F06" ], "title_zh": "食物加工过程中淀粉粒损伤的实验研究及在考古学中的应用", "title_en": "Experimental study on starch grain damage during food processing and its application in archaeology", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "key": "S136_4278225ec231", "id": "S136", "citation_original": "刘莉, 王佳静, 陈星灿, 李永强. 黄河中游新石器时代滤酒陶壶分析[J].中原文物,2019,(6):55-61.", "source_sha256": "4278225ec231ff4668193c1175cfd4c0b971851c3be1f3b1056d036a88f90695", "title": "黄河中游新石器时代滤酒陶壶分析", "authors": [ "刘莉", " 王佳静", " 陈星灿", " 李永强" ], "year": "2019", "journal": "中原文物", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S136_4278225ec231_S136-F03", "S136_4278225ec231_S136-F04" ], "title_zh": "黄河中游新石器时代滤酒陶壶分析", "title_en": "Analysis of Filtration Ceramic Jars from the Neolithic Period in the Middle Yellow River Region", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN142", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "huizui", "quote": "Abstract：Three pottery strainers, characterized by multiple holes in the closed spout, were unearthed at\nDahecun in Zhengzhou, Huizui in Yanshi and Yangshaocun in Mianchi, all in Henan province, dating to the\nLate Yangshao and Early Longshan periods. Based on the analysis of starch granules and phytoliths in the\nresidues from the Huizui strainer, we argue that this vessel was used to filter", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4278225ec231ff4668193c1175cfd4c0b971851c3be1f3b1056d036a88f90695" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN206", "role": "vessel_comparison", "evidence": [ { "matched": "yangshaocun", "quote": "tery strainers, characterized by multiple holes in the closed spout, were unearthed at\nDahecun in Zhengzhou, Huizui in Yanshi and Yangshaocun in Mianchi, all in Henan province, dating to the\nLate Yangshao and Early Longshan periods. Based on the analysis of starch granules and phytoliths in the\nresidues from the Huizui strainer, we argue that this vessel was used to filter fermented beverages made", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4278225ec231ff4668193c1175cfd4c0b971851c3be1f3b1056d036a88f90695" } ], "note": "论文明确比较的器物出土地；不代表该遗址接受了本次微体残留物检测" }, { "site_id": "CN207", "role": "vessel_comparison", "evidence": [ { "matched": "dahecun", "quote": "会科学院考古研究所，北京 100710\n\n\n\n\nAbstract：Three pottery strainers, characterized by multiple holes in the closed spout, were unearthed at\nDahecun in Zhengzhou, Huizui in Yanshi and Yangshaocun in Mianchi, all in Henan province, dating to the\nLate Yangshao and Early Longshan periods. Based on the analysis of starch granules and phytoliths in the\nresidues from the Huizui strainer, we argue that this vess", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4278225ec231ff4668193c1175cfd4c0b971851c3be1f3b1056d036a88f90695" } ], "note": "论文明确比较的器物出土地；不代表该遗址接受了本次微体残留物检测" } ], "sites": [ "CN142", "CN206", "CN207" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S137_ba7ff285d337", "id": "S137", "citation_original": "葛威, 刘莉, 倪春野. 黑龙江二百户双区石磨盘功能分析及相关问题研究[J]. 东方考古, 2015, (0): 455-476.", "source_sha256": "ba7ff285d33763a32147abacaee54e38f1eb1abb660d20fe80fa8c103674da6d", "title": "黑龙江二百户双区石磨盘功能分析及相关问题研究", "authors": [ "葛威", " 刘莉", " 倪春野" ], "year": "2015", "journal": "东方考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F03", "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F04", "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F05", "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F06", "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F07", "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F08", "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F09", "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F200-P0013", "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-P0014-B000", "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F02" ], "title_zh": "黑龙江二百户双区石磨盘功能分析及相关问题研究", "title_en": "Functional Analysis of Double-Zone Stone Grinding Slabs from Erbaihu, Heilongjiang, and Related Issues", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN118", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "二百户", "quote": "黑龙江二百户双区石磨盘功能分析及\n 相关问题研究\n\n\n 葛 威 １ 刘 莉 ２ 倪春野 ３\n\n （ １ ．厦门大学人文学院 ； ２ ．斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 ；\n\n ３ ．穆棱市文物管理所 ）\n\n\n\n\n\n 一", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ba7ff285d33763a32147abacaee54e38f1eb1abb660d20fe80fa8c103674da6d" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN118" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S138_8449a81ceaad", "id": "S138", "citation_original": "刘莉, 王佳静, 陈星灿, 梁中合. 龙山文化陶器中酒遗存所反映的酿酒方法及酒文化[J]. 东方考古, 2024, (2): 189-208+320-326.", "source_sha256": "8449a81ceaadf295e3182fcb4f18ecab168e64eed1f71102ab698ab44e175bd4", "title": "龙山文化陶器中酒遗存所反映的酿酒方法及酒文化", "authors": [ "刘莉", " 王佳静", " 陈星灿", " 梁中合" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "东方考古", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S138_8449a81ceaad_S138-F02-P0022", "S138_8449a81ceaad_S138-P0023-B000", "S138_8449a81ceaad_S138-F04-P0024" ], "title_zh": "龙山文化陶器中酒遗存所反映的酿酒方法及酒文化", "title_en": "The Brewing Methods and Wine Culture Reflected by Wine Residues in Longshan Culture Pottery", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN152", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "西朱封", "quote": "－王城２０ １２年发掘结果 ， 出土于灰坑Ｈ３０和Ｈ２６ ？ ； ③ＸＺＦ １杯 ， 为山东临朐西朱封大\n墓Ｍ２０２中的随葬品 ？ ；＠ＹＨ － １益 ， 安徽蚌埠禹会村 ， 出土于祭祀坑Ｋ２第二层的堆\n积 ？ 。这几件陶器的年代大致为距今４５００ ？４０００年。 山东出土的四件器物制作精美 ，陶\n\n质硬度高 ， 器表面光滑 ， 残留物牢固附着在器表 ， 显示出长期使用的痕迹 。 安徽禹\n\n会的红陶盡制作较粗糙 ， 陶质软 ， 残留物很容易从器表剥离 ， 似乎并没有长期使用\n\n（表 一 ； 图 一 ； 图版 一 ）。 这几件器物都保存在中国社会科学院考古研究所山东曲阜考", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8449a81ceaadf295e3182fcb4f18ecab168e64eed1f71102ab698ab44e175bd4" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN153", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "禹会村", "quote": "－王城２０ １２年发掘结果 ， 出土于灰坑Ｈ３０和Ｈ２６ ？ ； ③ＸＺＦ １杯 ， 为山东临朐西朱封大\n墓Ｍ２０２中的随葬品 ？ ；＠ＹＨ － １益 ， 安徽蚌埠禹会村 ， 出土于祭祀坑Ｋ２第二层的堆\n积 ？ 。这几件陶器的年代大致为距今４５００ ？４０００年。 山东出土的四件器物制作精美 ，陶\n\n质硬度高 ， 器表面光滑 ， 残留物牢固附着在器表 ， 显示出长期使用的痕迹 。 安徽禹\n\n会的红陶盡制作较粗糙 ， 陶质软 ， 残留物很容易从器表剥离 ， 似乎并没有长期使用\n\n（表 一 ； 图 一 ； 图版 一 ）。 这几件器物都保存在中国社会科学院考古研究所山东曲阜考\n\n古工作站的库房里 。\n\n\n\n\n① ＭｃＧｏｖｅｒｎ ，Ｐａｔｒ", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8449a81ceaadf295e3182fcb4f18ecab168e64eed1f71102ab698ab44e175bd4" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN152", "CN153" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S139_b771f8bcc5df", "id": "S139", "citation_original": "Lu, H., Yang, X., Ye, M., Liu, K.B., Xia, Z., Ren, X., Cai, L., Wu, N., & Liu, T.S. (2005). Millet noodles in Late Neolithic China. Nature, 437(7061), 967-968. https://doi.org/10.1038/437967a", "source_sha256": "b771f8bcc5dfa7398619e9330903f718b6de25cc8478bcef5d8f34fd855a3f44", "title": "Millet noodles in Late Neolithic China", "authors": [ "Lu, H., Yang, X., Ye, M., Liu, K.B., Xia, Z., Ren, X., Cai, L., Wu, N., & Liu, T.S" ], "year": "2005", "journal": "Nature", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1038/437967a", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S139_b771f8bcc5df_S139-F01" ], "title_zh": "中国新石器时代晚期的粟黍面条", "title_en": "Millet noodles in Late Neolithic China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（原始PDF复核）", "note": "按原始英文题名及PDF首页修正中文译题中的年代、类群、地名或方法术语；原始题录不变。", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-20T17:19:56.946600+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "ple of noodles contained in a well preserved,\nsealed earthenware bowl discovered in the\nLate Neolithic2–4 archaeological site of Lajia in\nnorthwestern China. We identify millet as the\nsource of the abundant seed-husk phytoliths\nand starch grains present in the vessel. This\n c\nshows that the", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b771f8bcc5dfa7398619e9330903f718b6de25cc8478bcef5d8f34fd855a3f44" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN119" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S140_b2a00ea15079", "id": "S140", "citation_original": "Lu, H., Zhang, J., Liu, K.b., Wu, N., Li, Y., Zhou, K., Ye, M., Zhang, T., Zhang, H., Yang, X., Shen, L., Xu, D., & Li, Q. (2009). Earliest domestication of common millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(18), 7367-7372. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900158106", "source_sha256": "b2a00ea150793f5c0c55e2b011fbb45399f89e7c85f827dcbd2835fd2c3b050c", "title": "Earliest domestication of common millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago", "authors": [ "Lu, H., Zhang, J., Liu, K.b., Wu, N., Li, Y., Zhou, K., Ye, M., Zhang, T., Zhang, H., Yang, X., Shen, L., Xu, D., & Li, Q" ], "year": "2009", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.0900158106", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S140_b2a00ea15079_S140-F02" ], "title_zh": "黍在东亚的最早驯化可追溯至1万年前", "title_en": "Earliest domestication of common millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN024", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "cishan", "quote": ", Beijing 100049, China; dInstitute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, China; eCulture Museum of Cishan, Wuan,\nHebei Province, 036302, China; and fInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China\n\nEdited by Dolores R. Piperno, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and National Museum of Natura", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b2a00ea150793f5c0c55e2b011fbb45399f89e7c85f827dcbd2835fd2c3b050c" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN024" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S141_eff2ba01e216", "id": "S141", "citation_original": "Yang, X., Yu, J., Lü, H., Cui, T., Guo, J., & Ge, Q. (2009). Starch grain analysis reveals function of grinding stone tools at Shangzhai site, Beijing. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 52(8), 1164-1171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0089-9", "source_sha256": "eff2ba01e21669cb25724f170fbf869b55a22a3f6cb4af435be4775794126f1d", "title": "Starch grain analysis reveals function of grinding stone tools at Shangzhai site, Beijing", "authors": [ "Yang, X., Yu, J., Lü, H., Cui, T., Guo, J., & Ge, Q" ], "year": "2009", "journal": "Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1007/s11430-009-0089-9", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S141_eff2ba01e216_S141-F02", "S141_eff2ba01e216_S141-F03" ], "title_zh": "淀粉粒分析揭示北京上宅遗址磨石工具的功能", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis reveals function of grinding stone tools at Shangzhai site, Beijing", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN023", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shangzhai", "quote": "www.springerlink.com\n Springer\n\n\nStarch grain analysis reveals function of grinding stone\ntools at Shangzhai site, Beijing\n\nYANG XiaoYan1†, YU JinCheng2, LÜ HouYuan3, CUI TianXing4, GUO JingNing2 & GE QuanSheng1\n\n1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;\n2 Beijing Cultural Relics Institute,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "eff2ba01e21669cb25724f170fbf869b55a22a3f6cb4af435be4775794126f1d" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN023" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S142_46b6c2a0a437", "id": "S142", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Field, J., Fullagar, R., Bestel, S., Chen, X., & Ma, X. (2010). What did grinding stones grind? New light on Early Neolithic subsistence economy in the Middle Yellow River Valley, China. Antiquity, 84(325), 816-833. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00100249", "source_sha256": "46b6c2a0a43797a286cb3c1c9c977af2a961f20415717d830268833e62a7cd86", "title": "What did grinding stones grind? New light on Early Neolithic subsistence economy in the Middle Yellow River Valley, China", "authors": [ "Liu, L., Field, J., Fullagar, R., Bestel, S., Chen, X., & Ma, X" ], "year": "2010", "journal": "Antiquity", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1017/s0003598x00100249", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S142_46b6c2a0a437_S142-P0012-B000", "S142_46b6c2a0a437_S142-P0013-B001", "S142_46b6c2a0a437_S142-P0014-B000" ], "title_zh": "磨石磨的是什么？中国中黄河流域早期新石器时代生计经济的新认识", "title_en": "What did grinding stones grind? New light on Early Neolithic subsistence economy in the Middle Yellow River Valley, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN026", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "six grinding stones from two Peiligang culture sites, Shigu and Egou", "method": "原始PDF页面视觉核对", "pdf_sha256": "46b6c2a0a43797a286cb3c1c9c977af2a961f20415717d830268833e62a7cd86" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN027", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "six grinding stones from two Peiligang culture sites, Shigu and Egou", "method": "原始PDF页面视觉核对", "pdf_sha256": "46b6c2a0a43797a286cb3c1c9c977af2a961f20415717d830268833e62a7cd86" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN026", "CN027" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S143_39be4d62a443", "id": "S143", "citation_original": "Yang, X., & Jiang, L. (2010). Starch grain analysis reveals ancient diet at Kuahuqiao site, Zhejiang Province. 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(2010). A functional analysis of grinding stones from an early holocene site at Donghulin, North China. 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PLoS ONE, 7(9), e45137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045137", "source_sha256": "933bccf19e80da3466d9e867876ec00fe63781dc99101de2283dc6b9e3b47efe", "title": "Archaeobotanical Study of Ancient Food and Cereal Remains at the Astana Cemeteries, Xinjiang, China", "authors": [ "Chen, T., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, B., Hu, Y., Wang, C., & Jiang, H" ], "year": "2012", "journal": "PLoS ONE", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0045137", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S151_933bccf19e80_S151-F04", "S151_933bccf19e80_S151-F06" ], "title_zh": "新疆阿斯塔纳墓地古代食物及谷物遗存的考古植物学研究", "title_en": "Archaeobotanical Study of Ancient Food and Cereal Remains at the Astana Cemeteries, Xinjiang, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN132", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Astana", "quote": "Archaeobotanical Study of Ancient Food and Cereal\nRemains at the Astana Cemeteries, Xinjiang, China\n\nTao Chen1,2, Yan Wu1,2, Yongbing Zhang3, Bo Wang4, Yaowu Hu1,2, Changsui Wang1,2, Hongen Jiang1,2*\n\n1 The Lab of Human Evolution, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Ch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "933bccf19e80da3466d9e867876ec00fe63781dc99101de2283dc6b9e3b47efe" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN132" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S152_88d0d7082875", "id": "S152", "citation_original": "Yang, X., Wan, Z., Perry, L., Lu, H., Wang, Q., Zhao, C., Li, J., Xie, F., Yu, J., Cui, T., Wang, T., Li, M., Ge, Q., 2012. Early millet use in northern China, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, 3726-3730. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115430109.", "source_sha256": "88d0d7082875b48cc9774a76721eaa24b31658f25b60ce2350c00905e50e2254", "title": "Early millet use in northern China", "authors": [ "Yang, X., Wan, Z., Perry, L., Lu, H., Wang, Q., Zhao, C., Li, J., Xie, F., Yu, J., Cui, T., Wang, T., Li, M., Ge, Q." ], "year": "2012", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1115430109", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S152_88d0d7082875_S152-F02", "S152_88d0d7082875_S152-F03" ], "title_zh": "中国北方早期粟黍类植物的利用", "title_en": "Early millet use in northern China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（原始PDF复核）", "note": "按原始英文题名及PDF首页修正中文译题中的年代、类群、地名或方法术语；原始题录不变。", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-20T17:19:56.970553+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN020", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "nanzhuangtou", "quote": "ell as yielded uncalibrated dates ranging from 10.5 to 9.7 kyBP (10)\n grinding stone tools excavated from the sites of Nanzhuangtou (calibrated dates in Table S1). Because the organic silt may pos-\n (11.5–11.0 cal kyBP) and Donghulin (11.0–9.5 cal kyBP) in the North sibly contain old carbon, dates derived from these samples were\n China Plain. Our data extend the rec", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "88d0d7082875b48cc9774a76721eaa24b31658f25b60ce2350c00905e50e2254" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN021", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "donghulin", "quote": "the sites of Nanzhuangtou (calibrated dates in Table S1). Because the organic silt may pos-\n (11.5–11.0 cal kyBP) and Donghulin (11.0–9.5 cal kyBP) in the North sibly contain old carbon, dates derived from these samples were\n China Plain. Our data extend the record of millet use in China by excluded in this paper. Five of the remaining six dates fall between\n nea", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "88d0d7082875b48cc9774a76721eaa24b31658f25b60ce2350c00905e50e2254" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN020", "CN021" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S153_96def24a2369", "id": "S153", "citation_original": "Yang, X., & Perry, L. (2013). Identification of ancient starch grains from the tribe Triticeae in the North China Plain. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(8), 3170-3177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.04.004", "source_sha256": "96def24a23695e3d35db8367df1c096995a995f2cffeaa6e13b89c043d4cf3d7", "title": "Identification of ancient starch grains from the tribe Triticeae in the North China Plain", "authors": [ "Yang, X., & Perry, L" ], "year": "2013", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.jas.2013.04.004", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S153_96def24a2369_S153-F01", "S153_96def24a2369_S153-F02", "S153_96def24a2369_S153-F03", "S153_96def24a2369_S153-F04", "S153_96def24a2369_S153-F05" ], "title_zh": "华北平原小麦族古代淀粉粒鉴定", "title_en": "Identification of ancient starch grains from the tribe Triticeae in the North China Plain", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN020", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "nanzhuangtou", "quote": "rs of the been previously recovered as both macrofossil and microfossil\ntribe Triticeae. In our previous study at the sites of Nanzhuangtou plant remains in both Neolithic and historic sites in China (Liu et al.,\n(older than 11,000 cal yr BP) and Donghulin (11.0e9.5 cal yr BP) in 2008; Zhao, 2010). Members of the genera Oryza, Panicum, Setaria,\nthe North China Plain, numbers of identifiable", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "96def24a23695e3d35db8367df1c096995a995f2cffeaa6e13b89c043d4cf3d7" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN020" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S154_4e09299726f9", "id": "S154", "citation_original": "Li, M., Yang, X., Ge, Q., Ren, X., & Wan, Z. (2013). Starch grains analysis of stone knives from Changning site, Qinghai Province, Northwest China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(4), 1667-1672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.11.018", "source_sha256": "4e09299726f95e69ff76e49005e99bb87923bdaf90673db864454c608016e6ca", "title": "Starch grains analysis of stone knives from Changning site, Qinghai Province, Northwest China", "authors": [ "Li, M., Yang, X., Ge, Q., Ren, X., & Wan, Z" ], "year": "2013", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.jas.2012.11.018", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S154_4e09299726f9_S154-F03", "S154_4e09299726f9_S154-F04" ], "title_zh": "青海西北地区长宁遗址石刀的淀粉粒分析", "title_en": "Starch grains analysis of stone knives from Changning site, Qinghai Province, Northwest China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN041", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Changning", "quote": "journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas\n\n\n\nStarch grains analysis of stone knives from Changning site, Qinghai\nProvince, Northwest China\n\nMingqi Li a, Xiaoyan Yang a, Quansheng Ge a,*, Xiaoyan Ren b, Zhiwei Wan a\n\na Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China\nb Qinghai Provincial Ins", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4e09299726f95e69ff76e49005e99bb87923bdaf90673db864454c608016e6ca" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN041" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S155_c587b9b928cc", "id": "S155", "citation_original": "Yang, X., Barton, H.J., Wan, Z., Li, Q., Ma, Z., Li, M., Zhang, D., & Wei, J. (2013). Sago-Type Palms Were an Important Plant Food Prior to Rice in Southern Subtropical China. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e63148. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063148", "source_sha256": "c587b9b928cc581ad83bb05460083e1ab176a91e7aea4569efff496efdbb2213", "title": "Sago-Type Palms Were an Important Plant Food Prior to Rice in Southern Subtropical China", "authors": [ "Yang, X., Barton, H.J., Wan, Z., Li, Q., Ma, Z., Li, M., Zhang, D., & Wei, J" ], "year": "2013", "journal": "PLoS ONE", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0063148", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S155_c587b9b928cc_S155-F03", "S155_c587b9b928cc_S155-F04", "S155_c587b9b928cc_S155-F05", "S155_c587b9b928cc_S155-F06" ], "title_zh": "西米型棕榈是南方亚热带中国稻米之前的重要植物食物", "title_en": "Sago-Type Palms Were an Important Plant Food Prior to Rice in Southern Subtropical China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN109", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "xincun", "quote": "Here we present evidence from starch and phytolith analyses of samples obtained during systematic\n excavations at the site of Xincun on the southern coast of China, demonstrating that during 3,350–2,470 aBC humans\n exploited sago palms, bananas, freshwater roots and tubers, fern roots, acorns, Job’s-tears as well as wild rice. A dominance\n of starches and phytoliths from palms sugges", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c587b9b928cc581ad83bb05460083e1ab176a91e7aea4569efff496efdbb2213" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN109" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S156_8f8581a78435", "id": "S156", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Bestel, S., Shi, J., Song, Y., & Chen, X. (2013). Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(14), 5380-5385. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217864110", "source_sha256": "8f8581a784355775b0277518723e6e8bdbcd8ad52004fefc1a99c3643a5c0482", "title": "Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China", "authors": [ "Liu, L., Bestel, S., Shi, J., Song, Y., & Chen, X" ], "year": "2013", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1217864110", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S156_8f8581a78435_S156-F03", "S156_8f8581a78435_S156-F04" ], "title_zh": "末次冰期华北旧石器时代人类对植物性食物的利用", "title_en": "Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN004", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Shizitan Locality 14", "quote": "ashington DC,\n and approved February 11, 2013 (received for review October 18, 2012)\n\n Three grinding stones from Shizitan Locality 14 (ca. 23,000–19,500 Vigna beans, Dioscorea opposita yam, and Trichosanthes kirilowii\n calendar years before present) in the middle Yellow River region snakegourd roots.\n were subjected to usewear and residue analyses to investigate", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8f8581a784355775b0277518723e6e8bdbcd8ad52004fefc1a99c3643a5c0482" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN004" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S157_be2b6af74ebd", "id": "S157", "citation_original": "Zhikun Ma, Quan Li, Xiujia Huan, Xiaoyan Yang, Jingyun Zheng, Maolin Ye. (2014). Plant microremains provide direct evidence for the functions of stone knives from the Lajia site, northwestern China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(11), 1151-1158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0174-0", "source_sha256": "be2b6af74ebd10d138d27c04907913dc045f6afcf8828411bff938a0b8163c2c", "title": "Plant microremains provide direct evidence for the functions of stone knives from the Lajia site, northwestern China", "authors": [ "Zhikun Ma", "Quan Li", "Xiujia Huan", "Xiaoyan Yang", "Jingyun Zheng", "Maolin Ye" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "Chinese Science Bulletin", "volume": "59", "issue": "11", "pages": "1151-1158", "doi": "10.1007/s11434-014-0174-0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0174-0", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S157_be2b6af74ebd_S157-F02", "S157_be2b6af74ebd_S157-F03" ], "title_zh": "植硅体为中国喇家遗址石刀功能提供直接证据", "title_en": "Plant microremains provide direct evidence for the functions of stone knives from the Lajia site, northwestern China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "Geology\n\n\nPlant microremains provide direct evidence for the functions\nof stone knives from the Lajia site, northwestern China\n\n\nZhikun Ma • Quan Li • Xiujia Huan •\nXiaoyan Yang • Jingyun Zheng • Maolin Ye\n\n\n\n\n\nReceived: 13 November 2013 / Accepted: 6 January 2014 / Published online: 22 February 2014\n Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heid", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "be2b6af74ebd10d138d27c04907913dc045f6afcf8828411bff938a0b8163c2c" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN119" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S158_3395c60c0069", "id": "S158", "citation_original": "Yang, X., Ma, Z., Li, Q., Perry, L., Huan, X., Wan, Z., Li, M., & Zheng, J. (2014). Experiments with Lithic Tools: Understanding Starch Residues from Crop Harvesting. Archaeometry, 56(5), 828-840. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12034", "source_sha256": "3395c60c0069ce91be59882d39aad02ec4a464c5d86c61cfb9e5fa83d93b8b1b", "title": "Experiments with Lithic Tools: Understanding Starch Residues from Crop Harvesting", "authors": [ "Yang, X., Ma, Z., Li, Q., Perry, L., Huan, X., Wan, Z., Li, M., & Zheng, J" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "Archaeometry", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1111/arcm.12034", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S158_3395c60c0069_S158-F04", "S158_3395c60c0069_S158-F05" ], "title_zh": "石器工具实验：理解作物收获过程中的淀粉残留", "title_en": "Experiments with Lithic Tools: Understanding Starch Residues from Crop Harvesting", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "key": "S159_e76cc99a5b0b", "id": "S159", "citation_original": "Fullagar, R., Liu, L., Bestel, S., Jones, D., Ge, W., Wilson, A., & Zhai, S. (2014). STONE TOOL-USE EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE FUNCTION OF GRINDING STONES AND DENTICULATE SICKLES. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 32(0). https://doi.org/10.7152/bippa.v32i0.12931", "source_sha256": "e76cc99a5b0b7dd387d143c1cda83be935a01dbdca0903879871b7336e2f1302", "title": "STONE TOOL-USE EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE FUNCTION OF GRINDING STONES AND DENTICULATE SICKLES", "authors": [ "Fullagar, R., Liu, L., Bestel, S., Jones, D., Ge, W., Wilson, A., & Zhai, S" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.7152/bippa.v32i0.12931", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "石器使用实验以确定磨石和锯齿状镰刀的功能", "title_en": "STONE TOOL-USE EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE FUNCTION OF GRINDING STONES AND DENTICULATE SICKLES", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "key": "S160_d3f1fcddf27b", "id": "S160", "citation_original": "Lü, H., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Yang, X., Ye, M., Li, Q., Wang, C., & Wu, N. (2014). Component and simulation of the 4,000-year-old noodles excavated from the archaeological site of Lajia in Qinghai, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(35), 5136-5152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0663-1", "source_sha256": "d3f1fcddf27bcedc8c2bf29574212f28de5376a8592db6699ed37684b1df75c4", "title": "Component and simulation of the 4,000-year-old noodles excavated from the archaeological site of Lajia in Qinghai, China", "authors": [ "Lü, H., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Yang, X., Ye, M., Li, Q., Wang, C., & Wu, N" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "Chinese Science Bulletin", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1007/s11434-014-0663-1", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S160_d3f1fcddf27b_S160-P0007-B000", "S160_d3f1fcddf27b_S160-F06", "S160_d3f1fcddf27b_S160-F07", "S160_d3f1fcddf27b_MAN_4a14c53a5b6f" ], "title_zh": "青海喇家遗址出土4000年前面条的成分分析与模拟", "title_en": "Component and simulation of the 4,000-year-old noodles excavated from the archaeological site of Lajia in Qinghai, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "Geology\n\n\nComponent and simulation of the 4,000-year-old noodles\nexcavated from the archaeological site of Lajia in Qinghai, China\n\n\nHouyuan Lu¨ • Yumei Li • Jianping Zhang •\nXiaoyan Yang • Maolin Ye • Quan Li •\nCan Wang • Naiqin Wu\n\n\n\n\n\nReceived: 14 June 2014 / Accepted: 15 September 2014 / Published online: 29 October 2014\n Science China Press and Springer-Ve", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d3f1fcddf27bcedc8c2bf29574212f28de5376a8592db6699ed37684b1df75c4" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN119" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S161_694298188b6b", "id": "S161", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Ma, S., & Cui, J. (2014). Identification of starch granules using a two-step identification method. 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(2014). Paleo-environment and paleo-diet inferred from Early Bronze Age cow dung at Xiaohe Cemetery, Xinjiang, NW China. Quaternary International, 349, 167-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.03.029", "source_sha256": "092ae247e07cfbab5871f1ce13acfed7e975fc373e3257ed23a43fbd63b739b5", "title": "Paleo-environment and paleo-diet inferred from Early Bronze Age cow dung at Xiaohe Cemetery, Xinjiang, NW China", "authors": [ "Qiu, Z., Yang, Y., Shang, X., Li, W., Abuduresule, Y., Hu, X., Pan, Y., Ferguson, D.K., Hu, Y., Wang, C., & Jiang, H" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "Quaternary International", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.quaint.2014.03.029", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S162_092ae247e07c_S162-F06" ], "title_zh": "来自中国西北新疆小河墓地早期青铜时代牛粪的古环境与古饮食推断", "title_en": "Paleo-environment and paleo-diet inferred from Early Bronze Age cow dung at Xiaohe Cemetery, Xinjiang, NW China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN198", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Xiaohe", "quote": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint\n\n\n\nPaleo-environment and paleo-diet inferred from Early Bronze Age cow\ndung at Xiaohe Cemetery, Xinjiang, NW China\n\nZhenwei Qiu a,b, Yimin Yang b,a, Xue Shang b,a, Wenying Li c, Yidilisi Abuduresule c,\nXingjun Hu c, Yan Pan d, David K. Ferguson e, Yaowu Hu b,a, Changsui Wang b,a,\nHongen Jiang b,a,*\n\na Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "092ae247e07cfbab5871f1ce13acfed7e975fc373e3257ed23a43fbd63b739b5" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN198" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S163_1a810ebc3756", "id": "S163", "citation_original": "Guan, Y., Pearsall, D.M., Gao, X., Chen, F., Pei, S., & Zhou, Z. (2014). Plant use activities during the Upper Paleolithic in East Eurasia: Evidence from the Shuidonggou Site, Northwest China. Quaternary International, 347, 74-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.007", "source_sha256": "1a810ebc375669c6e2d1e96c30f955d51b9d141a17cf8c0151ac1ffd819adba2", "title": "Plant use activities during the Upper Paleolithic in East Eurasia: Evidence from the Shuidonggou Site, Northwest China", "authors": [ "Guan, Y., Pearsall, D.M., Gao, X., Chen, F., Pei, S., & Zhou, Z" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "Quaternary International", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.007", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S163_1a810ebc3756_S163-F04", "S163_1a810ebc3756_S163-F05", "S163_1a810ebc3756_S163-F06" ], "title_zh": "东亚旧石器时代植物利用活动：来自中国西北水洞沟遗址的证据", "title_en": "Plant use activities during the Upper Paleolithic in East Eurasia: Evidence from the Shuidonggou Site, Northwest China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN009", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "SDG2", "quote": "ls beside an ancient river bed. SDG locality 2 (subsequently\nprocess of human evolution before the emergence of agriculture. In SDG 2), from which specimens were sampled for residue analysis,\nthis paper, we address these topics by discussing plant use activities contains seven anthropogenic layers, which are referred to as cul-\nat Shuidonggou (SDG), an Upper Paleolithic site in Northwes", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1a810ebc375669c6e2d1e96c30f955d51b9d141a17cf8c0151ac1ffd819adba2" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN009" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S164_e1fdb06601bd", "id": "S164", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Kealhofer, L., Chen, X., & Ji, P. (2014). A broad-spectrum subsistence economy in Neolithic Inner Mongolia, China: Evidence from grinding stones. The Holocene, 24(6), 726-742. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614526938", "source_sha256": "e1fdb06601bd7c26691e56b811dc5288381a3f3dbcb11f7a1789ebeeac8727a1", "title": "A broad-spectrum subsistence economy in Neolithic Inner Mongolia, China: Evidence from grinding stones", "authors": [ "Liu, L., Kealhofer, L., Chen, X., & Ji, P" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "The Holocene", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1177/0959683614526938", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S164_e1fdb06601bd_S164-F03", "S164_e1fdb06601bd_S164-F04", "S164_e1fdb06601bd_S164-F06" ], "title_zh": "新石器时代中国内蒙古地区广谱生计经济：来自研磨石的证据", "title_en": "A broad-spectrum subsistence economy in Neolithic Inner Mongolia, China: Evidence from grinding stones", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN053", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Shihushan I", "quote": "millet farming. By examining residue remains and usewear patterns on sandstone grinding\n stone tools unearthed from the Shihushan I and Shihushan II sites, dating to the mid-5th millennium bc, we show that the earliest Neolithic settlers in\n Daihai appear to have enjoyed a way of life making use, and possibly management, of a wide range of plants, including various underground s", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "e1fdb06601bd7c26691e56b811dc5288381a3f3dbcb11f7a1789ebeeac8727a1" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN054", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Shihushan II", "quote": "By examining residue remains and usewear patterns on sandstone grinding\n stone tools unearthed from the Shihushan I and Shihushan II sites, dating to the mid-5th millennium bc, we show that the earliest Neolithic settlers in\n Daihai appear to have enjoyed a way of life making use, and possibly management, of a wide range of plants, including various underground storage organs", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "e1fdb06601bd7c26691e56b811dc5288381a3f3dbcb11f7a1789ebeeac8727a1" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN053", "CN054" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S165_0630e0e7b420", "id": "S165", "citation_original": "Zheng, H.P., Jiang, H.E., Zhang, Y.B., Lü, E.G., Yang, Y.M., & Wang, C.S. (2015). Early Processed Triticeae Food Remains in The Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang, China. Archaeometry, 57(2), 378-391. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12110", "source_sha256": "0630e0e7b4202de3e8e6d8656507a572024784f215f42befd00c19aeb7c0d422", "title": "Early Processed Triticeae Food Remains in The Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang, China", "authors": [ "Zheng, H.P., Jiang, H.E., Zhang, Y.B., Lü, E.G., Yang, Y.M., & Wang, C.S" ], "year": "2015", "journal": "Archaeometry", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1111/arcm.12110", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S165_0630e0e7b420_S165-F05", "S165_0630e0e7b420_S165-F06" ], "title_zh": "新疆洋海墓地早期加工小麦族食物遗存", "title_en": "Early Processed Triticeae Food Remains in The Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN131", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Yanghai", "quote": "doi: 10.1111/arcm.12110\n\n\n\n EARLY PROCESSED TRITICEAE FOOD REMAINS IN THE\n YANGHAI TOMBS, XINJIANG, CHINA*\n\n H. P. ZHENG,1–3 H. E. JIANG,2,3 Y. B. ZHANG,4 E. G. LÜ,5 Y. M. YANG2,3† and\n C. S. WANG2,3\n\n 1The Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Conservation, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Acad", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0630e0e7b4202de3e8e6d8656507a572024784f215f42befd00c19aeb7c0d422" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN131" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S166_c1a2246db6ab", "id": "S166", "citation_original": "Tao, D., Zhang, J., Zheng, W., Cao, Y., Sun, K., & Jin, S.a. (2015). Starch grain analysis of human dental calculus to investigate Neolithic consumption of plants in the middle Yellow River Valley, China: A case study on Gouwan site. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2, 485-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.05.003", "source_sha256": "c1a2246db6abe38439748efbfe955a26931e49abb9216356869cab274e2e333c", "title": "Starch grain analysis of human dental calculus to investigate Neolithic consumption of plants in the middle Yellow River Valley, China: A case study on Gouwan site", "authors": [ "Tao, D., Zhang, J., Zheng, W., Cao, Y., Sun, K., & Jin, S.a" ], "year": "2015", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.05.003", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S166_c1a2246db6ab_S166-F03", "S166_c1a2246db6ab_S166-F04" ], "title_zh": "人类牙结石中淀粉粒分析以探究中国中黄河流域新石器时代植物消费情况——以沟湾遗址为例", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis of human dental calculus to investigate Neolithic consumption of plants in the middle Yellow River Valley, China: A case study on Gouwan site", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN163", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "gouwan", "quote": "of human dental calculus to investigate Neolithic\nconsumption of plants in the middle Yellow River Valley, China: A case\nstudy on Gouwan site\n\nDawei Tao a,b, Jian Zhang b, Wanquan Zheng c, Yanpeng Cao d, Kai Sun d, Song-an Jin a,b,⁎\n\na Center for Historic Cultural Heritage Conservation and Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China\nb Department of Archaeology, Zhengzhou Univers", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c1a2246db6abe38439748efbfe955a26931e49abb9216356869cab274e2e333c" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN163" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S167_afa4a9cd03f0", "id": "S167", "citation_original": "Liu, L. (2015). A LONG PROCESS TOWARDS AGRICULTURE IN THE MIDDLE YELLOW RIVER VALLEY, CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM MACRO- AND MICRO-BOTANICAL REMAINS. Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology, 35, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.7152/jipa.v35i0.14727", "source_sha256": "afa4a9cd03f0fe4209201840081d6e10387136c409f61ab9f282999753a415a5", "title": "A LONG PROCESS TOWARDS AGRICULTURE IN THE MIDDLE YELLOW RIVER VALLEY, CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM MACRO- AND MICRO-BOTANICAL REMAINS", "authors": [ "Liu, L" ], "year": "2015", "journal": "Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.7152/jipa.v35i0.14727", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S167_afa4a9cd03f0_S167-P0006-B007" ], "title_zh": "迈向中国中黄河流域农业的漫长过程：来自宏观和微观植物遗存的证据", "title_en": "A LONG PROCESS TOWARDS AGRICULTURE IN THE MIDDLE YELLOW RIVER VALLEY, CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM MACRO- AND MICRO-BOTANICAL REMAINS", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "综合研究／待核新样本" } }, { "key": "S168_b4b958a885f2", "id": "S168", "citation_original": "Yang, X., Fuller, D.Q., Huan, X., Perry, L., Li, Q., Li, Z., Zhang, J., Ma, Z., Zhuang, Y., Jiang, L., Ge, Y., & Lu, H. (2015). Barnyard grasses were processed with rice around 10000 years ago. Scientific Reports, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16251", "source_sha256": "b4b958a885f2d68c915d5eace42207cc6d6a65526f2239c7e1cf144f44f10a67", "title": "Barnyard grasses were processed with rice around 10000 years ago", "authors": [ "Yang, X., Fuller, D.Q., Huan, X., Perry, L., Li, Q., Li, Z., Zhang, J., Ma, Z., Zhuang, Y., Jiang, L., Ge, Y., & Lu, H" ], "year": "2015", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1038/srep16251", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S168_b4b958a885f2_S168-F02", "S168_b4b958a885f2_S168-F03" ], "title_zh": "稗草与水稻一起被加工，时间可追溯至1万年前", "title_en": "Barnyard grasses were processed with rice around 10000 years ago", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "though both macro-fossils and micro-fossils of rice\n have been recovered from the Early Neolithic site of Shangshan, dating to more than 10,000 years\n before present (BP), we report evidence of phytolith and starch microfossils taken from stone tools,\n both for grinding and cutting, and cultural layers, that indicating barn", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b4b958a885f2d68c915d5eace42207cc6d6a65526f2239c7e1cf144f44f10a67" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN079" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S169_2a7bc7614cd2", "id": "S169", "citation_original": "Yang, X., Ma, Z., Li, J., Yu, J., Stevens, C., & Zhuang, Y. (2015). Comparing subsistence strategies in different landscapes of North China 10,000 years ago. The Holocene, 25(12), 1957-1964. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683615596833", "source_sha256": "2a7bc7614cd2570ddd0c4a01070eda4c445b82d77fd0957c47ea7476300b97f9", "title": "Comparing subsistence strategies in different landscapes of North China 10,000 years ago", "authors": [ "Yang, X., Ma, Z., Li, J., Yu, J., Stevens, C., & Zhuang, Y" ], "year": "2015", "journal": "The Holocene", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1177/0959683615596833", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S169_2a7bc7614cd2_S169-F03" ], "title_zh": "1万年前华北不同地貌的生计策略比较", "title_en": "Comparing subsistence strategies in different landscapes of North China 10,000 years ago", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN020", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "nanzhuangtou", "quote": "discovered at two important sites in North China, both dated to around 10,000 cal. yr BP. These two sites, Zhuannian and Nanzhuangtou, are located on\n the terrace of the Bai River in the Yan Mountains and next to Baiyangdian Lake on the piedmont of the Taihang Mountains, respectively. The floral remains\n at these two sites provide a great opportunity to examine (1) pos", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2a7bc7614cd2570ddd0c4a01070eda4c445b82d77fd0957c47ea7476300b97f9" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN225", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Zhuannian", "quote": "ant remains\n discovered at two important sites in North China, both dated to around 10,000 cal. yr BP. These two sites, Zhuannian and Nanzhuangtou, are located on\n the terrace of the Bai River in the Yan Mountains and next to Baiyangdian Lake on the piedmont of the Taihang Mountains, respectively. The floral remains\n at these two sites provide a great opportunity t", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2a7bc7614cd2570ddd0c4a01070eda4c445b82d77fd0957c47ea7476300b97f9" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN020", "CN225" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S170_5f6e6ea9d707", "id": "S170", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Duncan, N.A., Chen, X., Liu, G., & Zhao, H. (2015). Plant domestication, cultivation, and foraging by the first farmers in early Neolithic Northeast China: Evidence from microbotanical remains. The Holocene, 25(12), 1965-1978. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683615596830", "source_sha256": "5f6e6ea9d7073eba5f0f1f13b89a92c7c506c401a13884e8406e373dd613b7aa", "title": "Plant domestication, cultivation, and foraging by the first farmers in early Neolithic Northeast China: Evidence from microbotanical remains", "authors": [ "Liu, L., Duncan, N.A., Chen, X., Liu, G., & Zhao, H" ], "year": "2015", "journal": "The Holocene", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1177/0959683615596830", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S170_5f6e6ea9d707_S170-F02", "S170_5f6e6ea9d707_S170-F04", "S170_5f6e6ea9d707_S170-F06" ], "title_zh": "植物驯化、栽培与采集：早期新石器时代中国东北地区第一农民的证据，来自微形态遗存", "title_en": "Plant domestication, cultivation, and foraging by the first farmers in early Neolithic Northeast China: Evidence from microbotanical remains", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN044", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "xinglonggou", "quote": "domestication for broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica ssp. italica). The Neolithic\n Xinglonggou site (ca. 8000–7500 cal. BP) in the Liao River region has revealed the earliest macrobotanical evidence of domesticated millets in Northeast\n China, but controversy remains as to the importance of the millets in human diet. We employed an interdisci", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5f6e6ea9d7073eba5f0f1f13b89a92c7c506c401a13884e8406e373dd613b7aa" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN044" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S171_2aa4539bab59", "id": "S171", "citation_original": "Hou, G., Ma, Z., Chongyi, E., Zhang, W., & Wei, H. (2016). Plant utilization at the Jiangxigou site during the middle Holocene. Archaeological Research in Asia, 5, 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2016.01.003", "source_sha256": "2aa4539bab5961388da0d760ebb54734fcc4e5c6940ddaf4feb3d01764dfbb4d", "title": "Plant utilization at the Jiangxigou site during the middle Holocene", "authors": [ "Hou, G., Ma, Z., Chongyi, E., Zhang, W., & Wei, H" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "Archaeological Research in Asia", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.ara.2016.01.003", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S171_2aa4539bab59_S171-F04" ], "title_zh": "全新世中期江西沟遗址的植物利用", "title_en": "Plant utilization at the Jiangxigou site during the middle Holocene", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（原始PDF复核）", "note": "按原始英文题名及PDF首页修正中文译题中的年代、类群、地名或方法术语；原始题录不变。", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-20T17:19:56.978489+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN036", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Jiangxigou", "quote": "l Research in Asia\n\n\n journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ara\n\n\n\nPlant utilization at the Jiangxigou site during the middle Holocene\n\nGuangLiang Hou a,⁎, Zhikun Ma b,⁎, Chongyi E. a, Weng Zhang c, Haicheng Wei d\n\na Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Processes of Qinghai Province, School of Life and Geographic Science, Qinghai Normal Unive", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2aa4539bab5961388da0d760ebb54734fcc4e5c6940ddaf4feb3d01764dfbb4d" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN036" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S172_7d63c3a9d510", "id": "S172", "citation_original": "Wang, T.T., Fuller, B.T., Wei, D., Chang, X.E., & Hu, Y.W. (2016). Investigating Dietary Patterns with Stable Isotope Ratios of Collagen and Starch Grain Analysis of Dental Calculus at the Iron Age Cemetery Site of Heigouliang, Xinjiang, China. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 26(4), 693-704. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2467", "source_sha256": "7d63c3a9d510a7c32f35bebb64dea91316b8e3532ae3a22e9a04858aaa30c548", "title": "Investigating Dietary Patterns with Stable Isotope Ratios of Collagen and Starch Grain Analysis of Dental Calculus at the Iron Age Cemetery Site of Heigouliang, Xinjiang, China", "authors": [ "Wang, T.T., Fuller, B.T., Wei, D., Chang, X.E., & Hu, Y.W" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "International Journal of Osteoarchaeology", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1002/oa.2467", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S172_7d63c3a9d510_S172-F03", "S172_7d63c3a9d510_S172-F04" ], "title_zh": "新疆铁器时代黑沟梁墓地的饮食模式：骨胶原稳定同位素与牙结石淀粉粒分析", "title_en": "Investigating Dietary Patterns with Stable Isotope Ratios of Collagen and Starch Grain Analysis of Dental Calculus at the Iron Age Cemetery Site of Heigouliang, Xinjiang, China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（原始PDF复核）", "note": "按原始英文题名及PDF首页修正中文译题中的年代、类群、地名或方法术语；原始题录不变。", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-20T17:19:56.986083+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN168", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "heigouliang", "quote": "Isotope Ratios of Collagen and Starch\n Grain Analysis of Dental Calculus at the\n Iron Age Cemetery Site of Heigouliang,\n Xinjiang, China\n\n T. T. WANG,a,b* B. T. FULLER,b D. WEI,c X. E. CHANGd AND Y. W. HUa,b*\n a Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7d63c3a9d510a7c32f35bebb64dea91316b8e3532ae3a22e9a04858aaa30c548" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN168" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S173_d088b8034966", "id": "S173", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Duncan, N.A., Chen, X., & Ji, P. (2016). Plant-based subsistence strategies and development of complex societies in Neolithic Northeast China: Evidence from grinding stones. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 7, 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.04.014", "source_sha256": "d088b8034966b31d0a8b8ee2b6c9381ca3c8ee6ece0459799d3a38a5e06ba376", "title": "Plant-based subsistence strategies and development of complex societies in Neolithic Northeast China: Evidence from grinding stones", "authors": [ "Liu, L., Duncan, N.A., Chen, X., & Ji, P" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.04.014", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S173_d088b8034966_S173-F03", "S173_d088b8034966_S173-F05", "S173_d088b8034966_S173-F06" ], "title_zh": "植物性生存策略与新石器时代中国东北复杂社会的形成：来自研磨石的证据", "title_en": "Plant-based subsistence strategies and development of complex societies in Neolithic Northeast China: Evidence from grinding stones", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN046", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Baiyinchanghan", "quote": ", this study investigates the functions\nPhytoliths of grinding stones recovered at the Baiyinchanghan site in the Liao River region, dating to three successive Neolithic\nUsewear cultures (Xinglongwa, Zhaobaogou, and Hongshan) from ca. 5800–3000 BCE. The results suggest that the people\nMillets", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d088b8034966b31d0a8b8ee2b6c9381ca3c8ee6ece0459799d3a38a5e06ba376" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN046" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S174_21c413880878", "id": "S174", "citation_original": "Wang, C., Lu, H., Zhang, J., He, K., & Huan, X. (2016). Macro-Process of Past Plant Subsistence from the Upper Paleolithic to Middle Neolithic in China: A Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Archaeobotanical Data. PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0148136. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148136", "source_sha256": "21c413880878d3d48f2f7bf7d155f2ab1486fc1bc149efe77759cd429d28fe6a", "title": "Macro-Process of Past Plant Subsistence from the Upper Paleolithic to Middle Neolithic in China: A Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Archaeobotanical Data", "authors": [ "Wang, C., Lu, H., Zhang, J., He, K., & Huan, X" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "PLOS ONE", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0148136", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S174_21c413880878_S174-F02" ], "title_zh": "中国旧石器时代晚期至新石器时代中期植物性生计的宏观进程：多种植物考古资料的定量分析", "title_en": "Macro-Process of Past Plant Subsistence from the Upper Paleolithic to Middle Neolithic in China: A Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Archaeobotanical Data", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（原始PDF复核）", "note": "按原始英文题名及PDF首页修正中文译题中的年代、类群、地名或方法术语；原始题录不变。", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-20T17:19:56.994096+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "跨遗址数据综合" } }, { "key": "S175_7190e94da3e6", "id": "S175", "citation_original": "Wang, J., Liu, L., Ball, T., Yu, L., Li, Y., Xing, F., 2016. Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, 6444-6448. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601465113.", "source_sha256": "7190e94da3e6fb40295955fcbadd040b67ad0d25c28782f3ebf6b5599a643996", "title": "Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China", "authors": [ "Wang, J., Liu, L., Ball, T., Yu, L., Li, Y., Xing, F." ], "year": "2016", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1601465113", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S175_7190e94da3e6_S175-F03", "S175_7190e94da3e6_S175-F04" ], "title_zh": "在中国揭示5000年前的啤酒配方", "title_en": "Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN128", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "mijiaya", "quote": "stitution, Fairfax, VA, and approved April 26, 2016 (received for review January 27, 2016)\n\n The pottery vessels from the Mijiaya site reveal, to our knowledge, complete funnels and pottery sherds from five jiandiping ampho-\n the first direct evidence of in situ beer making in China, based on rae and two wide-mouth pots.\n the analyses of starch, phytolith, and chem", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7190e94da3e6fb40295955fcbadd040b67ad0d25c28782f3ebf6b5599a643996" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN128" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S176_9dae10572324", "id": "S176", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Duncan, N.A., Chen, X., Zhao, H., & Ji, P. (2016). Changing patterns of plant-based food production during the Neolithic and early Bronze Age in central-south Inner Mongolia, China: An interdisciplinary approach. Quaternary International, 419, 36-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.002", "source_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057", "title": "Changing patterns of plant-based food production during the Neolithic and early Bronze Age in central-south Inner Mongolia, China: An interdisciplinary approach", "authors": [ "Liu, L., Duncan, N.A., Chen, X., Zhao, H., & Ji, P" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "Quaternary International", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.002", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S176_9dae10572324_S176-F03", "S176_9dae10572324_S176-F04", "S176_9dae10572324_S176-F06" ], "title_zh": "新石器时代及早期青铜时代中国内蒙古中部至南部植物性食物生产的演变：一种跨学科方法", "title_en": "Changing patterns of plant-based food production during the Neolithic and early Bronze Age in central-south Inner Mongolia, China: An interdisciplinary approach", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN053", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Shihushan I", "quote": "ntemporary cultures in the Central Plain\n Inner Mongolia\n\n 4800e4000 Early Yangshao (Yangshao Phase I) Shihushan II in Daihai (4800e4500 BC) Hougang I variant, Yangshao culture\n Shihushan I in Daihai (6530e6440 cal BP) Hougang I & Banpo variants, Yangshao culture\n 4000e3500 Early Yangshao (Yangsh", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN054", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Shihushan II", "quote": "ntemporary cultures in the Central Plain\n Inner Mongolia\n\n 4800e4000 Early Yangshao (Yangshao Phase I) Shihushan II in Daihai (4800e4500 BC) Hougang I variant, Yangshao culture\n Shihushan I in Daihai (6530e6440 cal BP) Hougang I & Banpo variants, Yangshao culture\n 4000e3500 Early Yangshao (Yangsha", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN055", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "wangmushanpoxia", "quote": "i (6530e6440 cal BP) Hougang I & Banpo variants, Yangshao culture\n 4000e3500 Early Yangshao (Yangshao Phase II) Wangmushan poxia in Daihai (5710 ± 200 cal BP) Banpo-Miaodigou transition phase, Yangshao culture\n 3500e3000 Late Yangshao (Yangshao Phase III) Miaozigou in Huangqihai Dasikong variant, Yangshao culture\n 3000e2500 Early Longshan", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN056", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "miaozigou", "quote": "5710 ± 200 cal BP) Banpo-Miaodigou transition phase, Yangshao culture\n 3500e3000 Late Yangshao (Yangshao Phase III) Miaozigou in Huangqihai Dasikong variant, Yangshao culture\n 3000e2500 Early Longshan e Miaodigou II culture\n 2500e2000 Late Longshan Yuanzigou in Daiha", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN057", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "pulawusu", "quote": "Yuanzigou in Daihai (2500e2300 BC) Late Longshan culture\n Pulawusu in Huade\n 2000e1400 Zhukaigou e Terminal Longshan, Erlitou, Early Shang\n 1300e1000 Xicha Xicha in Ordos Late Shang", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN058", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "yuanzigou", "quote": "e Miaodigou II culture\n 2500e2000 Late Longshan Yuanzigou in Daihai (2500e2300 BC) Late Longshan culture\n Pulawusu in Huade\n 2000e1400 Zhukaigou e Terminal Longshan, Erlitou, Early", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN059", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "xicha", "quote": "kaigou e Terminal Longshan, Erlitou, Early Shang\n 1300e1000 Xicha Xicha in Ordos Late Shang to Early Western Zhou\n\n a Chronology and periodization based on Han 2003; Tian and Guo 2004, with modifications.\n\n\n\nzone of China. Therefore, it has been traditio", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN053", "CN054", "CN055", "CN056", "CN057", "CN058", "CN059" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S177_a396cfa9945c", "id": "S177", "citation_original": "Yao, L., Yang, Y., Sun, Y., Cui, Q., Zhang, J., & Wang, H. (2016). Early Neolithic human exploitation and processing of plant foods in the Lower Yangtze River, China. 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In this paper, starch grains extracted from the surfaces of 9 pottery sherds and 6 grinding slabs", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a396cfa9945cbffb01a55cfaa6a89ffbc5e89f97c0d8390d542708a298e2a884" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN080" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S178_ca45b85fe13e", "id": "S178", "citation_original": "Xie, M., Shevchenko, A., Wang, B., Shevchenko, A., Wang, C., & Yang, Y. (2016). Identification of a dairy product in the grass woven basket from Gumugou Cemetery (3800 BP, northwestern China). Quaternary International, 426, 158-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.04.015", "source_sha256": "ca45b85fe13e7907c93d357fb3946da05c5db9df675c5ab970182352ded1aeab", "title": "Identification of a dairy product in the grass woven basket from Gumugou Cemetery (3800 BP, northwestern China)", "authors": [ "Xie, M., Shevchenko, A., Wang, B., Shevchenko, A., Wang, C., & Yang, Y" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "Quaternary International", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.quaint.2016.04.015", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "古墓沟墓地草编篮中乳制品的鉴定（距今3800年，中国西北地区）", "title_en": "Identification of a dairy product in the grass woven basket from Gumugou Cemetery (3800 BP, northwestern China)", "translation_status": "translation_reviewed", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN199", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Gumugou", "quote": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint\n\n\n\nIdentification of a dairy product in the grass woven basket from\nGumugou Cemetery (3800 BP, northwestern China)\n\nMingsi Xie a, b, 1, Anna Shevchenko c, 1, Binghua Wang d, Andrej Shevchenko c,\nChangsui Wang b, Yimin Yang b, *\n\na Shanghai Museum Conservation Center, Shanghai, 200231, China\nb Department of Archaeology and Anthropolog", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ca45b85fe13e7907c93d357fb3946da05c5db9df675c5ab970182352ded1aeab" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN199" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S179_a715d9283864", "id": "S179", "citation_original": "Li, M. (2016). New evidence for the exploitation of the Triticeae tribe at approximately 4,000 cal. BP in the Gansu-Qinghai area of Northwest China. Quaternary International, 426, 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.04.028", "source_sha256": "a715d9283864b36bc48982bb72ed55f7207ec934f57a56bdf07cf2bee2e06769", "title": "New evidence for the exploitation of the Triticeae tribe at approximately 4,000 cal. BP in the Gansu-Qinghai area of Northwest China", "authors": [ "Li, M" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "Quaternary International", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.quaint.2016.04.028", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S179_a715d9283864_S179-F02", "S179_a715d9283864_S179-F03" ], "title_zh": "关于4000年前中国西北地区甘青区域小麦族利用的新证据", "title_en": "New evidence for the exploitation of the Triticeae tribe at approximately 4,000 cal. 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Quaternary International, 426, 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.03.015", "source_sha256": "752d6e01031544a4b1b5eb3e4118d1d340ecafe0ee9b66c279a99a4b4c5d7a08", "title": "Plant use in the Lop Nor region of southern Xinjiang, China: Archaeobotanical studies of the Yingpan cemetery (∼25–420 AD)", "authors": [ "Chen, T., Wang, X., Dai, J., Li, W., & Jiang, H" ], "year": "2016", "journal": "Quaternary International", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.quaint.2016.03.015", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S181_752d6e010315_S181-F06" ], "title_zh": "中国新疆南部罗布泊地区的植物利用：营盘墓地（约公元25—420年）的植物考古研究", "title_en": "Plant use in the Lop Nor region of southern Xinjiang, China: Archaeobotanical studies of the Yingpan cemetery (∼25–420 AD)", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（原始PDF复核）", "note": "按原始英文题名及PDF首页修正中文译题中的年代、类群、地名或方法术语；原始题录不变。", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-20T17:19:57.002475+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN176", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Yingpan", "quote": "e: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint\n\n\n\nPlant use in the Lop Nor region of southern Xinjiang, China:\nArchaeobotanical studies of the Yingpan cemetery (~25e420 AD)\n\nTao Chen a, b, Xiyong Wang c, Ji Dai d, Wenying Li e, Hongen Jiang b, *\n\na College of Arts, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China\nb Department of Scientific History and Archaeometry, University of Chinese Academy of Sci", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "752d6e01031544a4b1b5eb3e4118d1d340ecafe0ee9b66c279a99a4b4c5d7a08" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN176" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S182_9b4d6175dcea", "id": "S182", "citation_original": "Zhang, N., Dong, G., Yang, X., Zuo, X., Kang, L., Ren, L., Liu, H., Li, H., Min, R., Liu, X., Zhang, D., & Chen, F. (2017). Diet reconstructed from an analysis of plant microfossils in human dental calculus from the Bronze Age site of Shilinggang, southwestern China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 83, 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.06.010", "source_sha256": "9b4d6175dceaf08983e41ff5593e42ec475bd99cf2c2361cd70d79da78b6017f", "title": "Diet reconstructed from an analysis of plant microfossils in human dental calculus from the Bronze Age site of Shilinggang, southwestern China", "authors": [ "Zhang, N., Dong, G., Yang, X., Zuo, X., Kang, L., Ren, L., Liu, H., Li, H., Min, R., Liu, X., Zhang, D., & Chen, F" ], "year": "2017", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.jas.2017.06.010", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S182_9b4d6175dcea_S182-F02", "S182_9b4d6175dcea_S182-F03" ], "title_zh": "基于西南中国石岭岗青铜时代人类牙结石中植物微化石分析的饮食重建", "title_en": "Diet reconstructed from an analysis of plant microfossils in human dental calculus from the Bronze Age site of Shilinggang, southwestern China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN165", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shilinggang", "quote": ".com/locate/jas\n\n\n\nDiet reconstructed from an analysis of plant microfossils in human\ndental calculus from the Bronze Age site of Shilinggang, southwestern\nChina\n\nNaimeng Zhang a, Guanghui Dong a, *, Xiaoyan Yang b, **, Xinxin Zuo c, Lihong Kang d,\nLele Ren a, Honggao Liu a, e, Hu Li a, Rui Min d, Xu Liu d, Dongju Zhang a, Fahu Chen a\n\na Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Minis", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9b4d6175dceaf08983e41ff5593e42ec475bd99cf2c2361cd70d79da78b6017f" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN165" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S183_58a5fe95b46d", "id": "S183", "citation_original": "Wang, J., Liu, L., Georgescu, A., Le, V.V., Ota, M.H., Tang, S., & Vanderbilt, M. (2017). Identifying ancient beer brewing through starch analysis: A methodology. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 15, 150-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.07.016", "source_sha256": "58a5fe95b46dd02601e0fa680841ab3cea6972af9ee9c760e94f73073ff846d3", "title": "Identifying ancient beer brewing through starch analysis: A methodology", "authors": [ "Wang, J., Liu, L., Georgescu, A., Le, V.V., Ota, M.H., Tang, S., & Vanderbilt, M" ], "year": "2017", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.07.016", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F02", "S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F03", "S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F04", "S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F05", "S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F07" ], "title_zh": "通过淀粉分析识别古代啤酒酿造：一种方法论", "title_en": "Identifying ancient beer brewing through starch analysis: A methodology", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "实验方法" } }, { "key": "S184_f456d4c8ddaf", "id": "S184", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Wang, J., & Levin, M.J. (2017). Usewear and residue analyses of experimental harvesting stone tools for archaeological research. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 14, 439-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.06.018", "source_sha256": "f456d4c8ddafffb9bc40c541e753337693ce916eae92b2e90e5cf3e6f368c5c0", "title": "Usewear and residue analyses of experimental harvesting stone tools for archaeological research", "authors": [ "Liu, L., Wang, J., & Levin, M.J" ], "year": "2017", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.06.018", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F05", "S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F06", "S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F08", "S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F09", "S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F10" ], "title_zh": "实验收获石器的微痕与残留分析用于考古研究", "title_en": "Usewear and residue analyses of experimental harvesting stone tools for archaeological research", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "key": "S185_6c5cbf798efb", "id": "S185", "citation_original": "Luo, W., Yang, Y., Fang, F., Li, W., Hu, F., Zhang, J., Chen, D., & Yu, L. (2017). Chronology of ancient Dongxiang wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.), and the morphologies of grains, double-peaked phytoliths, and starch, in the middle Yangtze river region, China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 244, 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2017.05.008", "source_sha256": "6c5cbf798efb970c4abcde4283930c9b6fcd5df79410bedc23c372f1ce61b67f", "title": "Chronology of ancient Dongxiang wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.), and the morphologies of grains, double-peaked phytoliths, and starch, in the middle Yangtze river region, China", "authors": [ "Luo, W., Yang, Y., Fang, F., Li, W., Hu, F., Zhang, J., Chen, D., & Yu, L" ], "year": "2017", "journal": "Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.revpalbo.2017.05.008", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S185_6c5cbf798efb_S185-F05", "S185_6c5cbf798efb_S185-F07" ], "title_zh": "长江中游地区古代东乡野生稻（Oryza rufipogon Griff.）的年代学及稻粒、双峰植硅体和淀粉的形态学研究", "title_en": "Chronology of ancient Dongxiang wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.), and the morphologies of grains, double-peaked phytoliths, and starch, in the middle Yangtze river region, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "野生稻自然沉积与现代参照，不等同人类遗址" } }, { "key": "S186_7f0b8bff8113", "id": "S186", "citation_original": "Ma, Z., Zhang, C., Li, Q., Perry, L., & Yang, X. (2017). Understanding the Possible Contamination of Ancient Starch Residues by Adjacent Sediments and Modern Plants in Northern China. Sustainability, 9(5), 752. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050752", "source_sha256": "7f0b8bff811309118f90b5c7b84c5f3876e3f7c5e60cf4517f6e49272740196a", "title": "Understanding the Possible Contamination of Ancient Starch Residues by Adjacent Sediments and Modern Plants in Northern China", "authors": [ "Ma, Z., Zhang, C., Li, Q., Perry, L., & Yang, X" ], "year": "2017", "journal": "Sustainability", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.3390/su9050752", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S186_7f0b8bff8113_S186-P0007-B000" ], "title_zh": "理解中国北方古代淀粉残留物可能由邻近沉积物和现代植物引起的污染", "title_en": "Understanding the Possible Contamination of Ancient Starch Residues by Adjacent Sediments and Modern Plants in Northern China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN020", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "nanzhuangtou", "quote": "study,\n we examined two potential sources of contamination at a wheat field in Shandong Province and a\n maize field in Beijing, the Nanzhuangtou site in Hebei Province and the Zhuannian site in Beijing\n in Northern China. Surface soils from active farmland and its surrounds, as well as deposits from\n clearly-defined cultural layers, overlying layers, and underlayers at the archaeological sites were\n su", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7f0b8bff811309118f90b5c7b84c5f3876e3f7c5e60cf4517f6e49272740196a" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN020" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S187_9927203ba69d", "id": "S187", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Levin, M.J., Bonomo, M.F., Wang, J., Shi, J., Chen, X., Han, J., & Song, Y. (2018). Harvesting and processing wild cereals in the Upper Palaeolithic Yellow River Valley, China. Antiquity, 92(363), 603-619. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2018.36", "source_sha256": "9927203ba69d91def7cb44d52e59d3e5ce9e4fe0b19ae78decc69c857ba29635", "title": "Harvesting and processing wild cereals in the Upper Palaeolithic Yellow River Valley, China", "authors": [ "Liu, L., Levin, M.J., Bonomo, M.F., Wang, J., Shi, J., Chen, X., Han, J., & Song, Y" ], "year": "2018", "journal": "Antiquity", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.15184/aqy.2018.36", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S187_9927203ba69d_S187-F04", "S187_9927203ba69d_S187-F05" ], "title_zh": "黄河上游旧石器时代野生谷物的采集与加工", "title_en": "Harvesting and processing wild cereals in the Upper Palaeolithic Yellow River Valley, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN006", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "SZT29", "quote": "eam 2010, 2013, 2016; Song & Shi 2017). The current study\nfocuses on two recently excavated localities: 1) locality 29 (hereafter SZT29; 36˚2'54''\nnorth, 110˚35'22'' east, 723m asl; c. 28 000–13 000 cal BP), which provides the longest\noccupational sequence in the site cluster (Song & Shi 2017); and 2) the latest phase of\nlocality 5 (hereafter SZT5; 36°02'50'' north, 110°35'17'' east, 719m asl", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9927203ba69d91def7cb44d52e59d3e5ce9e4fe0b19ae78decc69c857ba29635" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN007", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "SZT5", "quote": "rovides the longest\noccupational sequence in the site cluster (Song & Shi 2017); and 2) the latest phase of\nlocality 5 (hereafter SZT5; 36°02'50'' north, 110°35'17'' east, 719m asl; c. 10 000 cal BP),\nwhich is one of the final occupations of the entire Shizitan area (Figures 1 & 2) (Shizitan\nArchaeology Team 2016).\n The SZT29 occupations experienced several episodes of climatic fluctuation w", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9927203ba69d91def7cb44d52e59d3e5ce9e4fe0b19ae78decc69c857ba29635" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN006", "CN007" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S188_c887effe44f9", "id": "S188", "citation_original": "Li, K., Qin, X., Yang, X., Xu, B., Zhang, L., Mu, G., Wei, D., Wang, C., Wu, Y., Tian, X., Lin, Y., Li, W., Liu, J., & Jiao, Y. (2018). Human activity during the late Pleistocene in the Lop Nur region, northwest China: Evidence from a buried stone artifact. Science China Earth Sciences, 61(11), 1659-1668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9257-3", "source_sha256": "c887effe44f979505a8fcd223b970d2dd723148e8953a117e84e9b11709f992d", "title": "Human activity during the late Pleistocene in the Lop Nur region, northwest China: Evidence from a buried stone artifact", "authors": [ "Li, K., Qin, X., Yang, X., Xu, B., Zhang, L., Mu, G., Wei, D., Wang, C., Wu, Y., Tian, X., Lin, Y., Li, W., Liu, J., & Jiao, Y" ], "year": "2018", "journal": "Science China Earth Sciences", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1007/s11430-017-9257-3", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S188_c887effe44f9_S188-F05" ], "title_zh": "中国西北罗布泊地区晚更新世人类活动的证据：来自埋藏石器的资料", "title_en": "Human activity during the late Pleistocene in the Lop Nur region, northwest China: Evidence from a buried stone artifact", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN011", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Lop Nur", "quote": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n\n\n\n\n\n Human activity during the late Pleistocene in the Lop Nur region,\n northwest China: Evidence from a buried stone artifact\n Kangkang LI1,2,3, Xiaoguang QIN 1,2*, Xiaoyan YANG4, Bing XU 1,3, Lei ZHANG1,\n Guijin MU 5, Dong WEI6, Chunxue WANG 6, Yong WU7, Xiaohong TIAN7,\n Yong", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c887effe44f979505a8fcd223b970d2dd723148e8953a117e84e9b11709f992d" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN011" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S189_3f6c4191d217", "id": "S189", "citation_original": "Yang, X., Wu, W., Perry, L., Ma, Z., Bar-Yosef, O., Cohen, D.J., Zheng, H., & Ge, Q. (2018). Critical role of climate change in plant selection and millet domestication in North China. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26218-6", "source_sha256": "3f6c4191d21726aae7186a0c812ef5b8a7b7daab89a559dff71d59796f99dce5", "title": "Critical role of climate change in plant selection and millet domestication in North China", "authors": [ "Yang, X., Wu, W., Perry, L., Ma, Z., Bar-Yosef, O., Cohen, D.J., Zheng, H., & Ge, Q" ], "year": "2018", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-018-26218-6", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "气候变化在华北地区植物选择与粟类作物驯化中的关键作用", "title_en": "Critical role of climate change in plant selection and millet domestication in North China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN022", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "jiangjialiang", "quote": "indicates Beijing. 1. Shizitan; 2. Longwangchan; 3. Cishan; 4. Donghulin; 5. Nanzhuangtou; 6.\n Jiangjialiang; 7. Sanjianfang; 8. Luojiayingzi; 9. Jian’gou. Maps generated using DIVA-GIS 7.5 (http://www.diva-\n gis.org/).\n\n\n\n their recovery from the surfaces of food-processing tools, the changing rela", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3f6c4191d21726aae7186a0c812ef5b8a7b7daab89a559dff71d59796f99dce5" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN187", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "jiangou", "quote": ". Cishan; 4. Donghulin; 5. Nanzhuangtou; 6.\n Jiangjialiang; 7. Sanjianfang; 8. Luojiayingzi; 9. Jian’gou. Maps generated using DIVA-GIS 7.5 (http://www.diva-\n gis.org/).\n\n\n\n their recovery from the surfaces of food-processing tools, the changing relative percentages of these tribes’ starch", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3f6c4191d21726aae7186a0c812ef5b8a7b7daab89a559dff71d59796f99dce5" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN188", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "luojiayingzi", "quote": ". Longwangchan; 3. Cishan; 4. Donghulin; 5. Nanzhuangtou; 6.\n Jiangjialiang; 7. Sanjianfang; 8. Luojiayingzi; 9. Jian’gou. 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Maps generated using DIVA-GIS 7.5 (http://www.diva-\n gis.org/).\n\n\n\n their recovery from the surfaces of food-processing tools, the changing relative percentages", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3f6c4191d21726aae7186a0c812ef5b8a7b7daab89a559dff71d59796f99dce5" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN022", "CN187", "CN188", "CN189" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S190_07f5a0c010ee", "id": "S190", "citation_original": "Duncan, N.A., Starbuck, J., & Liu, L. (2019). A method to identify Job's tears, Coix lacryma-jobi L., phytoliths in northern China. 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(2014)\n Yellow River\n Shizitan 29 Jixian, Shanxi Upper Paleolithic Starch on grinding stones 28,000–18,000 Liu et al. (2018)\n Peiligang Xinzheng, Henan Peiligang Starch on grinding stone", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "56f247d0c91b682857f820aaf2b452fd3beaf3b2026433481943fbc324b85058" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN006" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S194_916f7d2dbf04", "id": "S194", "citation_original": "Li, W., Tsoraki, C., Lan, W., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., & van Gijn, A. (2019). New insights into the grinding tools used by the earliest farmers in the central plain of China. Quaternary International, 529, 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.10.005", "source_sha256": "916f7d2dbf045b87d07f225be4fbf51b6aeab209b24d7bca502693c00ed4730e", "title": "New insights into the grinding tools used by the earliest farmers in the central plain of China", "authors": [ "Li, W., Tsoraki, C., Lan, W., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., & van Gijn, A" ], "year": "2019", "journal": "Quaternary International", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.quaint.2018.10.005", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S194_916f7d2dbf04_S194-F07" ], "title_zh": "关于中国中原地区最早农耕者所用研磨工具的新认识", "title_en": "New insights into the grinding tools used by the earliest farmers in the central plain of China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN031", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "jiahu", "quote": "026, China\n\n\n\n\nA R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T\n\n\nKeywords: The site of Jiahu in the central plain of China is known for its early rice cultivation 9000 years ago. The pre-\nNeolithic archaeology liminary starch analysis implies that the Jiahu grinding tools were used for processing various plants, includin", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "916f7d2dbf045b87d07f225be4fbf51b6aeab209b24d7bca502693c00ed4730e" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN031" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S195_f8b12743565d", "id": "S195", "citation_original": "Wang, J., Zhao, X., Wang, H., & Liu, L. (2019). Plant exploitation of the first farmers in Northwest China: Microbotanical evidence from Dadiwan. 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Results are detailed and comparable to the light\nmicroscopy findings. The improved method with ImageJ and SPSS software required less time by direct\nmeasurement with a light microscopy and enhanced the accuracy of starch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "bbe691c565934c2b8643f4e49ea30b5f3400401465e906d8f658059a8e37284e" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN019", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "diaotonghuan", "quote": "f geometric\ncharacteristics of the three types of starch granules, as well as the starch granule fossils from the\nXianrendong and Diaotonghuan archaeological sites. Results are detailed and comparable to the light\nmicroscopy findings. 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Multiple lines of\nevidence—taken from starch granules, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the residues—\nindicate that these amphorae were used for brewing alcoholic beverages. The", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6f547c0796ef93a0b5c661ce58b5ee1201dc8133b60282cb2d3dce85c20d32ac" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN147", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "jiangzhai", "quote": "amine microfossil remains in the residues adhering to the\ninterior walls of eleven among the earliest amphorae from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi province. Multiple lines of\nevidence—taken from starch granules, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the residues—\nindicate that these amphorae were used for brewing alcoholic beverages. 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ZHU†\n Institute of Culture and Heritage, Northwestern Polytechnic", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "46f5faa691b5b54b2bf81df750272d457a6f7d30025cb900d4a17267b032c68e" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN160" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S201_7ac65f041dc1", "id": "S201", "citation_original": "Li, W., Pagán‐Jiménez, J.R., Tsoraki, C., Yao, L., & Van Gijn, A. (2020). Influence of grinding on the preservation of starch grains from rice. 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CHEN\n Department of Archaeology, School of History and Culture, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d9f7d25728b39ee59553c7986d1c85614b51467f6ebf8b11110ca0ef8fbd5258" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN132" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S203_9aa74303ebd6", "id": "S203", "citation_original": "Tao, D., Zhang, G., Zhou, Y., & Zhao, H. (2020). Investigating wheat consumption based on multiple evidences: Stable isotope analysis on human bone and starch grain analysis on dental calculus of humans from the Laodaojing cemetery, Central Plains, China. 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(2020). Analysis of grooved ceramic vessels from the early Chinese Bronze Age site of Yanshi Shangcheng: Preliminary evidence of food preparation methods through starch analysis. 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We examined nine Neolithic amphorae from a middle Yangshao culture site at Dingcun in Henan (ca.\nMillet\n 6000–5100 cal. BP), and revealed the evidence of ancient beer as well as brewing techniques. The Yangshao\nJiandiping amphorae\n people there used amphor", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9f18752b168b2c7375bcf7dda1ff23f734bf5ee5eee8716f94d0eb394080e5bc" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN137" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S206_82240dce7e63", "id": "S206", "citation_original": "Li, W., Tsoraki, C., Yang, Y., Xin, Y., & van Gijn, A. (2020). Plant Foods and Different Uses of Grinding Tools at the Neolithic Site of Tanghu in Central China. 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The site studied is Xueshan which is a Late Bronze Age (2700–1700 BP) settlement in Yunnan Prov-\nince, China. Isotopic results show that this population consumed a predominately ­C3 diet except for one individual that\nconsumed a mixed ­C3/C4 diet. Starch grains and phytoliths embedded i", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1ee968086a2907d128857587eadd75a4d58119d42243040242f93459903a05ae" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN166" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S217_d487a64f0c96", "id": "S217", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Wang, J., Chen, R., Chen, X., & Liang, Z. (2022). The quest for red rice beer: transregional interactions and development of competitive feasting in Neolithic China. 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The\ningredients include rice, millet, Job’s tears, Triticeae, and snake gourd root; the fermentation method was to prepare a qu\nstarter predomin", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d487a64f0c96f893313c8d2a022907e0472a63d269ab1dd8cc1b80832b64375a" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN150" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S218_477ae0f38b0f", "id": "S218", "citation_original": "Yang, Y., Yao, L., Zhang, D., Liao, J., Kan, X., & Zhang, J. (2022). Starch grain analysis of two different types of grinding stones from the Neolithic Shuangdun site (ca. 7.3–6.8 ka BP) in eastern China. Archaeometry, 64(4), 1013-1027. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12749", "source_sha256": "ec3e52066b855bb15e58e51047f9c69473122249a445480b4ce0cfcf89d9c4fb", "title": "Starch grain analysis of two different types of grinding stones from the Neolithic Shuangdun site (ca. 7.3–6.8 ka BP) in eastern China", "authors": [ "Yang, Y., Yao, L., Zhang, D., Liao, J., Kan, X., & Zhang, J" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "Archaeometry", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1111/arcm.12749", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S218_477ae0f38b0f_S218-P0006-B024", "S218_477ae0f38b0f_S218-P0008-B024" ], "title_zh": "新石器时代双墩遗址两种不同类型的研磨石的淀粉粒分析（约7.3–6.8 ka BP）", "title_en": "Starch grain analysis of two different types of grinding stones from the Neolithic Shuangdun site (ca. 7.3–6.8 ka BP) in eastern China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T10:25:29.754231+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "notes": "", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN089", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shuangdun", "quote": "1/arcm.12749\n\n\nO R I G I N A L A R T I C L E\n\n\nStarch grain analysis of two different types of\ngrinding stones from the Neolithic Shuangdun site\n(ca. 7.3–6.8 ka BP) in eastern China\n\n\nYuzhang Yang1 | Ling Yao1,2 | Dong Zhang3 | Jingwen Liao1 |\nXuhang Kan4 | Juzhong Zhang1\n\n\n\n1Department for the History of Science and\nScientific Archaeology, University of Science Abst", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ec3e52066b855bb15e58e51047f9c69473122249a445480b4ce0cfcf89d9c4fb" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN089" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S219_d8936fd2af9e", "id": "S219", "citation_original": "Liao, J., Yang, Y., Gu, W., Yao, L., Wei, Q., Luo, W., Gong, Y., Ding, L., Gu, C., & Zhang, J. (2022). A New Filtered Alcoholic Beverage: Residues Evidence From the Qingtai Site (ca. 5,500–4,750 cal. BP) in Henan Province, Central China. Frontiers in Earth Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.884630", "source_sha256": "d8936fd2af9e426bc65bea0bceb9c861426bbcb334374c1be505f3429a303711", "title": "A New Filtered Alcoholic Beverage: Residues Evidence From the Qingtai Site (ca. 5,500–4,750 cal. BP) in Henan Province, Central China", "authors": [ "Liao, J., Yang, Y., Gu, W., Yao, L., Wei, Q., Luo, W., Gong, Y., Ding, L., Gu, C., & Zhang, J" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "Frontiers in Earth Science", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.3389/feart.2022.884630", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F03", "S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F04", "S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F05", "S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F06", "S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F07" ], "title_zh": "一种新型过滤酒类饮品：来自中国中部河南省青台遗址（约5500–4750 cal. BP）的残留物证据", "title_en": "A New Filtered Alcoholic Beverage: Residues Evidence From the Qingtai Site (ca. 5,500–4,750 cal. BP) in Henan Province, Central China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN143", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "qingtai", "quote": "doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.884630\n\n\n\n A New Filtered Alcoholic Beverage:\n Residues Evidence From the Qingtai\n Site (ca. 5,500–4,750cal. BP) in Henan\n Province, Central China\n\n Jingwen Liao 1,2, Yuzhang Yang 1*, Wanfa Gu 3, Ling Yao 4, Qingli Wei 3, Wuhong Luo 1,\n Yingxue Gong 1, Lanpo Ding", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d8936fd2af9e426bc65bea0bceb9c861426bbcb334374c1be505f3429a303711" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN143" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S220_230892adbf67", "id": "S220", "citation_original": "Li, Z., Barton, H., Wang, W., & Yang, X. (2022). Description of Starch Granules From Edible Acorns (Oak), Palms, and Cycads in Southern China. 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(2022). Human Diet Patterns During the Qijia Cultural Period: Integrated Evidence of Stable Isotopes and Plant Micro-remains From the Lajia Site, Northwest China. Frontiers in Earth Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.884856", "source_sha256": "20604c5d149c12655ee051589ad1500f2304b05548dc34af05100f516bf9c959", "title": "Human Diet Patterns During the Qijia Cultural Period: Integrated Evidence of Stable Isotopes and Plant Micro-remains From the Lajia Site, Northwest China", "authors": [ "Ma, Z., Liu, S., Li, Z., Ye, M., & Huan, X" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "Frontiers in Earth Science", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.3389/feart.2022.884856", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S221_20604c5d149c_S221-F04", "S221_20604c5d149c_S221-F05", "S221_20604c5d149c_S221-F07" ], "title_zh": "齐家文化时期人类饮食模式：来自中国西北喇家遗址的稳定同位素与植物微遗存综合证据", "title_en": "Human Diet Patterns During the Qijia Cultural Period: Integrated Evidence of Stable Isotopes and Plant Micro-remains From the Lajia Site, Northwest China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "ia\n Cultural Period: Integrated Evidence\n of Stable Isotopes and Plant\n Micro-remains From the Lajia Site,\n Northwest China\n\n Zhikun Ma 1, Shu Liu 1, Zhao Li 2, Maolin Ye 3 and Xiujia Huan 4*\n\n 1Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation Technology (Ministry of Educat", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "20604c5d149c12655ee051589ad1500f2304b05548dc34af05100f516bf9c959" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN119" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S222_01c7cb97560c", "id": "S222", "citation_original": "Liu, S., Jia, X., Sun, Y., & Ma, Z. (2022). Investigating the Plant Microremains on Ceramic Li Tripods to Ascertain Their Function and the Plant Resource Exploitation Strategies During the Lower Xiajiadian Culture Period in Chifeng, Northeast China. 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(2022). Plant Consumption by Early-Middle Neolithic Peoples in Guangxi, South China: Archaeobotanical Evidence From the Dingsishan Site. 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Olsen 1,5, Qiang Huang 6 and\n Ying Guan 1,2,3*\n\n 1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Orig", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "13f28868ece049e6df38be32d96a32bd48a0368527903ce37f2a2b15a9adf953" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN105" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S225_ec929ae133dc", "id": "S225", "citation_original": "Li, W., Luo, W., Yao, L., Xuan, H., Yi, W., Tian, W., Zhang, D., Sun, Y., Kan, X., & Zhang, J. (2022). Pottery Use and Starchy Foods During the Shuangdun Culture (ca.7.3–6.8 Ka BP) in the Middle Catchment of the Huai River, China. 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(2022). Brewing and Serving Alcoholic Beverages to Erlitou Elites of Prehistoric China: Residue Analysis of Ceramic Vessels. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.845065", "source_sha256": "ab89ca3e7607fb41399acb3a38cc96cbe06dd3c2d77f52f54cdea35e53f833c2", "title": "Brewing and Serving Alcoholic Beverages to Erlitou Elites of Prehistoric China: Residue Analysis of Ceramic Vessels", "authors": [ "He, Y.", "Zhao, H.", "Liu, L.", "Xu, H." ], "year": "2022", "journal": "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution", "volume": "10", "issue": "", "pages": "845065", "doi": "10.3389/fevo.2022.845065", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.845065", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S226_ab89ca3e7607_S226-F03", "S226_ab89ca3e7607_S226-F04", "S226_ab89ca3e7607_S226-F05" ], "title_zh": "酿造与供应酒类饮品给二里头古代中国精英：陶器残留物分析", "title_en": "Brewing and Serving Alcoholic Beverages to Erlitou Elites of Prehistoric China: Residue Analysis of Ceramic Vessels", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN155", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "erlitou", "quote": "doi: 10.3389/fevo.2022.845065\n\n\n\n\n Brewing and Serving Alcoholic\n Beverages to Erlitou Elites of\n Prehistoric China: Residue Analysis\n of Ceramic Vessels\n\n Yahui He1,2†, Haitao Zhao3, Li Liu1,2*† and Hong Xu3\n\n 1 Department of East Asi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ab89ca3e7607fb41399acb3a38cc96cbe06dd3c2d77f52f54cdea35e53f833c2" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN155" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S227_01e117da56c8", "id": "S227", "citation_original": "Wu, Y., Tao, D., Wu, X., Liu, W., & Cai, Y. (2022). Diet of the earliest modern humans in East Asia. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.989308", "source_sha256": "01e117da56c8af001017d17636810d3ffb2ffcd69a5c607ec14a9336e10f10d4", "title": "Diet of the earliest modern humans in East Asia", "authors": [ "Wu, Y., Tao, D., Wu, X., Liu, W., & Cai, Y" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "Frontiers in Plant Science", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2022.989308", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S227_01e117da56c8_S227-F03" ], "title_zh": "东亚最早现代人类的饮食", "title_en": "Diet of the earliest modern humans in East Asia", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN002", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Fuyan Cave", "quote": "man dietary records. In this paper, we\nRECEIVED 08 July 2022 examined the starch grains in dental calculus from Fuyan Cave hominins\nACCEPTED 08 August 2022 in Daoxian (South China), which were the earliest modern humans in East\nPUBLISHED 31 August 2022\n Asia. Our results reveal the earliest direct evidence of a hom", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01e117da56c8af001017d17636810d3ffb2ffcd69a5c607ec14a9336e10f10d4" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN002" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S228_6e831bed4c9a", "id": "S228", "citation_original": "Yu, T., Yang, Q., Deng, M., Cheng, N., Yao, K., Yang, W., Ji, X., & Zheng, H. (2022). Morphological characteristics of seed starch granules of Fagaceae in South China and their implication in paleodiet. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.977152", "source_sha256": "6e831bed4c9a51519254a2be1daae882df3aee59680ad6d1d118abfd77708d2b", "title": "Morphological characteristics of seed starch granules of Fagaceae in South China and their implication in paleodiet", "authors": [ "Yu, T., Yang, Q., Deng, M., Cheng, N., Yao, K., Yang, W., Ji, X., & Zheng, H" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "Frontiers in Plant Science", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2022.977152", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S228_6e831bed4c9a_S228-F04", "S228_6e831bed4c9a_S228-F06", "S228_6e831bed4c9a_MAN_3eb18b189bc8" ], "title_zh": "南方壳斗科植物种子淀粉粒的形态特征及其在古饮食研究中的意义", "title_en": "Morphological characteristics of seed starch granules of Fagaceae in South China and their implication in paleodiet", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "key": "S229_5f64cb02022b", "id": "S229", "citation_original": "Khan, M., Yao, L., Yang, Y., Tao, Y., Li, W., Zhang, D., Luo, Y., & Zhang, J. (2022). Plant foods consumed at the Neolithic site of Qujialing (ca. 5800-4200 BP) in Jianghan Plain of the middle catchment of Yangtze River, China. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1009452", "source_sha256": "5f64cb02022b6cc343ceb55a2a62aa691a45205fde2fc4b732e0f5d60de1aa8f", "title": "Plant foods consumed at the Neolithic site of Qujialing (ca. 5800-4200 BP) in Jianghan Plain of the middle catchment of Yangtze River, China", "authors": [ "Khan, M., Yao, L., Yang, Y., Tao, Y., Li, W., Zhang, D., Luo, Y., & Zhang, J" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "Frontiers in Plant Science", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2022.1009452", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S229_5f64cb02022b_S229-F04", "S229_5f64cb02022b_S229-F05", "S229_5f64cb02022b_S229-F06" ], "title_zh": "长江中游江汉平原屈家岭新石器时代遗址所消费的植物食物", "title_en": "Plant foods consumed at the Neolithic site of Qujialing (ca. 5800-4200 BP) in Jianghan Plain of the middle catchment of Yangtze River, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN094", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "qujialing", "quote": "DOI 10.3389/fpls.2022.1009452\n\n\n\n Plant foods consumed at the\nOPEN ACCESS Neolithic site of Qujialing (ca.\n\nEDITED BY\nYing Guan, 5800-4200 BP) in Jianghan\nInstitute of Vertebrate Paleontology\nand Paleoanthropology (CAS), China\n Plain of the middle catchment\nREVIEWED BY\nXue Shang,\nUniversity of Chinese Academy of of", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5f64cb02022b6cc343ceb55a2a62aa691a45205fde2fc4b732e0f5d60de1aa8f" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN094" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S230_9790b909660d", "id": "S230", "citation_original": "Liao, J., Li, M., Allen, E., Luo, W., & Sheng, P. (2022). The Millet of the Matter: Archeobotanical Evidence for Farming Strategies of Western Han Dynasty Core Area Inhabitants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.929047", "source_sha256": "9790b909660d9a599c8aa7ec44ed343755ea913340c30f974924f368b9ba779a", "title": "The Millet of the Matter: Archeobotanical Evidence for Farming Strategies of Western Han Dynasty Core Area Inhabitants", "authors": [ "Liao, J., Li, M., Allen, E., Luo, W., & Sheng, P" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "Frontiers in Plant Science", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2022.929047", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S230_9790b909660d_S230-F04" ], "title_zh": "谷物之本：西汉核心区域居民农耕策略的考古植物学证据", "title_en": "The Millet of the Matter: Archeobotanical Evidence for Farming Strategies of Western Han Dynasty Core Area Inhabitants", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN076", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Longzaocun", "quote": "pottery model granaries\n and Geophysics (CAS), China (cang) entombed in a newly excavated late Western Han burial at the Longzaocun\n Reviewed by: cemetery in the Guanzhong Basin. This analysis allowed us to explore the extent\n Xuexiang Chen,\n Shandong University, China of wheat expansion and agricultural strategies in the heartland of earl", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9790b909660d9a599c8aa7ec44ed343755ea913340c30f974924f368b9ba779a" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN076" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S231_ff07e0b3ddfa", "id": "S231", "citation_original": "Ren, M., Wang, R., & Yang, Y. (2022). Diet communication on the early Silk Road in ancient China: multi-analytical analysis of food remains from the Changle Cemetery. Heritage Science, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00682-w", "source_sha256": "ff07e0b3ddfa3c333ee960350b94ce991e9722de8ac6b713a426a12de1a2de69", "title": "Diet communication on the early Silk Road in ancient China: multi-analytical analysis of food remains from the Changle Cemetery", "authors": [ "Ren, M., Wang, R., & Yang, Y" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "Heritage Science", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1186/s40494-022-00682-w", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S231_ff07e0b3ddfa_S231-F04", "S231_ff07e0b3ddfa_S231-F05" ], "title_zh": "古代中国早期丝绸之路饮食交流：常乐墓地食物遗存的多技术分析", "title_en": "Diet communication on the early Silk Road in ancient China: multi-analytical analysis of food remains from the Changle Cemetery", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN134", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Changle", "quote": "Open Access\nDiet communication on the early Silk Road\nin ancient China: multi‑analytical analysis\nof food remains from the Changle Cemetery\nMeng Ren1, Renfang Wang2 and Yimin Yang3*   \n\n\n\n Abstract \n Characterization of ancient food remains could reflect how people exploited biological resources and interacted\n with different cultures in antiquity. In this study, Fourier Transform Inf", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ff07e0b3ddfa3c333ee960350b94ce991e9722de8ac6b713a426a12de1a2de69" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN134" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S232_fd1f5c50c1ce", "id": "S232", "citation_original": "Yang, J., Zhang, D., Yang, X., Wang, W., Perry, L., Fuller, D.Q., Li, H., Wang, J., Ren, L., Xia, H., Shen, X., Wang, H., Yang, Y., Yao, J., Gao, Y., & Chen, F. (2022). Sustainable intensification of millet–pig agriculture in Neolithic North China. Nature Sustainability, 5(9), 780-786. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-00905-9", "source_sha256": "fd1f5c50c1ce58d13bbd19a8b87ac580cbaaff98d44a7a35228db7edada05a11", "title": "Sustainable intensification of millet–pig agriculture in Neolithic North China", "authors": [ "Yang, J., Zhang, D., Yang, X., Wang, W., Perry, L., Fuller, D.Q., Li, H., Wang, J., Ren, L., Xia, H., Shen, X., Wang, H., Yang, Y., Yao, J., Gao, Y., & Chen, F" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "Nature Sustainability", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1038/s41893-022-00905-9", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S232_fd1f5c50c1ce_S232-P0009-B014", "S232_fd1f5c50c1ce_S232-P0010-B007" ], "title_zh": "新石器时代华北粟–猪农业的可持续集约化", "title_en": "Sustainable intensification of millet–pig agriculture in Neolithic North China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "dadiwan", "quote": "Our data from studies of phytoliths and starches\nfrom pig dental residues and stable isotopes of millet grains excavated from the Dadiwan site demonstrate that an intensive\ncrop–livestock system was in practice by at least 5,500 years ago. This novel system, characterized by the feeding of millet crop\nresidues to pigs and the fertilization of millet fields with pig and/or human dung, enabled su", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fd1f5c50c1ce58d13bbd19a8b87ac580cbaaff98d44a7a35228db7edada05a11" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN034" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S233_673b9eca47d7", "id": "S233", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Chen, J., Wang, J., Zhao, Y., & Chen, X. (2022). Archaeological evidence for initial migration of Neolithic Proto Sino-Tibetan speakers from Yellow River valley to Tibetan Plateau. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(51). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2212006119", "source_sha256": "673b9eca47d71663fa0aae76d7d3d5db9b59bc7360733d0c9851cda6a9d337ae", "title": "Archaeological evidence for initial migration of Neolithic Proto Sino-Tibetan speakers from Yellow River valley to Tibetan Plateau", "authors": [ "Liu, L., Chen, J., Wang, J., Zhao, Y., & Chen, X" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2212006119", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S233_673b9eca47d7_S233-F02", "S233_673b9eca47d7_S233-F03" ], "title_zh": "新石器时代黄河流域原始汉藏语系人群向青藏高原迁徙的考古证据", "title_en": "Archaeological evidence for initial migration of Neolithic Proto Sino-Tibetan speakers from Yellow River valley to Tibetan Plateau", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "dadiwan", "quote": "elong to research;research; L.L.,L.L.,J.C.,J.C.,J.W.,J.W.,Y.Z., Y.Z.,and X.C.andanalyzedX.C. performeddata; and\n the Dadiwan, Peiligang, Cishan, and Houli cultures (ca. 8000 to 7000 cal. BP), followed L.L. wrote the paper.\n by flourishing of the Yangshao and Longshan cultures (ca. 7000 to 4000 cal. BP). The The authors declare no competing interest.\n diverge", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "673b9eca47d71663fa0aae76d7d3d5db9b59bc7360733d0c9851cda6a9d337ae" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN070", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "boxi", "quote": "aspect of the Proto Sino-Tibetan migration history, a series of sys- valley, a major tributary of the Yellow River; and 2) Boxi in the\n tematic investigations of the Neolithic material remains over a very Min River and Haxiu in the Dadu River, both representing the\n broad region would be required, a task beyond a single article first Yangshao communities that migra", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "673b9eca47d71663fa0aae76d7d3d5db9b59bc7360733d0c9851cda6a9d337ae" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN071", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "haxiu", "quote": "the Yellow River; and 2) Boxi in the\n tematic investigations of the Neolithic material remains over a very Min River and Haxiu in the Dadu River, both representing the\n broad region would be required, a task beyond a single article first Yangshao communities that migrated to the NW Sichuan\n presented here. In this study, therefore, we mainly focus on the highland", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "673b9eca47d71663fa0aae76d7d3d5db9b59bc7360733d0c9851cda6a9d337ae" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN034", "CN070", "CN071" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S234_aae306a75b57", "id": "S234", "citation_original": "Guan, Y., Wang, C., Zhou, Z., Cheng, J., Cao, J., Ta, L., & Xiong, Z. (2022). Evidence from plant starch residues of the function of early pottery and the plant diet of Neolithic inhabitants of Inner Mongolia, North China. Quaternary International, 608-609, 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.10.010", "source_sha256": "aae306a75b576ca3599523f37b6421a99d4d5fbcff7281f6d0a0ac81229d723d", "title": "Evidence from plant starch residues of the function of early pottery and the plant diet of Neolithic inhabitants of Inner Mongolia, North China", "authors": [ "Guan, Y., Wang, C., Zhou, Z., Cheng, J., Cao, J., Ta, L., & Xiong, Z" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "Quaternary International", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.quaint.2020.10.010", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S234_aae306a75b57_S234-F03", "S234_aae306a75b57_S234-F04" ], "title_zh": "华北新石器时代早期陶器功能及植物饮食的植物淀粉残留证据", "title_en": "Evidence from plant starch residues of the function of early pottery and the plant diet of Neolithic inhabitants of Inner Mongolia, North China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN047", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "weijiawopu", "quote": "made to interpret the functions of prehistoric pottery, particularly the earliest ceramics. The unsophisticated\nWeijiawopu site pottery discovered in the Weijiawopu site opens a window for the study of early ceramic function. We conductedHongshan culture plant residue analyses of ceramics from the", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "aae306a75b576ca3599523f37b6421a99d4d5fbcff7281f6d0a0ac81229d723d" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN047" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S235_58a5bd051c22", "id": "S235", "citation_original": "Wang, T., Fuller, B.T., Jiang, H., Li, W., Wei, D., & Hu, Y. (2022). Revealing lost secrets about Yingpan Man and the Silk Road. 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Fuller3, Hongen Jiang4, Wenying Li5, Dong Wei6* &\n Yaowu Hu7,8*\n\n Yingpan Man, is one of the most exquisitely preserved mummies f", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "58a5bd051c22c69514cc1199f6a4031069b7ae3b717314548eeeb3d01d67db32" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN176" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S236_988ce5c484e0", "id": "S236", "citation_original": "Wang, J., & Jiang, L. (2022). Intensive acorn processing in the early Holocene of southern China. The Holocene, 32(11), 1305-1316. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836211041732", "source_sha256": "988ce5c484e0b2eb9b4153f23cedfa75a67ef6bc8f32ad8f12c1e8bbf96e3ea4", "title": "Intensive acorn processing in the early Holocene of southern China", "authors": [ "Wang, J., & Jiang, L" ], "year": "2022", "journal": "The Holocene", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1177/09596836211041732", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S236_988ce5c484e0_S236-F04" ], "title_zh": "中国南方全新世早期的橡子集约加工", "title_en": "Intensive acorn processing in the early Holocene of southern China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（原始PDF复核）", "note": "按原始英文题名及PDF首页修正中文译题中的年代、类群、地名或方法术语；原始题录不变。", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-20T17:19:57.050452+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "conducting a systematic\n microbotanical residue analysis (starch and phytolith) of pottery and grinding stones from the Shangshan culture (10,000–8200 cal. BP). The results show\n that the artifacts analyzed were predominantly used for processing acorns, and to a lesser extent, USOs and cereals. Combining the microbotanical\n data and an ethnographic study, we reconst", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "988ce5c484e0b2eb9b4153f23cedfa75a67ef6bc8f32ad8f12c1e8bbf96e3ea4" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN081", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Hehuanshan", "quote": "and its layout at\nShangshan; (c) House F2 and its layout at Shangshan; (d) a cf. storage pit (H206) at Shangshan; (e) House F1 at Hehuanshan during excavation,\nindicated by white outlines, and its posthole layout; (f) House F2 at Hehuanshan and its layout of foundation and postholes.\n\n\nfacilities, and large quantities of heavy-duty tools such as pottery increases in the global temperature, b", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "988ce5c484e0b2eb9b4153f23cedfa75a67ef6bc8f32ad8f12c1e8bbf96e3ea4" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN079", "CN081" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4", "id": "S237", "citation_original": "Liu, L., He, Y., Grauer, K.C., & Wang, Y. (2023). Identifying indigenous bast microfibers for archaeological research in East Asia. Archaeological Research in Asia, 36, 100476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2023.100476", "source_sha256": "8f26cb6c3fa4145babfcc31ce61c9441cc4e2a2911fb032f1c46ec111c4055c4", "title": "Identifying indigenous bast microfibers for archaeological research in East Asia", "authors": [ "Liu, L., He, Y., Grauer, K.C., & Wang, Y" ], "year": "2023", "journal": "Archaeological Research in Asia", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.ara.2023.100476", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F03", "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F04", "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F05", "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F06", "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F07" ], "title_zh": "东亚考古研究中识别本土韧皮纤维", "title_en": "Identifying indigenous bast microfibers for archaeological research in East Asia", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "key": "S238_8d54be3fe8aa", "id": "S238", "citation_original": "Liu, L., & Liu, Z. (2023). Millet Beer Brewing in North China: Exploring Traditional Methods and their Significance in Archaeological Research. Ethnoarchaeology, 15(2), 138-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2023.2245214", "source_sha256": "8d54be3fe8aa18c30613b250032fba2aae6e30a97c38f33fd32cf71278941672", "title": "Millet Beer Brewing in North China: Exploring Traditional Methods and their Significance in Archaeological Research", "authors": [ "Liu, L., & Liu, Z" ], "year": "2023", "journal": "Ethnoarchaeology", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1080/19442890.2023.2245214", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S238_8d54be3fe8aa_S238-F03" ], "title_zh": "华北粟酒酿造：探索传统方法及其在考古研究中的意义", "title_en": "Millet Beer Brewing in North China: Exploring Traditional Methods and their Significance in Archaeological Research", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "民族考古与实验" } }, { "key": "S239_4ce3afbceed2", "id": "S239", "citation_original": "Guan, Y., Liu, L., & Yang, X. (2023). Editorial: Ancient starch remains and prehistoric human subsistence. Frontiers in Earth Science, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1151844", "source_sha256": "4ce3afbceed2cc5efb9415a6eb00c402830efed91c6ac99581c5ec9c22011563", "title": "Editorial: Ancient starch remains and prehistoric human subsistence", "authors": [ "Guan, Y., Liu, L., & Yang, X" ], "year": "2023", "journal": "Frontiers in Earth Science", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.3389/feart.2023.1151844", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "编者按：古代淀粉遗存与史前人类生计", "title_en": "Editorial: Ancient starch remains and prehistoric human subsistence", "translation_status": "translation_reviewed", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "no_primary_archaeological_site", "note": "编者按" } }, { "key": "S240_a32724372e99", "id": "S240", "citation_original": "Qu, Y., Zhu, J., Yang, H., & Zhou, L. (2023). Food, cooking and potteries in the Neolithic Mijiaya site, Guanzhong area, North China, revealed by multidisciplinary approach. Heritage Science, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-023-00950-3", "source_sha256": "a32724372e997a7c65468094ee9ffbbc58f24d4467ef850a63f51ea7a4778f33", "title": "Food, cooking and potteries in the Neolithic Mijiaya site, Guanzhong area, North China, revealed by multidisciplinary approach", "authors": [ "Qu, Y., Zhu, J., Yang, H., & Zhou, L" ], "year": "2023", "journal": "Heritage Science", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1186/s40494-023-00950-3", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S240_a32724372e99_S240-F03", "S240_a32724372e99_S240-F04" ], "title_zh": "华北新石器时代米家崖遗址的食物、烹饪与陶器多学科研究", "title_en": "Food, cooking and potteries in the Neolithic Mijiaya site, Guanzhong area, North China, revealed by multidisciplinary approach", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN128", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "mijiaya", "quote": "/s40494-023-00950-3\n\n\n RESEARCH Open Access\nFood, cooking and potteries in the Neolithic\nMijiaya site, Guanzhong area, North China,\nrevealed by multidisciplinary approach\nYating Qu1, Junxiao Zhu2*, Han Yang1 and Longlong Zhou1 \n\n\n\n Abstract \n Investigating the coevolutions in human food resources, cooking technologies and pottery functions will provide", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a32724372e997a7c65468094ee9ffbbc58f24d4467ef850a63f51ea7a4778f33" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN128" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S241_db3de31496e3", "id": "S241", "citation_original": "Li, Y., Zhang, G., Nan, P., Yang, J., Cao, J., Ma, Z., Ge, W., & Wen, R. (2023). Wine or Beer? A reinvestigation of residues from bronze vessels from the Beibai’e cemetery, Shanxi China. Heritage Science, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-023-01012-4", "source_sha256": "db3de31496e3dcebdb09b68d06d76fbc826f970993e8dee11afdbc1e52a574fc", "title": "Wine or Beer? A reinvestigation of residues from bronze vessels from the Beibai’e cemetery, Shanxi China", "authors": [ "Li, Y., Zhang, G., Nan, P., Yang, J., Cao, J., Ma, Z., Ge, W., & Wen, R" ], "year": "2023", "journal": "Heritage Science", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1186/s40494-023-01012-4", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S241_db3de31496e3_S241-F03", "S241_db3de31496e3_S241-F04" ], "title_zh": "果酒还是谷物酒？山西北白鹅墓地青铜器残留物的重新研究", "title_en": "Wine or Beer? A reinvestigation of residues from bronze vessels from the Beibai’e cemetery, Shanxi China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（原始PDF复核）", "note": "按原始英文题名及PDF首页修正中文译题中的年代、类群、地名或方法术语；原始题录不变。", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-20T17:19:57.058538+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN159", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Beibaie", "quote": "RCH Open Access\nWine or Beer? A reinvestigation of residues\nfrom bronze vessels from the Beibai’e cemetery,\nShanxi China\nYufang Li1, Ganyu Zhang2,3, Puheng Nan4, Jiyun Yang4, Jun Cao4, Zhikun Ma1, Wei Ge5 and Rui Wen1* \n\n\n\n Abstract \n The Beibai’e cemetery is a high-status noble tomb group from the early Spring–Autumn period (770 B.C–476 B.C).\n Three seal", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "db3de31496e3dcebdb09b68d06d76fbc826f970993e8dee11afdbc1e52a574fc" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN159" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S242_888e16cfd941", "id": "S242", "citation_original": "You, S., Wang, L., Olsen, J.W., Guan, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2023). Starch remains from human teeth reveal the Bronze and Early Iron Ages vegetal diet of Xinjiang, Northwest China. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 33(1), 94-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3179", "source_sha256": "888e16cfd9413eade65ff5a2aa351b40b987dac15fae56f3124bf13c4dfcb4b6", "title": "Starch remains from human teeth reveal the Bronze and Early Iron Ages vegetal diet of Xinjiang, Northwest China", "authors": [ "You, S., Wang, L., Olsen, J.W., Guan, Y., & Zhang, Q" ], "year": "2023", "journal": "International Journal of Osteoarchaeology", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1002/oa.3179", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S242_888e16cfd941_S242-F05", "S242_888e16cfd941_S242-F06" ], "title_zh": "人类牙齿中发现的淀粉残留揭示了中国西北新疆青铜时代和早期铁器时代的植物性饮食", "title_en": "Starch remains from human teeth reveal the Bronze and Early Iron Ages vegetal diet of Xinjiang, Northwest China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN169", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "jiayi", "quote": "e, we report on the analysis of human\n5Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and dental residue samples unearthed from the Jiayi Cemetery, a 10th to 2nd century BCE\nHuman Origins, Institute of Vertebrate\nPaleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese mortuary complex located in the Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, generating ancient starch\nAcademy of Sciences, Beijing, China gran", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "888e16cfd9413eade65ff5a2aa351b40b987dac15fae56f3124bf13c4dfcb4b6" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN169" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S243_5513010a8ac9", "id": "S243", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Chen, X., & Gu, W. (2023). Beyond subsistence: Evidence for red rice beer in 8000-year old Neolithic burials, north China. 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This practice may have originated in the Shangshan\nQu starter culture of the lower Yangzi River valley around 9000 cal.", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5513010a8ac9202fafa6ebe52750383b4b062cea2c664d9c040a7a8796e9002f" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN136", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shuiquan", "quote": "issue, our study focuses on two early Neolithic Peiligang culture sites, namely Peiligang and Shuiquan, dating to\nMortuary ritual 8000–7600 cal. BP in the middle Yellow River region. Through microfossil analysis of ceramic vessels, we have\n discovered multiple lines of evidence indicat", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5513010a8ac9202fafa6ebe52750383b4b062cea2c664d9c040a7a8796e9002f" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN025", "CN136" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S244_178f2b6a4522", "id": "S244", "citation_original": "Sheng, P., Liao, J., Allen, E., Sun, Z., Hu, S., Guan, Y., & Shang, X. (2023). New archaeobotanical evidence for Tolai hare (Lepus tolai) millets-consumption on the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 48, 103899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103899", "source_sha256": "178f2b6a4522adfe099618cf36360398f0fdb300566e6bb2de524af8a89813f1", "title": "New archaeobotanical evidence for Tolai hare (Lepus tolai) millets-consumption on the Loess Plateau of China", "authors": [ "Sheng, P., Liao, J., Allen, E., Sun, Z., Hu, S., Guan, Y., & Shang, X" ], "year": "2023", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103899", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S244_178f2b6a4522_S244-F03" ], "title_zh": "中国洛川高原上塔莱兔（Lepus tolai）粟类消费的新的考古植物学证据", "title_en": "New archaeobotanical evidence for Tolai hare (Lepus tolai) millets-consumption on the Loess Plateau of China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN177", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "yangjiesha", "quote": "-botanical remains preserved on Tolai hare\nNiche construction (Lepus tolai) teeth recovered from Yangjiesha, a site located on the north of the Loess Plateau in China, dated\nEcological interaction circa. 4900B.P. The microscopic analysis reveal that starch grains from Triticeae, millets and their wild relativesDental residues", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "178f2b6a4522adfe099618cf36360398f0fdb300566e6bb2de524af8a89813f1" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN177" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S245_11862feb6cf5", "id": "S245", "citation_original": "Binggui Sun, Xingtao Wei, Yuzhang Yang, Weiya Li, Yingxue Gong, Jindou Li, Wanli Lan, Xin Zhou, Juzhong Zhang. (2023). Phytolith evidence for crop structure at the Zhangwangzhuang site during the early and middle Yangshao cultural periods on the southwestern Huanghuai Plain, China. 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(2023). Phytolith evidence for crop structure at the Zhangwangzhuang site during the early and middle Yangshao cultural periods on the southwestern Huanghuai Plain, China. 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Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-01941-6", "source_sha256": "11291784b92751dea84831d4f9e109b28d0d929f42cd4dd22775e33d242bb444", "title": "Pig domestication and human subsistence at the early Neolithic site of Guanjia (6100–5500 BC), Central China", "authors": [ "You, Y., Chen, X., Hein, A., Qin, C., Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, T., Fan, W., & Yuan, G" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1007/s12520-024-01941-6", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S251_11291784b927_S251-F04" ], "title_zh": "家猪驯化与新石器时代关家遗址人类生计(6100–5500 BC)，中国中部", "title_en": "Pig domestication and human subsistence at the early Neolithic site of Guanjia (6100–5500 BC), Central China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN033", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "guanjia", "quote": "40\nhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-01941-6\n\n RESEARCH\n\n\nPig domestication and human subsistence at the early Neolithic site\nof Guanjia (6100–5500 BC), Central China\n\nYue You1,2  · Xianglong Chen3 · Anke Hein4  · Cunyu Qin5 · Yanan Zhao6 · Jiaxin Zhang7 · Tianyang Liu8 ·\nWenquan Fan2 · Guangkuo Yuan1\n\n\nReceived: 19 September 2023 / Accepted: 26 January 2024 / Published online: 20 Februa", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "11291784b92751dea84831d4f9e109b28d0d929f42cd4dd22775e33d242bb444" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN033" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S252_96eba395acde", "id": "S252", "citation_original": "Wang, L., Ge, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, B., & Jiang, H. (2024). Earliest known well‐preserved flour comestibles unearthed in the Wupu Cemetery in Hami, Xinjiang, China. Archaeometry, 66(5), 1140-1156. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12957", "source_sha256": "96eba395acde6358a15d3ff48482e5dfb99c444e7f67d515ebc498f6a195add9", "title": "Earliest known well‐preserved flour comestibles unearthed in the Wupu Cemetery in Hami, Xinjiang, China", "authors": [ "Wang, L., Ge, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, B., & Jiang, H" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "Archaeometry", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1111/arcm.12957", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S252_96eba395acde_S252-P0010-B013", "S252_96eba395acde_S252-P0012-B023" ], "title_zh": "新疆哈密五堡墓地出土的已知最早保存完好的面粉类食品", "title_en": "Earliest known well‐preserved flour comestibles unearthed in the Wupu Cemetery in Hami, Xinjiang, China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（原始PDF复核）", "note": "按原始英文题名及PDF首页修正中文译题中的年代、类群、地名或方法术语；原始题录不变。", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-20T17:19:57.066120+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN069", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Wupu", "quote": "2024\n\nDOI: 10.1111/arcm.12957\n\n\nO R I G I N A L A R T I C L E\n\n\nEarliest known well-preserved flour comestibles\nunearthed in the Wupu Cemetery in Hami, Xinjiang,\nChina\n\n\nLijing Wang1,2 | Yong Ge2 | Yongqiang Wang3 | Guilin Zhang4 |\nBinghua Wang3 | Hongen Jiang2\n\n\n\n1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and\nHuman Origins of Chinese Academy of Abstract\nScienc", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "96eba395acde6358a15d3ff48482e5dfb99c444e7f67d515ebc498f6a195add9" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN069" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S253_e805256e84bf", "id": "S253", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Zhang, Y., Ge, W., Lin, Z., Sinnott-Armstrong, N., & Yang, L. (2024). Revealing the 2300-Year-Old Fermented Beverage in a Bronze Bottle from Shaanxi, China. Fermentation, 10(7), 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10070365", "source_sha256": "e805256e84bf71e0374c9a9bcf77e96b49358ac9921e1d95523021c59fd109a7", "title": "Revealing the 2300-Year-Old Fermented Beverage in a Bronze Bottle from Shaanxi, China", "authors": [ "Liu, L., Zhang, Y., Ge, W., Lin, Z., Sinnott-Armstrong, N., & Yang, L" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "Fermentation", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.3390/fermentation10070365", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S253_e805256e84bf_S253-F02", "S253_e805256e84bf_S253-F03" ], "title_zh": "揭示中国陕西一座青铜瓶中的2300年前发酵饮料", "title_en": "Revealing the 2300-Year-Old Fermented Beverage in a Bronze Bottle from Shaanxi, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN157", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "yancun", "quote": "entation method of a 2300-year-old liquid preserved in a sealed bronze bottle unearthed in a Qin\n tomb at Yancun, Shaanxi. The results of this research suggest that this liquid is likely a fermented\n beverage made from wheat/barley, rice, Job’s tears, broomcorn millet, and pulses. The fermentation\n starter ma", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "e805256e84bf71e0374c9a9bcf77e96b49358ac9921e1d95523021c59fd109a7" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN157" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S254_6d91fe7e3404", "id": "S254", "citation_original": "Ma, Y., Li, Z., Li, Q., Ma, Z., Liu, C., Li, Y., Cui, Y., & Yang, X. (2024). Affluent foragers in the subtropical forest: Arboreal foodstuff exploitation in late Neolithic Pearl River Delta, South China. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 59, 104795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104795", "source_sha256": "6d91fe7e3404cce0694b5e81ee390328e9cd05185f84c4b28b9a68965892771b", "title": "Affluent foragers in the subtropical forest: Arboreal foodstuff exploitation in late Neolithic Pearl River Delta, South China", "authors": [ "Ma, Y., Li, Z., Li, Q., Ma, Z., Liu, C., Li, Y., Cui, Y., & Yang, X" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104795", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "亚热带森林中的富裕采集者：中国南方珠江三角洲新石器时代晚期木本食物资源的利用", "title_en": "Affluent foragers in the subtropical forest: Arboreal foodstuff exploitation in late Neolithic Pearl River Delta, South China", "translation_status": "translation_reviewed", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN108", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Guye", "quote": "album are limited. Hence, we identify and analyse plant remains recovered from the waterlogged Guye site in the PearlGuye site River Delta dating from 5900 to 5400 BP, attempting to ascertain Guye plant use assemblage. The results showArboriculture that the Gu", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6d91fe7e3404cce0694b5e81ee390328e9cd05185f84c4b28b9a68965892771b" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN108" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S255_86586f9f661b", "id": "S255", "citation_original": "Wei Ge, Weijin Huang, Li Liu, Yuxiao Cheng, Haiting Wang, Hesheng Zhai, Cifu Lin, Xihuang Lin, Xinyu Liu, Yuanfei Wu, Xueliang Hou, Xijie Yin. (2024). Beyond rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a pottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu Settlement, China. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 58, 104714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104714", "source_sha256": "86586f9f661b1fb4a9f830f841ba7c06cd4f28177349fa09be6075469c6bc655", "title": "Beyond rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a pottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu Settlement, China", "authors": [ "Wei Ge", "Weijin Huang", "Li Liu", "Yuxiao Cheng", "Haiting Wang", "Hesheng Zhai", "Cifu Lin", "Xihuang Lin", "Xinyu Liu", "Yuanfei Wu", "Xueliang Hou", "Xijie Yin" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports", "volume": "58", "issue": "", "pages": "104714", "doi": "10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104714", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104714", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F03", "S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F05", "S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F07", "S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F08" ], "title_zh": "超越水稻：对河姆渡遗址一处陶器中附着有机残留物的初步调查揭示了新石器时代多样化的食物资源", "title_en": "Beyond rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a pottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu Settlement, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN084", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "hemudu", "quote": "rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a\npottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu\nSettlement, China\nWei Ge a,b,*, Weijin Huang c, Li Liu d, Yuxiao Cheng a,b, Haiting Wang a,b, Hesheng Zhai e,\nCifu Lin f, Xihuang Lin f, Xinyu Liu g, Yuanfei Wu e, Xueliang Hou h, Xijie Yin f\na Laboratory of Archaeometry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Chi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "86586f9f661b1fb4a9f830f841ba7c06cd4f28177349fa09be6075469c6bc655" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN084" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S255_f62c487d5a4b", "id": "S255", "citation_original": "Wei Ge, Weijin Huang, Li Liu, Yuxiao Cheng, Haiting Wang, Hesheng Zhai, Cifu Lin, Xihuang Lin, Xinyu Liu, Yuanfei Wu, Xueliang Hou, Xijie Yin. (2024). Beyond rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a pottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu Settlement, China. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 58, 104714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104714", "source_sha256": "f62c487d5a4b866f3ab3ab3ba2a85743b24c714806478963cfe76b3027545997", "title": "Beyond rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a pottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu Settlement, China", "authors": [ "Wei Ge", "Weijin Huang", "Li Liu", "Yuxiao Cheng", "Haiting Wang", "Hesheng Zhai", "Cifu Lin", "Xihuang Lin", "Xinyu Liu", "Yuanfei Wu", "Xueliang Hou", "Xijie Yin" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports", "volume": "58", "issue": "", "pages": "104714", "doi": "10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104714", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104714", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S255_f62c487d5a4b_S255-F06", "S255_f62c487d5a4b_S255-F09" ], "title_zh": "超越水稻：对河姆渡遗址一处陶器中附着有机残留物的初步调查揭示了新石器时代多样化的食物资源", "title_en": "Beyond rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a pottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu Settlement, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN084", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "hemudu", "quote": "rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a\npottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu\nSettlement, China\nWei Ge a,b,*, Weijin Huang c, Li Liu d, Yuxiao Cheng a,b, Haiting Wang a,b, Hesheng Zhai e,\nCifu Lin f, Xihuang Lin f, Xinyu Liu g, Yuanfei Wu e, Xueliang Hou h, Xijie Yin f\na Laboratory of Archaeometry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Chi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f62c487d5a4b866f3ab3ab3ba2a85743b24c714806478963cfe76b3027545997" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN084" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S256_6d971cb8c0b8", "id": "S256", "citation_original": "Li, J., Zhai, S., & Zhao, C. (2024). Insights into plant-based food resource harvesting and processing: A microfossil analysis of stone tools at the Xinzhai Site, China. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 57, 104635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104635", "source_sha256": "6d971cb8c0b800e213233d5c24c7d83a3f28f7eef5280fc57468a8953ebb5053", "title": "Insights into plant-based food resource harvesting and processing: A microfossil analysis of stone tools at the Xinzhai Site, China", "authors": [ "Li, J., Zhai, S., & Zhao, C" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104635", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S256_6d971cb8c0b8_S256-F03", "S256_6d971cb8c0b8_S256-F04", "S256_6d971cb8c0b8_S256-F05" ], "title_zh": "关于植物性食物资源采集与加工的洞察：中国新砦遗址石器的微化石分析", "title_en": "Insights into plant-based food resource harvesting and processing: A microfossil analysis of stone tools at the Xinzhai Site, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN121", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "xinzhai", "quote": "m/locate/jasrep\n\n\nInsights into plant-based food resource harvesting and processing: A\nmicrofossil analysis of stone tools at the Xinzhai Site, China\nJingshan Li a, Shaodong Zhai b,*, Chunqing Zhao b\na School of Archaeology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China\nb Institute of Archaeology, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China\n\n\nA R T I C L E I N F O", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6d971cb8c0b800e213233d5c24c7d83a3f28f7eef5280fc57468a8953ebb5053" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN121" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S257_b16fe850a5f8", "id": "S257", "citation_original": "Gong, Y., Kong, Y., Li, C., & Wang, D. (2024). Liquid residue analysis of Chinese bronze vessel of the Han Dynasty. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 55, 104526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104526", "source_sha256": "b16fe850a5f8b83f73e914cffbb89b003b9932ec836a235b8ddd07f59efbb9b9", "title": "Liquid residue analysis of Chinese bronze vessel of the Han Dynasty", "authors": [ "Gong, Y., Kong, Y., Li, C., & Wang, D" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104526", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S257_b16fe850a5f8_S257-F08" ], "title_zh": "汉代中国青铜器液态残留物分析", "title_en": "Liquid residue analysis of Chinese bronze vessel of the Han Dynasty", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN209", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Lishanpu", "quote": "eastern slopes of Li Mountain, the analyzed using HPLC-MS, HTS and PM respectively. The results pro­\nancient tomb complex of Lishanpu is located to the west of Qili village in vided comprehensive insights into both the liquor-making process and\nJiagou County, Suzhou, Anhui Province. The cemetery houses several the flavor profile of the liquor. It is therefore significant for under­", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b16fe850a5f8b83f73e914cffbb89b003b9932ec836a235b8ddd07f59efbb9b9" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN209" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S258_15620d5863bf", "id": "S258", "citation_original": "Yuyao Wu, Can Wang, Yanbo Song, Zhaoyang Zhang, Yuqi Niu, Ruijuan Liang, Jiaying Zhao. (2024). Micro-botanical evidence of plant food sources and stone tool functions at the Sujiacun site from the Longshan period in southeastern Shandong Province, China. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 57, 104681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104681", "source_sha256": "15620d5863bf5595da362a5bb00aef0ecab6a3d8c12273454903fc85454fed1a", "title": "Micro-botanical evidence of plant food sources and stone tool functions at the Sujiacun site from the Longshan period in southeastern Shandong Province, China", "authors": [ "Yuyao Wu", "Can Wang", "Yanbo Song", "Zhaoyang Zhang", "Yuqi Niu", "Ruijuan Liang", "Jiaying Zhao" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports", "volume": "57", "issue": "", "pages": "104681", "doi": "10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104681", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104681", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S258_15620d5863bf_S258-F03", "S258_15620d5863bf_S258-F05" ], "title_zh": "龙山文化苏家村遗址植物食物来源与石器功能的微形态证据", "title_en": "Micro-botanical evidence of plant food sources and stone tool functions at the Sujiacun site from the Longshan period in southeastern Shandong Province, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN067", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "sujiacun", "quote": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nMicro-botanical evidence of plant food sources and stone tool functions at\nthe Sujiacun site from the Longshan period in southeastern Shandong\nProvince, China\nYuyao Wu a, Can Wang a,*, Yanbo Song a,*, Zhaoyang Zhang a, Yuqi Niu b, Ruijuan Liang a,\nJiaying Zhao a\na School of Archaeology, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China\nb Jinan Institute", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "15620d5863bf5595da362a5bb00aef0ecab6a3d8c12273454903fc85454fed1a" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN067" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S258_9708210d2a3c", "id": "S258", "citation_original": "Yuyao Wu, Can Wang, Yanbo Song, Zhaoyang Zhang, Yuqi Niu, Ruijuan Liang, Jiaying Zhao. (2024). Micro-botanical evidence of plant food sources and stone tool functions at the Sujiacun site from the Longshan period in southeastern Shandong Province, China. 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(2024). Morphology meets lithic function: Use-wear and residue analysis of stone tools from the Dadiwan site in Northwestern China. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 56, 104567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104567", "source_sha256": "4450c8f496bacf0eb490491cee2c421c9df36613de7942c1220cfab3b25a71a5", "title": "Morphology meets lithic function: Use-wear and residue analysis of stone tools from the Dadiwan site in Northwestern China", "authors": [ "Tang, Y., Zhao, X., & Wang, J" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104567", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S259_4450c8f496ba_S259-F03", "S259_4450c8f496ba_S259-F04" ], "title_zh": "形态与石器功能的交汇：中国西北大地湾遗址石器的使用痕迹与残留分析", "title_en": "Morphology meets lithic function: Use-wear and residue analysis of stone tools from the Dadiwan site in Northwestern China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "dadiwan", "quote": "omepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nMorphology meets lithic function: Use-wear and residue analysis of stone\ntools from the Dadiwan site in Northwestern China\nYiyi Tang a,b,*, Xueye Zhao c, Jiajing Wang a,b,*\na Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, USA\nb Ecology, Evolution, Environment, and Society Program, Dartmouth College, USA\nc Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics an", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4450c8f496bacf0eb490491cee2c421c9df36613de7942c1220cfab3b25a71a5" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN034" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S260_50aa3a7a7a15", "id": "S260", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Zhang, J., Li, J., He, Y., Gao, Z., & Jiang, L. (2024). Identification of 10,000-year-old rice beer at Shangshan in the Lower Yangzi River valley of China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(51). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2412274121", "source_sha256": "50aa3a7a7a15ae496b67774abd3f6fc7b23ca92d642af651bdb4cc594710bbdb", "title": "Identification of 10,000-year-old rice beer at Shangshan in the Lower Yangzi River valley of China", "authors": [ "Liu, L., Zhang, J., Li, J., He, Y., Gao, Z., & Jiang, L" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2412274121", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S260_50aa3a7a7a15_S260-F02", "S260_50aa3a7a7a15_S260-F04" ], "title_zh": "中国长江下游上山遗址发现1万年前的稻酒", "title_en": "Identification of 10,000-year-old rice beer at Shangshan in the Lower Yangzi River valley of China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "ESEARCH ANTHROPOLOGY ARTICLE | \n\n Identification of 10,000-­year-­old rice beer at Shangshan in the\n Lower Yangzi River valley of China\n Li Liua,1 , Jianping Zhangb,c,1 , Jingbo Lia , Yahui Hed , Zhongzhe Gaob,c,e , and Leping Jiangf\n\n Affiliations are included on p. 10.\n\n Edited by Xinyi Liu, Wa", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "50aa3a7a7a15ae496b67774abd3f6fc7b23ca92d642af651bdb4cc594710bbdb" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN079" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S261_8b1b4bb15182", "id": "S261", "citation_original": "Tang, Y., Wang, J., Liu, L., & Chen, W. (2024). Local adaptation and subsistence strategy of Yangshao migrants in Northwestern Sichuan in China during the Middle Neolithic (5300–4700 cal. BP). The Holocene, 34(1), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231200438", "source_sha256": "8b1b4bb1518272b101fdba37d31ed3548b1491e28f4e632913169d320ff02d44", "title": "Local adaptation and subsistence strategy of Yangshao migrants in Northwestern Sichuan in China during the Middle Neolithic (5300–4700 cal. BP)", "authors": [ "Tang, Y., Wang, J., Liu, L., & Chen, W" ], "year": "2024", "journal": "The Holocene", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1177/09596836231200438", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S261_8b1b4bb15182_S261-F04", "S261_8b1b4bb15182_S261-F05" ], "title_zh": "新石器时代中期（5300—4700 cal. BP）仰韶迁入人群在川西北的地方适应与生计策略", "title_en": "Local adaptation and subsistence strategy of Yangshao migrants in Northwestern Sichuan in China during the Middle Neolithic (5300–4700 cal. BP)", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（原始PDF复核）", "note": "按原始英文题名及PDF首页修正中文译题中的年代、类群、地名或方法术语；原始题录不变。", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-20T17:19:57.074456+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN072", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "liujiazhai", "quote": "h migrational\n processes, this case study investigates the subsistence pattern of a Neolithic site (5300-4700 cal. BP), Liujiazhai, in Northwestern Sichuan Highland\n by employing microbotanical residue analysis on pottery vessels. Our results on millet phytolith contribute to the overall picture of millet agriculture\n in Yangshao and Majiayao migrant communities and", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8b1b4bb1518272b101fdba37d31ed3548b1491e28f4e632913169d320ff02d44" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN072" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S262_1989ea122b93", "id": "S262", "citation_original": "Zhang, Z., Wang, C., Wang, Q., Wang, F., Yao, J., Wu, Y., & Gao, H. (2025). Agriculture of the Late Dawenkou culture in the middle reaches of the Huai River, China: Archaeobotanical evidence from the Gaixia site. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-02144-9", "source_sha256": "1989ea122b9395fac9420efb0c95a4b283091a818149883637aa3deb1b4dd360", "title": "Agriculture of the Late Dawenkou culture in the middle reaches of the Huai River, China: Archaeobotanical evidence from the Gaixia site", "authors": [ "Zhang, Z., Wang, C., Wang, Q., Wang, F., Yao, J., Wu, Y., & Gao, H" ], "year": "2025", "journal": "Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1007/s12520-024-02144-9", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "淮河中游大汶口文化晚期农业：来自垓下遗址的考古植物学证据", "title_en": "Agriculture of the Late Dawenkou culture in the middle reaches of the Huai River, China: Archaeobotanical evidence from the Gaixia site", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN093", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "gaixia", "quote": "RCH\n\n\nAgriculture of the Late Dawenkou culture in the middle reaches\nof the Huai River, China: Archaeobotanical evidence from the Gaixia\nsite\n\nZhaoyang Zhang1,2 · Can Wang1,2  · Qiang Wang1,2 · Fen Wang1,2 · Jingmin Yao3 · Yingying Wu1,2 · Hongru Gao1,2\n\n\nReceived: 7 May 2024 / Accepted: 12 December 2024 / Published online: 7 January 2025\n© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1989ea122b9395fac9420efb0c95a4b283091a818149883637aa3deb1b4dd360" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN093" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S263_fed7b41a8482", "id": "S263", "citation_original": "Li, Z., Ma, Y., Li, Q., Ma, Z., Liu, C., Li, Y., Cui, Y., & Yang, X. (2025). Intensive consumption of Lithocarpus nuts in the Neolithic Pearl River Delta, China. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 17(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-025-02249-9", "source_sha256": "fed7b41a848264e3aac6de26f991fb38bcbc9c6004225bc14c6ea4c6f31af577", "title": "Intensive consumption of Lithocarpus nuts in the Neolithic Pearl River Delta, China", "authors": [ "Li, Z., Ma, Y., Li, Q., Ma, Z., Liu, C., Li, Y., Cui, Y., & Yang, X" ], "year": "2025", "journal": "Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1007/s12520-025-02249-9", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "新石器时代珠江三角洲石栎属坚果的大量消费", "title_en": "Intensive consumption of Lithocarpus nuts in the Neolithic Pearl River Delta, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN108", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Guye", "quote": "ttle about the specific assemblages due to limited species identification. Here, we analyse Fagaceae remains from the\nwaterlogged Guye site, offering a significant insight into the indigenous exploitation strategies of foodstaples in the Pearl\nRiver Delta, from 5,900 to 5,400 BP. The results reveal that Guye subsistence relied on Fagaceae nuts and may have had\na strong tendency for anthropog", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fed7b41a848264e3aac6de26f991fb38bcbc9c6004225bc14c6ea4c6f31af577" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN108" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S264_cc6ad50deb16", "id": "S264", "citation_original": "Liu, L., Liu, X., Yu, C., & Miao, Y. (2025). Preserved 800-Year-Old Liquid Beer in a Jin Dynasty Vase: Evidence of Malted Sorghum–Wheat Fermentation in Xi’an, China. Heritage, 8(10), 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8100426", "source_sha256": "cc6ad50deb1601758d05c629fbfa75a925c3243c8985321c3b8c2732525e6440", "title": "Preserved 800-Year-Old Liquid Beer in a Jin Dynasty Vase: Evidence of Malted Sorghum–Wheat Fermentation in Xi’an, China", "authors": [ "Liu, L., Liu, X., Yu, C., & Miao, Y" ], "year": "2025", "journal": "Heritage", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.3390/heritage8100426", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S264_cc6ad50deb16_S264-F02", "S264_cc6ad50deb16_S264-F03", "S264_cc6ad50deb16_S264-F04" ], "title_zh": "西安一座金代陶罐中保存的800年前的液态啤酒：中国西安发现的发芽高粱—小麦发酵证据", "title_en": "Preserved 800-Year-Old Liquid Beer in a Jin Dynasty Vase: Evidence of Malted Sorghum–Wheat Fermentation in Xi’an, China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN160", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Li Jurou", "quote": "his study investigates a rare case of liquid alcohol preserved in a glazed ceramic vase\n from the tomb of Li Jurou (AD 1226), Jin dynasty, Xi’an, China, to provide new insights into\n medieval brewing traditions. We employed a multi-proxy approach combining microfossil\n and isotopic analysis, experimental brewing with sorghum,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cc6ad50deb1601758d05c629fbfa75a925c3243c8985321c3b8c2732525e6440" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN160" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S265_fb6bbb2e87c1", "id": "S265", "citation_original": "Wei, X., Sun, Y., Li, J., Zhang, X., Sun, Y., & Cui, T. (2025). Bone Powder and Wild Plants: Subsistence Strategies of Early Neolithic Settlers in North China. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 35(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3376", "source_sha256": "fb6bbb2e87c1f9df0a8dfd58d68a4ec447e981131280ebb8e3968d706d595a28", "title": "Bone Powder and Wild Plants: Subsistence Strategies of Early Neolithic Settlers in North China", "authors": [ "Wei, X., Sun, Y., Li, J., Zhang, X., Sun, Y., & Cui, T" ], "year": "2025", "journal": "International Journal of Osteoarchaeology", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1002/oa.3376", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [ "S265_fb6bbb2e87c1_S265-F04", "S265_fb6bbb2e87c1_S265-F05" ], "title_zh": "骨粉与野生植物：华北新石器时代早期定居者的生计策略", "title_en": "Bone Powder and Wild Plants: Subsistence Strategies of Early Neolithic Settlers in North China", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN032", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "xielaozhuang", "quote": "ation of China (Grant 22BKG001).\nKeywords: bone powder | early Neolithic | Peiligang culture | pottery | subsistence strategies | Xielaozhuang site\n\n ABSTRACT\n The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is a major turning point in human history. In North China, although\n crops were cultivated as early as 10,000 BP, they only became staple foods with the establishment of a fully funct", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fb6bbb2e87c1f9df0a8dfd58d68a4ec447e981131280ebb8e3968d706d595a28" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN032" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S266_64c257c5fbdd", "id": "S266", "citation_original": "Wan, Z., Ma, Z., & Huan, X. (2025). Early legume exploitation in Neolithic southern China: Starch residues evidence from the middle Yangtze River. 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Consequently, starch granule micro-remains constitute", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "64c257c5fbdd318f17581aeb50b85fb89e087ece50a26ff55e693bc2cf406675" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN100", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "yinjiaping", "quote": "perioda\n In recent years, advances in the analysis of starch grain micro- Yinjiaping 27.32◦N, Neolithic age River valley 1983\nremains have provided novel insights for archaeobotanical in­ 115.41◦E mountainous\nvestigations across global regions (Zhang et al., 2021; Guan et al.,", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "64c257c5fbdd318f17581aeb50b85fb89e087ece50a26ff55e693bc2cf406675" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN101", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "zhuweicheng", "quote": "plain\nHenry et al., 2014; Piperno et al., 2009; Barton and Torrence, 2015; Zhuweicheng 28.03◦N, Neolithic age alluvial plains of 1974–1977\nYang et al., 2013; Tao et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2019). 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Recent research nasty archaeological site which is famous for lots of huge bronzes,\nsuggests that millet cultivation in the Fujian and Guangdong regions indicating that", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "64c257c5fbdd318f17581aeb50b85fb89e087ece50a26ff55e693bc2cf406675" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" }, { "site_id": "CN104", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "dawangling", "quote": "plain\nPiperno, 2000), food legumes contain abundant semi-crystalline starch Dawangling 29.61◦N, Neolithic age Hills and terraces 1976\ngranules (Terstegen et al., 2023) which can persist over extended pe­ 115.90◦E Shiniansha", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "64c257c5fbdd318f17581aeb50b85fb89e087ece50a26ff55e693bc2cf406675" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN098", "CN099", "CN100", "CN101", "CN102", "CN104" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S267_85a10aae0c94", "id": "S267", "citation_original": "Cui, Y., Liu, L., Mao, R., & Chen, H. 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By employing high-precision stable isotope\n analysis on individuals, the study reveals lifespan dietary shifts shaped by age, gender and\n sociocultural roles. The aristocrats underwent a breastfeeding", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6530b47910521a59811f510bfbb070918aa35dbb107ad768e977a79fdb0aa5ff" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN175" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S272_ec52303619c0", "id": "S272", "citation_original": "Li, W., Barsky, D., Lan, W., & Zhang, J. (2025). 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This study addresses this gap by\n examining quartz chipped stone tools from Jiahu, one of the earliest farming communities in Central\n China. Apart from typo-technological analysis, experimental archaeology was employed to replicate1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; quartz cores and flakes using similar raw materials,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ec52303619c0bd93ef2aadca8c52d77fc3687ca45faa3651c7e895fbfc805122" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN031" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S273_24e647f02b7c", "id": "S273", "citation_original": "Liao, J., Yang, Y., Gu, W., Gong, Y., Sun, B., Cui, Q., Zhou, X., & Zhang, J. (2025). 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(2026). Revisiting Jiahu’s 9000-Year-Old Fermented Beverage: New Microfossil Evidence for Early Qu-Based and Malt-Based Brewing Technologies in North China. 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(2026). Alcoholic drinking practices at Pingliangtai during the Late Neolithic Longshan culture, North China. 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(2026). Bast fiber production and consumption on the 5th-millennium-BP north Loess Plateau, China. 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The results reveal, for the first time, theRamie\nShimao production and consumption of plant bast fibers in this early city on the north Loess Plateau. Our analysis\nUrbanization", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a620ae74c9a4f2b4c1e7d57db954694572bd39973287b448697790fe0967c2ef" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN123" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S285_0787bf5200e2", "id": "S285", "citation_original": "Chen, R., Zhang, H., Wang, X., Ge, W., Qi, X., Xiao, N., & Wen, R. (2026). Decoding alcoholic beverage and brewing practices of the Qin state during the Warring States period (475-221 BC) based on archaeological evidence. 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However, It has Luoyang City, China (Fig. 1a–c). Two bronze kettles with liquid remains\nonly been used to analyze plant components in medicinal liquor (Ding, inside were unearthed in the", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cf501a8cf2c284bf3bfaa62ef6be26fad5c062f4a3a52f76a43090f30231cd26" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN210" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S287_7facc8752a15", "id": "S287", "citation_original": "He, Y., & Liu, L. (2026). Modern starter culturing and starter-based alcohol making experiments: A methodological rethinking in East Asian fermented beverage production. 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(2026). Plant consumption versus agricultural production in the Jianghan Plain, central China: Starch and phytolith evidence from the Neolithic Zhaizishan site. 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BP, through integrated phytolith and\n starch grain analyses at the Jinlansi site. Our results reveal the persistence of a subsistence system\n centred on the exploitation of underground storage organs during the Late Neolithic, representing a1234567890():,; 1234567890():,;\n localised adaptation to subtropi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "14fd86d55a2e81fe35dde0e5ae14a89b4c312af6faca0fe5af2e5584ce251fdd" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN110" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S291_0f29a28c0891", "id": "S291", "citation_original": "Liu, L., He, Y., Cohen, D., Chen, X., Shi, J., & Song, Y. (2026). Unveiling bast fiber production in Upper Paleolithic North China: Microfibers and usewear traces on stone tools from Shizitan. 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However, an NPP analysis of materials from the Upper\nPaleolithic site of Shizitan 29 in North China identified microfibers [11], offering new pathways for further research.\n In addition, the recent integration of microfossil analysis and usewear studies on stone tools from the Peiligang site\nin Henan provides evidence of bast fiber producti", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0f29a28c0891968b4a78e4fc4feb60ba2075d2846842fb337a0f04715c8eb29c" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN004", "CN006" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S292_d9991fd1eed3", "id": "S292", "citation_original": "Chen, R., Li, Y., Chen, X., Gu, W., & Wu, X. (2026). Plant fiber exploitation contributed to the emergence of ground-edged cutting tools in North China. 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This study integrates use-wear and microfossil analyses of 140 stone Ground-edged cutting tools in\n tools from the Peiligang site, with experimental data, to reassess their roles within early Holocene North China are\n long-term trajectories of technological change from the Late Paleolithic to the Early often interpreted as cereal-\n Neolithic. Upper Paleol", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d9991fd1eed374a42c57c8d0942297eb77855c7d3d8749e18df17bce5a062fb6" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN025" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S293_769054b4d184", "id": "S293", "citation_original": "Jacques, G., Stevens, C., Kan, Y.c., & Fuller, D.Q. (2026). Harvesting knives in Neolithic East Asia. Quaternary International, 781, 110418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2026.110418", "source_sha256": "769054b4d18416d25d6123ce031f7898afc8dceb301c7b47ec7cfe7dd635349e", "title": "Harvesting knives in Neolithic East Asia", "authors": [ "Jacques, G., Stevens, C., Kan, Y.c., & Fuller, D.Q" ], "year": "2026", "journal": "Quaternary International", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.quaint.2026.110418", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "en", "figure_ids": [], "library_status": "候选图已排除或合并，无保留项", "title_zh": "新石器时代东亚的收割刀", "title_en": "Harvesting knives in Neolithic East Asia", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [], "sites": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "synthesis_or_source_pending", "note": "跨区域器物与年代综合" } }, { "key": "S294_9ecf7c088b51", "id": "S294", "citation_original": "彭华胜, 徐长青, 袁媛, 查良平, 陈焕文, 管理, 康利平, 杨军, 王亚君, 曹丽娟, 程京, 黄璐琦. 最早的中药辅料炮制品：西汉海昏侯墓出土的木质漆盒内样品鉴定与分析[J]. 科学通报, 2019, 64(9): 935-947. DOI: 10.1360/N972018-01176.", "source_sha256": "9ecf7c088b511c8e3f593a43a663608853ff91068696d1aa706b706a8e842a29", "title": "最早的中药辅料炮制品：西汉海昏侯墓出土的木质漆盒内样品鉴定与分析", "authors": [ "彭华胜", "徐长青", "袁媛", "查良平", "陈焕文", "管理", "康利平", "杨军", "王亚君", "曹丽娟", "程京", "黄璐琦" ], "year": "2019", "journal": "科学通报", "volume": "64", "issue": "9", "pages": "935-947", "doi": "10.1360/N972018-01176", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1360/N972018-01176", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S294_9ecf7c088b51_S294-F03", "S294_9ecf7c088b51_S294-F04" ], "title_zh": "最早的中药辅料炮制品：西汉海昏侯墓出土的木质漆盒内样品鉴定与分析", "title_en": "The Earliest Chinese Medicinal Auxiliary Materials: Identification and Analysis of Samples from a Wooden Lacquered Box Excavated from the Haihunhou Tomb of the Western Han Dynasty", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN135", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "Haihunhou", "quote": "ducts of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Identification and analysis of samples from wooden\n lacquer box unearthed from Haihunhou tomb in the Western Han Dynasty (in Chinese). Chin Sci Bull, 2019, 64: 935–947, doi: 10.1360/N972018-01176\n\n© 2019《中国科学》杂志社 www.scichina.com csb.scichina.com", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9ecf7c088b511c8e3f593a43a663608853ff91068696d1aa706b706a8e842a29" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN135" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S295_d82b697c469a", "id": "S295", "citation_original": "吴文婉, 辛岩, 王海玉, 靳桂云, 杨晓燕. 辽宁阜新查海遗址早期生业经济研究——来自石器表层残留物淀粉粒的证据[J]. 考古与文物, 2014, (2): 110-113.", "source_sha256": "d82b697c469ac5aad4fe542f693291fa54b4d0e7731393dda3f7e1fa0fd4a097", "title": "辽宁阜新查海遗址早期生业经济研究——来自石器表层残留物淀粉粒的证据", "authors": [ "吴文婉", "辛岩", "王海玉", "靳桂云", "杨晓燕" ], "year": "2014", "journal": "考古与文物", "volume": "", "issue": "2", "pages": "110-113", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S295_d82b697c469a_S295-F01", "S295_d82b697c469a_S295-F02" ], "title_zh": "辽宁阜新查海遗址早期生业经济研究——来自石器表层残留物淀粉粒的证据", "title_en": "Early subsistence economy at the Chahai Site, Fuxin, Liaoning: Evidence from starch grains on stone tool surfaces", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN043", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "chahai", "quote": "集经济在查海先民的生业经济中应占主要地位。同时，数量\n较多的狗尾草属植物淀粉粒的发现暗示查海遗址可能已经出现对这类植物的集中利用甚至是初期栽培活动。石器表\n层各类淀粉粒的数量比说明禾本科植物是查海遗址石磨盘和磨棒最主要的加工对象。\n KEY WOＲDS: Chahai Site Stone tools Starch grain Subsistence\n ABSTＲACT: Significant numbers of starch grains，including Poaceae，tubers and other unknown types，are extracted\n\n from 4 stone tools of the Xinglongwa Culture at the Chahai Site．The analysis indicates that thePo", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d82b697c469ac5aad4fe542f693291fa54b4d0e7731393dda3f7e1fa0fd4a097" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN043" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } }, { "key": "S296_0fda021344c0", "id": "S296", "citation_original": "于喜风. 新疆哈密市五堡152号古墓出土农作物分析[J]. 农业考古, 1993, (3): 185-189.", "source_sha256": "0fda021344c0ab12566d61e47e3b0a01be5643aa39dd7f6bf88fcc9d5221ed87", "title": "新疆哈密市五堡152号古墓出土农作物分析", "authors": [ "于喜风" ], "year": "1993", "journal": "农业考古", "volume": "", "issue": "3", "pages": "185-189", "doi": "", "url": "", "title_extraction": "structured_or_citation", "language": "zh", "figure_ids": [ "S296_0fda021344c0_S296-F02", "S296_0fda021344c0_S296-F01", "S296_0fda021344c0_S296-P0004-B002", "S296_0fda021344c0_S296-P0004-B003", "S296_0fda021344c0_S296-P0005-B000", "S296_0fda021344c0_S296-P0005-B002" ], "title_zh": "新疆哈密市五堡152号古墓出土农作物分析", "title_en": "Crop analysis from the No. 152 ancient tomb in Wubao, Hami City, Xinjiang", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "title_translation_note": "译题，非官方译名", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN069", "role": "study_material", "evidence": [ { "matched": "五堡", "quote": "二 ， 一 一 一 一 一一石\n 粮食作物\n\n\n 新疆哈密市五堡 号古墓出土农作物分析\n\n\n\n\n 新疆师范大学生物系 于喜风\n\n\n\n 年 月 ，新疆文化厅组织多学科学者对新疆出土的古代干尸进行综合研究 ，为使诸\n学科研究人员具体了解古尸的出土和生成环境 ，新疆文物考古研究所在哈密市五堡墓地又发\n掘清理了两座墓葬 。墓葬形制为竖穴土犷 ，底部有土坯二层台 ，其中在巧 号墓中除见陶器 、木\n器 、毛织物 、毛皮制品外 ，还见大麦穗 、谷穗和狗尾草 。 从出土文物 、墓葬形制 、并结合碳十四测\n定的数据 ，这座墓葬的时代仍在距今三千年前后 ，是属于青", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0fda021344c0ab12566d61e47e3b0a01be5643aa39dd7f6bf88fcc9d5221ed87" } ], "note": "论文研究材料的来源地；不自动等同于每张图版或每个分图的来源" } ], "sites": [ "CN069" ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "study_sites_located", "note": "研究材料来源按原PDF核对" } } ], "figures": [ { "id": "S001_c60a2d2c918a_S001-F04", "paper_key": "S001_c60a2d2c918a", "paper_id": "S001", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图 4 2座战国墓葬出土植物包内容物的淀粉粒. (a~d) 信阳市城阳城址八号墓植物包内容物淀粉粒; (e~h) 淮南市武王墩一号墓植物包内容物，推测是粟、黍类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "恢复原图注；将正文的有限鉴定单独保存\n补核原始PDF：原文3颗／其中2颗／剩余2颗相互冲突。上一轮报告“另1颗”的转述不准确，现更正；图注不擅自沿用争议计数。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "20acbbdfe0a9699e3be04994b1f2d98138fec0bfe5ca38815c0b58c42c3a7842", "image_bytes": 2086610, "sites": [ "CN179", "CN180" ], "caption_zh": "图4 2座战国墓葬出土植物包内容物的淀粉粒。（a–d）信阳市城阳城址八号墓植物包内容物淀粉粒；（e–h）淮南市武王墩一号墓植物包内容物的淀粉粒。\n【正文补充】\na-d: 原文推测为水稻和黍（PDF第7页）。\ne–h：原文推测较完整颗粒属于粟类植物，可能来自粟或黍，受损颗粒无法鉴定。（PDF第8页）。", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Starch grains from the contents of plant bundles unearthed from two Warring States-period tombs. (a–d) Starch grains from the plant-bundle contents in Tomb M8 at Chengyangcheng, Xinyang; (e–h) starch grains from the plant-bundle contents in Wuwangdun Tomb No. 1, Huainan.\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\ne–h: The authors suggest that the better-preserved grains may derive from foxtail or broomcorn millet; damaged grains are unidentified. (PDF p. 8).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "两座战国墓葬植物包内容物中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains in plant packets from two Warring States tombs", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/20acbbdfe0a9699e3be04994.png", "image_url": "media/S001_c60a2d2c918a_S001-F04.png?v=20acbbdfe0a9", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "e–h", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "作者推测较完整颗粒可能来自粟或黍，受损颗粒无法鉴定。正文先写共3颗、其中2颗较完整，后又写“剩余的2颗”，数量表述存在内部矛盾，故不在本图注补充精确合计。", "interpretation_en": "The authors suggest that the better-preserved grains may derive from foxtail or broomcorn millet; damaged grains are unidentified. The source first reports three grains, two better preserved, but then refers to “the remaining two”; no precise total is added here because these statements conflict.", "uncertainty": "可能为粟或黍；原文计数冲突，不替作者复算改数。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 8, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "中共获取较为完整的单粒淀粉粒3颗, 其中2颗形态较 " }, { "page": 8, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "光特征, 我们推断该淀粉粒可能来自粟类(粟Setaria " }, { "page": 8, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "物 [38]. 剩余的2颗表面不同程度的损伤, 表面特征和消 " } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "20acbbdfe0a9699e3be04994b1f2d98138fec0bfe5ca38815c0b58c42c3a7842" } ], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "的淀粉粒 Figure 4 Starch grains from the contents of plant bundles unearthed from two Warring States-period tombs. (a–d) Starch grains from the contents of the plant bundle from Tomb M8 at the Chengyangcheng Site in Xinyang City; (e–h) starch grains from the contents of the plant bundle from Wuwangdun Tomb No. 1 in Huainan City", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "caption_source_corrected": "图4 2座战国墓葬出土植物包内容物的淀粉粒。（a–d）信阳市城阳城址八号墓植物包内容物淀粉粒；（e–h）淮南市武王墩一号墓植物包内容物的淀粉粒。", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-21T03:20:28.921805+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN179", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图4 2座战国墓葬出土植物包内容物的淀粉粒。（a–d）信阳市城阳城址八号墓植物包内容物淀粉粒；（e–h）淮南市武王墩一号墓植物包内容物的淀粉粒。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "城阳城", "quote": "费专项资金(ZZXT202403)\n资助\n\n\n摘要 端午食粽是中国传统节日端午节最具代表性的传统习俗之一. 民间传说认为该习俗形成于祭祀屈原. 长期\n以来, 中国粽子用于祭祀的历史及其与屈原的关系主要依据传世文献, 未曾获得出土的实物史料证据. 河南省信阳\n市城阳城址八号墓和安徽省淮南市武王墩一号墓均出土了植物包. 通过古DNA分析, 鉴定2座战国楚墓出土植物包\n的包裹叶片来源于壳斗科栎属(Quercus)栎亚属白栎组(sect. Quercus)植物的叶片, 结合叶片边缘缺刻特征推断包裹\n叶片来源于槲树(Quercus dentata Thunb.)的叶片; 通过形态学、淀粉粒以及有机残留分析, 发现信阳市城阳城址八\n号墓植物包内容物主要含有果壳的稻(Oryza sativa L.)和黍(Panicum miliaceum L.), 是迄今发现最早的类粽子遗存.\n淮南市武王", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c60a2d2c918a3aba64c2dc2b8b222bf6dc8c22586a4cc2664534deaf9f502fcd" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN180", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图4 2座战国墓葬出土植物包内容物的淀粉粒。（a–d）信阳市城阳城址八号墓植物包内容物淀粉粒；（e–h）淮南市武王墩一号墓植物包内容物的淀粉粒。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "武王墩", "quote": "03)\n资助\n\n\n摘要 端午食粽是中国传统节日端午节最具代表性的传统习俗之一. 民间传说认为该习俗形成于祭祀屈原. 长期\n以来, 中国粽子用于祭祀的历史及其与屈原的关系主要依据传世文献, 未曾获得出土的实物史料证据. 河南省信阳\n市城阳城址八号墓和安徽省淮南市武王墩一号墓均出土了植物包. 通过古DNA分析, 鉴定2座战国楚墓出土植物包\n的包裹叶片来源于壳斗科栎属(Quercus)栎亚属白栎组(sect. Quercus)植物的叶片, 结合叶片边缘缺刻特征推断包裹\n叶片来源于槲树(Quercus dentata Thunb.)的叶片; 通过形态学、淀粉粒以及有机残留分析, 发现信阳市城阳城址八\n号墓植物包内容物主要含有果壳的稻(Oryza sativa L.)和黍(Panicum miliaceum L.), 是迄今发现最早的类粽子遗存.\n淮南市武王墩一号墓植物包内容物主要为粟", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c60a2d2c918a3aba64c2dc2b8b222bf6dc8c22586a4cc2664534deaf9f502fcd" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S002_8f49ce46996d_S002-F03", "paper_key": "S002_8f49ce46996d", "paper_id": "S002", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图３　各个样品淀粉粒形态特征（ａ）板栗　（ｂ）槲树　（ｃ）槲栎　（ｄ）麻栎　（ｅ）栓皮栎　（ｆ）蒙古栎", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对照原始PDF校正中英植物名、图注项目对应及遗漏；保留原始题录和原文底稿。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5ced9f219bbe724f759279f8fabc3eb60c8626ed471b9d070b4ab6ad1d5f7e6a", "image_bytes": 8609730, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 各个样品淀粉粒形态特征（a）板栗 （b）槲树 （c）槲栎 （d）麻栎 （e）栓皮栎 （f）蒙古栎", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Starch-grain morphology of the samples. (a) Chinese chestnut; (b) daimyo oak; (c) oriental white oak; (d) sawtooth oak; (e) Chinese cork oak; (f) Mongolian oak.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "各样品淀粉粒形态特征", "title_en": "Starch grain morphological characteristics of various samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5ced9f219bbe724f759279f8.png", "image_url": "media/S002_8f49ce46996d_S002-F03.png?v=5ced9f219bbe", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-21T03:20:28.937788+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S003_7e5800eb776b_S003-F03", "paper_key": "S003_7e5800eb776b", "paper_id": "S003", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三\n柿子滩S14 地点发现的淀粉粒，并同柿子滩S9 地点、石固遗址和莪沟遗址（在DIC 和偏光滤镜下的图像）发现的块\n茎类淀粉粒进行对比。（1-4）I 型淀粉粒（小麦族），表现损伤（3 和4）；（5–8）II 型淀粉粒（豇豆属），表现损伤（7 和8）；（9\n–14）III 型淀粉粒（黍族），表现损伤；（15–18）IV 型淀粉粒（薯蓣山药）；（19–21）V 型淀粉粒（栝楼根）；（22 和23）VI 型\n淀粉粒（栝楼根）；（24 和25）柿子滩S9 地点VI 型淀粉；（26–28）裴李岗文化石固遗址（26）和莪沟遗址（27 和28）V 和VI\n型淀粉粒；26-28 是经允许后引用自注释14。（比例尺：9–14 和19–28,，10 μm；其余，20 μm。）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1e33222d264f2c1c1eef5d2b151f8d01298bf52afc3dbed9fbb099eb7e4102e9", "image_bytes": 2215135, "sites": [ "CN004" ], "caption_zh": "图三 柿子滩S14 地点发现的淀粉粒，并同柿子滩S9 地点、石固遗址和莪沟遗址（在DIC 和偏光滤镜下的图像）发现的块茎类淀粉粒进行对比。（1-4）I 型淀粉粒（小麦族），表现损伤（3 和4）；（5–8）II 型淀粉粒（豇豆属），表现损伤（7 和8）；（9–14）III 型淀粉粒（黍族），表现损伤；（15–18）IV 型淀粉粒（薯蓣山药）；（19–21）V 型淀粉粒（栝楼根）；（22 和23）VI 型淀粉粒（栝楼根）；（24 和25）柿子滩S9 地点VI 型淀粉；（26–28）裴李岗文化石固遗址（26）和莪沟遗址（27 和28）V 和VI型淀粉粒；26-28 是经允许后引用自注释14。（比例尺：9–14 和19–28，10 μm；其余，20 μm。）", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Starch grains from Site S14 at Shizitan, compared with starch grains from tuberous plants at Site S9 at Shizitan, Shigu site, and Egou site (images under DIC and polarized light). (1–4) Type I starch grains (wheat tribe, Triticeae), showing damage (3 and 4); (5–8) Type II starch grains (cowpea relatives, Vigna), showing damage (7 and 8); (9–14) Type III starch grains (panicgrass tribe, Paniceae), showing damage; (15–18) Type IV starch grains (yam and yams (Dioscorea)); (19–21) Type V starch grains (snake gourds, Trichosanthes root); (22 and 23) Type VI starch grains (snake gourds, Trichosanthes root); (24 and 25) Type VI starch grains from Site S9 at Shizitan; (26–28) Type V and VI starch grains from the Peiligang culture at Shigu site (26) and Egou site (27 and 28); 26–28 are reproduced with permission from reference 14. (Scale bar: 9–14 and 19–28, 10 μm; others, 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "柿子滩淀粉粒类型对比", "title_en": "Starch Grain Types at Shizitan Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/1e33222d264f2c1c1eef5d2b.png", "image_url": "media/S003_7e5800eb776b_S003-F03.png?v=1e33222d264f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-21T03:20:28.954787+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN004", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图三\n柿子滩S14 地点发现的淀粉粒，并同柿子滩S9 地点、石固遗址和莪沟遗址（在DIC 和偏光滤镜下的图像）发现的块\n茎类淀粉粒进行对比。（1-4）I 型淀粉粒（小麦族），表现损伤（3 和4）；（5–8）II 型淀粉粒（豇豆属），表现损伤（7 和8）；（9\n–14）III 型淀粉粒（黍族），表现损伤；（15–18）IV 型淀粉粒（薯蓣山药）；（19–21）V 型淀粉粒（栝楼根）；（22 和23）VI 型\n淀粉粒（栝楼根）；（24 和25）柿子滩S9 地点VI 型淀粉；（26–28）裴李岗文化石固遗址（26）和莪沟遗址（27 和28）V 和VI\n型淀粉粒；26-28 是经允许后引用自注释14。（比例尺：9–14 和19–28,，10 μm；其余，20 μm。）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "柿子滩S14", "quote": "留下的大量\n物质遗存，为研究黄河中游地区旧石器晚期向新石器 分析结果\n早期的过渡提供了十分丰富的材料。 我们采集了三件磨盘（GS1, GS2, GS3）的使用微\n 经过2000 年、2003 年以及2005 年对柿子滩S14 痕和残留物样本，这三件石器出土后一直保存在山西\n地点的发掘，在25 平方米的发掘区域中，发现了深度 博物馆。为了比较使用过的工具与未使用过的天然岩\n约50 至100 厘米的三个连续的文化层 (II, III, 和 石的区别，我们在遗址附近的一个非文化堆积里采集\n 域IV)，年代为ca. 23,000– 18,000 cal. BP（表S1）。发现 了一件自然砂岩（SS1）上的标本（表S2）。\n的物质遗存包括1643 件石制品和27", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7e5800eb776b55c94a2c2661be21e5ddd661c48114610b00276e2066872d1344" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S003_7e5800eb776b_S003-F04", "paper_key": "S003_7e5800eb776b", "paper_id": "S003", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四现代淀粉粒对比标本（在DIC 和偏光滤镜下）。（1）赖草（经碾磨）；（2）冰草（经碾磨）；（3 和4）沙生冰草（经碾磨）；\n（5 和6）绿豆（经碾磨）；（7 和8）豇豆（经碾磨）；（9）青狗尾草，无损伤的淀粉粒；（10）黍（逸生），无损伤的淀粉粒；（11 和\n12）青狗尾草（经碾磨），有明显裂隙；（13）青狗尾草（经碾磨），有突起的中部凹陷；（14）稗（经碾磨），大部分淀粉粒都有中\n部凹陷；（15 和16）山药（野生）；（17–20）栝楼根。（比例尺：9–14，10 μm; 其余，20 μm）。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e2d45d2194352592b3204609356b12eb6dbf193d6e3028933d3eaa2a052afad5", "image_bytes": 4796982, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图四现代淀粉粒对比标本（在DIC 和偏光滤镜下）。（1）赖草（经碾磨）；（2）冰草（经碾磨）；（3 和4）沙生冰草（经碾磨）；（5 和6）绿豆（经碾磨）；（7 和8）豇豆（经碾磨）；（9）青狗尾草，无损伤的淀粉粒；（10）黍（逸生），无损伤的淀粉粒；（11 和12）青狗尾草（经碾磨），有明显裂隙；（13）青狗尾草（经碾磨），有突起的中部凹陷；（14）稗（经碾磨），大部分淀粉粒都有中部凹陷；（15 和16）山药（野生）；（17–20）栝楼根。（比例尺：9–14，10 μm； 其余，20 μm）。", "caption_en": "Figure four modern starch grain reference specimens (under DIC and polarized light). (1) Leishu grass (ground); (2) Festuca (ground); (3 and 4) sand-dwelling Festuca (ground); (5 and 6) mung bean (ground); (7 and 8) cowpea (ground); (9) green foxtail, intact starch grains; (10) broomcorn millet (weedy), intact starch grains; (11 and 12) green foxtail (ground), with obvious fissures; (13) green foxtail (ground), with central depression and raised middle; (14) barnyard grass (ground), most starch grains showing central depression; (15 and 16) yam (wild); (17–20) snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root. (Scale bars: 9–14, 10 μm; others, 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒对比标本", "title_en": "Modern Starch Grain Reference Specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e2d45d2194352592b3204609.png", "image_url": "media/S003_7e5800eb776b_S003-F04.png?v=e2d45d219435", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T10:16:47.984414+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S004_unavailable_MAN_0f003a99e0d4", "paper_key": "S004_unavailable", "paper_id": "S004", "number": "4", "title_zh": "高粱与薏苡淀粉粒显微照片", "title_en": "Sorghum and Job’s tears starch micrographs", "caption_original": "", "caption_source_corrected": "图4 高粱和薏米的淀粉粒及粒径统计分析结果图。\n（a）高粱的淀粉粒，样品采自北京门头沟，其中 a′ 为高粱淀粉粒表面的层纹；（b）薏米的淀粉粒，样品采自湖南汝城，箭头所示为薏米的 T 型裂隙。比例尺为 20 μm。", "caption_zh": "图4 高粱和薏米的淀粉粒及粒径统计分析结果图\n（a）来自高粱的淀粉粒，样品采自北京门头沟，其中 a′ 为高粱的淀粉粒表面的层纹；（b）薏米的淀粉粒，样品采自湖南汝城。箭头所示为薏米的 T 型裂隙（比例尺为 20 μm）。", "caption_en": "Micrograph portion of Figure 4. Sorghum starch grains (a), sampled in Mentougou, Beijing; a′ shows surface lamellae. Job’s tears starch grains (b), sampled in Rucheng, Hunan; the arrow indicates a T-shaped fissure. Scale bar: 20 μm. Only the micrographs from the original figure are reproduced.", "source_language": "zh", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "notes": "按原始PDF图号纠正显示编号；稳定ID不变\n保留用户选择的显微照片范围；图名、双语图注明确不包含右侧粒径统计图。", "sites": [], "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "63b6bda1b896ccfd061a2398f62a5d01eca9995fafc28c66456d5e47ab25de48", "image_bytes": 2124905, "thumbnail": "previews/63b6bda1b896ccfd061a2398.png", "image_url": "media/S004_unavailable_MAN_0f003a99e0d4.png?v=63b6bda1b896", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:45.312335+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S004_unavailable", "page": 6, "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "" }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S004_unavailable_MAN_ec6b022f4c47", "paper_key": "S004_unavailable", "paper_id": "S004", "number": "1", "title_zh": "粟、黍及其野生近缘植物的淀粉粒形态特征", "title_en": "Morphological characteristics of starch grains from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and their wild relatives", "caption_original": "", "caption_source_corrected": "图1 粟、黍及其野生近缘植物的淀粉粒形态特征 (a),(b)和(c)分别为山西、河北和河南的青狗尾草淀粉粒 (d),(e)和(f)分别为河南、甘肃和河北的粟淀粉粒 (g)和(h)为河北和甘肃的黍淀粉粒 (i)糠稷的淀粉粒 (j)野黍的淀粉粒(标尺为20μm)", "caption_zh": "图1 粟、黍及其野生近缘植物的淀粉粒形态特征 （a），（b）和（c）分别为山西、河北和河南的青狗尾草淀粉粒 （d），（e）和（f）分别为河南、甘肃和河北的粟淀粉粒 （g）和（h）为河北和甘肃的黍淀粉粒 （i）糠稷的淀粉粒 （j）野黍的淀粉粒（标尺为20 μm）", "caption_en": "Figure 1. Starch-grain morphology of foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and their wild relatives. (a–c) Green foxtail from Shanxi, Hebei and Henan, respectively; (d–f) foxtail millet from Henan, Gansu and Hebei, respectively; (g, h) broomcorn millet from Hebei and Gansu, respectively; (i) Japanese panicgrass; (j) woolly cupgrass. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "source_language": "zh", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "notes": "用户新补图仍无图号、图注；恢复原图1", "sites": [], "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "23a81e0f94f49407049916da096208b4032fad776861bcd8d3bcd9bfb4f325e2", "image_bytes": 3879962, "thumbnail": "previews/23a81e0f94f49407049916da.png", "image_url": "media/S004_unavailable_MAN_ec6b022f4c47.png?v=23a81e0f94f4", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S004_unavailable", "page": 3, "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "" }, "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:45.262824+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S005_6e18f69d62d7_S005-F01", "paper_key": "S005_6e18f69d62d7", "paper_id": "S005", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图１　现代块根块茎植物淀粉粒特征\n每组图上部为非偏光照片，下部为偏光照片；比例尺：２０μｍ\nＡ———海芋（Ａｌｏｃａｓｉａｍａｃｒｏｒｒｈｉｚａ）　Ｂ———芋（Ｃｏｌｏｃａｓｉａｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔａ）　Ｃ———百合（Ｌｉｌｉｕｍｂｒｏｗｎｉｉ）　Ｄ———贝母（Ｆｒｉｔｉｌｌａｒｉａｃｉｒｒｈｏｓａ）　\nＥ———睡莲（Ｎｙｍｐｈａｅａｔｅｔｒａｇｏｎａ）　Ｆ———芡实（Ｅｕｒｙａｌｅｆｅｒｏｘ）　Ｇ，Ｈ———莲藕（Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａ）　Ｉ———莲子（Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａ）　\nＪ———葛（Ｐｕｅｒａｒｉａｌｏｂａｔａ）　Ｋ———白芨（Ｂｌｅｔｉｌｌａｓｔｒｉａｔａ）　Ｌ，Ｍ———山药（Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａｏｐｐｏｓｉｔａ）　Ｎ———生姜（Ｚｉｎｇｉｂｅｒｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｌｅ）\nＯ———荸荠（Ｈｅｌｅｏｃｈａｒｉｓｄｕｌｃｉｓ）　Ｐ———菱角（Ｔｒａｐａｂｉｓｐｉｎｏｓａ）\nＦｉｇ．１　Ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｍｏｄｅｒｎｒｏｏｔｓａｎｄｔｕｂｅｒｓ．Ｐｈｏｔｏｓｗｅｒｅｔａｋｅｎ\nｕｎｄｅｒｕｎｐｏｌａｒｉｚｅｄ（ｕｐｐｅｒ）ａｎｄｐｏｌａｒｉｚｅｄｌｉｇｈｔ（ｌｏｗｅｒ）．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "83dc79009cec159d3795846928034a144f1454296f40121324cc824927774d1d", "image_bytes": 17052221, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图1 现代块根块茎植物淀粉粒特征\n每组图上部为非偏光照片，下部为偏光照片；比例尺：20 μm\nA—海芋（Alocasia macrorrhiza） B—芋（Colocasia esculenta） C—百合（Lilium brownii） D—贝母（Fritillaria cirrhosa） E—睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona） F—芡实（Euryale ferox） G，H—莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera） I—莲子（Nelumbo nucifera）\nJ—葛（Pueraria lobata） K—白芨（Bletilla striata） L，M—山药（Dioscorea opposita） N—生姜（Zingiber officinale）O—荸荠（Heleocharis dulcis） P—菱角（Trapa bispinosa）", "caption_en": "Fig. 1 Starch grains from modern roots and tubers. Photos were taken under unpolarized (upper) and polarized light (lower). Scale bar: 20 μm\nA———giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza); B———taro (Colocasia esculenta); C———lily (Lilium brownii); D———fritillary (Fritillaria cirrhosa); E———pygmy water lily (Nymphaea tetragona); F———fox nut (Euryale ferox); G, H———lotus rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera); I———lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera); J———kudzu (Pueraria lobata); K———Chinese ground orchid (Bletilla striata); L, M———Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita); N———ginger (Zingiber officinale); O———Chinese water chestnut (Heleocharis dulcis); P———water caltrop (Trapa bispinosa)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代块根块茎植物淀粉粒特征", "title_en": "Starch grains from modern roots and tubers", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/83dc79009cec159d37958469.png", "image_url": "media/S005_6e18f69d62d7_S005-F01.png?v=83dc79009cec", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:45.354782+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S005_6e18f69d62d7_S005-F02", "paper_key": "S005_6e18f69d62d7", "paper_id": "S005", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图２　针状草酸钙晶体（比例尺：５０μｍ）\nＡ为偏光照片（ｐｏｌａｒｉｚｅｄｌｉｇｈｔ），Ｂ和Ｃ为非偏光照片（ｕｎｐｏｌａｒｉｚｅｄｌｉｇｈｔ）\nＡ———海芋（Ａｌｏｃａｓｉａｍａｃｒｏｒｒｈｉｚａ）草酸钙晶体　Ｂ———白芨（Ｂｌｅｔｉｌｌａｓｔｒｉａｔａ）草酸钙晶体　Ｃ———山药（Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａｏｐｐｏｓｉｔａ）草酸钙晶体\nＦｉｇ．２　Ｃｒｙｓｔａｌｓｏｆｃａｌｃｉｕｍｏｘａｌａｔｅｆｒｏｍｒｏｏｔｓａｎｄｔｕｂｅｒｓ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：５０μｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "504b2a74f1ceebd6815afe5641b8bf3269ded4fa98da6787b0aa49b637d40e9c", "image_bytes": 3722019, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 针状草酸钙晶体（比例尺：50 μm）\nA为偏光照片（polarizedlight），B和C为非偏光照片（unpolarizedlight）A—海芋（Alocasia macrorrhiza）草酸钙晶体 B—白芨（Bletilla striata）草酸钙晶体 C—山药（Dioscorea opposita）草酸钙晶体", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals (scale bar: 50 μm). A is shown under polarized light; B and C are shown under unpolarized light. A, calcium oxalate crystals from giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza); B, calcium oxalate crystals from Chinese ground orchid (Bletilla striata); C, calcium oxalate crystals from Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "块根块茎植物的针状草酸钙晶体", "title_en": "Calcium oxalate raphides from roots and tubers", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/504b2a74f1ceebd6815afe56.png", "image_url": "media/S005_6e18f69d62d7_S005-F02.png?v=504b2a74f1ce", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:45.404485+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S006_034068c543d6_S006-F03", "paper_key": "S006_034068c543d6", "paper_id": "S006", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图３　部分现代植物淀粉粒（ａ，ｂ）木姜叶柯（Ｌｉｔｈｏｃａｒｐｕｓｌｉｔｓｅｉｆｏｌｉｕｓ）；（ｃ，ｄ）红锥（Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓｈｙｓｔｒｉｘ）；（ｅ，ｆ）毛曼青冈（Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｓｇａｍｂｌｅａｎａ）；\n（ｇ，ｈ）青冈（Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｓｇｌａｕｃａ）；（ｉ，ｊ）栲（Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓｆａｒｇｅｓｉｉ）；（ｋ，ｌ）薏苡（Ｃｏｉｘｌａｃｒｙｍａｊ\nｏｂｉ）；（ｍ）粟（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ）；\n（ｎ）黍（Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍｍｉｌｉａｃｅｕｍ）；（ｏ，ｐ）何首乌（Ｆａｌｌｏｐｉａｍｕｌｔｉｆｌｏｒａ）．比例尺：２０μｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "587cfea9c027b0263b26ba001f71527f37cf3ac7a3074c222683f5b6672ce1ba", "image_bytes": 15593008, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 部分现代植物淀粉粒（a，b）木姜叶柯（Lithocarpus litseifolius）；（c，d）红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）；（e，f）毛曼青冈（Cyclobalanopsis gambleana）；（g，h）青冈（Cyclobalanopsis glauca）；（i，j）栲（Castanopsis fargesii）；（k，l）薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；（m）粟（Setaria italica）；（n）黍（Panicum miliaceum）；（o，p）何首乌（Fallopiamultiflora）. 比例尺：20 μm", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grains from some modern plants (a, b) stone oak (Lithocarpus litseifolius); (c, d) chinquapin (Castanopsis hystrix); (e, f) ring-cupped oak (Cyclobalanopsis gambleana); (g, h) ring-cupped oak (Cyclobalanopsis glauca); (i, j) chinquapin (Castanopsis fargesii); (k, l) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (m) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (n) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); (o, p) fleeceflower (Fallopia multiflora). Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "部分现代植物淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from some modern plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/587cfea9c027b0263b26ba00.png", "image_url": "media/S006_034068c543d6_S006-F03.png?v=587cfea9c027", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:45.465671+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "综述" } }, { "id": "S006_034068c543d6_S006-F04", "paper_key": "S006_034068c543d6", "paper_id": "S006", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图４　栝楼与其他植物淀粉粒形态对比（ａ，ｂ）栝楼（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｓａｎｔｈｅｓｋｉｒｉｌｏｗｉｉ），粒径范围 ７６～２３５μｍ，平均粒径 １４５±３０μｍ；（ｃ，ｄ）太子参（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｓｔｅｌｌａｒｉａｈｅｔｅｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａ），\n粒径范围８９～２２４μｍ，平均粒径 １４１±２５μｍ；（ｅ，ｆ）疣柄磨芋（Ａｍｏｒｐｈｏｐｈａｌｌｕｓｐａｅｏｎｉｉｆｏｌｉｕｓ），平均粒径 ６６～２４３μｍ，\n平均粒径１２３±３６μｍ；（ｇ，ｈ）地不容（Ｓｔｅｐｈａｎｉａｅｐｉｇａｅａ），粒径范围 ６２～２０６μｍ，平均粒径 １１６±３０μｍ．比例尺：２０μｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d289ab46be83723deb04db8c22a5ee4f09091b97d757c84391805e8e280a969c", "image_bytes": 7056936, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 栝楼与其他植物淀粉粒形态对比（a，b）栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii），粒径范围 7.6~23.5 μm，平均粒径 14.5±3.0 μm；（c，d）太子参（Pseudostellariaheterophylla），粒径范围8.9~22.4 μm，平均粒径 14.1±2.5 μm；（e，f）疣柄磨芋（Amorphophallus paeoniifolius），粒径范围6.6–24.3 μm，平均粒径12.3±3.6 μm；（g，h）地不容（Stephaniaepigaea），粒径范围 6.2~20.6 μm，平均粒径 11.6±3.0 μm. 比例尺：20 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Comparison of starch grain morphology among Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) and other plants (a, b) Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii), particle diameter range 7.6–23.5 μm, average particle diameter 14.5±3.0 μm; (c, d) pseudostellaria (Pseudostellaria heterophylla), particle diameter range 8.9–22.4 μm, average particle diameter 14.1±2.5 μm; (e, f) elephant-foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius), particle diameter range 6.6–24.3 μm, average particle diameter 12.3±3.6 μm; (g, h) stephania vine (Stephania epigaea), particle diameter range 6.2–20.6 μm, average particle diameter 11.6±3.0 μm. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "栝楼及其他植物淀粉粒形态对比", "title_en": "Comparison of starch grain morphology among Trichosanthes kirilowii and other plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/d289ab46be83723deb04db8c.png", "image_url": "media/S006_034068c543d6_S006-F04.png?v=d289ab46be83", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:45.528784+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "综述" } }, { "id": "S009_13b82bda158b_S009-F01", "paper_key": "S009_13b82bda158b", "paper_id": "S009", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图一 现代豆科植物淀粉粒形态图谱\nl\na.白巴山豆 b.红小豆 c.白豌豆 d.蚕豆 e.红扁豆 f.回回豆 g.脑豆 h.绿豆\ni.菜豆 j.大豆 k.野大豆大粒型 l.野大豆小粒型", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按PDF第2页实验材料补现代豆类样品的学名与中英常用名，原图红扁豆为Lens culinaris（兵豆），不能按其他图的扁豆译成hyacinth bean。保留地方样品名，避免纯拼音译名。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f6f7545d6068185d867006c613caf7a7e0d1d60a8acde4870dc0e74700ad1abb", "image_bytes": 1534024, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图一 现代豆科植物淀粉粒形态图谱。a：白巴山豆（Vigna umbellata；学名沿用原文）；b：红小豆（Vigna angularis；学名沿用原文）；c：白豌豆（Pisum sativum；学名沿用原文）；d：蚕豆（Vicia faba；学名沿用原文）；e：红扁豆（兵豆）（兵豆，Lens culinaris；学名沿用原文）；f：回回豆（鹰嘴豆样品）（鹰嘴豆，Cicer arietinum；学名沿用原文）；g：脑豆（鹰嘴豆样品）（鹰嘴豆，Cicer arietinum；学名沿用原文）；h：绿豆（Phaseolus radiatus；学名沿用原文）；i：菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris；学名沿用原文）；j：大豆（Glycine max；学名沿用原文）；k：野大豆大粒型（Glycine soja；学名沿用原文）；l：野大豆小粒型（Glycine soja；学名沿用原文）。", "caption_en": "Figure 1. Starch-grain morphology of modern legumes. a: rice bean (sample labelled Baibashandou); b: adzuki bean; c: white pea; d: broad bean; e: red lentil; f: chickpea (sample labelled Huihuidou); g: chickpea (sample labelled Naodou); h: mung bean; i: common bean; j: soybean; k: wild soybean, large-seeded form; l: wild soybean, small-seeded form.\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\na: Modern reference: rice bean (sample labelled Baibashandou) (rice bean, Vigna umbellata; source nomenclature). (PDF p. 2).\nb: Modern reference: adzuki bean (Vigna angularis; source nomenclature). (PDF p. 2).\nc: Modern reference: white pea (Pisum sativum; source nomenclature). (PDF p. 2).\nd: Modern reference: broad bean (Vicia faba; source nomenclature). (PDF p. 2).\ne: Modern reference: red lentil (Lens culinaris; source nomenclature). (PDF p. 2).\nf: Modern reference: chickpea (sample labelled Huihuidou) (chickpea, Cicer arietinum; source nomenclature). (PDF p. 2).\ng: Modern reference: chickpea (sample labelled Naodou) (chickpea, Cicer arietinum; source nomenclature). (PDF p. 2).\nh: Modern reference: mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus; source nomenclature). (PDF p. 2).\ni: Modern reference: common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris; source nomenclature). (PDF p. 2).\nj: Modern reference: soybean (Glycine max; source nomenclature). (PDF p. 2).\nk: Modern reference: wild soybean, large-seeded form (wild soybean, Glycine soja; source nomenclature). (PDF p. 2).\nl: Modern reference: wild soybean, small-seeded form (wild soybean, Glycine soja; source nomenclature). (PDF p. 2).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代豆科植物淀粉粒形态图谱", "title_en": "Morphological spectrum of starch grains from modern Fabaceae plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/f6f7545d6068185d867006c6.png", "image_url": "media/S009_13b82bda158b_S009-F01.png?v=f6f7545d6068", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "a", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：白巴山豆（Vigna umbellata；学名沿用原文）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: rice bean (sample labelled Baibashandou) (rice bean, Vigna umbellata; source nomenclature).", "uncertainty": "现代样品名称来自实验材料段；不将地方样品名或大小粒型提升为独立物种或亚种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "豆属（Vigna Savi）白巴山豆（Vigna umbellata" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f6f7545d6068185d867006c613caf7a7e0d1d60a8acde4870dc0e74700ad1abb" }, { "panels": "b", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：红小豆（Vigna angularis；学名沿用原文）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: adzuki bean (Vigna angularis; source nomenclature).", "uncertainty": "现代样品名称来自实验材料段；不将地方样品名或大小粒型提升为独立物种或亚种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "Thunb. Ohwi et Ohashi）、红小豆（Vigna angu-" }, { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "个品种的现代样品进行淀粉粒提取及观测。\n其中白巴山豆样品采自甘肃省康县，红小豆" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f6f7545d6068185d867006c613caf7a7e0d1d60a8acde4870dc0e74700ad1abb" }, { "panels": "c", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：白豌豆（Pisum sativum；学名沿用原文）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: white pea (Pisum sativum; source nomenclature).", "uncertainty": "现代样品名称来自实验材料段；不将地方样品名或大小粒型提升为独立物种或亚种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "laris Willd. Ohwi et Ohashi），豌豆属（Pisum\nLinn.）白豌豆（Pisum sativum Linn.），野豌豆属\n（Vicia Linn.）蚕豆（Vicia faba Linn.），兵豆属" }, { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "样品采自甘肃省泾川县，白豌豆及红扁豆样\n品采自甘肃省临洮县，蚕豆样品采自甘肃省\n渭源县，回回豆及脑豆样品采自甘肃省通渭" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f6f7545d6068185d867006c613caf7a7e0d1d60a8acde4870dc0e74700ad1abb" }, { "panels": "d", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：蚕豆（Vicia faba；学名沿用原文）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: broad bean (Vicia faba; source nomenclature).", "uncertainty": "现代样品名称来自实验材料段；不将地方样品名或大小粒型提升为独立物种或亚种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "laris Willd. Ohwi et Ohashi），豌豆属（Pisum\nLinn.）白豌豆（Pisum sativum Linn.），野豌豆属\n（Vicia Linn.）蚕豆（Vicia faba Linn.），兵豆属" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f6f7545d6068185d867006c613caf7a7e0d1d60a8acde4870dc0e74700ad1abb" }, { "panels": "e", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：红扁豆（兵豆）（兵豆，Lens culinaris；学名沿用原文）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: red lentil (Lens culinaris; source nomenclature).", "uncertainty": "现代样品名称来自实验材料段；不将地方样品名或大小粒型提升为独立物种或亚种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "（Lens Mill.）红扁豆（Lens culinaris Medic.），鹰" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f6f7545d6068185d867006c613caf7a7e0d1d60a8acde4870dc0e74700ad1abb" }, { "panels": "f", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：回回豆（鹰嘴豆样品）（鹰嘴豆，Cicer arietinum；学名沿用原文）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: chickpea (sample labelled Huihuidou) (chickpea, Cicer arietinum; source nomenclature).", "uncertainty": "现代样品名称来自实验材料段；不将地方样品名或大小粒型提升为独立物种或亚种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "10 个种（其中鹰嘴豆属中选择回回豆及脑豆\n两个亚种，大豆属中野大豆也选择大粒型和\n小粒型两个亚种）的现代样品，进行了淀粉粒" }, { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "嘴豆属（Cicer Linn.）回回豆（Cicer arietinum" }, { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "样品采自甘肃省泾川县，白豌豆及红扁豆样\n品采自甘肃省临洮县，蚕豆样品采自甘肃省\n渭源县，回回豆及脑豆样品采自甘肃省通渭" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f6f7545d6068185d867006c613caf7a7e0d1d60a8acde4870dc0e74700ad1abb" }, { "panels": "g", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：脑豆（鹰嘴豆样品）（鹰嘴豆，Cicer arietinum；学名沿用原文）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: chickpea (sample labelled Naodou) (chickpea, Cicer arietinum; source nomenclature).", "uncertainty": "现代样品名称来自实验材料段；不将地方样品名或大小粒型提升为独立物种或亚种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "10 个种（其中鹰嘴豆属中选择回回豆及脑豆\n两个亚种，大豆属中野大豆也选择大粒型和\n小粒型两个亚种）的现代样品，进行了淀粉粒" }, { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "Linn.）、脑豆（Cicer arietinum Linn.），菜豆属\n（Phaseolus Linn.）绿豆（Phaseolus radiatus\nLinn.）、菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris Linn.），大豆" }, { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "样品采自甘肃省泾川县，白豌豆及红扁豆样\n品采自甘肃省临洮县，蚕豆样品采自甘肃省\n渭源县，回回豆及脑豆样品采自甘肃省通渭" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f6f7545d6068185d867006c613caf7a7e0d1d60a8acde4870dc0e74700ad1abb" }, { "panels": "h", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：绿豆（Phaseolus radiatus；学名沿用原文）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus; source nomenclature).", "uncertainty": "现代样品名称来自实验材料段；不将地方样品名或大小粒型提升为独立物种或亚种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "Linn.）、脑豆（Cicer arietinum Linn.），菜豆属\n（Phaseolus Linn.）绿豆（Phaseolus radiatus\nLinn.）、菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris Linn.），大豆" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f6f7545d6068185d867006c613caf7a7e0d1d60a8acde4870dc0e74700ad1abb" }, { "panels": "i", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris；学名沿用原文）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris; source nomenclature).", "uncertainty": "现代样品名称来自实验材料段；不将地方样品名或大小粒型提升为独立物种或亚种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "Linn.）、脑豆（Cicer arietinum Linn.），菜豆属\n（Phaseolus Linn.）绿豆（Phaseolus radiatus\nLinn.）、菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris Linn.），大豆" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f6f7545d6068185d867006c613caf7a7e0d1d60a8acde4870dc0e74700ad1abb" }, { "panels": "j", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：大豆（Glycine max；学名沿用原文）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: soybean (Glycine max; source nomenclature).", "uncertainty": "现代样品名称来自实验材料段；不将地方样品名或大小粒型提升为独立物种或亚种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "属（Glycine Willd.）大豆（G.. max linn. Merr.）、\n野大豆大粒型（Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.）、野\n大豆小粒型（Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.）共12" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f6f7545d6068185d867006c613caf7a7e0d1d60a8acde4870dc0e74700ad1abb" }, { "panels": "k", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：野大豆大粒型（Glycine soja；学名沿用原文）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: wild soybean, large-seeded form (wild soybean, Glycine soja; source nomenclature).", "uncertainty": "现代样品名称来自实验材料段；不将地方样品名或大小粒型提升为独立物种或亚种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "属（Glycine Willd.）大豆（G.. max linn. Merr.）、\n野大豆大粒型（Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.）、野\n大豆小粒型（Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.）共12" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f6f7545d6068185d867006c613caf7a7e0d1d60a8acde4870dc0e74700ad1abb" }, { "panels": "l", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：野大豆小粒型（Glycine soja；学名沿用原文）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: wild soybean, small-seeded form (wild soybean, Glycine soja; source nomenclature).", "uncertainty": "现代样品名称来自实验材料段；不将地方样品名或大小粒型提升为独立物种或亚种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "10 个种（其中鹰嘴豆属中选择回回豆及脑豆\n两个亚种，大豆属中野大豆也选择大粒型和\n小粒型两个亚种）的现代样品，进行了淀粉粒" }, { "page": 2, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "属（Glycine Willd.）大豆（G.. max linn. Merr.）、\n野大豆大粒型（Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.）、野\n大豆小粒型（Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.）共12" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f6f7545d6068185d867006c613caf7a7e0d1d60a8acde4870dc0e74700ad1abb" } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图一 现代豆科植物淀粉粒形态图谱。a.白巴山豆；b.红小豆；c.白豌豆；d.蚕豆；e.红扁豆；f.回回豆；g.脑豆；h.绿豆；i.菜豆；j.大豆；k.野大豆大粒型；l.野大豆小粒型。", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:45.591639+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S009_13b82bda158b_S009-F02", "paper_key": "S009_13b82bda158b", "paper_id": "S009", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二 考古样品中的豆科淀粉粒\na、b. 跨湖桥遗址陶片中小豆淀粉粒 c.陈旗磨沟遗址人牙\n中豌豆淀粉粒 d.陈旗磨沟遗址人牙中回回豆淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ac466695e62dc2225087e95abc12fb608951e22d6596123f1ab8e0d44ebd31bf", "image_bytes": 554132, "sites": [ "CN083", "CN039" ], "caption_zh": "图二 考古样品中的豆科淀粉粒\na、b. 跨湖桥遗址陶片中小豆淀粉粒 c.陈旗磨沟遗址人牙中豌豆淀粉粒 d.陈旗磨沟遗址人牙中回回豆淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Starch grains from archaeological samples of legume family (Fabaceae)\na, b. Adzuki bean starch grains from pottery at the Kuahuqiao site; c. Pea starch grains from human tooth at the Chenqimogou site; d. Chickpea starch grains from human tooth at the Chenqimogou site", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "考古样品中的豆科淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from archaeological samples of Fabaceae", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/ac466695e62dc2225087e95a.png", "image_url": "media/S009_13b82bda158b_S009-F02.png?v=ac466695e62d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:45.664008+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN083", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图二 考古样品中的豆科淀粉粒\na、b. 跨湖桥遗址陶片中小豆淀粉粒 c.陈旗磨沟遗址人牙\n中豌豆淀粉粒 d.陈旗磨沟遗址人牙中回回豆淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "跨湖桥", "quote": "属红扁豆，鹰嘴豆属回回 索\n 豆、脑豆，菜豆属绿豆、菜豆，大豆属大豆、野大豆（大粒型）、野大豆（小粒型）共12 个品种现代样品进行淀粉粒\n 提取及观测，建立起部分豆科植物淀粉粒的鉴定及判别依据。以此为基础，对浙江萧山跨湖桥遗址以及甘肃临\n 潭陈旗磨沟遗址出土的考古样品进行淀粉粒分析，从中发现了小豆、豌豆以及回回豆淀粉粒，为研究此类豆科\n 植物的起源、传播及扩散问题提供了新的科学资料。\n 3\n\n\n\n 农业起源及文明起源研究一直是世界学 题。研究某类作物的起源，需要很多领域进行\n 界的热点，为多种学科所共同关注，其中", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "13b82bda158bb41c78e2b1720a1c07fefb06b41d3825f8277b44a731d9496cde" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN039", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图二 考古样品中的豆科淀粉粒\na、b. 跨湖桥遗址陶片中小豆淀粉粒 c.陈旗磨沟遗址人牙\n中豌豆淀粉粒 d.陈旗磨沟遗址人牙中回回豆淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "陈旗磨沟", "quote": "豆、脑豆，菜豆属绿豆、菜豆，大豆属大豆、野大豆（大粒型）、野大豆（小粒型）共12 个品种现代样品进行淀粉粒\n 提取及观测，建立起部分豆科植物淀粉粒的鉴定及判别依据。以此为基础，对浙江萧山跨湖桥遗址以及甘肃临\n 潭陈旗磨沟遗址出土的考古样品进行淀粉粒分析，从中发现了小豆、豌豆以及回回豆淀粉粒，为研究此类豆科\n 植物的起源、传播及扩散问题提供了新的科学资料。\n 3\n\n\n\n 农业起源及文明起源研究一直是世界学 题。研究某类作物的起源，需要很多领域进行\n 界的热点，为多种学科所共同关注，其中作为 合作，豆类作物亦不例外，如生物学领域关", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "13b82bda158bb41c78e2b1720a1c07fefb06b41d3825f8277b44a731d9496cde" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "paper_key": "S011_51ebdda2b100", "paper_id": "S011", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2 第一组和第二组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）\n（a）野芋（Colocasia sp.）；（b）狗爪芋（Colocasia sp.）；（c）绿叶芋（Colocasia sp.）；（d）芋（Colocasia esculenta）；（e）香芋（Colocasia esculenta cv.）；（f）紫芋（Colocasia tonoimo）；（g）海芋（Alocasia macrorrhiza）；（h）海芋属某种（Alocasia sp.）；（i）千年健（Homalomena occulta）；（j）石菖蒲（Acorus tatarinowii）；（k）谢军磨芋（Amoephophallus xiei）；（l）甘薯（Dioscorea esculenta）；（m～n）百彩叶芋（Caladium humboldtic）；（o～p）白芷（Angelica dahurica）；（q～r）红芋（Colocasia konishii Hayata）；（s～t）秀丽曲苞芋（Gonatanthus ornatus）；（u～v）马蹄犁头尖（Typhonium trilobatum）；（w～x）粉葛（Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii）\nFig. 2 Starch grains of roots and tubers from group 1 and 2", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Sweet potato → lesser yam（Dioscorea esculenta）。\n按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Sea taro → giant taro（Alocasia macrorrhiza）。\n按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Horse hoof tassel → aroid（Typhonium trilobatum）。\n2026-10-21复核：原注Amoephophallus xiei及Caladium humboldtic的拼写分别校为Amorphophallus xiei及Caladium humboldtii；原始图注原样保留。现行植物分类与原样品的重新鉴定未在此完成。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e", "image_bytes": 14747024, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 第一组和第二组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（现代参照；比例尺：20 μm）。\n（a）野芋（Colocasia sp.）；（b）狗爪芋（Colocasia sp.）；（c）绿叶芋（Colocasia sp.）；（d）芋（Colocasia esculenta）；（e）香芋（Colocasia esculenta cv.）；（f）紫芋（Colocasia tonoimo）；（g）海芋（Alocasia macrorrhiza）；（h）海芋属某种（Alocasia sp.）；（i）千年健（Homalomena occulta）；（j）石菖蒲（Acorus tatarinowii）；（k）谢军磨芋（Amorphophallus xiei）；（l）甘薯（Dioscorea esculenta）；（m～n）百彩叶芋（Caladium humboldtii）；（o～p）白芷（Angelica dahurica）；（q～r）红芋（Colocasia konishii Hayata）；（s～t）秀丽曲苞芋（Gonatanthus ornatus）；（u～v）马蹄犁头尖（Typhonium trilobatum）；（w～x）粉葛（Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii）。", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Starch grains from roots and tubers in groups 1 and 2 (modern references; scale bar: 20 μm).\n(a) taro (Colocasia sp.); (b) taro (Colocasia sp.); (c) taro (Colocasia sp.); (d) taro (Colocasia esculenta); (e) taro (Colocasia esculenta cv.); (f) taro (Colocasia tonoimo); (g) giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza); (h) elephant ears (Alocasia sp.); (i) homalomena (Homalomena occulta); (j) sweet flag (Acorus tatarinowii); (k) aroid (Amorphophallus xiei); (l) lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta); (m～n) caladium (Caladium humboldtii); (o～p) dahurian angelica (Angelica dahurica); (q～r) taro (Colocasia konishii Hayata); (s～t) aroid (Gonatanthus ornatus); (u～v) aroid (Typhonium trilobatum); (w～x) kudzu (Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii).\n\nEditorial source-check note:\nDisplay spellings Amoephophallus xiei and Caladium humboldtic are corrected to Amorphophallus xiei and Caladium humboldtii. The raw source caption is preserved; this is a spelling correction, not a new identification of the specimens.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "第一组和第二组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）", "title_zh": "第一组和第二组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）", "title_en": "Starch grains of roots and tubers from group 1 and 2", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb5.png", "image_url": "media/S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000.png?v=67ac29e03b9b", "panel_annotations": [ { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "a", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：野芋（Colocasia sp.）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: taro (Colocasia sp.)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（a）野芋（Colocasia sp.）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "b", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：狗爪芋（Colocasia sp.）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: taro (Colocasia sp.)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（b）狗爪芋（Colocasia sp.）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "c", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：绿叶芋（Colocasia sp.）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: taro (Colocasia sp.)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（c）绿叶芋（Colocasia sp.）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "d", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：芋（Colocasia esculenta）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: taro (Colocasia esculenta)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（d）芋（Colocasia esculenta）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "e", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：香芋（Colocasia esculenta cv.）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: taro (Colocasia esculenta cv.)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（e）香芋（Colocasia esculenta cv.）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "f", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：紫芋（Colocasia tonoimo）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: taro (Colocasia tonoimo)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（f）紫芋（Colocasia tonoimo）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "g", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：海芋（Alocasia macrorrhiza）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（g）海芋（Alocasia macrorrhiza）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "h", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：海芋属某种（Alocasia sp.）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: elephant ears (Alocasia sp.)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（h）海芋属某种（Alocasia sp.）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "i", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：千年健（Homalomena occulta）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: homalomena (Homalomena occulta)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（i）千年健（Homalomena occulta）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "j", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：石菖蒲（Acorus tatarinowii）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: sweet flag (Acorus tatarinowii)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（j）石菖蒲（Acorus tatarinowii）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "k", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：谢军磨芋（Amorphophallus xiei）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: aroid (Amorphophallus xiei)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（k）谢军磨芋（Amoephophallus xiei）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "l", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：甘薯（Dioscorea esculenta）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（l）甘薯（Dioscorea esculenta）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "m～n", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：百彩叶芋（Caladium humboldtii）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: caladium (Caladium humboldtii)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（m～n）百彩叶芋（Caladium humboldtic）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "o～p", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：白芷（Angelica dahurica）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: dahurian angelica (Angelica dahurica)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（o～p）白芷（Angelica dahurica）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "q～r", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：红芋（Colocasia konishii Hayata）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: taro (Colocasia konishii Hayata)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（q～r）红芋（Colocasia konishii Hayata）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "s～t", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：秀丽曲苞芋（Gonatanthus ornatus）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: aroid (Gonatanthus ornatus)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（s～t）秀丽曲苞芋（Gonatanthus ornatus）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "u～v", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：马蹄犁头尖（Typhonium trilobatum）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: aroid (Typhonium trilobatum)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（u～v）马蹄犁头尖（Typhonium trilobatum）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0005-B000", "panels": "w～x", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：粉葛（Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: kudzu (Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（w～x）粉葛（Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "67ac29e03b9b7400bdc05bb519542a5b210f4860d222c5633ad6a6c9e7bbb72e" } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "caption_explicit_original", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:45.727271+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "paper_key": "S011_51ebdda2b100", "paper_id": "S011", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 第二组和第三组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）\n（a～b）疣柄磨芋（Amorphophallus virosus）；（c～d）马蹄莲（Zantedeschia aethiopica）；（e～f）半夏（Pinellia ternata）；（g～h）三角叶芋（Colocasia sp.）；（i～j）地不容（Stephania epigaea）；（k～l）土茯苓（Smilax glabra）；（m～n）栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）；（o～p）黄魔芋（Amorphophallus paeoniifolius）；（q～r）磨芋（Amorphophallus rivieri）；（s～t）海南三七（Kaempferia rotunda）；（u～v）薯蓣（Dioscorea opposita）；（w～x）参薯（Dioscorea alata）\nFig. 3 Starch grains of roots and tubers from group 2 and 3", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e888748b69316e900647f6a38fc187c436b241132f5", "image_bytes": 17830339, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 第二组和第三组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（现代参照；比例尺：20 μm）。\n（a～b）疣柄磨芋（Amorphophallus virosus）；（c～d）马蹄莲（Zantedeschia aethiopica）；（e～f）半夏（Pinellia ternata）；（g～h）三角叶芋（Colocasia sp.）；（i～j）地不容（Stephania epigaea）；（k～l）土茯苓（Smilax glabra）；（m～n）栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）；（o～p）黄魔芋（Amorphophallus paeoniifolius）；（q～r）磨芋（Amorphophallus rivieri）；（s～t）海南三七（Kaempferia rotunda）；（u～v）薯蓣（Dioscorea opposita）；（w～x）参薯（Dioscorea alata）。", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Starch grains from roots and tubers in groups 2 and 3 (modern references; scale bar: 20 μm).\n(a～b) aroid (Amorphophallus virosus); (c～d) calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica); (e～f) pinellia (Pinellia ternata); (g～h) taro (Colocasia sp.); (i～j) stephania vine (Stephania epigaea); (k～l) sarsaparilla (Smilax glabra); (m～n) Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii); (o～p) elephant-foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius); (q～r) konjac (Amorphophallus rivieri); (s～t) kaempferia ginger (Kaempferia rotunda); (u～v) Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita); (w～x) greater yam (Dioscorea alata).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "第二组和第三组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）", "title_zh": "第二组和第三组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）", "title_en": "Starch grains of roots and tubers from group 2 and 3", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e88.png", "image_url": "media/S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023.png?v=f14f8b559c60", "panel_annotations": [ { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "panels": "a～b", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：疣柄磨芋（Amorphophallus virosus）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: aroid (Amorphophallus virosus)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（a～b）疣柄磨芋（Amorphophallus virosus）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e888748b69316e900647f6a38fc187c436b241132f5" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "panels": "c～d", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：马蹄莲（Zantedeschia aethiopica）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（c～d）马蹄莲（Zantedeschia aethiopica）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e888748b69316e900647f6a38fc187c436b241132f5" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "panels": "e～f", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：半夏（Pinellia ternata）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: pinellia (Pinellia ternata)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（e～f）半夏（Pinellia ternata）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e888748b69316e900647f6a38fc187c436b241132f5" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "panels": "g～h", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：三角叶芋（Colocasia sp.）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: taro (Colocasia sp.)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（g～h）三角叶芋（Colocasia sp.）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e888748b69316e900647f6a38fc187c436b241132f5" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "panels": "i～j", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：地不容（Stephania epigaea）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: stephania vine (Stephania epigaea)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（i～j）地不容（Stephania epigaea）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e888748b69316e900647f6a38fc187c436b241132f5" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "panels": "k～l", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：土茯苓（Smilax glabra）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: sarsaparilla (Smilax glabra)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（k～l）土茯苓（Smilax glabra）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e888748b69316e900647f6a38fc187c436b241132f5" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "panels": "m～n", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（m～n）栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e888748b69316e900647f6a38fc187c436b241132f5" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "panels": "o～p", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：黄魔芋（Amorphophallus paeoniifolius）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: elephant-foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（o～p）黄魔芋（Amorphophallus paeoniifolius）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e888748b69316e900647f6a38fc187c436b241132f5" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "panels": "q～r", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：磨芋（Amorphophallus rivieri）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: konjac (Amorphophallus rivieri)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（q～r）磨芋（Amorphophallus rivieri）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e888748b69316e900647f6a38fc187c436b241132f5" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "panels": "s～t", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：海南三七（Kaempferia rotunda）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: kaempferia ginger (Kaempferia rotunda)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（s～t）海南三七（Kaempferia rotunda）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e888748b69316e900647f6a38fc187c436b241132f5" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "panels": "u～v", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：薯蓣（Dioscorea opposita）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（u～v）薯蓣（Dioscorea opposita）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e888748b69316e900647f6a38fc187c436b241132f5" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0006-B023", "panels": "w～x", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：参薯（Dioscorea alata）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: greater yam (Dioscorea alata)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（w～x）参薯（Dioscorea alata）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "f14f8b559c602e3abbeb3e888748b69316e900647f6a38fc187c436b241132f5" } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "caption_explicit_original", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:45.776801+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B000", "paper_key": "S011_51ebdda2b100", "paper_id": "S011", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4 碎球形淀粉粒，箭头所示为挤压面（比例尺：20 μm）\n（a）可见3个挤压面的碎球形；（b）可见4个挤压面的碎球形；（c～d）可见5个挤压面的碎球形；（e～f）可见6个挤压面的碎球形。箭头所示为挤压面\nFig. 4 Modern starch grains in shape of partial sphere", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5056d6b0e5724186b6d52dc065fc68b08e6b0a174ad70f241bb5f5f8850c46d4", "image_bytes": 4354377, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 碎球形淀粉粒，箭头所示为挤压面（比例尺：20 μm）\n（a）可见3个挤压面的碎球形；（b）可见4个挤压面的碎球形；（c~d）可见5个挤压面的碎球形；（e~f）可见6个挤压面的碎球形。箭头所示为挤压面", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Starch grains in shape of partial sphere, arrows indicate compressed faces (scale bar: 20 μm) (a) shows three compressed faces; (b) shows four compressed faces; (c–d) shows five compressed faces; (e–f) shows six compressed faces. Arrows indicate compressed faces.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "碎球形淀粉粒，箭头所示为挤压面（比例尺：20 μm）", "title_zh": "碎球形淀粉粒，箭头所示为挤压面（比例尺：20 μm）", "title_en": "Starch grains in shape of partial sphere", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/5056d6b0e5724186b6d52dc0.png", "image_url": "media/S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B000.png?v=5056d6b0e572", "panel_annotations": [ { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B000", "panels": "a", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照形态：可见3个挤压面的碎球形", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference morphology: Partial sphere showing 3 compression facets", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（a）可见3个挤压面的碎球形" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "5056d6b0e5724186b6d52dc065fc68b08e6b0a174ad70f241bb5f5f8850c46d4" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B000", "panels": "b", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照形态：可见4个挤压面的碎球形", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference morphology: Partial sphere showing 4 compression facets", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（b）可见4个挤压面的碎球形" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "5056d6b0e5724186b6d52dc065fc68b08e6b0a174ad70f241bb5f5f8850c46d4" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B000", "panels": "c～d", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照形态：可见5个挤压面的碎球形", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference morphology: Partial sphere showing 5 compression facets", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（c～d）可见5个挤压面的碎球形" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "5056d6b0e5724186b6d52dc065fc68b08e6b0a174ad70f241bb5f5f8850c46d4" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B000", "panels": "e～f", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照形态：可见6个挤压面的碎球形。箭头所示为挤压面", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference morphology: Partial sphere showing 6 compression facets", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（e～f）可见6个挤压面的碎球形。箭头所示为挤压面" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "5056d6b0e5724186b6d52dc065fc68b08e6b0a174ad70f241bb5f5f8850c46d4" } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "caption_explicit_original", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:45.821290+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "paper_key": "S011_51ebdda2b100", "paper_id": "S011", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图5 第三组和第四组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）\n（a～b）蕉芋（Canna edulis）；（c～d）美人蕉（Canna indica）；（e～f）野山药（Dioscorea sp.）；（g～h）慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia var. sinensis）；（i～j）蒜（Allium sativum）；（k）金毛狗（Cibotium barometz）；（l～m）甘草（Glycyrrhiza uralensis）；（n～o）泽泻（Alisma plantago-aquatica）；（p）赤芍（Cynanchum officinale）；（q～r）白斑凹唇姜（Boesenbergia albomaculata）；（s～t）土田七（Stahlianthus involucratus）；（u～v）节鞭山姜（Alpinia conchigera）；（w～x）黄独（Dioscorea bulbifera）\nFig. 5 Starch grains of roots and tubers from group 3 and 4", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "\n2026-10-21复核：原图5将p样品同时写作“赤芍”和Cynanchum officinale；植物志中该学名对应朱砂藤，名实不一致。当前保留原文样品标签，不将它作为已确认的赤芍或朱砂藤参照标本。", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92", "image_bytes": 15155005, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5 第三组和第四组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（现代参照；比例尺：20 μm）。\n（a～b）蕉芋（Canna edulis）；（c～d）美人蕉（Canna indica）；（e～f）野山药（Dioscorea sp.）；（g～h）慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia var. sinensis）；（i～j）蒜（Allium sativum）；（k）金毛狗（Cibotium barometz）；（l～m）甘草（Glycyrrhiza uralensis）；（n～o）泽泻（Alisma plantago-aquatica）；（p）原文样品名“赤芍”（Cynanchum officinale；中文名与学名对应存疑）；（q～r）白斑凹唇姜（Boesenbergia albomaculata）；（s～t）土田七（Stahlianthus involucratus）；（u～v）节鞭山姜（Alpinia conchigera）；（w～x）黄独（Dioscorea bulbifera）。", "caption_en": "Figure 5. Starch grains from roots and tubers in groups 3 and 4 (modern references; scale bar: 20 μm).\n(a～b) achira (Canna edulis); (c～d) Indian shot (Canna indica); (e～f) yams (Dioscorea sp.); (g～h) arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia var. sinensis); (i～j) garlic (Allium sativum); (k) golden chicken fern (Cibotium barometz); (l～m) licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis); (n～o) water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica); (p) Source specimen labelled “Chishao” (Cynanchum officinale as printed; Chinese and scientific names conflict); (q～r) boesenbergia ginger (Boesenbergia albomaculata); (s～t) ginger relative (Stahlianthus involucratus); (u～v) galangal (Alpinia conchigera); (w～x) air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera).\n\nEditorial source-check note: The Chinese and scientific names of panel p conflict in the source; the actual reference specimen remains unresolved.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "第三组和第四组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）", "title_zh": "第三组和第四组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）", "title_en": "Starch grains of roots and tubers from group 3 and 4", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc6.png", "image_url": "media/S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028.png?v=e00357fe6919", "panel_annotations": [ { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "panels": "a～b", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：蕉芋（Canna edulis）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: achira (Canna edulis)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（a～b）蕉芋（Canna edulis）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "panels": "c～d", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：美人蕉（Canna indica）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: Indian shot (Canna indica)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（c～d）美人蕉（Canna indica）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "panels": "e～f", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：野山药（Dioscorea sp.）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: yams (Dioscorea sp.)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（e～f）野山药（Dioscorea sp.）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "panels": "g～h", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia var. sinensis）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia var. sinensis)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（g～h）慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia var. sinensis）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "panels": "i～j", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：蒜（Allium sativum）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: garlic (Allium sativum)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（i～j）蒜（Allium sativum）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "panels": "k", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：金毛狗（Cibotium barometz）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: golden chicken fern (Cibotium barometz)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（k）金毛狗（Cibotium barometz）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "panels": "l～m", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：甘草（Glycyrrhiza uralensis）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（l～m）甘草（Glycyrrhiza uralensis）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "panels": "n～o", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：泽泻（Alisma plantago-aquatica）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（n～o）泽泻（Alisma plantago-aquatica）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "panels": "p", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：原文样品名“赤芍”（Cynanchum officinale；中文名与学名对应存疑）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: Source specimen labelled “Chishao” (Cynanchum officinale as printed; Chinese and scientific names conflict)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "原图注名实对应存疑，不作为已确认赤芍或朱砂藤的参照记录。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（p）赤芍（Cynanchum officinale）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "panels": "q～r", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：白斑凹唇姜（Boesenbergia albomaculata）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: boesenbergia ginger (Boesenbergia albomaculata)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（q～r）白斑凹唇姜（Boesenbergia albomaculata）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "panels": "s～t", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：土田七（Stahlianthus involucratus）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: ginger relative (Stahlianthus involucratus)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（s～t）土田七（Stahlianthus involucratus）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "panels": "u～v", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：节鞭山姜（Alpinia conchigera）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: galangal (Alpinia conchigera)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（u～v）节鞭山姜（Alpinia conchigera）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0007-B028", "panels": "w～x", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：黄独（Dioscorea bulbifera）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（w～x）黄独（Dioscorea bulbifera）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "e00357fe6919a80e648a4bc63a18c54758c2698ed5d51b2425014f94e31c4e92" } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "caption_explicit_original", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:21:14.574575+00:00", "revision": 5 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0008-B003", "paper_key": "S011_51ebdda2b100", "paper_id": "S011", "number": "7", "caption_original": "图7 第四组和第五组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）\n（a～b）红背薯蓣（Dioscorea dodecahedra）；（c～d）地涌金莲（Musella lasiocarpa）；（e～f）薯蓣属某种（Dioscorea sp.）；（g～h）菊叶薯蓣（Dioscorea composita）；（i～j）裂果薯（Schizocapsa plantaginea）；（k～l）木薯（Manihot esculenta）；（m～n）孩儿参（Pseudostellaria heterophylla）；（o～p）大黄（Rheum sp.）；（q～r）何首乌（Fallopia multiflora）\nFig. 7 Starch grains of roots and tubers from group 4 and 5", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Earth-rising golden lily → Chinese dwarf banana（Musella lasiocarpa）。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5606f27caaa87b50a93ce8d565b01758d599612d18ac2849628b0800f5470826", "image_bytes": 9821138, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图7 第四组和第五组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（现代参照；比例尺：20 μm）。\n（a～b）红背薯蓣（Dioscorea dodecahedra）；（c～d）地涌金莲（Musella lasiocarpa）；（e～f）薯蓣属某种（Dioscorea sp.）；（g～h）菊叶薯蓣（Dioscorea composita）；（i～j）裂果薯（Schizocapsa plantaginea）；（k～l）木薯（Manihot esculenta）；（m～n）孩儿参（Pseudostellaria heterophylla）；（o～p）大黄（Rheum sp.）；（q～r）何首乌（Fallopia multiflora）", "caption_en": "Figure 7. Starch grains from roots and tubers in groups 4 and 5 (modern references; scale bar: 20 μm).\n(a～b) yam (Dioscorea dodecahedra); (c～d) Chinese dwarf banana (Musella lasiocarpa); (e～f) yams (Dioscorea sp.); (g～h) yam (Dioscorea composita); (i～j) schizocapsa (Schizocapsa plantaginea); (k～l) cassava (Manihot esculenta); (m～n) pseudostellaria (Pseudostellaria heterophylla); (o～p) rhubarb (Rheum sp.); (q～r) fleeceflower (Fallopia multiflora).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "第四组和第五组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）", "title_zh": "第四组和第五组块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）", "title_en": "Starch grains of roots and tubers from group 4 and 5", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/5606f27caaa87b50a93ce8d5.png", "image_url": "media/S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0008-B003.png?v=5606f27caaa8", "panel_annotations": [ { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0008-B003", "panels": "a～b", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：红背薯蓣（Dioscorea dodecahedra）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: yam (Dioscorea dodecahedra)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 8, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（a～b）红背薯蓣（Dioscorea dodecahedra）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "5606f27caaa87b50a93ce8d565b01758d599612d18ac2849628b0800f5470826" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0008-B003", "panels": "c～d", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：地涌金莲（Musella lasiocarpa）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: Chinese dwarf banana (Musella lasiocarpa)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 8, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（c～d）地涌金莲（Musella lasiocarpa）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "5606f27caaa87b50a93ce8d565b01758d599612d18ac2849628b0800f5470826" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0008-B003", "panels": "e～f", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：薯蓣属某种（Dioscorea sp.）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: yams (Dioscorea sp.)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 8, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（e～f）薯蓣属某种（Dioscorea sp.）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "5606f27caaa87b50a93ce8d565b01758d599612d18ac2849628b0800f5470826" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0008-B003", "panels": "g～h", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：菊叶薯蓣（Dioscorea composita）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: yam (Dioscorea composita)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 8, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（g～h）菊叶薯蓣（Dioscorea composita）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "5606f27caaa87b50a93ce8d565b01758d599612d18ac2849628b0800f5470826" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0008-B003", "panels": "i～j", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：裂果薯（Schizocapsa plantaginea）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: schizocapsa (Schizocapsa plantaginea)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 8, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（i～j）裂果薯（Schizocapsa plantaginea）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "5606f27caaa87b50a93ce8d565b01758d599612d18ac2849628b0800f5470826" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0008-B003", "panels": "k～l", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：木薯（Manihot esculenta）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: cassava (Manihot esculenta)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 8, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（k～l）木薯（Manihot esculenta）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "5606f27caaa87b50a93ce8d565b01758d599612d18ac2849628b0800f5470826" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0008-B003", "panels": "m～n", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：孩儿参（Pseudostellaria heterophylla）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: pseudostellaria (Pseudostellaria heterophylla)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 8, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（m～n）孩儿参（Pseudostellaria heterophylla）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "5606f27caaa87b50a93ce8d565b01758d599612d18ac2849628b0800f5470826" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0008-B003", "panels": "o～p", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：大黄（Rheum sp.）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: rhubarb (Rheum sp.)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 8, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（o～p）大黄（Rheum sp.）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "5606f27caaa87b50a93ce8d565b01758d599612d18ac2849628b0800f5470826" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0008-B003", "panels": "q～r", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：何首乌（Fallopia multiflora）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: fleeceflower (Fallopia multiflora)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 8, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（q～r）何首乌（Fallopia multiflora）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "5606f27caaa87b50a93ce8d565b01758d599612d18ac2849628b0800f5470826" } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "caption_explicit_original", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:45.913376+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0012-B006", "paper_key": "S011_51ebdda2b100", "paper_id": "S011", "number": "9", "caption_original": "图9 部分现代淀粉粒对比图（比例尺：20 μm）\n（a～b）黍（Panicum miliaceum）；（c～d）甘薯（Dioscorea esculenta）；（e～f）黄磨芋（Amorphophallus paeoniifolius）；（g～h）红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）；（i～j）锥连栎（Quercus franchetii）；（k～l）山药（Dioscorea opposita）；（m～n）栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）；（o～p）泽泻（Alisma plantago-aquatica）\nFig. 9 Modern starch grains for comparing with roots and tubers", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Sweet potato → lesser yam（Dioscorea esculenta）。\n按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：yellow taro → elephant-foot yam（Amorphophallus paeoniifolius）。\n按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：red cone → chinquapin（Castanopsis hystrix）。", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a69d8549677bbf3af564e71bc29a0c2d481c04a867097505283038b967a80d47", "image_bytes": 11280735, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图9 部分现代淀粉粒对比图（现代参照；比例尺：20 μm）。\n（a～b）黍（Panicum miliaceum）；（c～d）甘薯（Dioscorea esculenta）；（e～f）黄磨芋（Amorphophallus paeoniifolius）；（g～h）红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）；（i～j）锥连栎（Quercus franchetii）；（k～l）山药（Dioscorea opposita）；（m～n）栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）；（o～p）泽泻（Alisma plantago-aquatica）", "caption_en": "Figure 9. Selected modern starch grains for comparison (modern references; scale bar: 20 μm).\n(a～b) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); (c～d) lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta); (e～f) elephant-foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius); (g～h) chinquapin (Castanopsis hystrix); (i～j) oak (Quercus franchetii); (k～l) Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita); (m～n) Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis); (o～p) water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "部分现代淀粉粒对比图（比例尺：20 μm）", "title_zh": "部分现代淀粉粒对比图（比例尺：20 μm）", "title_en": "Modern starch grains for comparing with roots and tubers", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/a69d8549677bbf3af564e71b.png", "image_url": "media/S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0012-B006.png?v=a69d8549677b", "panel_annotations": [ { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0012-B006", "panels": "a～b", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：黍（Panicum miliaceum）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 12, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（a～b）黍（Panicum miliaceum）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "a69d8549677bbf3af564e71bc29a0c2d481c04a867097505283038b967a80d47" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0012-B006", "panels": "c～d", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：甘薯（Dioscorea esculenta）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 12, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（c～d）甘薯（Dioscorea esculenta）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "a69d8549677bbf3af564e71bc29a0c2d481c04a867097505283038b967a80d47" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0012-B006", "panels": "e～f", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：黄磨芋（Amorphophallus paeoniifolius）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: elephant-foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 12, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（e～f）黄磨芋（Amorphophallus paeoniifolius）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "a69d8549677bbf3af564e71bc29a0c2d481c04a867097505283038b967a80d47" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0012-B006", "panels": "g～h", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: chinquapin (Castanopsis hystrix)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 12, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（g～h）红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "a69d8549677bbf3af564e71bc29a0c2d481c04a867097505283038b967a80d47" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0012-B006", "panels": "i～j", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：锥连栎（Quercus franchetii）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: oak (Quercus franchetii)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 12, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（i～j）锥连栎（Quercus franchetii）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "a69d8549677bbf3af564e71bc29a0c2d481c04a867097505283038b967a80d47" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0012-B006", "panels": "k～l", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：山药（Dioscorea opposita）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 12, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（k～l）山药（Dioscorea opposita）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "a69d8549677bbf3af564e71bc29a0c2d481c04a867097505283038b967a80d47" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0012-B006", "panels": "m～n", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 12, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（m～n）栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "a69d8549677bbf3af564e71bc29a0c2d481c04a867097505283038b967a80d47" }, { "figure_id": "S011_51ebdda2b100_S011-P0012-B006", "panels": "o～p", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：泽泻（Alisma plantago-aquatica）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica)", "status": "caption_explicit_original", "uncertainty": "现代参照标本；字母按原图核对，沿用来源的样品名称，不将历史名称自动视为现行接受名。", "evidence": [ { "page": 12, "section": "原文图注", "quote": "（o～p）泽泻（Alisma plantago-aquatica）" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "a69d8549677bbf3af564e71bc29a0c2d481c04a867097505283038b967a80d47" } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "caption_explicit_original", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:45.959904+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S012_4dcc96141b2f_S012-F03", "paper_key": "S012_4dcc96141b2f", "paper_id": "S012", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三上山遗址样品中鉴定出的常见植硅体类型\n(A)驯化稻扇型，(B)野生稻扇型，(C)芦苇扇型，(D)方形，(E)长方形，(F)多铃型，(G)稻壳，(H和I)长鞍型，(J)短鞍型，\n(K)哑铃型,(L)帽型,(M)裸子植物,(N)齿型，(O)脑纹球型,(P)凹陷棒型，(Q)尖型，,(R)光滑棒型,(S)刺棒型，\n（T)导管，（U)三棱柱型，（V)脑纹球型的扫描电镜图像。黑色比例尺为20um。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "cd6926fdec76fc458c8439290c0834a80988aab81672a782cf39f914a88bba03", "image_bytes": 16764798, "sites": [ "CN079" ], "caption_zh": "图三 上山遗址样品中鉴定出的常见植硅体类型\n（A）驯化稻扇型，（B）野生稻扇型，（C）芦苇扇型，（D）方形，（E）长方形，（F）多铃型，（G）稻壳，（H和I）长鞍型，（J）短鞍型，\n（K）哑铃型，（L）帽型，（M）裸子植物，（N）齿型，（O）脑纹球型，（P）凹陷棒型，（Q）尖型，（R）光滑棒型，（S）刺棒型，\n（T）导管，（U）三棱柱型，（V）脑纹球型的扫描电镜图像。黑色比例尺为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Common phytolith types identified in Shangshan site samples\n(A) Domesticated rice fan-shaped, (B) Wild rice fan-shaped, (C) Reed fan-shaped, (D) Square, (E) Rectangular, (F) Multilobed, (G) Rice husk, (H and I) Long saddle-shaped, (J) Short saddle-shaped, (K) Dumbbell-shaped, (L) Cap-shaped, (M) Gymnosperm, (N) Tooth-shaped, (O) Brain-ridge globular, (P) Depressed rod-shaped, (Q) Pointed, (R) Smooth rod-shaped, (S) Spiny rod-shaped, (T) Vessel, (U) Triangular prism-shaped, (V) Scanning electron microscopy image of brain-ridge globular phytolith. Black scale bar is 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "上山遗址样品中鉴定出的常见植硅体类型", "title_en": "Common phytolith types identified in Shangshan site samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/cd6926fdec76fc458c843929.png", "image_url": "media/S012_4dcc96141b2f_S012-F03.png?v=cd6926fdec76", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.015929+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图三上山遗址样品中鉴定出的常见植硅体类型\n(A)驯化稻扇型，(B)野生稻扇型，(C)芦苇扇型，(D)方形，(E)长方形，(F)多铃型，(G)稻壳，(H和I)长鞍型，(J)短鞍型，\n(K)哑铃型,(L)帽型,(M)裸子植物,(N)齿型，(O)脑纹球型,(P)凹陷棒型，(Q)尖型，,(R)光滑棒型,(S)刺棒型，\n（T)导管，（U)三棱柱型，（V)脑纹球型的扫描电镜图像。黑色比例尺为20um。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "g Zhang, Jingbo Li, Yahui He, Zhongzhe Gao, and Leping\n Jiang. 2024. “Identification of 10,000-Year-Old Rice Beer at Shangshan in the Lower Yangzi River Valley of China.”\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol.121, No.51, e2412274121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2412274121.\n 李静波、贺娅辉译。\n\n- 118 -", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4dcc96141b2f6eac18f92988dba9623141f36c664c05cab7c179c4305787baa2" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S012_4dcc96141b2f_S012-F05", "paper_key": "S012_4dcc96141b2f", "paper_id": "S012", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五现代植物与考古标本中脑纹球型植硅体对比\nA：残留物标本中大量存在的脑纹球型植硅体（蓝色箭头）及其放大视图（a)；\nB、C：锐齿栎(QuercusacutissimaCarruth)树皮中的脑纹球型植硅体;\nD：栓皮栎(QuercusvariabilisBlume)树皮中的脑纹球型植硅体;\nE：滇青冈(Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata Maximowicz ex Wenzig)树皮中的脑纹球型植硅体。（比例尺：20 μm）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "\n2026-10-21复核：原图注B、C写“锐齿栎（Quercus acutissima）”，E写“滇青冈（Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata）”；植物志分别对应麻栎和锐齿槲栎。原文中文名与学名不一致，不能仅据图注判定实际取样树种。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7154d6821644b2bf3c9133e35a08fd21f2bd5cd298134b29ae005835013c4eb8", "image_bytes": 12184798, "sites": [ "CN079" ], "caption_zh": "图五 现代植物与考古标本中脑纹球型植硅体对比\nA：残留物标本中大量存在的脑纹球型植硅体（蓝色箭头）及其放大视图（a）；\nB、C：锐齿栎（QuercusacutissimaCarruth）树皮中的脑纹球型植硅体；\nD：栓皮栎（QuercusvariabilisBlume）树皮中的脑纹球型植硅体；\nE：滇青冈（Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata Maximowicz ex Wenzig）树皮中的脑纹球型植硅体。（比例尺：20 μm）", "caption_en": "Figure five: Comparison of brain-ridged spherical phytoliths in modern plants and archaeological specimens\nA: Abundant brain-ridged spherical phytoliths (blue arrows) in residue specimens and their magnified view (a); B, C: Brain-ridged spherical phytoliths in the bark of sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima) Carruth;\nD: Brain-ridged spherical phytoliths in the bark of Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis) Blume;\nE: Brain-ridged spherical phytoliths in the bark of oriental white oak (Quercus aliena) var. acutiserrata Maximowicz ex Wenzig. (Scale bar: 20 μm)\n\nEditorial source-check note:\nThe source pairs “Ruichili” with Quercus acutissima and “Dianqinggang” with Q. aliena var. acutiserrata. These Chinese/scientific-name pairings conflict with the botanical flora. The actual sampled species cannot be resolved from the caption alone.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物与考古标本中脑纹球型植硅体对比", "title_en": "Comparison of brain-ridged spherical phytoliths in modern plants and archaeological specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/7154d6821644b2bf3c9133e3.png", "image_url": "media/S012_4dcc96141b2f_S012-F05.png?v=7154d6821644", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.081116+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图五现代植物与考古标本中脑纹球型植硅体对比\nA：残留物标本中大量存在的脑纹球型植硅体（蓝色箭头）及其放大视图（a)；\nB、C：锐齿栎(QuercusacutissimaCarruth)树皮中的脑纹球型植硅体;\nD：栓皮栎(QuercusvariabilisBlume)树皮中的脑纹球型植硅体;\nE：滇青冈(Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata Maximowicz ex Wenzig)树皮中的脑纹球型植硅体。（比例尺：20 μm）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "g Zhang, Jingbo Li, Yahui He, Zhongzhe Gao, and Leping\n Jiang. 2024. “Identification of 10,000-Year-Old Rice Beer at Shangshan in the Lower Yangzi River Valley of China.”\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol.121, No.51, e2412274121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2412274121.\n 李静波、贺娅辉译。\n\n- 118 -", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4dcc96141b2f6eac18f92988dba9623141f36c664c05cab7c179c4305787baa2" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S012_4dcc96141b2f_S012-F06", "paper_key": "S012_4dcc96141b2f", "paper_id": "S012", "number": "6", "caption_original": "图六 上山陶器中的淀粉类型和损伤形态示例\n稻淀粉粒显示出显著的酶解\n1. 显示消光十字的I 型复合水稻淀粉粒；2. 无消光十字的I 型复合水稻淀粉粒，带\n双折射；3. 显示微弱双折射的I 型复合水稻淀粉粒；4. 分离的I 型水稻淀粉粒；5. 多\n种形态的II 型薏苡淀粉粒；6. 具有深槽的III 型黍族淀粉粒（可能为稗草），因酶\n消化受损；7.IV 型小麦族淀粉粒，显示深槽和微孔损伤；8.V 型橡子淀粉粒，类似\nCyclobalanopsis fleuryi；9.V 型橡子淀粉粒，类似Quercus fabri；10.V 型橡实复合\n淀粉粒，类似Lithocarpus glaber 或C. fleuryi，亦显示酶消化导致的缺损；11.V 型\n橡子淀粉粒，类似Lithocarpus brevicaudatus；12.VI 型百合淀粉粒；13. 糊化淀粉\n团块；14、15. 台盼蓝染色的糊化淀粉粒群，类似复合水稻淀粉粒。\n段（n=9至103），共发现了486", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "去掉混入的左栏正文，恢复右栏完整图注", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a165145136d9335c706910b86166471489166a84ec2106cf9e20806850ecf59d", "image_bytes": 13020759, "sites": [ "CN079" ], "caption_zh": "图六 上山陶器中的淀粉类型和损伤形态示例 1. 显示消光十字的I型复合水稻淀粉粒；2. 无消光十字的I型复合水稻淀粉粒，带双折射；3. 显示微弱双折射的I 型复合水稻淀粉粒；4. 分离的I 型水稻淀粉粒；5. 多种形态的II 型薏苡淀粉粒；6. 具有深槽的III 型黍族淀粉粒（可能为稗草），因酶消化受损；7.IV 型小麦族淀粉粒，显示深槽和微孔损伤；8.V 型橡子淀粉粒，类似饭甑青冈（Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi）；9.V 型橡子淀粉粒，类似白栎（Quercus fabri）；10.V 型橡实复合 淀粉粒，类似柯（Lithocarpus glaber） 或饭甑青冈（Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi），亦显示酶消化导致的缺损；11.V 型 橡子淀粉粒，类似短尾柯（Lithocarpus brevicaudatus）；12.VI 型百合淀粉粒；13. 糊化淀粉团块；14、15. 台盼蓝染色的糊化淀粉粒群，类似复合水稻淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Figure 6. Examples of starch types and damage morphologies in Shangshan pottery. 1. Type I compound rice starch with extinction crosses; 2. Type I compound rice starch without extinction crosses but retaining birefringence; 3. Type I compound rice starch showing weak birefringence; 4. Separated Type I rice starch grains; 5. Type II Job’s tears starch grains of various shapes; 6. Type III panicgrass tribe (Paniceae) starch, possibly barnyard grass, with deep channels caused by enzymatic digestion; 7. Type IV wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch with deep channels and micropitting; 8. Type V acorn starch resembling ring-cupped oak (Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi); 9. Type V acorn starch resembling oak (Quercus fabri); 10. Type V compound acorn starch resembling stone oak (Lithocarpus glaber) or ring-cupped oak (Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi), also showing loss of material due to enzymatic digestion; 11. Type V acorn starch resembling stone oak (Lithocarpus brevicaudatus); 12. Type VI lily starch; 13. Gelatinized starch mass; 14, 15. Gelatinized starch clusters stained with trypan blue, resembling compound rice starch.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "上山陶器中的淀粉类型和损伤形态示例", "title_en": "Starch Types and Damage Morphologies in Pottery from Shangshan", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a165145136d9335c706910b8.png", "image_url": "media/S012_4dcc96141b2f_S012-F06.png?v=a165145136d9", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图六 上山陶器中的淀粉类型和损伤形态示例 1. 显示消光十字的I 型复合水稻淀粉粒;2. 无消光十字的I 型复合水稻淀粉粒,带 双折射;3. 显示微弱双折射的I 型复合水稻淀粉粒;4. 分离的I 型水稻淀粉粒;5. 多 种形态的II 型薏苡淀粉粒;6. 具有深槽的III 型黍族淀粉粒(可能为稗草),因酶 消化受损;7.IV 型小麦族淀粉粒,显示深槽和微孔损伤;8.V 型橡子淀粉粒,类似 Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi;9.V 型橡子淀粉粒,类似Quercus fabri;10.V 型橡实复合 淀粉粒,类似Lithocarpus glaber 或C. fleuryi,亦显示酶消化导致的缺损;11.V 型 橡子淀粉粒,类似Lithocarpus brevicaudatus;12.VI 型百合淀粉粒;13. 糊化淀粉 团块;14、15. 台盼蓝染色的糊化淀粉粒群,类似复合水稻淀粉粒。", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.140384+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "图六 上山陶器中的淀粉类型和损伤形态示例 1. 显示消光十字的I 型复合水稻淀粉粒;2. 无消光十字的I 型复合水稻淀粉粒,带 双折射;3. 显示微弱双折射的I 型复合水稻淀粉粒;4. 分离的I 型水稻淀粉粒;5. 多 种形态的II 型薏苡淀粉粒;6. 具有深槽的III 型黍族淀粉粒(可能为稗草),因酶 消化受损;7.IV 型小麦族淀粉粒,显示深槽和微孔损伤;8.V 型橡子淀粉粒,类似 Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi;9.V 型橡子淀粉粒,类似Quercus fabri;10.V 型橡实复合 淀粉粒,类似Lithocarpus glaber 或C. fleuryi,亦显示酶消化导致的缺损;11.V 型 橡子淀粉粒,类似Lithocarpus brevicaudatus;12.VI 型百合淀粉粒;13. 糊化淀粉 团块;14、15. 台盼蓝染色的糊化淀粉粒群,类似复合水稻淀粉粒。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "g Zhang, Jingbo Li, Yahui He, Zhongzhe Gao, and Leping\n Jiang. 2024. “Identification of 10,000-Year-Old Rice Beer at Shangshan in the Lower Yangzi River Valley of China.”\n Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol.121, No.51, e2412274121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2412274121.\n 李静波、贺娅辉译。\n\n- 118 -", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4dcc96141b2f6eac18f92988dba9623141f36c664c05cab7c179c4305787baa2" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S012_4dcc96141b2f_S012-F07", "paper_key": "S012_4dcc96141b2f", "paper_id": "S012", "number": "7", "caption_original": "图七 现代淀粉粒对比标本。（1~4）酿造过程中稻米淀粉的形态变化：1. 显示消光十字的完整淀粉粒；2. 形态清晰但无消光十字的淀粉粒；3. 稻米复合体中心缺失的淀粉粒；4. 稻米复合体中的淀粉粒在消失前发生分解（右）和破碎（左）；5. 薏苡（Coix lacryma-Jobi）；6. 稗草（Echinochloa colonum）；7. 发酵小麦（Triticum aestivum）；8. 橡实（饭甑青冈，Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi）；9. 橡实（短尾柯，Lithocarpus brevicaudatus）；10. 橡实（柯，Lithocarpus glaber）；11. 橡实（白栎，Quercus fabri）；12. 百合（卷丹百合，Lilium tigrinum）；13. 酿造过程中糊化的淀粉团（不可鉴定）；14. 捣碎并煮沸3 分钟后形成的大麦糊化淀粉团；15. 台盼蓝染色的发酵稻米淀粉；16. 用台盼蓝染色的发酵小米淀粉。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6d49a5bcb8183314532b9d67e0d75a8cfb35494739cf0c32dd438908cc915f50", "image_bytes": 9441473, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图七 现代淀粉粒对比标本。（1~4）酿造过程中稻米淀粉的形态变化：1. 显示消光十字的完整淀粉粒；2. 形态清晰但无消光十字的淀粉粒；3. 稻米复合体中心缺失的淀粉粒；4. 稻米复合体中的淀粉粒在消失前发生分解（右）和破碎（左）；5. 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；6. 稗草（Echinochloa colonum）；7. 发酵小麦（Triticum aestivum）；8. 橡实（饭甑青冈，Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi）；9. 橡实（短尾柯，Lithocarpus brevicaudatus）；10. 橡实（柯，Lithocarpus glaber）；11. 橡实（白栎，Quercus fabri）；12. 百合（卷丹百合，Lilium tigrinum）；13. 酿造过程中糊化的淀粉团（不可鉴定）；14. 捣碎并煮沸3分钟后形成的大麦糊化淀粉团；15. 台盼蓝染色的发酵稻米淀粉；16. 用台盼蓝染色的发酵小米淀粉。", "caption_en": "Figure seven. Modern starch grain reference specimens. (1–4) Morphological changes of rice starch during brewing process: 1. Starch grains showing a clear cross; 2. Starch grains with clear morphology but without a clear cross; 3. Starch grains with missing central composite bodies; 4. Starch grains in rice composite bodies undergoing decomposition (right) and fragmentation (left) prior to disappearance; 5. Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); 6. Barnyard grass (jungle rice, Echinochloa colonum); 7. Fermented wheat (Triticum aestivum); 8. Acorn (ring-cupped oak, Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi); 9. Acorn (stone oak, Lithocarpus brevicaudatus); 10. Acorn (stone oak, Lithocarpus glaber); 11. Acorn (oak, Quercus fabri); 12. Lily (tiger lily, Lilium tigrinum); 13. Gelatinized starch aggregates (non-identifiable) during brewing process; 14. Gelatinized starch aggregates formed after mashing and boiling for 3 minutes of barley; 15. Starch from fermented rice stained with trypan blue; 16. Starch from fermented foxtail millet stained with trypan blue.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒对比标本", "title_en": "Modern starch grain reference specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6d49a5bcb8183314532b9d67.png", "image_url": "media/S012_4dcc96141b2f_S012-F07.png?v=6d49a5bcb818", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.193536+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S013_28e9c9fbbb04_S013-F05", "paper_key": "S013_28e9c9fbbb04", "paper_id": "S013", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图5\n面条沉积层中的稃壳植硅体与现代植物稃壳植硅体\na,d,g,分别是面条碎片或面条层中发现的Ω,π,η形植硅体；b,e 分别是现代粟Ω,π形植硅\n体；h,是现代黍η形植硅体；c,f,I,分别是现代小麦,大麦,高粱稃壳植硅体。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a6d65e82229234a16e4025c7555fdb48f611375d56edb7f1e54d1627f0904725", "image_bytes": 5415319, "sites": [ "CN119" ], "caption_zh": "图5 面条沉积层中的稃壳植硅体与现代植物稃壳植硅体\na，d，g，分别是面条碎片或面条层中发现的Ω，π，η形植硅体；b，e 分别是现代粟Ω，π形植硅体；h，是现代黍η形植硅体；c，f，I，分别是现代小麦，大麦，高粱稃壳植硅体。", "caption_en": "Figure 5\nPhytoliths from husk of noodles and modern plant husk phytoliths\na, d, g: Ω, π, η-shaped phytoliths found in noodle fragments or noodle layers; b, e: modern foxtail millet Ω, π-shaped phytoliths; h: modern broomcorn millet η-shaped phytolith; c, f, i: phytoliths from husk of modern wheat, barley, and Sorghum.\n", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "面条沉积层中的稃壳植硅体与现代植物稃壳植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from husk of noodles and modern plant husk phytoliths", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a6d65e82229234a16e4025c7.png", "image_url": "media/S013_28e9c9fbbb04_S013-F05.png?v=a6d65e822292", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.315693+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "图5\n面条沉积层中的稃壳植硅体与现代植物稃壳植硅体\na,d,g,分别是面条碎片或面条层中发现的Ω,π,η形植硅体；b,e 分别是现代粟Ω,π形植硅\n体；h,是现代黍η形植硅体；c,f,I,分别是现代小麦,大麦,高粱稃壳植硅体。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "遗址；植硅体；淀粉；生物标志物；面条起源；粟类面条\n\n Component and Simulation of the 4000-year-old Noodles Excavated\n from the Archaeological Site of Lajia in Qinghai, China\n\n Lu Hou Yuanab, Li Yu Meic, Zhang Jian Pinga, Yang Xiao Yand, Ye Mao Line,\n Li Quand, Wang Cana, Wu Nai Qina\n （a. Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "28e9c9fbbb049ec7377dd95d8702e2aceb62104da2ef0a91dfc872c9271dd17d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S013_28e9c9fbbb04_S013-F06", "paper_key": "S013_28e9c9fbbb04", "paper_id": "S013", "number": "6", "caption_original": "图6\n面条沉积层和面条残片中的淀粉颗粒\na-d 正交偏光图像位于每张照片的上半部分。e 正交偏光图像位于照片的右半部分。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "669eb642b84db60b7db65f5acd935cfcc3320bedcc8b06b34f839492bfebd6fa", "image_bytes": 3726439, "sites": [ "CN119" ], "caption_zh": "图6 面条沉积层和面条残片中的淀粉颗粒\na-d 正交偏光图像位于每张照片的上半部分。e 正交偏光图像位于照片的右半部分。", "caption_en": "Figure 6 Starch granules in noodle sediment layers and noodle fragments a-d Polarized light images are located in the upper half of each photograph. e Polarized light images are located in the right half of the photograph.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "面条沉积层和面条残片中的淀粉颗粒", "title_en": "Starch granules in noodle sediment layers and noodle fragments", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/669eb642b84db60b7db65f5a.png", "image_url": "media/S013_28e9c9fbbb04_S013-F06.png?v=669eb642b84d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.371620+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "图6\n面条沉积层和面条残片中的淀粉颗粒\na-d 正交偏光图像位于每张照片的上半部分。e 正交偏光图像位于照片的右半部分。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "遗址；植硅体；淀粉；生物标志物；面条起源；粟类面条\n\n Component and Simulation of the 4000-year-old Noodles Excavated\n from the Archaeological Site of Lajia in Qinghai, China\n\n Lu Hou Yuanab, Li Yu Meic, Zhang Jian Pinga, Yang Xiao Yand, Ye Mao Line,\n Li Quand, Wang Cana, Wu Nai Qina\n （a. Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "28e9c9fbbb049ec7377dd95d8702e2aceb62104da2ef0a91dfc872c9271dd17d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S013_28e9c9fbbb04_S013-F07", "paper_key": "S013_28e9c9fbbb04", "paper_id": "S013", "number": "7", "caption_original": "图7\n部分现代栽培植物淀粉粒的偏光和光学显微照片\na,大麦；b,青稞；c,粟；d,狗尾草；e,高粱；f,马铃薯；g,黍；h,玉米；i,小麦。a-e：偏光图像\n位于每张照片的上半部分；f-i：偏光图像位于每张照片的左半部分。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9a2de32657404fdc04e93b5e22337e602e2763aafd949291b8aac45d4ad34b81", "image_bytes": 4228456, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图7 部分现代栽培植物淀粉粒的偏光和光学显微照片\na，大麦；b，青稞；c，粟；d，狗尾草；e，高粱；f，马铃薯；g，黍；h，玉米；i，小麦。a-e：偏光图像 位于每张照片的上半部分；f-i：偏光图像位于每张照片的左半部分。", "caption_en": "Figure 7. Polarized light and optical microscope photographs of starch grains from some modern cultivated plants. a, barley; b, hulless barley; c, foxtail millet; d, green foxtail; e, Sorghum; f, potato; g, broomcorn millet; h, maize; i, wheat. a-e: polarized light images located in the upper half of each photograph; f-i: polarized light images located in the left half of each photograph.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "部分现代栽培植物淀粉粒的偏光和光学显微照片", "title_en": "Polarized light and optical microscope photographs of starch grains from some modern cultivated plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9a2de32657404fdc04e93b5e.png", "image_url": "media/S013_28e9c9fbbb04_S013-F07.png?v=9a2de3265740", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.429788+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S014_2c01e3b9ac5f_S014-F03", "paper_key": "S014_2c01e3b9ac5f", "paper_id": "S014", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三现代淀粉粒对比标本（每例淀粉粒显示DIC 和偏振光影像，标尺，1、2、7、8：10μm，其他：20μm）1. 黍2. 黍，经糖化，可见深沟、中心凹陷3. 薏苡4. 薏苡，经糖化，见深沟、中心凹陷5. 大麦6. 大麦，发酵40天，见中心凹陷、深沟、微型坑、消光十字消失7. 稻米，发酵18 天，中心凹陷，消光十字模糊8. 稻米，发酵1 年，颗粒边缘模糊、消光十字消失，仅保留边缘光泽9. 栝楼根10. 糊化大麦，煮3分钟11. 陕西榆林小米浑酒中的糊化淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9aa60a8221f5a521ffca7a21b9947419919293b5f851fdcb08195003d555f88b", "image_bytes": 6836937, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图三 现代淀粉粒对比标本（每例淀粉粒显示DIC 和偏振光影像，标尺，1、2、7、8，10 μm，其他：20 μm）1. 黍 2. 黍，经糖化，可见深沟、中心凹陷 3. 薏苡 4. 薏苡，经糖化，见深沟、中心凹陷 5. 大麦 6. 大麦，发酵40天，见中心凹陷、深沟、微型坑、消光十字消失 7. 稻米，发酵18 天，中心凹陷，消光十字模糊 8. 稻米，发酵1 年，颗粒边缘模糊、消光十字消失，仅保留边缘光泽 9. 栝楼根 10. 糊化大麦，煮3分钟 11. 陕西榆林小米浑酒中的糊化淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure three: Modern starch grain comparison specimens (DIC and polarized light images of starch grains for each example, scale bars: 1, 2, 7, 8: 10 μm; others: 20 μm) 1. Broomcorn millet 2. Broomcorn millet, after saccharification, showing deep grooves and central depression 3. Job’s tears 4. Job’s tears, after saccharification, showing deep grooves and central depression 5. Barley 6. Barley, fermented for 40 days, showing central depression, deep grooves, micro-pits, and disappearance of the extinction cross 7. Rice, fermented for 18 days, showing central depression and blurred extinction cross 8. Rice, fermented for 1 year, with blurred particle edges and disappearance of the extinction cross, retaining only marginal gloss 9. snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root 10. Gelatinized barley, boiled for 3 minutes 11. Gelatinized starch grains from Xiaomi huojiu in Shaanxi Yulin", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒对比标本", "title_en": "Modern starch grain comparison specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9aa60a8221f5a521ffca7a21.png", "image_url": "media/S014_2c01e3b9ac5f_S014-F03.png?v=9aa60a8221f5", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.480125+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S014_2c01e3b9ac5f_S014-F04", "paper_key": "S014_2c01e3b9ac5f", "paper_id": "S014", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四二里头陶器淀粉粒（每例淀粉粒显示DIC 和偏振光影像，标尺，1-10：10μm，11、12：20μm）1. 粟黍2. 粟黍，部分缺失、深沟，为酶解损伤3. 薏苡4. 薏苡，微型坑和深沟，为酶解损伤5. 损伤小麦族，消光十字模糊6. 小麦族，深沟、微型坑，中心塌陷，稍膨胀，仅在边缘保存部分双折射光泽，类似发酵损伤7. 稻米淀粉粒，中心塌陷，消光十字消失，类似发酵损伤8. 稻米淀粉粒群，部分糊化，仅保存部分粒形，类似发酵损伤9. 栝楼根，微型坑，酶解损伤10. 栝楼根，中心缺失、深沟，酶解损伤11. 类似蒸煮所致糊化淀粉粒，无法鉴定种属12. 损伤粟黍淀粉粒群，刚果红染色", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ac93c950f6c620366fa70e262657ea83c9a86ed7c13af680aa8afd67dbfa65e3", "image_bytes": 4904672, "sites": [ "CN155" ], "caption_zh": "图四 二里头陶器淀粉粒（每例淀粉粒显示DIC 和偏振光影像，标尺，1-10，10 μm，11、12，20 μm）1. 粟黍2. 粟黍，部分缺失、深沟，为酶解损伤 3. 薏苡 4. 薏苡，微型坑和深沟，为酶解损伤 5. 损伤小麦族，消光十字模糊 6. 小麦族，深沟、微型坑，中心塌陷，稍膨胀，仅在边缘保存部分双折射光泽，类似发酵损伤 7. 稻米淀粉粒，中心塌陷，消光十字消失，类似发酵损伤 8. 稻米淀粉粒群，部分糊化，仅保存部分粒形，类似发酵损伤9. 栝楼根，微型坑，酶解损伤 10. 栝楼根，中心缺失、深沟，酶解损伤 11. 类似蒸煮所致糊化淀粉粒，无法鉴定种属 12. 损伤粟黍淀粉粒群，刚果红染色", "caption_en": "Figure four: Starch grains from Erlitou pottery (DIC and polarized light images for each example, scale bar, 1–10: 10 μm, 11, 12: 20 μm) 1. Foxtail millet and broomcorn millet 2. Foxtail millet and broomcorn millet, partial loss, deep grooves, enzymatic damage 3. Job’s tears 4. Job’s tears, micro-pits and deep grooves, enzymatic damage 5. Damaged wheat tribe (Triticeae), extinguished cross, blurred 6. wheat tribe (Triticeae), deep grooves, micro-pits, central collapse, slight expansion, only partial birefringence preserved at edges, resembling fermentation damage 7. Rice starch grains, central collapse, extinguished cross, resembling fermentation damage 8. Rice starch grain assemblage, partially gelatinized, only partial morphology preserved, resembling fermentation damage 9. snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root, micro-pits, enzymatic damage 10. snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root, central loss, deep grooves, enzymatic damage 11. Starch grains resembling gelatinization due to boiling, unable to identify species 12. Damaged foxtail millet and broomcorn millet starch grain assemblage, Congo red stained", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "二里头陶器淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Erlitou pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ac93c950f6c620366fa70e26.png", "image_url": "media/S014_2c01e3b9ac5f_S014-F04.png?v=ac93c950f6c6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.538257+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN155", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图四二里头陶器淀粉粒（每例淀粉粒显示DIC 和偏振光影像，标尺，1-10：10μm，11、12：20μm）1. 粟黍2. 粟黍，部分缺失、深沟，为酶解损伤3. 薏苡4. 薏苡，微型坑和深沟，为酶解损伤5. 损伤小麦族，消光十字模糊6. 小麦族，深沟、微型坑，中心塌陷，稍膨胀，仅在边缘保存部分双折射光泽，类似发酵损伤7. 稻米淀粉粒，中心塌陷，消光十字消失，类似发酵损伤8. 稻米淀粉粒群，部分糊化，仅保存部分粒形，类似发酵损伤9. 栝楼根，微型坑，酶解损伤10. 栝楼根，中心缺失、深沟，酶解损伤11. 类似蒸煮所致糊化淀粉粒，无法鉴定种属12. 损伤粟黍淀粉粒群，刚果红染色", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "erlitou", "quote": "ic vessels made of white clay. This transformation of such\n ceramic vessels into their bronze counterparts took place at the Erlitou site in the Yiluo basin, north China\n （ca. 1,800–1,500 BC）. Such pottery types are commonly regarded as alcohol-related vessels, but there is a\n lack of scientific analysis of organic remains on vessels’interior surfaces to understand their function", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2c01e3b9ac5f0fd37118d96e9d537d03563296662eef3ef5d231e0170854673e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S014_2c01e3b9ac5f_S014-F05", "paper_key": "S014_2c01e3b9ac5f", "paper_id": "S014", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五二里头陶器植硅体（标尺，3、6：10μm，12：50μm，其他：20μm）1. 水稻双峰型2. 薏苡十字型3. 十字型4. 稻亚科哑铃型5. 哑铃型6. 帽型7.扇型8. 水稻扇型9. 小麦族绞合树枝型10、11. 毛细胞12. 不透明穿孔片状13. 曲波状硅化骨架，烧黑14.黍颖壳ƞ型", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8a09a747422ddb0aaa48744b909bf67a46d848d485298cb87ac5ac494e00606a", "image_bytes": 5843633, "sites": [ "CN155" ], "caption_zh": "图五 二里头陶器植硅体（标尺，3、6，10 μm，12，50 μm，其他，20 μm）1. 水稻双峰型 2. 薏苡十字型 3. 十字型 4. 稻亚科并排哑铃型 5. 哑铃型 6. 帽型 7.扇型 8. 水稻扇型 9. 小麦族绞合树枝型 10、11. 尖型12. 不透明穿孔片状 13. 曲波状硅化骨架，烧黑 14.黍颖壳ƞ型", "caption_en": "Figure five: Phytoliths from Erlitou pottery (scale bars: 3, 6: 10 μm, 12: 50 μm, others: 20 μm) 1. Rice double-peak type 2. Job's tears cross-type 3. Cross-type 4. Rice subfamily dumbbell type 5. Dumbbell type 6. Hat-type 7. Fan-type 8. Rice fan-type 9. wheat tribe (Triticeae) twisted branch type 10, 11. Trichoblasts 12. Opaque perforated lamellar 13. Wavy silicified skeleton, blackened 14. Broomcorn millet husk η-type", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "二里头陶器植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from Erlitou pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/8a09a747422ddb0aaa48744b.png", "image_url": "media/S014_2c01e3b9ac5f_S014-F05.png?v=8a09a747422d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.603323+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN155", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图五二里头陶器植硅体（标尺，3、6：10μm，12：50μm，其他：20μm）1. 水稻双峰型2. 薏苡十字型3. 十字型4. 稻亚科哑铃型5. 哑铃型6. 帽型7.扇型8. 水稻扇型9. 小麦族绞合树枝型10、11. 毛细胞12. 不透明穿孔片状13. 曲波状硅化骨架，烧黑14.黍颖壳ƞ型", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "erlitou", "quote": "ic vessels made of white clay. This transformation of such\n ceramic vessels into their bronze counterparts took place at the Erlitou site in the Yiluo basin, north China\n （ca. 1,800–1,500 BC）. Such pottery types are commonly regarded as alcohol-related vessels, but there is a\n lack of scientific analysis of organic remains on vessels’interior surfaces to understand their function", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2c01e3b9ac5f0fd37118d96e9d537d03563296662eef3ef5d231e0170854673e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S015_3087ee579d2e_S015-F02", "paper_key": "S015_3087ee579d2e", "paper_id": "S015", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2 马鹿洞和塘子沟遗址出土人牙表面淀粉粒\nFig.2 Photographs of starch granule on the surface of human teeth unearthed from the Maludong and Tangzigou sites\na-d、f、j-h、l 来自马鹿洞，e、i-k 来自塘子沟The starch granules shown in the figure are from Maludong site (a-d, f, j-h, l)\nand Tangzigou site (e, i-k)。图上淀粉粒尺寸范围The size ranges of the starch granules are as follows：a. 17.56~12.33 μm; b.\n23.93~23.40 μm; c. 11.55~10.80 μm; d. 12.4~9.26μm; e. 12.91~11.12 μm; f. 11.34~11.13 μm; g. 13.57~8.47 μm; h. 11.95~9.69 μm; i.\n18.62~16.22 μm; j. 17.79~12.20 μm; k. 24.5~17.14 μm; l. 18.23~15.36 μm。比例尺Scale bar: 20 μm。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文复核说明：原文图2的d分图被两类同时引用。标记“来源内部冲突”，不靠类型代码自动补植物名，等待进一步来源核实。", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "daeee8d861ddfdb3176bff15cb8492542cadf20b29bd44ce73e8507d1f8ef045", "image_bytes": 4288466, "sites": [ "CN012", "CN013" ], "caption_zh": "图2 马鹿洞和塘子沟遗址出土人牙表面淀粉粒\na-d、f、j-h、l 来自马鹿洞，e、i-k 来自塘子沟 图上淀粉粒尺寸范围 a. 17.56~12.33 μm； b. 23.93~23.40 μm； c. 11.55~10.80 μm； d. 12.4~9.26 μm； e. 12.91~11.12 μm； f. 11.34~11.13 μm； g. 13.57~8.47 μm； h. 11.95~9.69 μm； i. 18.62~16.22 μm； j. 17.79~12.20 μm； k. 24.5~17.14 μm； l. 18.23~15.36 μm。比例尺: 20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Photographs of starch granules on the surface of human teeth unearthed from the Maludong and Tangzigou sites. a-d, f, j-h, l are from Maludong; e, i-k are from Tangzigou. The starch granules shown in the figure are from Maludong site (a-d, f, j-h, l) and Tangzigou site (e, i-k). The size ranges of the starch granules are as follows: a. 17.56~12.33 μm; b. 23.93~23.40 μm; c. 11.55~10.80 μm; d. 12.4~9.26 μm; e. 12.91~11.12 μm; f. 11.34~11.13 μm; g. 13.57~8.47 μm; h. 11.95~9.69 μm; i. 18.62~16.22 μm; j. 17.79~12.20 μm; k. 24.5~17.14 μm; l. 18.23~15.36 μm. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "马鹿洞和塘子沟遗址出土人牙表面淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch granules on the surface of human teeth unearthed from the Maludong and Tangzigou sites", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/daeee8d861ddfdb3176bff15.png", "image_url": "media/S015_3087ee579d2e_S015-F02.png?v=daeee8d861dd", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "[35],也符合上述植物生存的生态背景。值得注意的是,在对马鹿洞遗址标本中 MLDG1902 乳齿(第一臼齿)表面残留物分析中,观测到淀粉粒团粒(图2: l),其边缘", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "根据牙齿牙结石样本的淀粉粒形态特征分析,13 颗淀粉粒个体,可划分为五类: A 类 2 颗。粒径范围为17.56~23.93 μm,淀粉粒的平面结构呈圆饼状或椭圆状,偏", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.746474+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN012", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图2 马鹿洞和塘子沟遗址出土人牙表面淀粉粒\nFig.2 Photographs of starch granule on the surface of human teeth unearthed from the Maludong and Tangzigou sites\na-d、f、j-h、l 来自马鹿洞，e、i-k 来自塘子沟The starch granules shown in the figure are from Maludong site (a-d, f, j-h, l)\nand Tangzigou site (e, i-k)。图上淀粉粒尺寸范围The size ranges of the starch granules are as follows：a. 17.56~12.33 μm; b.\n23.93~23.40 μm; c. 11.55~10.80 μm; d. 12.4~9.26μm; e. 12.91~11.12 μm; f. 11.34~11.13 μm; g. 13.57~8.47 μm; h. 11.95~9.69 μm; i.\n18.62~16.22 μm; j. 17.79~12.20 μm; k. 24.5~17.14 μm; l. 18.23~15.36 μm。比例尺Scale bar: 20 μm。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "maludong", "quote": "，为揭示早期人类适应策略提供了关键的生物考古学证据。\n\n 关键词：更新世晚期；西南地区；古人类；植物微体遗存\n\n\n Starch granules in dental residues of ancient humans from the Maludong and\n Tangzigou sites, Yunnan\n\n DU Ruiyan 1,2, JI Xueping3,4, ZHOU Zhenyu5, GUAN Ying2,\n ZHANG Maolin 1, ZHOU Xiaoyan 6, XING Song 2\n\n 1. Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen, Jia", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3087ee579d2e325d4c77d5916e4943c6065b13c7063c7fcd1296c47b799c9fda" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN013", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图2 马鹿洞和塘子沟遗址出土人牙表面淀粉粒\nFig.2 Photographs of starch granule on the surface of human teeth unearthed from the Maludong and Tangzigou sites\na-d、f、j-h、l 来自马鹿洞，e、i-k 来自塘子沟The starch granules shown in the figure are from Maludong site (a-d, f, j-h, l)\nand Tangzigou site (e, i-k)。图上淀粉粒尺寸范围The size ranges of the starch granules are as follows：a. 17.56~12.33 μm; b.\n23.93~23.40 μm; c. 11.55~10.80 μm; d. 12.4~9.26μm; e. 12.91~11.12 μm; f. 11.34~11.13 μm; g. 13.57~8.47 μm; h. 11.95~9.69 μm; i.\n18.62~16.22 μm; j. 17.79~12.20 μm; k. 24.5~17.14 μm; l. 18.23~15.36 μm。比例尺Scale bar: 20 μm。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "tangzigou", "quote": "地区；古人类；植物微体遗存\n\n\n Starch granules in dental residues of ancient humans from the Maludong and\n Tangzigou sites, Yunnan\n\n DU Ruiyan 1,2, JI Xueping3,4, ZHOU Zhenyu5, GUAN Ying2,\n ZHANG Maolin 1, ZHOU Xiaoyan 6, XING Song 2\n\n 1. Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi 333001; 2. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3087ee579d2e325d4c77d5916e4943c6065b13c7063c7fcd1296c47b799c9fda" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S015_3087ee579d2e_S015-F03", "paper_key": "S015_3087ee579d2e", "paper_id": "S015", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 现生植物淀粉粒\nFig.3 Starch granules of living plants\na. 疣柄魔芋根部淀粉粒（球形）/ Amorphophallus virosus—root (spherical)；b. 牛大力根部淀粉粒（多面体、碎球形）/Millettia\nspeciosa—root (polyhedral, subspherical)；c. 壳斗科毛果青冈果实淀粉粒（椭圆形）/Quercus pachyloma—fruit (elliptical)；d. 壳\n斗科黧蒴锥果实淀粉粒（多面体）/Castanopsis fissa (Fagaceae)—fruit (polyhedral)。图片来自中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人\n类研究所实验室淀粉粒数据库The image is from the Starch Granule Database of the Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and\nHuman Origins, Chinese Academy of Sciences。比例尺Scale bar: 20 μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文复核说明：原文图2的d分图被两类同时引用。标记“来源内部冲突”，不靠类型代码自动补植物名，等待进一步来源核实。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "deacfd195d194fad64bc048be413703f09816cff745f08152e92b4f64a961f7a", "image_bytes": 5098579, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 现生植物淀粉粒\na. 疣柄魔芋根部淀粉粒（球形）；b. 牛大力根部淀粉粒（多面体、碎球形）；c. 壳斗科毛果青冈果实淀粉粒（椭圆形）；d. 壳斗科黧蒴锥果实淀粉粒（多面体）。图片来自中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所实验室淀粉粒数据库。比例尺: 20 μm", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch granules of living plants a. Starch grains (spherical) from the root of aroid (Amorphophallus virosus); b. Starch grains (polyhedral, subspherical) from the root of Millettia speciosa; c. Starch grains (elliptical) from the fruit of ring-cupped oak (Quercus pachyloma) (beech family, Fagaceae); d. Starch grains (polyhedral) from the fruit of chinquapin (Castanopsis fissa) (beech family, Fagaceae). The image is from the Starch Granule Database of the Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现生植物淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch granules of living plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/deacfd195d194fad64bc048b.png", "image_url": "media/S015_3087ee579d2e_S015-F03.png?v=deacfd195d19", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "根据牙齿牙结石样本的淀粉粒形态特征分析,13 颗淀粉粒个体,可划分为五类: A 类 2 颗。粒径范围为17.56~23.93 μm,淀粉粒的平面结构呈圆饼状或椭圆状,偏", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.826363+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S015_3087ee579d2e_S015-F04", "paper_key": "S015_3087ee579d2e", "paper_id": "S015", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4 马鹿洞和塘子沟遗址出土人牙表面的植物微体遗存 \nFig.4 Plant microremains on the surfaces of human teeth excavated from the Maludong and Tangzigou sites\na-b、d 来自塘子沟Tangzigou，c、e-k 来自马鹿洞Maludong。比例尺 Scale bar: 20 μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文复核说明：原文图2的d分图被两类同时引用。标记“来源内部冲突”，不靠类型代码自动补植物名，等待进一步来源核实。", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "296703f1a8f245e00dffb3bbbfb27cc9357e3d46fbed5f3ae8dc0516672bc68f", "image_bytes": 5187309, "sites": [ "CN012", "CN013" ], "caption_zh": "图4 马鹿洞和塘子沟遗址出土人牙表面的植物微体遗存 \na-b、d 来自塘子沟，c、e-k 来自马鹿洞。比例尺 : 20 μm", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Plant microremains on the surfaces of human teeth excavated from the Maludong and Tangzigou sites a-b, d from Tangzigou, c, e-k from Maludong. Scale bar: 20 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "马鹿洞和塘子沟遗址人牙表面植物微体遗存", "title_en": "Plant microremains on the surfaces of human teeth excavated from the Maludong and Tangzigou sites", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/296703f1a8f245e00dffb3bb.png", "image_url": "media/S015_3087ee579d2e_S015-F04.png?v=296703f1a8f2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "根据牙齿牙结石样本的淀粉粒形态特征分析,13 颗淀粉粒个体,可划分为五类: A 类 2 颗。粒径范围为17.56~23.93 μm,淀粉粒的平面结构呈圆饼状或椭圆状,偏", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.897265+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN012", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "图4 马鹿洞和塘子沟遗址出土人牙表面的植物微体遗存 \nFig.4 Plant microremains on the surfaces of human teeth excavated from the Maludong and Tangzigou sites\na-b、d 来自塘子沟Tangzigou，c、e-k 来自马鹿洞Maludong。比例尺 Scale bar: 20 μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "maludong", "quote": "，为揭示早期人类适应策略提供了关键的生物考古学证据。\n\n 关键词：更新世晚期；西南地区；古人类；植物微体遗存\n\n\n Starch granules in dental residues of ancient humans from the Maludong and\n Tangzigou sites, Yunnan\n\n DU Ruiyan 1,2, JI Xueping3,4, ZHOU Zhenyu5, GUAN Ying2,\n ZHANG Maolin 1, ZHOU Xiaoyan 6, XING Song 2\n\n 1. Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen, Jia", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3087ee579d2e325d4c77d5916e4943c6065b13c7063c7fcd1296c47b799c9fda" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN013", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "图4 马鹿洞和塘子沟遗址出土人牙表面的植物微体遗存 \nFig.4 Plant microremains on the surfaces of human teeth excavated from the Maludong and Tangzigou sites\na-b、d 来自塘子沟Tangzigou，c、e-k 来自马鹿洞Maludong。比例尺 Scale bar: 20 μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "tangzigou", "quote": "地区；古人类；植物微体遗存\n\n\n Starch granules in dental residues of ancient humans from the Maludong and\n Tangzigou sites, Yunnan\n\n DU Ruiyan 1,2, JI Xueping3,4, ZHOU Zhenyu5, GUAN Ying2,\n ZHANG Maolin 1, ZHOU Xiaoyan 6, XING Song 2\n\n 1. Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi 333001; 2. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3087ee579d2e325d4c77d5916e4943c6065b13c7063c7fcd1296c47b799c9fda" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S016_2faa48afe757_S016-F02", "paper_key": "S016_2faa48afe757", "paper_id": "S016", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二零口陶器上的淀粉粒类型及损伤特征1. I 型，黍亚科2. II 型，薏苡3. III 型，小麦族4. IV 型，水稻5. V 型，栝楼根6. VI 型，芡实7. VII 型，姜8. VIII 型，百合9. Ⅸ型，野豌豆10. 具有发酵糊化特征的淀粉粒11. 具有蒸煮糊化特征的淀粉粒12. 经刚果红染色的糊化淀粉粒注：1、3、7、9，淀粉粒表面显示中心凹陷、深沟、微型凹坑，部分缺失，4、6，消光十字消失，为淀粉酶分解而出现的损伤。（标尺：10微米；每组照片左为DIC，右为偏振光影像。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "dc6e05bb8b931652ce009c3196894f723460c7013c2686f3ef02ba0de81067af", "image_bytes": 4024199, "sites": [ "CN145" ], "caption_zh": "图二 零口陶器上的淀粉粒类型及损伤特征 1. I 型，黍亚科 2. II 型，薏苡 3. III 型，小麦族 4. IV 型，水稻 5. V 型，栝楼根 6. VI 型，芡实 7. VII 型，姜 8. VIII 型，百合9. Ⅸ型，野豌豆 10. 具有发酵糊化特征的淀粉粒 11. 具有蒸煮糊化特征的淀粉粒 12. 经刚果红染色的糊化淀粉粒 注：1、3、7、9，淀粉粒表面显示中心凹陷、深沟、微型凹坑，部分缺失，4、6，消光十字消失，为淀粉酶分解而出现的损伤。（标尺：10微米；每组照片左为DIC，右为偏振光影像。）", "caption_en": "Figure two: Starch grain types and damage features on Lingkou ceramic fragments. 1. Type I, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae); 2. Type II, Job’s tears; 3. Type III, wheat tribe (Triticeae); 4. Type IV, rice; 5. Type V, snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root; 6. Type VI, fox nut; 7. Type VII, ginger; 8. Type VIII, lily; 9. Type IX, wild pea; 10. Starch grains with fermentation gelatinization features; 11. Starch grains with steaming gelatinization features; 12. Gelatinized starch grains stained with Congo red. Note: In specimens 1, 3, 7, and 9, starch grains show central depression, deep grooves, micro-pits, and partial loss; in specimens 4 and 6, the extinction cross is absent, indicating damage due to amylase degradation. (Scale bar: 10 micrometers; left images are DIC, right are polarized light images).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "零口陶器上的淀粉粒类型及损伤特征", "title_en": "Starch grain types and damage features on Lingkou ceramic fragments", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/dc6e05bb8b931652ce009c31.png", "image_url": "media/S016_2faa48afe757_S016-F02.png?v=dc6e05bb8b93", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:46.976729+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN145", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图二零口陶器上的淀粉粒类型及损伤特征1. I 型，黍亚科2. II 型，薏苡3. III 型，小麦族4. IV 型，水稻5. V 型，栝楼根6. VI 型，芡实7. VII 型，姜8. VIII 型，百合9. Ⅸ型，野豌豆10. 具有发酵糊化特征的淀粉粒11. 具有蒸煮糊化特征的淀粉粒12. 经刚果红染色的糊化淀粉粒注：1、3、7、9，淀粉粒表面显示中心凹陷、深沟、微型凹坑，部分缺失，4、6，消光十字消失，为淀粉酶分解而出现的损伤。（标尺：10微米；每组照片左为DIC，右为偏振光影像。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lingkou", "quote": "order to answer this question，we\n carried out residue analysis on 20 flat-base and conical-base amphorae unearthed from the Lingkou site in\n Lintong，Shaanxi. We identified starch granules with characteristics of fermentation，phytoliths from cereal\n husks，as well as yeast cells，together suggesting that both types of pottery were brewing vessels. Ancient\n people used germinate", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2faa48afe757e8ba50cfa541d2a13fab9ca1643f8b65546b8fb6724719e4a179" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S016_2faa48afe757_S016-F03", "paper_key": "S016_2faa48afe757", "paper_id": "S016", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三\n现代淀粉粒对比标本\n1. 黍（发芽）\n2. 大麦（发芽）\n3. 稻米\n4. 栝楼根\n5. 百合（发\n酵）\n6. 芡实\n7. 生姜\n8. 野豌豆\n9. 糖化损伤的野生小麦族（披碱", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e09c999aed790ed55ddc2e45db1d4509ec8d8d0250c4f286d32e1210b0262197", "image_bytes": 3932078, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图三 现代淀粉粒对比标本。1：黍（发芽）2：大麦（发芽）3：稻米 4：栝楼根 5：百合（发酵）6：芡实 7：生姜 8：野豌豆 9：糖化损伤的野生小麦族（披碱草属Elymus sp.）淀粉粒；10、11：蒸煮损伤的淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Modern reference starch grains. 1, germinated broomcorn millet; 2, germinated barley; 3, rice; 4, snake-gourd root; 5, fermented lily; 6, fox nut; 7, ginger; 8, vetch; 9, wild Triticeae starch (wildrye, Elymus sp.) damaged during saccharification; 10 and 11, starch grains damaged by cooking.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒对比标本", "title_en": "Modern starch grain reference specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e09c999aed790ed55ddc2e45.png", "image_url": "media/S016_2faa48afe757_S016-F03.png?v=e09c999aed79", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:47.036000+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "caption_source_corrected": "图三 现代淀粉粒对比标本。1. 黍（发芽）；2. 大麦（发芽）；3. 稻米；4. 栝楼根；5. 百合（发酵）；6. 芡实；7. 生姜；8. 野豌豆；9. 糖化损伤的野生小麦族（披碱草Elymus sp.）淀粉粒；10、11. 蒸煮损伤的淀粉粒。", "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S016_2faa48afe757_S016-F04", "paper_key": "S016_2faa48afe757", "paper_id": "S016", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四\n零口陶器植硅体举例1. 薏苡十字型2. 十字型3. 哑铃型4. 多铃型5. 长方形树枝型6. 帽型7. 毛细胞8. 不透明穿孔片状9. 芦苇盾型10. 黍族长方形柱状型11. 黍颖壳η型12. 水稻颖壳双峰型13. 长方形绞合状树枝型硅化骨架（标尺2-8、10：10微米；9、11-13：20微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "df175c56e6421ce1d1943946604c85ab92f9989856c86e78ff0b6aa7fafd6f4b", "image_bytes": 4654352, "sites": [ "CN145" ], "caption_zh": "图四 零口陶器植硅体举例 1. 薏苡十字型 2. 十字型 3. 哑铃型 4. 多铃型 5. 长方形树枝型 6. 帽型 7. 毛细胞 8. 不透明穿孔片状 9. 芦苇盾型 10. 黍族长方形柱状型 11. 黍颖壳η型 12. 水稻颖壳双峰型 13. 长方形绞合状树枝型硅化骨架（标尺2-8、10，10微米；9、11-13: 20微米）", "caption_en": "Figure four. Examples of phytoliths from Lingkou pottery. 1. Job’s tears cross-type; 2. cross-type; 3. dumbbell-type; 4. multiple bells-type; 5. elongated branched tree-type; 6. hat-type; 7. hair cell; 8. opaque perforated lamellar; 9. reed shield-type; 10. panicgrass tribe (Paniceae) rectangular columnar-type; 11. broomcorn millet husk η-type; 12. rice husk double-peak-type; 13. rectangular interlaced branched tree-type silicified skeleton (scale bars 2–8, 10: 10 μm; 9, 11–13: 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "零口陶器植硅体举例", "title_en": "Examples of phytoliths from Lingkou pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/df175c56e6421ce1d1943946.png", "image_url": "media/S016_2faa48afe757_S016-F04.png?v=df175c56e642", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:47.112439+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN145", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "图四\n零口陶器植硅体举例1. 薏苡十字型2. 十字型3. 哑铃型4. 多铃型5. 长方形树枝型6. 帽型7. 毛细胞8. 不透明穿孔片状9. 芦苇盾型10. 黍族长方形柱状型11. 黍颖壳η型12. 水稻颖壳双峰型13. 长方形绞合状树枝型硅化骨架（标尺2-8、10：10微米；9、11-13：20微米）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lingkou", "quote": "order to answer this question，we\n carried out residue analysis on 20 flat-base and conical-base amphorae unearthed from the Lingkou site in\n Lintong，Shaanxi. We identified starch granules with characteristics of fermentation，phytoliths from cereal\n husks，as well as yeast cells，together suggesting that both types of pottery were brewing vessels. Ancient\n people used germinate", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2faa48afe757e8ba50cfa541d2a13fab9ca1643f8b65546b8fb6724719e4a179" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S016_2faa48afe757_S016-F05", "paper_key": "S016_2faa48afe757", "paper_id": "S016", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五零口陶器残留物中的酵母细胞（1-5）与现代酵母比较（6-8）1、2. 类似芽殖状态的酵母细胞3. 酵母细胞4. 酵母细胞群5. 类似毕赤酵母6. 现代石峁浑酒中的库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母（长条形）7. 现代石峁浑酒中的酿酒酵母8. 现代啤酒厂（京-A）使用的酿酒酵母（标尺1-5：5微米；6-8：10微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "35401c5ac6ac48e6cf591cd868c252208c1d4c65b14ce597876bf3d9c736f34f", "image_bytes": 2895648, "sites": [ "CN145" ], "caption_zh": "图五 零口陶器残留物中的酵母细胞（1-5）与现代酵母比较（6-8）\n1、2. 类似芽殖状态的酵母细胞 3. 酵母细胞 4. 酵母细胞群 5. 类似毕赤酵母 6. 现代石峁浑酒中的库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母（长条形）7. 现代石峁浑酒中的酿酒酵母 8. 现代啤酒厂（京-A）使用的酿酒酵母（标尺1-5，5微米；6-8，10微米）", "caption_en": "Figure five: Yeast cells from pottery residues at Lingkou (1–5) compared with modern yeast (6–8). 1, 2. Yeast cells showing budding morphology. 3. Yeast cell. 4. Yeast cell cluster. 5. Similar to yeasts (Pichia). 6. yeast (Pichia kudriavzevii) (elongated form) from modern Shimao hún jiǔ. 7. brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) from modern Shimao hún jiǔ. 8. brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) used in modern beer factory (Beijing-A). Scale bars 1–5: 5 micrometers; 6–8: 10 micrometers.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "零口陶器残留物中的酵母细胞及其与现代酵母的比较", "title_en": "Yeast cells from Lingkou pottery residues and comparison with modern yeast", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/35401c5ac6ac48e6cf591cd8.png", "image_url": "media/S016_2faa48afe757_S016-F05.png?v=35401c5ac6ac", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:47.193205+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN145", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "图五零口陶器残留物中的酵母细胞（1-5）与现代酵母比较（6-8）1、2. 类似芽殖状态的酵母细胞3. 酵母细胞4. 酵母细胞群5. 类似毕赤酵母6. 现代石峁浑酒中的库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母（长条形）7. 现代石峁浑酒中的酿酒酵母8. 现代啤酒厂（京-A）使用的酿酒酵母（标尺1-5：5微米；6-8：10微米）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lingkou", "quote": "order to answer this question，we\n carried out residue analysis on 20 flat-base and conical-base amphorae unearthed from the Lingkou site in\n Lintong，Shaanxi. We identified starch granules with characteristics of fermentation，phytoliths from cereal\n husks，as well as yeast cells，together suggesting that both types of pottery were brewing vessels. Ancient\n people used germinate", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2faa48afe757e8ba50cfa541d2a13fab9ca1643f8b65546b8fb6724719e4a179" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S018_25a7b31ea678_S018-F02", "paper_key": "S018_25a7b31ea678", "paper_id": "S018", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二 大地湾、波西和哈休遗址的淀粉粒类型\n1. Ⅰ型，黍亚科；2. Ⅱ型，薏苡；3.黍亚科，淀粉酶侵蚀损伤；4、5. Ⅲ型，水稻；6.水稻，发酵损伤；7. Ⅳ型，小麦族；8.小麦\n族，淀粉酶侵蚀损伤；9.小麦族，发酵损伤；10. Ⅴ型，豆科，发酵损伤；11. Ⅵ型，百合；12. Ⅶ型，栝楼根；13. Ⅷ型，生姜；\n14. Ⅹ型，蕨根；15. Ⅸ型，橡子；16、17. Ⅺ型，葛根；18. Ⅻ型，芡实，发酵损伤；19. ⅩⅢ型，蕨麻；20.不可鉴定，发酵损伤；\n21，不可鉴定，糊化损伤（比例尺，1~9,13~19,10μm；10~12,20,21,20μm。大地湾遗址淀粉粒，3,5,10,11,12,13,20；\n波西遗址淀粉粒，1,2,4,6,7,8,9,15,16,17,18,21；哈休遗址淀粉粒，14,19）。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1b8f3367c0df8746b520a357eaf66899376fbc51127dec6c5be8e73ca99c9360", "image_bytes": 5319918, "sites": [ "CN034", "CN070", "CN071" ], "caption_zh": "图二 大地湾、波西和哈休遗址的淀粉粒类型\n1. Ⅰ型，黍亚科；2. Ⅱ型，薏苡；3.黍亚科，淀粉酶侵蚀损伤；4、5. Ⅲ型，水稻；6.水稻，发酵损伤；7. Ⅳ型，小麦族；8.小麦族，淀粉酶侵蚀损伤；9.小麦族，发酵损伤；10. Ⅴ型，豆科，发酵损伤；11. Ⅵ型，百合；12. Ⅶ型，栝楼根；13. Ⅷ型，生姜；14. Ⅹ型，蕨根；15. Ⅸ型，橡子；16、17. Ⅺ型，葛根；18. Ⅻ型，芡实，发酵损伤；19. ⅩⅢ型，蕨麻；20.不可鉴定，发酵损伤；21，不可鉴定，糊化损伤（比例尺，1~9，13~19，10 μm；10~12，20，21，20 μm。大地湾遗址淀粉粒，3，5，10，11，12，13，20；波西遗址淀粉粒，1，2，4，6，7，8，9，15，16，17，18，21；哈休遗址淀粉粒，14，19）。", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Starch grain types from the Dadiwan, Boxi, and Haxiu sites\n1. Type I, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae); 2. Type II, Job’s tears; 3. panicoid grasses (Panicoideae), amylase erosion damage; 4, 5. Type III, rice; 6. rice, fermentation damage; 7. Type IV, wheat tribe (Triticeae); 8. wheat tribe (Triticeae), amylase erosion damage; 9. wheat tribe (Triticeae), fermentation damage; 10. Type V, legume family (Fabaceae), fermentation damage; 11. Type VI, lily; 12. Type VII, snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root; 13. Type VIII, ginger; 14. Type X, bracken rhizome; 15. Type IX, acorns; 16, 17. Type XI, kudzu root; 18. Type XII, fox nut, fermentation damage; 19. Type XIII, silverweed; 20. indeterminate, fermentation damage; 21. indeterminate, gelatinization damage (scale bars: 1–9, 13–19, 10 μm; 10–12, 20, 21, 20 μm. Dadiwan site starch grains: 3, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 20; Boxi site starch grains: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21; Haxiu site starch grains: 14, 19).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "大地湾、波西和哈休遗址的淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from the Dadiwan, Boxi, and Haxiu sites", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/1b8f3367c0df8746b520a357.png", "image_url": "media/S018_25a7b31ea678_S018-F02.png?v=1b8f3367c0df", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:47.294919+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图二 大地湾、波西和哈休遗址的淀粉粒类型\n1. Ⅰ型，黍亚科；2. Ⅱ型，薏苡；3.黍亚科，淀粉酶侵蚀损伤；4、5. Ⅲ型，水稻；6.水稻，发酵损伤；7. Ⅳ型，小麦族；8.小麦\n族，淀粉酶侵蚀损伤；9.小麦族，发酵损伤；10. Ⅴ型，豆科，发酵损伤；11. Ⅵ型，百合；12. Ⅶ型，栝楼根；13. Ⅷ型，生姜；\n14. Ⅹ型，蕨根；15. Ⅸ型，橡子；16、17. Ⅺ型，葛根；18. Ⅻ型，芡实，发酵损伤；19. ⅩⅢ型，蕨麻；20.不可鉴定，发酵损伤；\n21，不可鉴定，糊化损伤（比例尺，1~9,13~19,10μm；10~12,20,21,20μm。大地湾遗址淀粉粒，3,5,10,11,12,13,20；\n波西遗址淀粉粒，1,2,4,6,7,8,9,15,16,17,18,21；哈休遗址淀粉粒，14,19）。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "大地湾", "quote": "，二者均代表最早迁徙到川西北高原的\n\n 农耕人群的扩张就是其中之一。随着人口密度的不断 仰韶社群（图一：A）。\n\n 增加，新石器时代农耕人群从其发源地离心式扩张，\n 并将他们的基因、语言和文化带到周边地区，早期农 一、仰韶文化大地湾遗址\n 人在人口和技术上都较周边地区的原土著狩猎-采集 仰韶文化繁荣于黄河中游地区，文化特征包括定\n 人群占有优势。汉藏语系是世界第二大语系，全球有 居村落、彩陶生产、家猪与家犬驯养，以及以粟（Setaria\n 超过1.3亿的人口使用，主要分布在中国境内。最近，比 italica）和黍（Panicum miliaceum）为主、水稻（Oryza\n 较语言学研究将汉藏语系的源头溯至距今约8000年前 sativa）为辅的农业种植等。仰韶文化在早期阶段（距", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "25a7b31ea6784e6916ce6811084c87bcc621b49946a8ab8e50e3b315387518a5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN070", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图二 大地湾、波西和哈休遗址的淀粉粒类型\n1. Ⅰ型，黍亚科；2. Ⅱ型，薏苡；3.黍亚科，淀粉酶侵蚀损伤；4、5. Ⅲ型，水稻；6.水稻，发酵损伤；7. Ⅳ型，小麦族；8.小麦\n族，淀粉酶侵蚀损伤；9.小麦族，发酵损伤；10. Ⅴ型，豆科，发酵损伤；11. Ⅵ型，百合；12. Ⅶ型，栝楼根；13. Ⅷ型，生姜；\n14. Ⅹ型，蕨根；15. Ⅸ型，橡子；16、17. Ⅺ型，葛根；18. Ⅻ型，芡实，发酵损伤；19. ⅩⅢ型，蕨麻；20.不可鉴定，发酵损伤；\n21，不可鉴定，糊化损伤（比例尺，1~9,13~19,10μm；10~12,20,21,20μm。大地湾遗址淀粉粒，3,5,10,11,12,13,20；\n波西遗址淀粉粒，1,2,4,6,7,8,9,15,16,17,18,21；哈休遗址淀粉粒，14,19）。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "波西", "quote": "的考古遗存：（1）甘肃地区的大地湾遗址，代表在渭河 研究显示，大地湾遗址尖底瓶和壶的功能都与酒类的\n 流域原始汉藏语系发源地生活的社群，渭河是黄河的 生产和消费有关。本研究将重新分析大地湾遗址出土\n 一条主要支流；（2）岷江流域的波西遗址和大渡河流 的陶器，以探究其所使用的酿造技术。\n\n\n - 58 -", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "25a7b31ea6784e6916ce6811084c87bcc621b49946a8ab8e50e3b315387518a5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN071", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图二 大地湾、波西和哈休遗址的淀粉粒类型\n1. Ⅰ型，黍亚科；2. Ⅱ型，薏苡；3.黍亚科，淀粉酶侵蚀损伤；4、5. Ⅲ型，水稻；6.水稻，发酵损伤；7. Ⅳ型，小麦族；8.小麦\n族，淀粉酶侵蚀损伤；9.小麦族，发酵损伤；10. Ⅴ型，豆科，发酵损伤；11. Ⅵ型，百合；12. Ⅶ型，栝楼根；13. Ⅷ型，生姜；\n14. Ⅹ型，蕨根；15. Ⅸ型，橡子；16、17. Ⅺ型，葛根；18. Ⅻ型，芡实，发酵损伤；19. ⅩⅢ型，蕨麻；20.不可鉴定，发酵损伤；\n21，不可鉴定，糊化损伤（比例尺，1~9,13~19,10μm；10~12,20,21,20μm。大地湾遗址淀粉粒，3,5,10,11,12,13,20；\n波西遗址淀粉粒，1,2,4,6,7,8,9,15,16,17,18,21；哈休遗址淀粉粒，14,19）。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "哈休", "quote": "南方文物NAN FANG WEN WU 2023.05\n\n\n 人类历史由多层次的迁徙活动构成，新石器时代 域的哈休遗址，二者均代表最早迁徙到川西北高原的\n\n 农耕人群的扩张就是其中之一。随着人口密度的不断 仰韶社群（图一：A）。\n\n 增加，新石器时代农耕人群从其发源地离心式扩张，\n 并将他们的基因、语言和文化带到周边地区，早期农 一、仰韶文化大地湾遗址\n 人在人口和技术上都较周边地区的原土著狩猎-采集 仰韶文化繁荣于黄河中游地区，文化特征包括定\n 人群占有优势。汉藏语系是世界第二大语系，全球有 居村落、彩陶生产、家猪与家犬驯养，以及以粟（Setaria\n 超", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "25a7b31ea6784e6916ce6811084c87bcc621b49946a8ab8e50e3b315387518a5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S018_25a7b31ea678_S018-F03", "paper_key": "S018_25a7b31ea678", "paper_id": "S018", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三 大地湾和波西遗址的植硅体类型\n1.十字型；2.大型变体1类十字型，薏苡；3.哑铃型；4.多铃型；5.帽型；6.长方形刺状纹饰型硅化骨架；7.扇型；\n8.毛细胞；9、10.长方形树枝型；11.不透明穿孔片状；12.管胞；13.水稻双峰型（箭头所指为峰部，较低一侧的峰\n部比较模糊）；14.η型，黍颖壳；15.Ω型，粟颖壳（大地湾，3,4,10,11,12,14,15；波西，1,2,5,6,7,8,9,13）。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9f6cf47a001b53c57ace4b0db76b03aca97e0f941e39217b70ec40bd9b5befe0", "image_bytes": 5673328, "sites": [ "CN034", "CN070" ], "caption_zh": "图三 大地湾和波西遗址的植硅体类型\n1.十字型；2.大型变体1类十字型，薏苡；3.哑铃型；4.多铃型；5.帽型；6.长方形刺状纹饰型硅化骨架；7.扇型；8.毛细胞；9、10.长方形树枝型；11.不透明穿孔片状；12.管胞；13.水稻双峰型（箭头所指为峰部，较低一侧的峰部比较模糊）；14.η型，黍颖壳；15.Ω型，粟颖壳（大地湾，3，4，10，11，12，14，15；波西，1，2，5，6，7，8，9，13）。", "caption_en": "Figure three. Phytolith types from the Dadiwan and Boxi sites. 1. Cross-type; 2. Large variant 1 of cross-type, Job's tears; 3. Dumbbell-type; 4. Multibell-type; 5. Cap-type; 6. Long rectangular ribbed type with silicified skeleton; 7. Fan-type; 8. Trichoblast; 9, 10. Rectangular branched type; 11. Opaque perforated lamellar; 12. Vessel element; 13. Rice biphasic type (arrow points to the peak, the lower peak is somewhat blurred); 14. η-type, broomcorn millet husk; 15. Ω-type, foxtail millet husk (Dadiwan: 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15; Boxi: 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "大地湾和波西遗址的植硅体类型", "title_en": "Phytolith types from the Dadiwan and Boxi sites", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9f6cf47a001b53c57ace4b0d.png", "image_url": "media/S018_25a7b31ea678_S018-F03.png?v=9f6cf47a001b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:47.370449+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图三 大地湾和波西遗址的植硅体类型\n1.十字型；2.大型变体1类十字型，薏苡；3.哑铃型；4.多铃型；5.帽型；6.长方形刺状纹饰型硅化骨架；7.扇型；\n8.毛细胞；9、10.长方形树枝型；11.不透明穿孔片状；12.管胞；13.水稻双峰型（箭头所指为峰部，较低一侧的峰\n部比较模糊）；14.η型，黍颖壳；15.Ω型，粟颖壳（大地湾，3,4,10,11,12,14,15；波西，1,2,5,6,7,8,9,13）。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "大地湾", "quote": "，二者均代表最早迁徙到川西北高原的\n\n 农耕人群的扩张就是其中之一。随着人口密度的不断 仰韶社群（图一：A）。\n\n 增加，新石器时代农耕人群从其发源地离心式扩张，\n 并将他们的基因、语言和文化带到周边地区，早期农 一、仰韶文化大地湾遗址\n 人在人口和技术上都较周边地区的原土著狩猎-采集 仰韶文化繁荣于黄河中游地区，文化特征包括定\n 人群占有优势。汉藏语系是世界第二大语系，全球有 居村落、彩陶生产、家猪与家犬驯养，以及以粟（Setaria\n 超过1.3亿的人口使用，主要分布在中国境内。最近，比 italica）和黍（Panicum miliaceum）为主、水稻（Oryza\n 较语言学研究将汉藏语系的源头溯至距今约8000年前 sativa）为辅的农业种植等。仰韶文化在早期阶段（距", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "25a7b31ea6784e6916ce6811084c87bcc621b49946a8ab8e50e3b315387518a5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN070", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图三 大地湾和波西遗址的植硅体类型\n1.十字型；2.大型变体1类十字型，薏苡；3.哑铃型；4.多铃型；5.帽型；6.长方形刺状纹饰型硅化骨架；7.扇型；\n8.毛细胞；9、10.长方形树枝型；11.不透明穿孔片状；12.管胞；13.水稻双峰型（箭头所指为峰部，较低一侧的峰\n部比较模糊）；14.η型，黍颖壳；15.Ω型，粟颖壳（大地湾，3,4,10,11,12,14,15；波西，1,2,5,6,7,8,9,13）。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "波西", "quote": "的考古遗存：（1）甘肃地区的大地湾遗址，代表在渭河 研究显示，大地湾遗址尖底瓶和壶的功能都与酒类的\n 流域原始汉藏语系发源地生活的社群，渭河是黄河的 生产和消费有关。本研究将重新分析大地湾遗址出土\n 一条主要支流；（2）岷江流域的波西遗址和大渡河流 的陶器，以探究其所使用的酿造技术。\n\n\n - 58 -", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "25a7b31ea6784e6916ce6811084c87bcc621b49946a8ab8e50e3b315387518a5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S018_25a7b31ea678_S018-FS3", "paper_key": "S018_25a7b31ea678", "paper_id": "S018", "number": "S3", "caption_original": "图S3 现代淀粉粒对比标本\n1.黍，Panicum miliaceum；2.薏苡，Coix lacryma-jobi；3.粟， Setaria italica，碾磨损伤；4、5. 水稻，Oryza sativa；\n6. 水稻，Oryza sativa，发酵损伤；7.山羊草，Agrophyron cristatum；8.大麦 Hordeum vulgare，碾磨损伤；9.栝\n楼根， Trichosanthes kirilowii；10.豇豆，Vigna sp.；11.山丹百合. Lilium pumilum；12.生姜，Zingiber officinale；\n13.蕨根，Pteridium aquilinum；14.栓皮栎，Quercus variabilis；15.葛根，Pueraria montana；16.芡实，Euryale \nferox；17.蕨麻，Potentilla anserina；18.发酵的黍，糊化状态；19.经过蒸煮的大麦，糊化状态（比例尺，1，2，4，\n5，7，13，15，16，17: 10µm; 3，6，8，9，10，11，12，14，18，19: 20µm）。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "72ef6f8f92547025e13099ef1b9437da2dbf8048c256911e8677ea80d8aeef50", "image_bytes": 4324816, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图S3 现代淀粉粒对比标本\n1.黍，Panicum miliaceum；2.薏苡，Coix lacryma-jobi；3.粟， Setaria italica，碾磨损伤；4、5. 水稻，Oryza sativa；6. 水稻，Oryza sativa，发酵损伤；7.山羊草，Agrophyron cristatum；8.大麦 Hordeum vulgare，碾磨损伤；9.栝楼根，Trichosanthes kirilowii；10.豇豆，Vigna sp.；11.山丹百合. Lilium pumilum；12.生姜，Zingiber officinale；13.蕨根，Pteridium aquilinum；14.栓皮栎，Quercus variabilis；15.葛根，Pueraria montana；16.芡实，Euryale ferox；17.蕨麻，Potentilla anserina；18.发酵的黍，糊化状态；19.经过蒸煮的大麦，糊化状态（比例尺，1，2，4，5，7，13，15，16，17，10 μm； 3，6，8，9，10，11，12，14，18，19，20 μm）。", "caption_en": "Figure S3 Modern starch grain reference specimens\n1. Foxtail millet, broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); 2. Job’s tears, Coix lacryma-jobi; 3. Foxtail millet, Setaria italica, with grinding damage; 4, 5. Rice, Oryza sativa; 6. Rice, Oryza sativa, with fermentation damage; 7. Festuca, Agrophyron cristatum; 8. Barley, Hordeum vulgare, with grinding damage; 9. snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root, Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii); 10. Cowpea, cowpea relatives (Vigna sp.); 11. Mountain lily, coral lily (Lilium pumilum); 12. Ginger, Zingiber officinale; 13. Bracken rhizome, Pteridium aquilinum; 14. Variable oak, Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis); 15. Kudzu root, kudzu (Pueraria montana); 16. Fox nut, Euryale ferox; 17. Silverweed, Potentilla anserina; 18. Fermented foxtail millet, gelatinized state; 19. Boiled barley, gelatinized state (scale bars: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 13, 15, 16, 17: 10 μm; 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒对比标本图", "title_en": "Modern Starch Grain Reference Specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/72ef6f8f92547025e13099ef.png", "image_url": "media/S018_25a7b31ea678_S018-FS3.png?v=72ef6f8f9254", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:47.513104+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S019_3b8916ac74d3_S019-F03", "paper_key": "S019_3b8916ac74d3", "paper_id": "S019", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三实验酿酒过程中黍、小麦族和稻米淀粉粒损伤形态对比标本1. 发芽后的黍，部分颗粒有深沟、凹坑2-4. 糖化和发酵的黍，有更明显的深沟、凹坑、破裂、中空现象5，6. 酿造后的黍淀粉粒群组，颗粒中空，仅存周边轮廓及双折射特征7. 发芽后的披碱草，出现深沟、中心塌陷、消光十字模糊8. 发酵后的披碱草，中空，仅存周边轮廓及双折射特征9，10. 发酵的稻米淀粉粒群组，有消光十字，或仅有双折射特征", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "232e77c074c452d8bdcbd79a4e909d3e75af1adb33ec531a80ed036ca7031d71", "image_bytes": 7609791, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图三 实验酿酒过程中黍、小麦族和稻米淀粉粒损伤形态对比标本 1. 发芽后的黍，部分颗粒有深沟、凹坑 2-4. 糖化和发酵的黍，有更明显的深沟、凹坑、破裂、中空现象 5，6. 酿造后的黍淀粉粒群组，颗粒中空，仅存周边轮廓及双折射特征 7. 发芽后的披碱草，出现深沟、中心塌陷、消光十字模糊 8. 发酵后的披碱草，中空，仅存周边轮廓及双折射特征 9，10. 发酵的稻米淀粉粒群组，有消光十字，或仅有双折射特征。", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Comparative specimens of starch grain damage morphologies during experimental wine fermentation of broomcorn millet, wheat tribe (Triticeae), and rice. 1. Germinated broomcorn millet, some particles show deep grooves and pits; 2–4. Saccharified and fermented broomcorn millet, show more pronounced deep grooves, pits, cracks, and hollowing; 5, 6. Aggregates of starch grains from fermented broomcorn millet, particles are hollow, retaining only peripheral contours and birefringence; 7. Germinated Festuca, showing deep grooves, central collapse, and blurred extinction cross; 8. Fermented Festuca, hollow, retaining only peripheral contours and birefringence; 9, 10. Aggregates of fermented rice starch grains, showing extinction cross or only birefringence features.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "酿酒过程中黍、小麦族和稻米淀粉粒损伤形态对比", "title_en": "Comparative morphologies of starch grain damage in broomcorn millet, Triticeae, and rice during wine fermentation", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/232e77c074c452d8bdcbd79a.png", "image_url": "media/S019_3b8916ac74d3_S019-F03.png?v=232e77c074c4", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:47.646717+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S019_3b8916ac74d3_S019-F04", "paper_key": "S019_3b8916ac74d3", "paper_id": "S019", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四灰嘴F1地面和陶器上发现的淀粉粒1. 粟黍2-4. 有损伤特征的粟黍，显示深沟、微型凹坑、中心塌陷5，6. 粟黍群组，颗粒中空，仅剩周边轮廓，但具有双折射特征7. 糊化山药8. 稻米淀粉粒群组，有双折射特征9. 小麦族，消光十字模糊10. 小麦族，中部变空仅存周边轮廓有双折射特征", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "511e882397db267b1ba88b80e336bdde90c52da9d4af32de7ffc6aaaf6a4b1c8", "image_bytes": 7182599, "sites": [ "CN142" ], "caption_zh": "图四 灰嘴F1地面和陶器上发现的淀粉粒 1. 粟黍 2-4. 有损伤特征的粟黍，显示深沟、微型凹坑、中心塌陷 5，6. 粟黍群组，颗粒中空，仅剩周边轮廓，但具有双折射特征 7. 糊化山药 8. 稻米淀粉粒群组，有双折射特征 9. 小麦族，消光十字模糊 10. 小麦族，中部变空仅存周边轮廓有双折射特征", "caption_en": "Figure four: Starch grains from the ground and pottery of Huizui F1. 1. Foxtail millet and broomcorn millet; 2–4. Damaged foxtail millet and broomcorn millet, showing deep grooves, micro-pits, and central collapse; 5, 6. Groups of foxtail millet and broomcorn millet, with hollow particles retaining only peripheral outlines but showing birefringence; 7. Gelatinized yam starch grains; 8. Rice starch grain groups showing birefringence; 9. wheat tribe (Triticeae), with faint extinction cross; 10. wheat tribe (Triticeae), with central hollowing, only peripheral outline remaining and showing birefringence.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "灰嘴F1地面和陶器上发现的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from the ground and pottery of Huizui F1", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/511e882397db267b1ba88b80.png", "image_url": "media/S019_3b8916ac74d3_S019-F04.png?v=511e882397db", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:21:12.431916+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN142", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图四灰嘴F1地面和陶器上发现的淀粉粒1. 粟黍2-4. 有损伤特征的粟黍，显示深沟、微型凹坑、中心塌陷5，6. 粟黍群组，颗粒中空，仅剩周边轮廓，但具有双折射特征7. 糊化山药8. 稻米淀粉粒群组，有双折射特征9. 小麦族，消光十字模糊10. 小麦族，中部变空仅存周边轮廓有双折射特征", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "huizui", "quote": "In this paper, we employ starch and phytolith analyses to study the residues from\n floors of a large Yangshao house F1 at Huizui in Yanshi, Henan, together with pottery vessels found near the\n house. The results suggest that this house and the nearby pottery vessels may have been used as facilities for\n feasting, including brewing beer with millet, rice, Triticeae, and tub", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3b8916ac74d31182eeddd5b93e3263be10b1fd305cf1a7cddaad0d908258dc32" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S019_3b8916ac74d3_S019-F05", "paper_key": "S019_3b8916ac74d3", "paper_id": "S019", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五灰嘴F1地面残留物中经刚果红染色显示出的糊化淀粉粒：在明场镜下为红色（左），在偏光镜下为橘红色（右）1. 下层地面的糊化淀粉粒2. 上层地面的糊化淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b1dc4de4a0a9f1f8738cbc9d66a1db66421183d9ad96c33006375de22284692e", "image_bytes": 1725701, "sites": [ "CN142" ], "caption_zh": "图五 灰嘴F1地面残留物中经刚果红染色显示出的糊化淀粉粒：在明场镜下为红色（左），在偏光镜下为橘红色（右）1. 下层地面的糊化淀粉粒 2. 上层地面的糊化淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure 5 Starch grains showing gelatinization in ground residue from Huizui F1: red in bright field (left), orange-red in polarized light (right) 1. Gelatinized starch grains from lower ground layer 2. Gelatinized starch grains from upper ground layer", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "灰嘴F1地面残留物中糊化淀粉粒", "title_en": "Gelatinized starch grains in ground residue from Huizui F1", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/b1dc4de4a0a9f1f8738cbc9d.png", "image_url": "media/S019_3b8916ac74d3_S019-F05.png?v=b1dc4de4a0a9", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:47.804231+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN142", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图五灰嘴F1地面残留物中经刚果红染色显示出的糊化淀粉粒：在明场镜下为红色（左），在偏光镜下为橘红色（右）1. 下层地面的糊化淀粉粒2. 上层地面的糊化淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "huizui", "quote": "In this paper, we employ starch and phytolith analyses to study the residues from\n floors of a large Yangshao house F1 at Huizui in Yanshi, Henan, together with pottery vessels found near the\n house. The results suggest that this house and the nearby pottery vessels may have been used as facilities for\n feasting, including brewing beer with millet, rice, Triticeae, and tub", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3b8916ac74d31182eeddd5b93e3263be10b1fd305cf1a7cddaad0d908258dc32" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S019_3b8916ac74d3_S019-F06", "paper_key": "S019_3b8916ac74d3", "paper_id": "S019", "number": "6", "caption_original": "图六灰嘴F1地面和陶器上发现的植硅体1. η 型（黍颖壳）2. Ω型（粟颖壳）3. 多边帽型（莎草科）4. 横排哑铃型组合体（稻属）5. 双峰型（稻属）6. 帽型（禾本科）7. 十字型（黍亚科）8. 哑铃型（黍亚科）（标尺为20微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "fd7b28ee4ab390dc29e3c5046d9528d123a25ad67a3b66ff1d09b5abe3bb8c9f", "image_bytes": 3331466, "sites": [ "CN142" ], "caption_zh": "图六 灰嘴F1地面和陶器上发现的植硅体 1. η 型（黍颖壳）2. Ω型（粟颖壳）3. 多边帽型（莎草科）4. 横排哑铃型组合体（稻属）5. 双峰型（稻属）6. 帽型（禾本科）7. 十字型（黍亚科）8. 哑铃型（黍亚科）（标尺为20微米）", "caption_en": "Figure six: Phytoliths found on the ground and on pottery from Huizui F1. 1. η-type (from broomcorn millet husk); 2. Ω-type (from foxtail millet husk); 3. polygonal cap-type (from sedge family (Cyperaceae)); 4. transverse dumbbell-type combination (from rice (Oryza)); 5. bimodal type (from rice (Oryza)); 6. cap-type (from grass family (Poaceae)); 7. cross-type (from panicoid grasses (Panicoideae)); 8. dumbbell-type (from panicoid grasses (Panicoideae)) (scale bar: 20 micrometers)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "灰嘴F1地面和陶器上发现的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths found on the ground and on pottery from Huizui F1", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/fd7b28ee4ab390dc29e3c504.png", "image_url": "media/S019_3b8916ac74d3_S019-F06.png?v=fd7b28ee4ab3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:47.880739+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN142", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "图六灰嘴F1地面和陶器上发现的植硅体1. η 型（黍颖壳）2. Ω型（粟颖壳）3. 多边帽型（莎草科）4. 横排哑铃型组合体（稻属）5. 双峰型（稻属）6. 帽型（禾本科）7. 十字型（黍亚科）8. 哑铃型（黍亚科）（标尺为20微米）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "huizui", "quote": "In this paper, we employ starch and phytolith analyses to study the residues from\n floors of a large Yangshao house F1 at Huizui in Yanshi, Henan, together with pottery vessels found near the\n house. The results suggest that this house and the nearby pottery vessels may have been used as facilities for\n feasting, including brewing beer with millet, rice, Triticeae, and tub", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3b8916ac74d31182eeddd5b93e3263be10b1fd305cf1a7cddaad0d908258dc32" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S020_4ec0f943eafe_S020-F06", "paper_key": "S020_4ec0f943eafe", "paper_id": "S020", "number": "6", "caption_original": "图六灰嘴大口缸残留物中的淀粉粒类型1. Ⅰ型，稻米，无消光十字2. Ⅱ型，黍亚科，部分缺失3. Ⅲ型，小麦族，层纹暴露，消光十字模糊4. Ⅳ型，豆科5. Ⅴ型，山药6. Ⅵ型，百合7、8. Ⅶ型，栝楼根，圆形和钟形复粒9. Ⅷ型，块根，部分缺失10. 糊化呈团状", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "cddae3c4551ded16b386fb7fbae91ade49dc494e3343ba528eb98d609dd99fa8", "image_bytes": 5747373, "sites": [ "CN142" ], "caption_zh": "图六 灰嘴大口缸残留物中的淀粉粒类型 1. Ⅰ型，稻米，无消光十字 2. Ⅱ型，黍亚科，部分缺失 3. Ⅲ型，小麦族，层纹暴露，消光十字模糊 4. Ⅳ型，豆科 5. Ⅴ型，山药 6. Ⅵ型，百合 7、8. Ⅶ型，栝楼根，圆形和钟形复粒 9. Ⅷ型，块根，部分缺失 10. 糊化呈团状", "caption_en": "Figure 6. Starch grain types from the residue of Huizui large-mouthed jar. 1. Type I, rice, without extinction cross; 2. Type II, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae), partially missing; 3. Type III, wheat tribe (Triticeae), lamellae exposed, extinction cross blurred; 4. Type IV, legume family (Fabaceae); 5. Type V, yam; 6. Type VI, lily; 7, 8. Type VII, snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root, circular and bell-shaped composite grains; 9. Type VIII, tuberous root, partially missing; 10. Gelatinized in clumped form", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "灰嘴大口缸残留物中的淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from the residue of Huizui large-mouthed jar", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/cddae3c4551ded16b386fb7f.png", "image_url": "media/S020_4ec0f943eafe_S020-F06.png?v=cddae3c4551d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:47.956496+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN142", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图六灰嘴大口缸残留物中的淀粉粒类型1. Ⅰ型，稻米，无消光十字2. Ⅱ型，黍亚科，部分缺失3. Ⅲ型，小麦族，层纹暴露，消光十字模糊4. Ⅳ型，豆科5. Ⅴ型，山药6. Ⅵ型，百合7、8. Ⅶ型，栝楼根，圆形和钟形复粒9. Ⅷ型，块根，部分缺失10. 糊化呈团状", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "huizui", "quote": "ts a microfossil analysis of the residue found inside a large vessel of the Late\nYangshao period, unearthed in the Huizui site in Yanshi, Henan. The analysis revealed a significant presence\n Monascusof starch granules, phytoliths, mold, and yeast cells. The findings suggest that the vessel was used", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4ec0f943eafea3b705468d4f6f04d27b836946afc40c42c97303f5a154423ed0" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S020_4ec0f943eafe_S020-F07", "paper_key": "S020_4ec0f943eafe", "paper_id": "S020", "number": "7", "caption_original": "图七现代淀粉粒对比标本1. 稻米（Oryza sativa），经发酵2. 薏米（Coix lacryma-jobi），经发酵3. 大麦（Hordeum vulgare），经发酵4. 绿豆（Vigna radiata）5. 山药（Dioscoreapolystachya）6. 卷丹百合（Lilium lancifolium）7. 栝楼根（Trichosanthes kirilowii）8、9. 糊化淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Foxtail millet → Job’s tears（Coix lacryma-jobi）。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "00dba2600984277cbf3b7a28d1fcc57908969eb018500bc53cbd2a271b5044ee", "image_bytes": 7542946, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图七 现代淀粉粒对比标本 1. 稻米（Oryza sativa），经发酵 2. 薏米（Coix lacryma-jobi），经发酵 3. 大麦（Hordeum vulgare），经发酵 4. 绿豆（Vigna radiata）5. 山药（Dioscorea polystachya）6. 卷丹百合（Lilium lancifolium）7. 栝楼根（Trichosanthes kirilowii）8、9. 糊化淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure seven modern starch grain reference specimens 1. Rice (Oryza sativa), fermented 2. Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), fermented 3. Barley (Hordeum vulgare), fermented 4. Mung bean (Vigna radiata) 5. Yam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea polystachya) 6. Lilies (tiger lily, Lilium lancifolium) 7. Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) root 8, 9. Gelatinized starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒对比标本", "title_en": "Modern starch grain reference specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/00dba2600984277cbf3b7a28.png", "image_url": "media/S020_4ec0f943eafe_S020-F07.png?v=00dba2600984", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:21:10.479993+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S020_4ec0f943eafe_S020-F08", "paper_key": "S020_4ec0f943eafe", "paper_id": "S020", "number": "8", "caption_original": "图八灰嘴大口缸残留物中植硅体遗存1. 薏苡十字型2. 十字型3. 哑铃型4. 多铃型5. 稻亚科哑铃型6. 长方形树枝型7. 帽型8. 扇型9. 水稻颖壳双峰型10. 长方形绞合树枝型11. 黍颖壳η型12. 未确定黍族颖壳13. 管胞14. 长方形曲波状纹饰", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5d379e0214efd4f6d02d5fea5bcf4f07169ce8d73c316477a0e1b0792aaa24b7", "image_bytes": 8313333, "sites": [ "CN142" ], "caption_zh": "图八 灰嘴大口缸残留物中植硅体遗存 1. 薏苡十字型 2. 十字型3. 哑铃型4. 多铃型5. 稻亚科哑铃型6. 长方形树枝型7. 帽型8. 扇型9. 水稻颖壳双峰型10. 长方形绞合树枝型11. 黍颖壳η型12. 未确定黍族颖壳13. 管胞14. 长方形曲波状纹饰", "caption_en": "Figure eight: phytolith residues from the Huizui large-mouthed jar. 1. Job's tears cross-type; 2. cross-type; 3. dumbbell-type; 4. multi-bell-type; 5. panicgrass tribe (Paniceae) dumbbell-type; 6. rectangular branched-type; 7. hat-type; 8. fan-type; 9. rice husk bimodal-type; 10. rectangular interlaced branched-type; 11. broomcorn millet husk η-type; 12. undetermined panicgrass tribe (Paniceae) husk; 13. tracheid; 14. rectangular wavy-ribbed type", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "灰嘴大口缸植硅体遗存", "title_en": "Phytolith residues from the Huizui large-mouthed jar", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5d379e0214efd4f6d02d5fea.png", "image_url": "media/S020_4ec0f943eafe_S020-F08.png?v=5d379e0214ef", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.081536+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN142", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图八灰嘴大口缸残留物中植硅体遗存1. 薏苡十字型2. 十字型3. 哑铃型4. 多铃型5. 稻亚科哑铃型6. 长方形树枝型7. 帽型8. 扇型9. 水稻颖壳双峰型10. 长方形绞合树枝型11. 黍颖壳η型12. 未确定黍族颖壳13. 管胞14. 长方形曲波状纹饰", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "huizui", "quote": "ts a microfossil analysis of the residue found inside a large vessel of the Late\nYangshao period, unearthed in the Huizui site in Yanshi, Henan. The analysis revealed a significant presence\n Monascusof starch granules, phytoliths, mold, and yeast cells. The findings suggest that the vessel was used", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4ec0f943eafea3b705468d4f6f04d27b836946afc40c42c97303f5a154423ed0" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S021_20f45384b1a5_S021-F02", "paper_key": "S021_20f45384b1a5", "paper_id": "S021", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2实验酿酒过程中淀粉粒的损伤形态(显示DIC和偏振光影像)1．薏苡，发酵3天后有些淀粉粒表面出现凹坑和深沟；2.薏苡，发酵33天后淀粉粒普遍有更明显的凹坑和深沟；3.薏苡，发酵33天后一些淀粉粒受到严重分解后中心部分缺失，仅剩边缘；4.黍，糖化后表面出现凹坑和深沟；5.黍，糖化后中心部分破坏但边缘较完整;6.冰草，糖化后中心部破坏，边缘残破；7.赖草，糖化后表面出现凹坑，部分糊化；8.栝楼根，发酵34天后中心凹陷，边缘破损；9.山药，发酵5天后边缘破损，消光十字模糊；10.百合，发酵5天后出现深沟，边缘破损，消光十字模糊。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8ad2b0d3ea7d47fcde5eb7758e5feb4ed6211ff81e8f1687160af02344d985d0", "image_bytes": 467243, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 实验酿酒过程中淀粉粒的损伤形态（显示DIC和偏振光影像）1.薏苡，发酵3天后有些淀粉粒表面出现凹坑和深沟；2.薏苡，发酵33天后淀粉粒普遍有更明显的凹坑和深沟；3.薏苡，发酵33天后一些淀粉粒受到严重分解后中心部分缺失，仅剩边缘；4.黍，糖化后表面出现凹坑和深沟；5.黍，糖化后中心部分破坏但边缘较完整；6.冰草，糖化后中心部破坏，边缘残破；7.赖草，糖化后表面出现凹坑，部分糊化；8.栝楼根，发酵34天后中心凹陷，边缘破损；9.山药，发酵5天后边缘破损，消光十字模糊；10.百合，发酵5天后出现深沟，边缘破损，消光十字模糊。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Morphological damage of starch grains during experimental wine fermentation (showing DIC and polarized light images): 1. Job’s tears, after 3 days of fermentation, some starch grains show pits and deep grooves on the surface; 2. Job’s tears, after 33 days of fermentation, starch grains generally exhibit more pronounced pits and deep grooves; 3. Job’s tears, after 33 days of fermentation, some starch grains are severely degraded with the central part missing, leaving only the edges; 4. broomcorn millet, after saccharification, surface pits and deep grooves appear; 5. broomcorn millet, after saccharification, central part is destroyed but edges remain relatively intact; 6. icegrass, after saccharification, central part is destroyed and edges are fragmented; 7. rye grass, after saccharification, surface pits appear, partial gelatinization observed; 8. snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root, after 34 days of fermentation, central depression and edge fragmentation; 9. yam, after 5 days of fermentation, edge fragmentation and blurred extinction cross; 10. lily, after 5 days of fermentation, deep grooves appear, edge fragmentation, and blurred extinction cross.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "酿酒过程中淀粉粒损伤形态", "title_en": "Morphological damage of starch grains during wine fermentation", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/8ad2b0d3ea7d47fcde5eb775.png", "image_url": "media/S021_20f45384b1a5_S021-F02.png?v=8ad2b0d3ea7d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.195893+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S021_20f45384b1a5_S021-F03", "paper_key": "S021_20f45384b1a5", "paper_id": "S021", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3\n杨官寨陶器上的淀粉粒，由于酶的作用产生各种\n形态的损伤(显示DIC和偏振光影像)1.黍淀粉粒，表面有凹坑(JDP2);2.薏苡淀粉粒，表面有深沟(FN1);3.两颗出现不同程度中心凹陷的淀粉粒(FN2);4.淀粉粒中心部分几乎完全缺失，仅保存边缘(JDP2);5.百合淀粉粒，边缘破损(JDP1);6.山药淀粉粒，消光十字模糊;7.栝楼根淀粉粒，中心凹陷(FN2);8. 小麦族淀粉粒，表面有凹坑，部分糊化(FN2)。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a7b8308638d06b61246d18b50c72f0b37b70f6c5ea9c174d9fedd0b09ad7f244", "image_bytes": 486419, "sites": [ "CN191" ], "caption_zh": "图3 杨官寨陶器上的淀粉粒，由于酶的作用产生各种\n形态的损伤（显示DIC和偏振光影像）1.黍淀粉粒，表面有凹坑（JDP2）；2.薏苡淀粉粒，表面有深沟（FN1）；3.两颗出现不同程度中心凹陷的淀粉粒（FN2）；4.淀粉粒中心部分几乎完全缺失，仅保存边缘（JDP2）；5.百合淀粉粒，边缘破损（JDP1）；6.山药淀粉粒，消光十字模糊；7.栝楼根淀粉粒，中心凹陷（FN2）；8. 小麦族淀粉粒，表面有凹坑，部分糊化（FN2）。", "caption_en": "Starch grains from pottery at Yangguanzhai showing various morphological damages due to enzymatic action (displayed as DIC and polarized light images): 1. Broomcorn millet starch grains with surface pits (JDP2); 2. Job's tears starch grains with deep grooves (FN1); 3. Two starch grains showing varying degrees of central depression (FN2); 4. Starch grains with almost complete central loss, only the periphery preserved (JDP2); 5. Lily starch grains with edge fragmentation (JDP1); 6. Yam starch grains with blurred extinction cross; 7. snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root starch grains with central depression (FN2); 8. wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch grains with surface pits and partial gelatinization (FN2).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "杨官寨陶器上的淀粉粒形态特征", "title_en": "Starch grain morphologies from pottery at Yangguanzhai", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/a7b8308638d06b61246d18b5.png", "image_url": "media/S021_20f45384b1a5_S021-F03.png?v=a7b8308638d0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.273804+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN191", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图3\n杨官寨陶器上的淀粉粒，由于酶的作用产生各种\n形态的损伤(显示DIC和偏振光影像)1.黍淀粉粒，表面有凹坑(JDP2);2.薏苡淀粉粒，表面有深沟(FN1);3.两颗出现不同程度中心凹陷的淀粉粒(FN2);4.淀粉粒中心部分几乎完全缺失，仅保存边缘(JDP2);5.百合淀粉粒，边缘破损(JDP1);6.山药淀粉粒，消光十字模糊;7.栝楼根淀粉粒，中心凹陷(FN2);8. 小麦族淀粉粒，表面有凹坑，部分糊化(FN2)。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "杨官寨", "quote": "农业考古2017·62017 年第6 期\n\n\n 仰韶文化的谷芽酒：\n 解密杨官寨遗址的陶器功能\n\n 刘 莉 王佳静 赵雅楠 杨利平\n\n\n\n\n 摘要：黄河中游的仰韶文化在中期（庙底沟类型时期）迅速向周边地区扩张，表现之一为具有代表性的\n\n 陶器组合出现在许多同时期的遗址中，包括小口尖底瓶、小口平底瓶和漏斗。我们对陕西高陵杨官寨遗址仰\n\n 韶中期的这三种器物中的遗存进行了淀粉粒和植硅体分析，其结果揭示了它们作为酿酒器具的功用，并可\n\n 藉此复原目前所知经科学鉴定的中国最早的谷芽酒（距今5700－5300年前）的酿制过程，即以黍和薏苡为基", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "20f45384b1a5195cd5fb20162b01f3eefa2670b0992e2c51965702fac706e195" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S021_20f45384b1a5_S021-F04", "paper_key": "S021_20f45384b1a5", "paper_id": "S021", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4\n杨官寨陶器上的植硅体代表类型1.黍颖壳（FN1);2.小麦族树枝状纹饰(PDP1);3.十字型，类似薏苡（JDP2);4.哑铃型(FN2);5.帽型(FN2)。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7c6519322ea9ae8da946db8c5f73489f9397cab78f0c3c829c2121eb7f0ef9af", "image_bytes": 565503, "sites": [ "CN191" ], "caption_zh": "图4 杨官寨陶器上的植硅体代表类型 1.黍颖壳（FN1）；2.小麦族树枝状纹饰（PDP1）；3.十字型，类似薏苡（JDP2）；4.哑铃型（FN2）；5.帽型（FN2）。", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Phytolith representatives from Yangguanzhai pottery: 1. Husk of broomcorn millet (FN1); 2. Branch-like ornament of wheat tribe (Triticeae) (PDP1); 3. Cross-shaped, similar to Job’s tears (JDP2); 4. Dumbbell-shaped (FN2); 5. Cap-shaped (FN2).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "杨官寨陶器上的植硅体代表类型", "title_en": "Phytolith representatives from Yangguanzhai pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/7c6519322ea9ae8da946db8c.png", "image_url": "media/S021_20f45384b1a5_S021-F04.png?v=7c6519322ea9", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.327655+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN191", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图4\n杨官寨陶器上的植硅体代表类型1.黍颖壳（FN1);2.小麦族树枝状纹饰(PDP1);3.十字型，类似薏苡（JDP2);4.哑铃型(FN2);5.帽型(FN2)。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "杨官寨", "quote": "农业考古2017·62017 年第6 期\n\n\n 仰韶文化的谷芽酒：\n 解密杨官寨遗址的陶器功能\n\n 刘 莉 王佳静 赵雅楠 杨利平\n\n\n\n\n 摘要：黄河中游的仰韶文化在中期（庙底沟类型时期）迅速向周边地区扩张，表现之一为具有代表性的\n\n 陶器组合出现在许多同时期的遗址中，包括小口尖底瓶、小口平底瓶和漏斗。我们对陕西高陵杨官寨遗址仰\n\n 韶中期的这三种器物中的遗存进行了淀粉粒和植硅体分析，其结果揭示了它们作为酿酒器具的功用，并可\n\n 藉此复原目前所知经科学鉴定的中国最早的谷芽酒（距今5700－5300年前）的酿制过程，即以黍和薏苡为基", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "20f45384b1a5195cd5fb20162b01f3eefa2670b0992e2c51965702fac706e195" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S022_93caba017bdc_S022-F03", "paper_key": "S022_93caba017bdc", "paper_id": "S022", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3\nStarch grains and phytoliths isolated from residues samples collected\nin Shangshan and Xiaohuangshan，and modern reference samples\nA. membrane-bound starch grains，shangshan; B-E: starch grains sirmilar to Quercus sp. /Coix lacryma-jobi，", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "409efbe28ef2550ad98d3e0414a7dd54f8026b8f0dc61d5730f856f6606432bf", "image_bytes": 1538228, "sites": [ "CN079", "CN080" ], "caption_zh": "图3 从上山和小黄山采集的残留物样品及现代参考样品中分离出的淀粉粒和植硅体 A. 膜结合淀粉粒，上山；B-E: 与栎属/薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）相似的淀粉粒，F：淀粉粒（右下）及水稻叶/茎植硅体，上山；G、H：与柯属（Lithocarpus）和青冈属（Cyclobalanopsis）相似的淀粉粒，小黄山；I. 来自未知禾草叶的Keystone型植硅体，小黄山；J. 禾草叶片平滑棒型和方型植硅体，上山；K. 水稻颖壳双峰型稃片细胞植硅体，上山；L–S：来自各种植物的现代淀粉参考样品。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3\nStarch grains and phytoliths isolated from residues samples collected\nin Shangshan and Xiaohuangshan,and modern reference samples\nA. membrane-bound starch grains,shangshan; B-E: starch grains sirmilar to oaks (Quercus sp.) /Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi),", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "上山和小黄山残留物中淀粉粒与植硅体", "title_en": "Starch grains and phytoliths from Shangshan and Xiaohuangshan residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/409efbe28ef2550ad98d3e04.png", "image_url": "media/S022_93caba017bdc_S022-F03.png?v=409efbe28ef2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "morphologies consistent with Quercus species (Fig. 3N) including shape,fissures at the hilum and", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "Residual starch grains from the Xiaohuangshan samples (Late Shangshan Phase) (Fig. 3G,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "any of the samples (see Fig. 3S). Rather,identification of starch residues to Quercus sp. and /or", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 11, "quote": "grasses (Fig. 5),including rice ( Fig. 3F). Rice ( Oryza sp. ) husk cells are present in low", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.389485+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 3\nStarch grains and phytoliths isolated from residues samples collected\nin Shangshan and Xiaohuangshan，and modern reference samples\nA. membrane-bound starch grains，shangshan; B-E: starch grains sirmilar to Quercus sp. /Coix lacryma-jobi，", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "5. Institute of Archaeology，Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Beijing 100710)\n\n\n Abstract: Recent excavations at Shangshan and Xiaohuangshan (11，400-8000 cal BP) in\n\n Zhejiang Province have revealed the earliest evidence for the emergence of sedentary villages in\n\n the Lower Yangzi River region. Both sites yielded abundant grinding stones but few organic", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "93caba017bdcf00a27c67757a708ed38d6637678e54760f4698d8a99341719b4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN080", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 3\nStarch grains and phytoliths isolated from residues samples collected\nin Shangshan and Xiaohuangshan，and modern reference samples\nA. membrane-bound starch grains，shangshan; B-E: starch grains sirmilar to Quercus sp. /Coix lacryma-jobi，", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Xiaohuangshan", "quote": "tute of Archaeology，Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Beijing 100710)\n\n\n Abstract: Recent excavations at Shangshan and Xiaohuangshan (11，400-8000 cal BP) in\n\n Zhejiang Province have revealed the earliest evidence for the emergence of sedentary villages in\n\n the Lower Yangzi River region. Both sites yielded abundant grinding stones but few organic\n\n remains. A", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "93caba017bdcf00a27c67757a708ed38d6637678e54760f4698d8a99341719b4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S024_0a706bc25e27_S024-F02", "paper_key": "S024_0a706bc25e27", "paper_id": "S024", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二  塔布敖包遗址石器上发现的淀粉粒残留物\na、b. A类粟，c. 黍，d、e.其他禾本科，f、g. B类，h. C类，i. D类，j. E类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a403109ead8788f4cc31fb119448e1b4234248e28b24e50cdd0d985277b5e18f", "image_bytes": 1159157, "sites": [ "CN045" ], "caption_zh": "图二  塔布敖包遗址石器上发现的淀粉粒残留物\na、b. A类粟，可能来自粟、黍，c. 黍，d、e.其他禾本科，f、g. B类，薯蓣属，h. C类，小麦族，i. D类，无法确定种属，j. E类，无法判断。", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Starch grains recovered from stone tools at the Tabuaobao site a, b. Type A foxtail millet, c. broomcorn millet, d, e. other grasses, f, g. Type B, h. Type C, i. Type D, j. Type E", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "塔布敖包遗址石器上发现的淀粉粒残留物", "title_en": "Starch grains recovered from stone tools at the Tabuaobao site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/a403109ead8788f4cc31fb11.png", "image_url": "media/S024_0a706bc25e27_S024-F02.png?v=a403109ead87", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "是粒径整体上大于狗尾 图二 塔布敖包遗址石器上发现的淀粉粒残留物 a、b. A类粟,c. 黍,d、e.其他禾本科,f、g. B类,h. C类,i. D类,j. E类", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.457924+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN045", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图二  塔布敖包遗址石器上发现的淀粉粒残留物\na、b. A类粟，c. 黍，d、e.其他禾本科，f、g. B类，h. C类，i. D类，j. E类", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "tabuaobao", "quote": "、小麦族在内的禾本科、块根块茎等植物淀粉粒遗存，另有一些暂未知种属淀粉粒。通过量化分析，\n\n并结合其他考古证据，初步认为农业生产与采集渔猎并重的模式是塔布敖包聚落的生计方式。囿于资料的局限，目前尚\n\n无法进一步衡量聚落农业生产的规模和水平。\nKeywords：Tabu’aobao site; stone tools; starch grains; subsistence\nAbstract：Tabu’aobao is a site of Late Xinglongwa culture. Several types of micro-plant remains were recovered from stone tools\nof that site by using the Starch- grain analyses tehnique, including millets, Triticea", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0a706bc25e27370e045630dc6142507eab3975b270eed5d0d1cff87578936aac" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S025_7f0dba9a6dcc_S025-F02", "paper_key": "S025_7f0dba9a6dcc", "paper_id": "S025", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图 2 魏家窝铺遗址陶器内部发现的淀粉粒\nFig.2 Starch grains discovered in the inner surface of potteries from the Weijiawopu site\n1. T2312-2 黑色灰烬中提取出的淀粉粒（Starch grains extracted from black ashes in T2312-2）；2. T240-3 黑色灰烬中提取出\n的淀粉粒（Starch grains extracted from black ashes in T240-3）； 3, 7. T2606-6 内表面提取的淀粉粒（Starch grains extracted\nfrom inner surface of T2606-6）；4.T2506-4 内表面提取的淀粉粒（Starch grains extracted from inner surface of T2506-4）；5,\n8.T1002-3 内表面提取的淀粉粒（Starch grains extracted from inner surface of T1002-3）；6.T2302-3 内表面提取的淀粉粒（Starch\ngrains extracted from inner surface of T2302-3）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3d6b3284e0ffb9a82e01c74114a28cee5e7cb17586ecd6321efd1e5072706519", "image_bytes": 6911717, "sites": [ "CN047" ], "caption_zh": "图 2 魏家窝铺遗址陶器内部发现的淀粉粒\n1. T2312-2 黑色灰烬中提取出的淀粉粒；2. T240-3 黑色灰烬中提取出的淀粉粒； 3，7. T2606-6 内表面提取的淀粉粒；4.T2506-4 内表面提取的淀粉粒；5，8.T1002-3 内表面提取的淀粉粒；6.T2302-3 内表面提取的淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Starch grains discovered in the inner surface of potteries from the Weijiawopu site\n1. T2312-2 starch grains extracted from black ashes in T2312-2; 2. T240-3 starch grains extracted from black ashes in T240-3; 3, 7. T2606-6 starch grains extracted from inner surface of T2606-6; 4. T2506-4 starch grains extracted from inner surface of T2506-4; 5, 8. T1002-3 starch grains extracted from inner surface of T1002-3; 6. T2302-3 starch grains extracted from inner surface of T2302-3", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "魏家窝铺遗址陶器内部发现的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains discovered in the inner surface of potteries from the Weijiawopu site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/3d6b3284e0ffb9a82e01c741.png", "image_url": "media/S025_7f0dba9a6dcc_S025-F02.png?v=3d6b3284e0ff", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.516423+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN047", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图 2 魏家窝铺遗址陶器内部发现的淀粉粒\nFig.2 Starch grains discovered in the inner surface of potteries from the Weijiawopu site\n1. T2312-2 黑色灰烬中提取出的淀粉粒（Starch grains extracted from black ashes in T2312-2）；2. T240-3 黑色灰烬中提取出\n的淀粉粒（Starch grains extracted from black ashes in T240-3）； 3, 7. T2606-6 内表面提取的淀粉粒（Starch grains extracted\nfrom inner surface of T2606-6）；4.T2506-4 内表面提取的淀粉粒（Starch grains extracted from inner surface of T2506-4）；5,\n8.T1002-3 内表面提取的淀粉粒（Starch grains extracted from inner surface of T1002-3）；6.T2302-3 内表面提取的淀粉粒（Starch\ngrains extracted from inner surface of T2302-3）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "weijiawopu", "quote": "0-3193(2017)03-0406-09\n\n\n Diet and related issues revealed by starch grain analysis on pottery unearthed\n from the Weijiawopu site, Inner Mongolia\n\n WANG Chunxue 1, 2, CHENG Jingtang1 , CAO Jianen 3, TA La4,\n XIONG Zenglong 5 , GUAN Ying 2\n\n1. Research Center of Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012; 2. Key Laboratory of Vertebra", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7f0dba9a6dcc5f2750c4d9f5db8059f1e63cb4df8595047c98119a557867bab1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S026_6ace8e86a13d_S026-F01", "paper_key": "S026_6ace8e86a13d", "paper_id": "S026", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图一", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3fbafc9a4e5fa780507070ad6d0f6c7dcb58d999eff9f20433760f57193cb684", "image_bytes": 1074461, "sites": [ "CN074" ], "caption_zh": "图1 三杨庄遗址石质加工工具表面的淀粉粒。（a）粟黍类（Setaria sp./黍属（Panicum sp.））；（b）薏苡类（Coix sp.）；（c）小麦族（Triticeae）；（d）豆科（Fabaceae）；（e）芋属（Colocasia sp.）；（f）栎实类（Quercus sp.）；（g）莲属（Nelumbo sp.）；（h）薯蓣科（Dioscoreaceae），类似山药。比例尺均为10 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 1. Starch grains on stone processing tools from the Sanyangzhuang site. (a) foxtail grasses (Setaria sp.)/panicgrasses (Panicum sp.); (b) Job’s tears (Coix sp.); (c) wheat tribe (Triticeae); (d) legume family (Fabaceae); (e) taro (Colocasia sp.); (f) oaks (Quercus sp.); (g) lotus (Nelumbo sp.); (h) yam family (Dioscoreaceae). All scale bars: 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "三杨庄石质加工工具表面的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains on stone processing tools from Sanyangzhuang", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "编辑补注：原图仅标“图一”；分图说明据原PDF第3—4页（期刊124—125页）正文及图中标注整理。", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/3fbafc9a4e5fa780507070ad.png", "image_url": "media/S026_6ace8e86a13d_S026-F01.png?v=3fbafc9a4e5f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.586630+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN074", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图一", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "sanyangzhuang", "quote": "秦汉时期的旋转磨主要用于加工小麦。对三杨\n\n庄遗址出土汉代旋转磨的淀粉残留物分析表明，粉食粟亦为汉代农户重要的消费方式。因此，由粒食向粉食的转变，\n\n不能简单地等同于为食粟向食麦的转变。旋转磨应当更多地被视为一种多功能粮食加工平台。\n KEYWORDS: Sanyangzhuang site, Han Dynasty, Rotary quern, Starch grains\n ABSTRACT: The transition from grain-eating to flour-eating was a significant turning point in the history of Chinese\nfood culture. In the literature, the widespread of rotary querns has been considered as an", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6ace8e86a13d85af544c4c7d4c9b21ea75a6983231c92827711c393b3aeedacd" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S027_4f71cd6dc8c2_S027-F01", "paper_key": "S027_4f71cd6dc8c2", "paper_id": "S027", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图１　几种禾本科作物淀粉粒形态比较\nＡ———青狗尾草（ｆｏｘｔａｉｌｇｒａｓｓ）　Ｂ———黍（ｂｒｏｏｍｃｏｒｎｍｉｌｌｅｔ）　Ｃ———粟（ｆｏｘｔａｉｌｍｉｌｌｅｔ）　Ｄ———高粱（ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍ）　Ｅ———薏苡（ｊｏｂｓｔｅａｒｓ）\n每组图上下分别为ＤＩＣ和偏光下影像，比例尺：１０μｍ\nＦｉｇ１　Ｍｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｉｍａｇｅｓｏｆｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓｏｆｆｉｖｅｇｒａｓｓｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ．\nＶｉｅｗｅｄｕｎｄｅｒＤＩＣ（ｕｐｐｅｒ）ａｎｄｐｏｌａｒｉｚｅｄｌｉｇｈｔ（ｌｏｗｅｒ）．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：１０μｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a9969753aa531abbd8174434a8072826c933377691eeca84d71b95a1330e4bb4", "image_bytes": 8389913, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图1 几种禾本科作物淀粉粒形态比较\nA—青狗尾草（foxtailgrass） B—黍（broomcornmillet） C—粟（foxtailmillet） D—高粱（Sorghum） E—薏苡（job’stears）\n每组图上下分别为DIC和偏光下影像，比例尺：10 μm", "caption_en": "Fig. 1 Microscopic images of starch grains of five grass species. Viewed under DIC (upper) and polarized light (lower). Scale bar: 10 μm. A——— Green foxtail (foxtail grass) B——— Broomcorn millet (broomcorn millet) C——— Foxtail millet (foxtail millet) D——— Sorghum (Sorghum) E——— Job’s tears (Job’s tears). Each panel shows DIC and polarized light images from top to bottom, with a scale bar of 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "几种禾本科作物淀粉粒形态比较", "title_en": "Microscopic images of starch grains of five grass species", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/a9969753aa531abbd8174434.png", "image_url": "media/S027_4f71cd6dc8c2_S027-F01.png?v=a9969753aa53", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.642129+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S027_4f71cd6dc8c2_S027-F04", "paper_key": "S027_4f71cd6dc8c2", "paper_id": "S027", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图４　高粱及薏苡淀粉粒的不同形态\nＡ～Ｄ———高粱单粒淀粉（ｓｉｍｐｌｅｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓｏｆｓｏｒｇｈｕｍｓｔａｒｃｈ）　Ｅ～Ｇ———高粱复粒淀粉（ｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓｏｆｓｏｒｇｈｕｍｓｔａｒｃｈ）\nＨ———薏苡复粒淀粉（ｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓｏｆＪｏｂｓｔｅａｒｓｓｔａｒｃｈ）　Ｉ———薏苡单粒淀粉（ｓｉｍｐｌｅｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓｏｆＪｏｂｓｔｅａｒｓｓｔａｒｃｈ）\nＦｉｇ４　ＭｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｖａｒｉｅｔｉｅｓｏｆｓｏｒｇｈｕｍａｎｄＪｏｂｓｔｅａｒｓｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "687ee6e454c2961fd03edee670db7831a39b36286835cb1c5a90a751b6415acb", "image_bytes": 5399978, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 高粱及薏苡淀粉粒的不同形态\nA~D—高粱单粒淀粉（simple granules of sorghum starch） E~G—高粱复粒淀粉（compound granules of sorghum starch）\nH—薏苡复粒淀粉（compound granules of Job’s tears starch） I—薏苡单粒淀粉（simple granules of Job’s tears starch）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Morphological varieties of Sorghum and Job’s tears starch grains\nA–D——Simple starch grains of Sorghum (simple grains of Sorghum starch)\nE–G——Compound starch grains of Sorghum (compound grains of Sorghum starch)\nH——Compound starch grains of Job’s tears (compound grains of Job’s tears starch)\nI——Simple starch grains of Job’s tears (simple grains of Job’s tears starch)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "高粱及薏苡淀粉粒的不同形态", "title_en": "Morphological varieties of sorghum and Job’s tears starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/687ee6e454c2961fd03edee6.png", "image_url": "media/S027_4f71cd6dc8c2_S027-F04.png?v=687ee6e454c2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.706133+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S028_3c3416c8ce23_S028-F02", "paper_key": "S028_3c3416c8ce23", "paper_id": "S028", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图 2 现代部分植物淀粉粒特征图谱\n(a) 狗尾草(Setaria viridis), 采自河北, 5 µm 以上淀粉粒平均粒径(7.91±1.36) µm (n=100), 表面多褶皱; (b) 粟(Setaria italica), 采自河北, 5 µm以上淀粉粒平均粒径(10.32±2.15) µm (n=100), 表面光滑, 大部分具有通过脐点的深裂隙; (c) 粟, 采自内蒙, 5 µm以上淀粉粒平均粒径 (11.74±1.66) µm (n=100); (d) 粟, 采自河南, 5 µm 以上淀粉粒平均粒径(9.68±2.16) µm (n=100); (e) 黍(Panicum miliaseum), 采自河北, 5 µm 以上淀粉粒平均粒径(7.55±1.40) µm (n=100); (f) 板栗(Castanea mollisima); (g) 槲栎(Quercus aliena); (h) 麻栎(Quercus acutissima); (i) 扁\n豆 (Lens culinaris); (j) 小豆(Vigna angularis); (k) 蕨麻(Potentilla anserina); (l) 荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "dc4ae7b21bb723b3b29a4b45e2c82ed3f352462fe54b3c17ce209cde6f374b65", "image_bytes": 1109066, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图 2 现代部分植物淀粉粒特征图谱\n（a） 狗尾草（Setaria viridis）， 采自河北， 5 μm 以上淀粉粒平均粒径（7.91±1.36） µm （n=100）， 表面多褶皱； （b） 粟（Setaria italica）， 采自河北， 5 µm以上淀粉粒平均粒径（10.32±2.15） µm （n=100）， 表面光滑， 大部分具有通过脐点的深裂隙； （c） 粟， 采自内蒙， 5 µm以上淀粉粒平均粒径 （11.74±1.66） µm （n=100）； （d） 粟， 采自河南， 5 μm 以上淀粉粒平均粒径（9.68±2.16） µm （n=100）； （e） 黍（Panicum miliaceum）， 采自河北， 5 μm 以上淀粉粒平均粒径（7.55±1.40） µm （n=100）； （f） 板栗（Castanea mollissima）； （g） 槲栎（Quercus aliena）； （h） 麻栎（Quercus acutissima）； （i） 扁豆 （Lens culinaris）； （j） 小豆（Vigna angularis）； （k） 蕨麻（Potentilla anserina）； （l） 荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum）", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Characteristic starch grain profiles from modern plant species\n(a) green foxtail (Setaria viridis) (green foxtail), collected from Hebei, average starch grain diameter above 5 μm (7.91±1.36) µm (n=100), surface highly wrinkled; (b) foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (foxtail millet), collected from Hebei, average starch grain diameter above 5 μm (10.32±2.15) µm (n=100), surface smooth, most specimens showing deep fissures passing through the hilum; (c) foxtail millet (Setaria italica), collected from Inner Mongolia, average starch grain diameter above 5 μm (11.74±1.66) µm (n=100); (d) foxtail millet (Setaria italica), collected from Henan, average starch grain diameter above 5 μm (9.68±2.16) µm (n=100); (e) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (broomcorn millet), collected from Hebei, average starch grain diameter above 5 μm (7.55±1.40) µm (n=100); (f) Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) (Chinese chestnut); (g) oriental white oak (Quercus aliena) (sycamore oak); (h) sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima) (sharp-leaved oak); (i) lentil (Lens culinaris) (broad bean); (j) adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) (adzuki bean); (k) silverweed (Potentilla anserina) (silverweed); (l) buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) (buckwheat)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉粒特征图谱", "title_en": "Starch grain characteristics of modern plant species", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/dc4ae7b21bb723b3b29a4b45.png", "image_url": "media/S028_3c3416c8ce23_S028-F02.png?v=dc4ae7b21bb7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.763016+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S028_3c3416c8ce23_S028-F03", "paper_key": "S028_3c3416c8ce23", "paper_id": "S028", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 上宅遗址磨盘磨棒上的淀粉粒\n(a)~(r) 标尺长为20 µm; (s), (t) 标尺为50 µm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "dae9da5d82eba5454a68bc22691bbef4a388ad96cd2391f5f8b59046d4c756c4", "image_bytes": 1243685, "sites": [ "CN023" ], "caption_zh": "图3 上宅遗址磨盘磨棒上的淀粉粒\na-c, 狗尾草；d 小豆；e 栎属；f 橡子；g,h 无法鉴定；i,j 无法鉴定 k橡子l 无法鉴定； m黍；n。o 橡子；p.无法鉴定； qr根茎类；st 黑麦属、燕麦属火荞麦属。（a）~（r） 标尺长为20μm； （s）， （t） 标尺为50 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Starch grains on the grinding stones and grinding rods from the Shangzhai site\n(a)–(r) Scale bar is 20 μm; (s), (t) Scale bar is 50 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "上宅遗址磨盘磨棒上的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains on the grinding stones and grinding rods from the Shangzhai site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/dae9da5d82eba5454a68bc22.png", "image_url": "media/S028_3c3416c8ce23_S028-F03.png?v=dae9da5d82eb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.844709+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN023", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图3 上宅遗址磨盘磨棒上的淀粉粒\n(a)~(r) 标尺长为20 µm; (s), (t) 标尺为50 µm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shangzhai", "quote": "有的学者对中国农业社会 没有直接的证据.\n\n\n\n引用格式: Yang X Y, Yu J C, Lü H Y, et al. Starch grain analysis reveals function of grinding stone tools at Shangzhai site, Beijing. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 2009,\n 52(8): 1164—1171, doi: 10.1007/s11430-009-0089-9", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3c3416c8ce233cfe93fe3a4b3c146b672ad1ed958a8057cd56ca7bf36d00a4c8" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S029_c2450443bbbf_S029-F02", "paper_key": "S029_c2450443bbbf", "paper_id": "S029", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二//\n残留物上发现的淀粉粒类型\n1.I型，稻米\n2.II型，黍族\n3.III型，小麦族\n4—6.IV型，栝楼根\n7.V型，百合\n8.VI型，橡子\n（1、7比例尺为20微米；2—4、6、8比例尺为10微米；5比例尺为5微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "75b02ca066d5b478e257480bc74b4cf0ca7aa2fb2dee7e735bd4e360f52145d8", "image_bytes": 1517685, "sites": [ "CN149" ], "caption_zh": "图二 残留物上发现的淀粉粒类型\n1.I型，稻米 2.II型，黍族 3.III型，小麦族 4—6.IV型，栝楼根 7.V型，百合 8.VI型，橡子（1、7比例尺为20微米；2—4、6、8比例尺为10微米；5比例尺为5微米）", "caption_en": "Starch grain types identified on residues\n1. Type I, rice\n2. Type II, panicgrass tribe (Paniceae)\n3. Type III, wheat tribe (Triticeae)\n4–6. Type IV, snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root\n7. Type V, lily\n8. Type VI, acorns\n(panels 1 and 7: scale bar 20 μm; panels 2–4, 6, and 8: scale bar 10 μm; panel 5: scale bar 5 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "残留物上发现的淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types identified on residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/75b02ca066d5b478e257480b.png", "image_url": "media/S029_c2450443bbbf_S029-F02.png?v=75b02ca066d5", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.901225+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN149", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图二//\n残留物上发现的淀粉粒类型\n1.I型，稻米\n2.II型，黍族\n3.III型，小麦族\n4—6.IV型，栝楼根\n7.V型，百合\n8.VI型，橡子\n（1、7比例尺为20微米；2—4、6、8比例尺为10微米；5比例尺为5微米）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "东贾柏", "quote": "美国； （1．斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 美国；2.斯坦福大学考古中心\n 北京 3.中国社会科学院考古研究所 100710）\n\n\n\n 内容提要：山东济宁东贾柏遗址出土的北辛文化中期的两件小口双耳罐和两件磨棒上的残留物\n中发现较多的淀粉粒、植硅体、霉菌和酵母细胞。分析结果显示，两件陶罐曾用于酿酒，酿酒原料以稻\n米为主，并加入粟黍、小麦族、栝楼根和橡子。酿酒方法可能包括两种：一种为曲酒，利用发霉谷物，并\n且可能加入植物茎叶制曲酿造，其中根霉可能是曲中的主要发酵剂；另一种为口嚼酒，通过咀嚼谷物\n利用人的唾液糖化淀粉。北辛文化酿造曲酒的方法可能是受到了中原地区文化的影响，但口嚼酒是\n目前最早的考古学证据。口嚼酒是否起源于海岱地区，需要进一步研究。\n 关键词：北辛文化 东贾柏遗", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c2450443bbbf85fc9323624e801d56c4b88b43f3b1b344bdea6739eef83fc998" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S029_c2450443bbbf_S029-F03", "paper_key": "S029_c2450443bbbf", "paper_id": "S029", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三//\n罐1和罐2中的发酵和糊化淀粉粒与现代标本对比\n1、3.发酵损伤淀粉粒（罐1）2.现代发酵粟淀粉粒\n4.现代发芽大麦淀粉粒\n5—7.发酵损\n伤淀粉粒（罐1、2）8.现代发酵稻米淀粉粒\n9.经刚果红染色的淀粉粒群（罐2），\n形态类似稻米\n10.糊化淀粉粒（罐1）11.现代蒸米饭淀粉粒\n（7、8比例尺为5微米；1—6、9、10比例尺为10微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6252515c3e69cabbc45a7424696539e1e3391741a0c406cc2716d7ae1d48151d", "image_bytes": 2782052, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图三//罐1和罐2中的发酵和糊化淀粉粒与现代标本对比\n1、3.发酵损伤淀粉粒（罐1）2.现代发酵粟淀粉粒 4.现代发芽大麦淀粉粒 5—7.发酵损\n伤淀粉粒（罐1、2）8.现代发酵稻米淀粉粒 9.经刚果红染色的淀粉粒群（罐2），形态类似稻米 10.糊化淀粉粒（罐1）11.现代蒸米饭淀粉粒 （7、8比例尺为5微米；1—6、9、10比例尺为10微米）", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Comparison of fermented and gelatinized starch grains from Vessels 1 and 2 with modern samples\n1, 3. Fermentation-damaged starch grains (Vessel 1); 2. Modern fermented foxtail millet starch grains;\n4. Modern germinated barley starch grains;\n5–7. Fermentation-damaged starch grains (Vessels 1 and 2); 8. Modern fermented rice starch grains;\n9. Starch grain clusters from Vessel 2 stained with Congo red, morphologically similar to rice;\n10. Gelatinized starch grains (Vessel 1); 11. Modern steamed rice starch grains. (Panels 7 and 8: scale bar 5 μm; panels 1–6, 9, 10: scale bar 10 μm);", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "罐1和罐2中发酵和糊化淀粉粒与现代标本对比", "title_en": "Comparison of fermented and gelatinized starch grains from Vessels 1 and 2 with modern samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/6252515c3e69cabbc45a7424.png", "image_url": "media/S029_c2450443bbbf_S029-F03.png?v=6252515c3e69", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.950768+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S029_c2450443bbbf_S029-F04", "paper_key": "S029_c2450443bbbf", "paper_id": "S029", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四//现代淀粉粒对比标本1.稻米Oryza sp.2.黍Panican miliaceum（发芽）3.赖草Leymus sp.（发芽）4.栝楼根Trichosanthes kirilowii5.山丹百合Lilium pumilum6.白栎Quercus fabri.（1、2、4比例尺为10微米；3、5、6比例尺为20微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9e92a6a6cbea914681231716fb2bdc5a44a42d62eed0653300f7d8cd6598410a", "image_bytes": 1322013, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图四//现代淀粉粒对比标本 1.稻米（Oryza sp.）.黍Panican miliaceum（发芽）3.赖草赖草属（Leymus sp.）（发芽）4.栝楼根栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）5.山丹百合Lilium pumilum 6.白栎Quercus fabri.（1、2、4比例尺为10微米；3、5、6比例尺为20微米）", "caption_en": "Figure four// Modern starch grain reference specimens 1. Rice Oryza sp. 2. Broomcorn millet Panicum miliaceum (germinated) 3. wildryes (Leymus sp.) (germinated) 4. Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) root 5. coral lily (Lilium pumilum) (Sandy Dan lily) 6. oak (Quercus fabri) (white oak) (panels 1, 2, 4 at 10 micrometers; panels 3, 5, 6 at 20 micrometers)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒对比标本", "title_en": "Modern starch grain reference specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9e92a6a6cbea914681231716.png", "image_url": "media/S029_c2450443bbbf_S029-F04.png?v=9e92a6a6cbea", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:48.998881+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S030_845a44556ba1_S030-F03", "paper_key": "S030_845a44556ba1", "paper_id": "S030", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三  半坡－姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的淀粉粒类型及现代对比\n标本（每颗淀粉粒显示DIC 和偏振光镜拍摄的影像）\n1.I 型，粟黍  2.II 型，薏苡  3.III 型，小麦族  4、5.IV 型，\n栝楼根  6.V 型，豌豆  7.VI 型，芡实  8. 现代芡实淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7fe79c5ac35febe4413aa5088c884e5c7964310c96b206321986283fc8c6dbef", "image_bytes": 1539885, "sites": [ "CN146", "CN147" ], "caption_zh": "图三  半坡-姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的淀粉粒类型及现代对比标本（每颗淀粉粒显示DIC 和偏振光镜拍摄的影像）\n1.I 型，粟黍  2.II 型，薏苡  3.III 型，小麦族  4、5.IV 型，栝楼根  6.V 型，豌豆  7.VI 型，芡实  8. 现代芡实淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure three Starch grain types from residual deposits in the sharp-bottomed jars from Banpo–Jiangzhai and modern comparison\nSpecimen (DIC and polarized light microscopy images of each starch grain)\n1. Type I, foxtail millet and broomcorn millet\n2. Type II, Job’s tears\n3. Type III, wheat tribe (Triticeae)\n4, 5. Type IV, snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root\n6. Type V, pea\n7. Type VI, fox nut\n8. Modern fox nut starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "半坡－姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的淀粉粒类型及现代对比", "title_en": "Starch grain types from residual deposits in the sharp-bottomed jars from Banpo–Jiangzhai and modern comparison", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/7fe79c5ac35febe4413aa508.png", "image_url": "media/S030_845a44556ba1_S030-F03.png?v=7fe79c5ac35f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:49.158583+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN146", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图三  半坡－姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的淀粉粒类型及现代对比\n标本（每颗淀粉粒显示DIC 和偏振光镜拍摄的影像）\n1.I 型，粟黍  2.II 型，薏苡  3.III 型，小麦族  4、5.IV 型，\n栝楼根  6.V 型，豌豆  7.VI 型，芡实  8. 现代芡实淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "banpo", "quote": "nical and microbial remains in the residues\n extracted from the interior walls of 11 jiandiping pointed-based bottles from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi, dating to the early\n Yangshao period. Multiple lines of evidence from starch grains, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the\n residues indicate that the bottles were used for brewing a", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "845a44556ba1d48aa260ce39197fe337b8e59e25eab7153bbc783990346fa428" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN147", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图三  半坡－姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的淀粉粒类型及现代对比\n标本（每颗淀粉粒显示DIC 和偏振光镜拍摄的影像）\n1.I 型，粟黍  2.II 型，薏苡  3.III 型，小麦族  4、5.IV 型，\n栝楼根  6.V 型，豌豆  7.VI 型，芡实  8. 现代芡实淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiangzhai", "quote": "microbial remains in the residues\n extracted from the interior walls of 11 jiandiping pointed-based bottles from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi, dating to the early\n Yangshao period. Multiple lines of evidence from starch grains, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the\n residues indicate that the bottles were used for brewing alcoholic bever", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "845a44556ba1d48aa260ce39197fe337b8e59e25eab7153bbc783990346fa428" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S030_845a44556ba1_S030-F04", "paper_key": "S030_845a44556ba1", "paper_id": "S030", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四  半坡－姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的损伤淀粉粒（每颗淀粉\n粒显示DIC 和偏振光镜拍摄的影像）\n1. 小麦族，表明可见微型坑和深沟  2. 小麦族，呈群组状，部\n分较完整，部分已膨胀变形，十字消光模糊，应为加热后糊化\n所致  3. 可能为粟黍，中心凹陷  4. 粟黍，表面可见微型坑和\n深沟  5. 野豌豆，中心洼陷及边缘破损并有轻度糊化\n6. 栝楼根，边缘破损  7. 发酵过程的糊化，膨胀变形、中心\n部缺失，但边缘保留双折射光泽  8. 经刚果红染色显示的糊\n化、膨胀变形淀粉粒，偏光镜下可见橘红色光泽", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9f8b1d5364a1e8efa5f73b7c1e7149983668c9f724540b59819a7d1e4d2fe9af", "image_bytes": 2069267, "sites": [ "CN146", "CN147" ], "caption_zh": "图四  半坡-姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的损伤淀粉粒（每颗淀粉粒显示DIC 和偏振光镜拍摄的影像）\n1. 小麦族，表明可见微型坑和深沟  2. 小麦族，呈群组状，部分较完整，部分已膨胀变形，十字消光模糊，应为加热后糊化所致 3. 可能为粟黍，中心凹陷  4. 粟黍，表面可见微型坑和深沟 5. 野豌豆，中心洼陷及边缘破损并有轻度糊化 6. 栝楼根，边缘破损 7. 发酵过程的糊化，膨胀变形、中心部缺失，但边缘保留双折射光泽 8. 经刚果红染色显示的糊化、膨胀变形淀粉粒，偏光镜下可见橘红色光泽", "caption_en": "Figure four. Damaged starch grains from the residue of sharp-bottomed jars at Banpo–Jiangzhai. (Each starch grain shows images taken under DIC and polarized light.) 1. wheat tribe (Triticeae), showing micro-pits and deep grooves; 2. wheat tribe (Triticeae), in clusters, some relatively intact, some swollen and deformed, with blurred extinction cross, likely due to gelatinization after heating; 3. Possibly foxtail millet or broomcorn millet, with central depression; 4. Foxtail millet or broomcorn millet, surface showing micro-pits and deep grooves; 5. Wild pea, with central depression, edge fragmentation, and mild gelatinization; 6. snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root, with edge fragmentation; 7. Gelatinized starch grains from fermentation, swollen and deformed with central loss, but retaining birefringence at the edges; 8. Gelatinized and swollen starch grains stained with Congo red, showing orange-red birefringence under polarized light.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "半坡－姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的损伤淀粉粒", "title_en": "Damaged starch grains from the residue of sharp-bottomed jars at Banpo–Jiangzhai", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9f8b1d5364a1e8efa5f73b7c.png", "image_url": "media/S030_845a44556ba1_S030-F04.png?v=9f8b1d5364a1", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:21:08.175271+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN146", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图四  半坡－姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的损伤淀粉粒（每颗淀粉\n粒显示DIC 和偏振光镜拍摄的影像）\n1. 小麦族，表明可见微型坑和深沟  2. 小麦族，呈群组状，部\n分较完整，部分已膨胀变形，十字消光模糊，应为加热后糊化\n所致  3. 可能为粟黍，中心凹陷  4. 粟黍，表面可见微型坑和\n深沟  5. 野豌豆，中心洼陷及边缘破损并有轻度糊化\n6. 栝楼根，边缘破损  7. 发酵过程的糊化，膨胀变形、中心\n部缺失，但边缘保留双折射光泽  8. 经刚果红染色显示的糊\n化、膨胀变形淀粉粒，偏光镜下可见橘红色光泽", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "banpo", "quote": "nical and microbial remains in the residues\n extracted from the interior walls of 11 jiandiping pointed-based bottles from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi, dating to the early\n Yangshao period. Multiple lines of evidence from starch grains, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the\n residues indicate that the bottles were used for brewing a", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "845a44556ba1d48aa260ce39197fe337b8e59e25eab7153bbc783990346fa428" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN147", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图四  半坡－姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的损伤淀粉粒（每颗淀粉\n粒显示DIC 和偏振光镜拍摄的影像）\n1. 小麦族，表明可见微型坑和深沟  2. 小麦族，呈群组状，部\n分较完整，部分已膨胀变形，十字消光模糊，应为加热后糊化\n所致  3. 可能为粟黍，中心凹陷  4. 粟黍，表面可见微型坑和\n深沟  5. 野豌豆，中心洼陷及边缘破损并有轻度糊化\n6. 栝楼根，边缘破损  7. 发酵过程的糊化，膨胀变形、中心\n部缺失，但边缘保留双折射光泽  8. 经刚果红染色显示的糊\n化、膨胀变形淀粉粒，偏光镜下可见橘红色光泽", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiangzhai", "quote": "microbial remains in the residues\n extracted from the interior walls of 11 jiandiping pointed-based bottles from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi, dating to the early\n Yangshao period. Multiple lines of evidence from starch grains, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the\n residues indicate that the bottles were used for brewing alcoholic bever", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "845a44556ba1d48aa260ce39197fe337b8e59e25eab7153bbc783990346fa428" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S030_845a44556ba1_S030-F05", "paper_key": "S030_845a44556ba1", "paper_id": "S030", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五  半坡－姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的植硅体和棒状方解石晶体\n1. 薏苡十字型  2. 十字型  3. 哑铃型  4. 棒型  5. 帽型\n6. 水稻双峰型  7. 芦苇扇型  8. 长方形绞合状树枝型\n9. 毛细胞  10. 刺  11、12. 棒状方解石晶体（亮视野和偏光\n视野）  13. 黍颖壳η型  14. 粟颖壳Ω型。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4b2e54104a4efd4ea9f3a4a50baa83f9253c9419a2bfa37caa8cf258e348af23", "image_bytes": 3302401, "sites": [ "CN146", "CN147" ], "caption_zh": "图五  半坡-姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的植硅体和棒状方解石晶体 1. 薏苡十字型  2. 十字型  3. 哑铃型  4. 棒型  5. 帽型 6. 水稻双峰型  7. 芦苇扇型  8. 长方形绞合状树枝型 9. 毛细胞  10. 刺  11、12. 棒状方解石晶体（亮视野和偏光视野） 13. 黍颖壳η型  14. 粟颖壳Ω型。", "caption_en": "Figure five. Phytoliths and rod-shaped calcite crystals from residues of sharp-bottomed jars at Banpo–Jiangzhai. 1. Job’s tears cross-shaped; 2. cross-shaped; 3. dumbbell-shaped; 4. rod-shaped; 5. cap-shaped; 6. rice double-peak-shaped; 7. reed fan-shaped; 8. elongated interlaced branch-shaped; 9. trichocyte; 10. spine; 11, 12. rod-shaped calcite crystals (bright-field and polarized light fields); 13. broomcorn millet husk η-shaped; 14. foxtail millet husk Ω-shaped.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "半坡－姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的植硅体和棒状方解石晶体", "title_en": "Phytoliths and rod-shaped calcite crystals from residues of sharp-bottomed jars at Banpo–Jiangzhai", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4b2e54104a4efd4ea9f3a4a5.png", "image_url": "media/S030_845a44556ba1_S030-F05.png?v=4b2e54104a4e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:49.364937+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN146", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图五  半坡－姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的植硅体和棒状方解石晶体\n1. 薏苡十字型  2. 十字型  3. 哑铃型  4. 棒型  5. 帽型\n6. 水稻双峰型  7. 芦苇扇型  8. 长方形绞合状树枝型\n9. 毛细胞  10. 刺  11、12. 棒状方解石晶体（亮视野和偏光\n视野）  13. 黍颖壳η型  14. 粟颖壳Ω型。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "banpo", "quote": "nical and microbial remains in the residues\n extracted from the interior walls of 11 jiandiping pointed-based bottles from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi, dating to the early\n Yangshao period. Multiple lines of evidence from starch grains, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the\n residues indicate that the bottles were used for brewing a", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "845a44556ba1d48aa260ce39197fe337b8e59e25eab7153bbc783990346fa428" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN147", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图五  半坡－姜寨尖底瓶残留物中的植硅体和棒状方解石晶体\n1. 薏苡十字型  2. 十字型  3. 哑铃型  4. 棒型  5. 帽型\n6. 水稻双峰型  7. 芦苇扇型  8. 长方形绞合状树枝型\n9. 毛细胞  10. 刺  11、12. 棒状方解石晶体（亮视野和偏光\n视野）  13. 黍颖壳η型  14. 粟颖壳Ω型。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiangzhai", "quote": "microbial remains in the residues\n extracted from the interior walls of 11 jiandiping pointed-based bottles from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi, dating to the early\n Yangshao period. Multiple lines of evidence from starch grains, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the\n residues indicate that the bottles were used for brewing alcoholic bever", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "845a44556ba1d48aa260ce39197fe337b8e59e25eab7153bbc783990346fa428" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S031_d52e8472df87_S031-F01", "paper_key": "S031_d52e8472df87", "paper_id": "S031", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图一\n现代部分植物淀粉粒图谱\n（a）红小豆（Semen Phaseoli）；\n（b）绿豆（Vigna radiata）（a）-（b）比例尺为10μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 1 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f1eccd3b61211683df96f55a7afcfca360d8284b8db59ceb6d595617b03ba5c8", "image_bytes": 112588, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图一 现代部分植物淀粉粒图谱\n（a）红小豆（Semen Phaseoli）；（b）绿豆（Vigna radiata）（a）-（b）比例尺为10 μm", "caption_en": "Modern starch grains of selected plants (a) Red adzuki bean (Semen Phaseoli); (b) Mung bean (Vigna radiata). Scale bars (a)–(b): 10 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉粒图谱", "title_en": "Modern starch grains of selected plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f1eccd3b61211683df96f55a.png", "image_url": "media/S031_d52e8472df87_S031-F01.png?v=f1eccd3b6121", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:49.629216+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S031_d52e8472df87_S031-F02", "paper_key": "S031_d52e8472df87", "paper_id": "S031", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二\n原平辛章遗址A 类淀粉粒图谱\n（A1）和（A2）为A 类淀粉粒，（A1）为非偏光下拍摄的照片，\n（A2）则为其对应的偏光照片。比例尺为20μm。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 2 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e1c47c8b1fb3dadd4b9008008e5967d5df3142a69b9e5c005a8b478eab7c9ff8", "image_bytes": 286632, "sites": [ "CN161" ], "caption_zh": "图二 原平辛章遗址A 类淀粉粒图谱\n（A1）和（A2）为A 类淀粉粒，（A1）为非偏光下拍摄的照片，（A2）则为其对应的偏光照片。比例尺为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 2\nStarch grain spectrum from Site A at Xinzhang, Yuanping\n(A1) and (A2) represent starch grains of type A; (A1) is a photograph taken under non-polarized light, while (A2) is its corresponding polarized light image. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "原平辛章遗址A类淀粉粒图谱", "title_en": "Starch grain spectrum from Site A at Xinzhang, Yuanping", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/e1c47c8b1fb3dadd4b900800.png", "image_url": "media/S031_d52e8472df87_S031-F02.png?v=e1c47c8b1fb3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:49.697789+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN161", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 2 ], "quote": "图二\n原平辛章遗址A 类淀粉粒图谱\n（A1）和（A2）为A 类淀粉粒，（A1）为非偏光下拍摄的照片，\n（A2）则为其对应的偏光照片。比例尺为20μm。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "辛章", "quote": "学术论坛\n\n\n 原平辛章遗址\n 人牙结石的淀粉粒分析\n\n □ 任冠宇 赵杰 侯亮亮\n\n\n 摘 要：新石器时代晚期古人类的食物结构，尤其是对植物性食物的利用情况，一直是考古工作者所\n 关心的话题。原平辛章遗址位于黄土高原东北部，属于龙山时代晚期遗址。本文通过对原平辛章遗址人牙\n 结石中淀粉粒的分析，发现了先民以粟黍为主的多样性食物结构特征；以种植为主、野外采集为辅的农业\n 生产方式；以熟食为主、以生食为辅的食物加工方式。对于", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d52e8472df87cc67618bdd8cca6ea049903d1ac84a9c6328990e8fef8cf6b4d6" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S031_d52e8472df87_S031-F03", "paper_key": "S031_d52e8472df87", "paper_id": "S031", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三原平辛章遗址B 类淀粉粒图谱（B）为B 类淀粉粒，比例尺为20μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0417506e260c6fe27bfb6ff00796a106740e6e397b1a440ea01e90a09a3a4616", "image_bytes": 123819, "sites": [ "CN161" ], "caption_zh": "图三原平辛章遗址B 类淀粉粒图谱（B）为B 类淀粉粒(豆科)，比例尺为20 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Starch grain spectrum from the B site at Xinzhang, Shanxi. Panel (B) shows B-type starch grains, scale bar = 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "原平辛章遗址B类淀粉粒图谱", "title_en": "Starch grain spectrum from the B site at Xinzhang, Shanxi", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/0417506e260c6fe27bfb6ff0.png", "image_url": "media/S031_d52e8472df87_S031-F03.png?v=0417506e260c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:49.770189+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN161", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图三原平辛章遗址B 类淀粉粒图谱（B）为B 类淀粉粒，比例尺为20μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "辛章", "quote": "学术论坛\n\n\n 原平辛章遗址\n 人牙结石的淀粉粒分析\n\n □ 任冠宇 赵杰 侯亮亮\n\n\n 摘 要：新石器时代晚期古人类的食物结构，尤其是对植物性食物的利用情况，一直是考古工作者所\n 关心的话题。原平辛章遗址位于黄土高原东北部，属于龙山时代晚期遗址。本文通过对原平辛章遗址人牙\n 结石中淀粉粒的分析，发现了先民以粟黍为主的多样性食物结构特征；以种植为主、野外采集为辅的农业\n 生产方式；以熟食为主、以生食为辅的食物加工方式。对于", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d52e8472df87cc67618bdd8cca6ea049903d1ac84a9c6328990e8fef8cf6b4d6" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S031_d52e8472df87_S031-P0003-B007", "paper_key": "S031_d52e8472df87", "paper_id": "S031", "number": "未编号4", "caption_original": "图四原平辛章遗址C 类淀粉粒图谱（C1）和（C2）为C 类淀粉粒，均为为非偏光下拍摄的照片，比例尺为20μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "eeef2f265bf06674446895ca5d4788981aa7d8a79171f0fb64c74763d20048d7", "image_bytes": 287819, "sites": [ "CN161" ], "caption_zh": "图四 原平辛章遗址C 类淀粉粒（麦类淀粉粒）图谱（C1）和（C2）为C 类淀粉粒，均为为非偏光下拍摄的照片，比例尺为20 μm", "caption_en": "Figure four Starch grain spectrum from the C layer at the Xinzhang Site, Yuanping. Panels (C1) and (C2) show C-type starch grains, both taken without polarized light, scale bar 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "原平辛章遗址C类淀粉粒图谱", "title_en": "Starch grain spectrum from the C layer at the Xinzhang Site, Yuanping", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/eeef2f265bf06674446895ca.png", "image_url": "media/S031_d52e8472df87_S031-P0003-B007.png?v=eeef2f265bf0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:49.830256+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN161", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图四原平辛章遗址C 类淀粉粒图谱（C1）和（C2）为C 类淀粉粒，均为为非偏光下拍摄的照片，比例尺为20μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "辛章", "quote": "学术论坛\n\n\n 原平辛章遗址\n 人牙结石的淀粉粒分析\n\n □ 任冠宇 赵杰 侯亮亮\n\n\n 摘 要：新石器时代晚期古人类的食物结构，尤其是对植物性食物的利用情况，一直是考古工作者所\n 关心的话题。原平辛章遗址位于黄土高原东北部，属于龙山时代晚期遗址。本文通过对原平辛章遗址人牙\n 结石中淀粉粒的分析，发现了先民以粟黍为主的多样性食物结构特征；以种植为主、野外采集为辅的农业\n 生产方式；以熟食为主、以生食为辅的食物加工方式。对于", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d52e8472df87cc67618bdd8cca6ea049903d1ac84a9c6328990e8fef8cf6b4d6" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S032_7af4f70d94e6_S032-F03", "paper_key": "S032_7af4f70d94e6", "paper_id": "S032", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图３　河北阳原姜家梁遗址石器上提取的淀粉粒（标尺：２０ｉμｍ）\n（ａ）Ａ类驯化型粟类淀粉粒；（ｂ）Ａ类野生型淀粉粒；（ｃ）Ｂ类小麦族淀粉粒；（ｄ，ｅ）Ｃ类块根块茎类淀粉粒；（ｆ）Ｄ类无法鉴定的淀粉粒\nＦｉｇ３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄｆｒｏｍｓｔｏｎｅｇｒｉｎｄｉｎｇｔｏｏｌｓａｔｔｈｅＪｉａｎｇｊｉａｌｉａｎｇｓｉｔｅ．（ａ，ｂ）ＧｒｏｕｐＡｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓ；（ｃ）ＧｒｏｕｐＢｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓ；\n（ｄ，ｅ）ＧｒｏｕｐＣｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓ；（ｆ）ＧｒｏｕｐＤｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０ｉμｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对照原始PDF校正中英植物名、图注项目对应及遗漏；保留原始题录和原文底稿。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c683486ff2f37193c70b6f512bc1c3448e45a2f39fc3daedf29e17f2962f7dc3", "image_bytes": 4564029, "sites": [ "CN022" ], "caption_zh": "图3 河北阳原姜家梁遗址石器上提取的淀粉粒。（a）A类驯化型粟类淀粉粒；（b）A类野生型淀粉粒（粟类植物）；（c）B类小麦族淀粉粒；（d、e）C类块根块茎类淀粉粒；（f）D类无法鉴定的淀粉粒。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Starch recovered from stone tools at Jiangjialiang, Yangyuan, Hebei. (a) Group A, domesticated-type foxtail-millet starch; (b) Group A, wild-type starch; (c) Group B, wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch; (d, e) Group C, root and tuber starch; (f) Group D, unidentified starch. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "河北阳原姜家梁遗址石器上提取的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains retrieved from stone grinding tools at the Jiangjialiang site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/c683486ff2f37193c70b6f51.png", "image_url": "media/S032_7af4f70d94e6_S032-F03.png?v=c683486ff2f3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:50.020888+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN022", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图３　河北阳原姜家梁遗址石器上提取的淀粉粒（标尺：２０ｉμｍ）\n（ａ）Ａ类驯化型粟类淀粉粒；（ｂ）Ａ类野生型淀粉粒；（ｃ）Ｂ类小麦族淀粉粒；（ｄ，ｅ）Ｃ类块根块茎类淀粉粒；（ｆ）Ｄ类无法鉴定的淀粉粒\nＦｉｇ３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄｆｒｏｍｓｔｏｎｅｇｒｉｎｄｉｎｇｔｏｏｌｓａｔｔｈｅＪｉａｎｇｊｉａｌｉａｎｇｓｉｔｅ．（ａ，ｂ）ＧｒｏｕｐＡｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓ；（ｃ）ＧｒｏｕｐＢｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓ；\n（ｄ，ｅ）ＧｒｏｕｐＣｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓ；（ｆ）ＧｒｏｕｐＤｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０ｉμｍ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiangjialiang", "quote": "ＭａＹｏｎｇｃｈａｏ，ｅｔａｌ．ＡｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｒｅｖｅａｌｓｍｉｌｌｅｔｆａｒｍｉｎｇｉｎｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅＮｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａＰｌａｉｎｄｕｒｉｎｇＭｉｄｔｅｒｍＮｅｏｌｉｔｈｉｃ\n\nＰｅｒｉｏｄ：ＡｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅＪｉａｎｇｊｉａｌｉａｎｇｓｉｔｅ［Ｊ］．ＱｕａｔｅｒｎａｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２０１８，３８（５）：１３１３－１３２４．\n\n\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１８．０５．２３ 文章编号：１００１－７４１０（２０１８）０５－１３１３－１２\n\n 古代淀粉遗存反映的新石器中期\n 华北平原北部旱作农业发展状况\n\n ———以河北阳原姜家梁遗址为例\n\n 马志坤 １，郇秀佳 ２，３，马永超 ４，李臖 ５，杨晓燕 ６", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7af4f70d94e6e4592aaf9ab5c0449a8308792dd465436c8d4b6a7cd685b6efbb" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S033_4a92e8a1864d_S033-F01", "paper_key": "S033_4a92e8a1864d", "paper_id": "S033", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图１　现代大麦和莲藕淀粉粒在耐热性α－淀粉酶降解下的持续变化（标尺：２０μｍ）\n（ａ）刚加入耐热性α－淀粉酶溶液时的大麦淀粉粒　（ｂ）恒温４０℃加热１０分钟后的大麦淀粉粒，图１ｂ中最左侧的淀粉粒显示正在开始\n降解，中间部位出现浅坑，边缘完整；中间的两颗已经降解到一定程度　（ｃ）恒温４０℃加热２０分钟后的大麦淀粉粒　（ｄ）恒温４０℃加\n热３０分钟后的大麦淀粉粒　（ｅ）刚加入耐热性α－淀粉酶溶液时的莲藕淀粉粒　（ｆ）恒温４０℃加热３０分钟后的莲藕淀粉粒\n（ｇ）恒温４０℃加热６０分钟后的莲藕淀粉粒　（ｈ）恒温４０℃加热１２０分钟后的莲藕淀粉粒　（ｉ）恒温４０℃加热１５小时后的莲藕淀粉粒\nＦｉｇ１　Ｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓｆｒｏｍｍｏｄｅｒｎｂａｒｌｅｙａｎｄｌｏｔｕｓｒｏｏｔｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｔｈｅｒｍｏｓｔａｂｌｅａｌｐｈａａｍｙｌａｓｅ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "39f173ca7304f48a8a60a25d11e4f619bf06608c0fa52ab19e812e92dcb817f9", "image_bytes": 506939, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图1 现代大麦和莲藕淀粉粒在耐热性α-淀粉酶降解下的持续变化（标尺：20 μm）\n（a）刚加入耐热性α-淀粉酶溶液时的大麦淀粉粒 （b）恒温40℃加热10分钟后的大麦淀粉粒，图1b中最左侧的淀粉粒显示正在开始降解，中间部位出现浅坑，边缘完整；中间的两颗已经降解到一定程度 （c）恒温40℃加热20分钟后的大麦淀粉粒 （d）恒温40℃加热30分钟后的大麦淀粉粒 （e）刚加入耐热性α-淀粉酶溶液时的莲藕淀粉粒 （f）恒温40℃加热30分钟后的莲藕淀粉粒\n（g）恒温40℃加热60分钟后的莲藕淀粉粒 （h）恒温40℃加热120分钟后的莲藕淀粉粒 （i）恒温40℃加热15小时后的莲藕淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Fig. 1 Degradation of starch grains from modern barley and lotus root with the thermostable alpha-amylase (scale bar: 20 μm) (a) Barley starch grains immediately after addition of thermostable alpha-amylase solution; (b) Barley starch grains after 10 minutes of constant temperature heating at 40°C, showing in the leftmost grain of Fig. 1b the beginning of degradation, shallow pits appearing at the middle region with intact edges; the two middle grains have degraded to a certain extent; (c) Barley starch grains after 20 minutes of constant temperature heating at 40°C; (d) Barley starch grains after 30 minutes of constant temperature heating at 40°C; (e) Lotus root starch grains immediately after addition of thermostable alpha-amylase solution; (f) Lotus root starch grains after 30 minutes of constant temperature heating at 40°C; (g) Lotus root starch grains after 60 minutes of constant temperature heating at 40°C; (h) Lotus root starch grains after 120 minutes of constant temperature heating at 40°C; (i) Lotus root starch grains after 15 hours of constant temperature heating at 40°C.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代大麦和莲藕淀粉粒在耐热性α－淀粉酶降解下的持续变化", "title_en": "Degradation of starch grains from modern barley and lotus root with the thermostable alpha-amylase", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/39f173ca7304f48a8a60a25d.png", "image_url": "media/S033_4a92e8a1864d_S033-F01.png?v=39f173ca7304", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:50.074070+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S033_4a92e8a1864d_S033-F02", "paper_key": "S033_4a92e8a1864d", "paper_id": "S033", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图２　牙结石中提取出的物质在耐热性α－淀粉酶降解后的反应（标尺：２０μｍ）\n（ａ）和（ｂ）为同一淀粉粒，其中，（ａ）提取的淀粉粒在正交偏光下的状态，（ｂ）降解以后在透射光下的状态；（ｃ）提取出的两颗淀粉\n粒在正交偏光下的状态；（ｄ）为（ｃ）中两颗淀粉粒降解后在偏光下的状态；（ｅ）为（ｃ）中两颗淀粉粒降解后在透射光下的状态；\n（ｆ）和（ｇ）为同一颗淀粉粒，其中，（ｆ）提取的淀粉粒在透射光下的状态，（ｇ）降解以后在透射光下的状态；（ｈ）提取出的淀粉粒在\n透射光下的状态；（ｉ）为（ｈ）中的淀粉粒降解后在透射光下的状态\nＦｉｇ２　Ｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｅｘｔｒａｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍａｎｃｉｅｎｔｄｅｎｔａｌｃａｌｃｕｌｕｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｔｈｅｒｍｏｓｔａｂｌｅａｌｐｈａａｍｙｌａｓｅ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4aabe3a930a3e2bcf1e1725a37b9be20089700964cc3ae673e951eabc30ab10e", "image_bytes": 703464, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 牙结石中提取出的物质在耐热性α-淀粉酶降解后的反应（标尺：20 μm）\n（a）和（b）为同一淀粉粒，其中，（a）提取的淀粉粒在正交偏光下的状态，（b）降解以后在透射光下的状态；（c）提取出的两颗淀粉粒在正交偏光下的状态；（d）为（c）中两颗淀粉粒降解后在偏光下的状态；（e）为（c）中两颗淀粉粒降解后在透射光下的状态；\n（f）和（g）为同一颗淀粉粒，其中，（f）提取的淀粉粒在透射光下的状态，（g）降解以后在透射光下的状态；（h）提取出的淀粉粒在透射光下的状态；（i）为（h）中的淀粉粒降解后在透射光下的状态", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Degradation of materials extracted from ancient dental calculus with the thermostable alpha-amylase (scale bar: 20 μm) (a) and (b) are the same starch grains, where (a) shows the state of the extracted starch grain under crossed polarized light, and (b) shows the state after degradation under transmitted light; (c) shows the state of two extracted starch grains under crossed polarized light; (d) shows the state of the two starch grains in (c) after degradation under polarized light; (e) shows the state of the two starch grains in (c) after degradation under transmitted light; (f) and (g) are the same starch grain, where (f) shows the state of the extracted starch grain under transmitted light, and (g) shows the state after degradation under transmitted light; (h) shows the state of the extracted starch grain under transmitted light; (i) shows the state of the starch grain in (h) after degradation under transmitted light", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "牙结石中淀粉粒的耐热α-淀粉酶降解反应", "title_en": "Degradation of starch grains from dental calculus with thermostable alpha-amylase", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/4aabe3a930a3e2bcf1e1725a.png", "image_url": "media/S033_4a92e8a1864d_S033-F02.png?v=4aabe3a930a3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:50.117971+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S036_efae41731175_S036-F02", "paper_key": "S036_efae41731175", "paper_id": "S036", "number": "2", "caption_original": "a ～f: 第Ⅰ类淀粉粒( Type 1，millets) ; g ～l: 第Ⅱ类淀粉粒( Type 2，Quercus) ; m ～p: 第Ⅲ类淀粉粒( Type 3，Fabaceae) ; q ～r: 第Ⅳ类淀粉粒( Type 4，tubers) ; s ～x: 第Ⅴ类淀粉粒( Type 5，j and k unidentified，l possibly from Triticeae) ; y ～z; 1 ～2: 第Ⅵ类淀粉粒( Type 5，unidentified)图2裴李岗遗址人牙结石中提取的淀粉粒( 图m 和n 标尺均为10μm)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "\n2026-10-21复核：原PDF图2可见a–o共15幅分图，但图注和正文引用还包括p–z及1–2；第Ⅴ类的英文括注又写j、k、l，第Ⅵ类英文误作Type 5。当前图版与原图一致，属于原论文图注／正文与图面编号冲突，不能补造缺失分图或据此建立一一对应。", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7109b05514bdd919bb79a4f800a32c6702106e48b24dd6a59836c0cc7bce2886", "image_bytes": 2124805, "sites": [ "CN025" ], "caption_zh": "a ~f: 第Ⅰ类淀粉粒（ Type 1，粟类（millets）） ； g ~l: 第Ⅱ类淀粉粒（ Type 2，栎属（Quercus）） ； m ~p: 第Ⅲ类淀粉粒（ Type 3，豆科（Fabaceae）） ； q ~r: 第Ⅳ类淀粉粒（ Type 4，块根块茎类（tubers）） ； s ~x: 第Ⅴ类淀粉粒（ Type 5，j and k 未知类型（unidentified），l possibly from 小麦族（Triticeae）） ； y ~z； 1 ~2: 第Ⅵ类淀粉粒（ Type 5，未知类型（unidentified））", "caption_en": "a ~f: Type 1 starch grains (millets); g ~l: Type 2 starch grains (oaks, Quercus); m ~p: Type 3 starch grains (legume family, Fabaceae); q ~r: Type 4 starch grains (tubers); s ~x: Type 5 starch grains (j and k unidentified, l possibly from wheat tribe (Triticeae)); y ~z; 1 ~2: Type 6 starch grains (unidentified). Figure 2 Starch grains extracted from human dental calculus at the Peiligang site (scale bars in panels m and n are both 10 μm)\n\nEditorial source-check note:\nThe PDF image displays 15 panels a–o, whereas its caption and body also refer to p–z and 1–2. The Type V parenthesis uses j, k and l, and the Type VI parenthesis says Type 5. These source inconsistencies prevent a reliable panel-by-panel mapping; no missing panels are invented.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "裴李岗遗址人牙结石中提取的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains extracted from human dental calculus at the Peiligang site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/7109b05514bdd919bb79a4f8.png", "image_url": "media/S036_efae41731175_S036-F02.png?v=7109b05514bd", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "暂时不作具体分类( 图2u ~v) ; 另1 颗呈圆形( 图 2w ~x ) ,但消光十字特征基本不见,粒径为 37. 3μm。整体特征和经过烹煮的小麦族淀粉粒类", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:50.187035+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN025", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "a ～f: 第Ⅰ类淀粉粒( Type 1，millets) ; g ～l: 第Ⅱ类淀粉粒( Type 2，Quercus) ; m ～p: 第Ⅲ类淀粉粒( Type 3，Fabaceae) ; q ～r: 第Ⅳ类淀粉粒( Type 4，tubers) ; s ～x: 第Ⅴ类淀粉粒( Type 5，j and k unidentified，l possibly from Triticeae) ; y ～z; 1 ～2: 第Ⅵ类淀粉粒( Type 5，unidentified)图2裴李岗遗址人牙结石中提取的淀粉粒( 图m 和n 标尺均为10μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "裴李岗", "quote": "SCIENCES OF CONSEＲVATION AND AＲCHAEOLOGY Apr，2018\n\n\n文章编号: 1005-1538( 2018) 02-0001-09\n\n·研究报告·\n\n\n 基于人牙结石的淀粉粒证据探讨裴李岗遗址\n 先民植物性食物来源\n\n 陶大卫\n ( 郑州大学历史学院考古系，河南郑州 450001)\n\n\n 摘要: 人牙结石淀粉粒分析是开展古代居民食物来源研究的有效途径之一。用此方法对河南新郑裴李岗遗址仅\n 存的两具裴李岗文化人骨牙齿上的结石开展了淀粉粒分析，成功提取出38 颗淀粉粒，其中可鉴定种属的淀粉粒主", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "efae4173117505c1568ada4990bb2c5e0687fb4f030fdfa0eb6fcc5b5d757241" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S036_efae41731175_S036-F03", "paper_key": "S036_efae41731175", "paper_id": "S036", "number": "3", "caption_original": "a．黍( Panicum miliaceum) ，淀粉粒粒径范围5. 96 ～10. 99μm; b．粟( Setaria italica) ，淀粉粒粒径范围6. 23 ～19. 35μm;c．懈树( Quercus dentata) ，淀粉粒粒径范围5. 75 ～19. 76μm; d．栓皮栎( Quercus viriabilis) ，淀粉粒粒径范围7. 60 ～19. 55μm;e．鹰嘴豆( Cicer arietinum) ，淀粉粒粒径范围9. 39 ～21. 15μm; f．兵豆( Lens culinaris) ，淀粉粒粒径范围8. 27 ～35. 30μm;g．山黧豆属( Lathyrus sp) ，淀粉粒粒径范围14. 95 ～40. 27μm; h．山药( Dioscorea opposita) ，淀粉粒粒径范围13. 69 ～36. 04μm;i．小麦( Triticum aestivum) ，淀粉粒粒径范围5. 77 ～31. 24μm; j．大麦( Hordeum vulgare) ，淀粉粒粒径范围11. 29 ～30. 33μm图3部分现代植物淀粉粒图谱( 标尺为20μm)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "英文图注中残留的中文植物名译为英文；中文“懈树”按Quercus dentata及原植物名校为槲树。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3ac1f7d5dd11a9e0e94a6075fa973eca46bbeafa2c5a36ffdbdfad18aa490fbb", "image_bytes": 4864648, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 裴李岗遗址人牙结石中提取的淀粉粒 a.黍（ Panicum miliaceum） ，淀粉粒粒径范围5. 96 ~10. 99 μm； b.粟（ Setaria italica） ，淀粉粒粒径范围6. 23 ~19. 35 μm；c.槲树（ Quercus dentata） ，淀粉粒粒径范围5. 75 ~19. 76 μm； d.栓皮栎（ Quercus variabilis） ，淀粉粒粒径范围7. 60 ~19. 55 μm；e.鹰嘴豆（ Cicer arietinum） ，淀粉粒粒径范围9. 39 ~21. 15 μm； f.兵豆（ Lens culinaris） ，淀粉粒粒径范围8. 27 ~35. 30 μm；g.山黧豆属（ Lathyrus sp） ，淀粉粒粒径范围14. 95 ~40. 27 μm； h.山药（ Dioscorea opposita） ，淀粉粒粒径范围13. 69 ~36. 04 μm；i.小麦（ Triticum aestivum） ，淀粉粒粒径范围5. 77 ~31. 24 μm； j.大麦（ Hordeum vulgare） ，淀粉粒粒径范围11. 29 ~30. 33μm图3部分现代植物淀粉粒图谱（ 标尺为20 μm）", "caption_en": "a. broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), starch grain diameter range 5.96–10.99 μm; b. foxtail millet (Setaria italica), starch grain diameter range 6.23–19.35 μm; c. daimyo oak (Quercus dentata), starch grain diameter range 5.75–19.76 μm; d. Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis), starch grain diameter range 7.60–19.55 μm; e. chickpea (Cicer arietinum), starch grain diameter range 9.39–21.15 μm; f. lentil (Lens culinaris), starch grain diameter range 8.27–35.30 μm; g. vetchling (vetchlings, Lathyrus sp), starch grain diameter range 14.95–40.27 μm; h. Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita), starch grain diameter range 13.69–36.04 μm; i. wheat (Triticum aestivum), starch grain diameter range 5.77–31.24 μm; j. barley (Hordeum vulgare), starch grain diameter range 11.29–30.33 μm. Figure 3 partial modern plant starch grain spectrum (scale bar is 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉粒图谱", "title_en": "Spectrum of Starch Grains from Modern Plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/3ac1f7d5dd11a9e0e94a6075.png", "image_url": "media/S036_efae41731175_S036-F03.png?v=3ac1f7d5dd11", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:50.245212+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S038_1a1c06322fd9_S038-F02", "paper_key": "S038_1a1c06322fd9", "paper_id": "S038", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图 2 8 种杂粮的淀粉粒形态图谱\nFig.2 Morphological map of starch grains of 8 kinds of coarse grain\n注：(a) 高粱，(b) 小米，(c) 荞麦，(d) 燕麦，(e) 薏米，(f) 绿豆，(g) 豌豆，(h) 扁豆。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对照原始PDF校正中英植物名、图注项目对应及遗漏；保留原始题录和原文底稿。", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "bd6e6d3a13580e6378907e93922e6109e4ab9bb491fb555b771992705e1b1ea8", "image_bytes": 908740, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图 2 8 种杂粮的淀粉粒形态图谱\n注：（a） 高粱，（b） 小米，（c） 荞麦，（d） 燕麦，（e） 薏米，（f） 绿豆，（g） 豌豆，（h） 扁豆。", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Starch-grain morphologies of eight grain and legume samples. (a) Sorghum; (b) millet; (c) buckwheat; (d) oat; (e) Job’s tears; (f) mung bean; (g) pea; (h) hyacinth bean.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "8种杂粮淀粉粒形态图谱", "title_en": "Morphological map of starch grains of 8 kinds of coarse grain", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/bd6e6d3a13580e6378907e93.png", "image_url": "media/S038_1a1c06322fd9_S038-F02.png?v=bd6e6d3a1358", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:50.289235+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S039_2498b5666703_S039-F02", "paper_key": "S039_2498b5666703", "paper_id": "S039", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig． 2 Starch grains from matured and immature wheat samples\na: Starch grains from matured wheat composed by big and small groups; b: starch grains from immature wheat only con- taining the small group．", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8d4238a2f3bb5ca7bc3ef3e9a8537372d1d52f5bc9c05f23588e6d8208c94a89", "image_bytes": 431566, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 成熟和未成熟小麦样品中的淀粉粒\na: 成熟小麦中的淀粉粒由大组和小组组成；b: 未成熟小麦中的淀粉粒仅包含小组。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Starch grains from matured and immature wheat samples\na: Starch grains from matured wheat composed by big and small groups; b: starch grains from immature wheat only con- taining the small group.", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "成熟与未成熟小麦淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from matured and immature wheat", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/8d4238a2f3bb5ca7bc3ef3e9.png", "image_url": "media/S039_2498b5666703_S039-F02.png?v=8d4238a2f3bb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "Results and Analysis Wheat starch grain size changes at various stages Using conventional method of starch grain analysis,six slides from sample T1 -T6 were got.Plot of cumulate per- centage distribution of grain size from T1 -T6 are exhibited in Fig.1,and max and min size of each sample are also shown. The mean sizes of T1 -T6 increase gradually during stage of maturity,from 3.16 ± 0.90 μm ( T1) to 22.20 ± 5.81 μm ( T6) .Generally speaking,mean size of the mature wheat is 20 μm or so.It is noteworthy that mature wheat starch grains are generally divided into two groups according to size ( Fig. 2a) .However starch grains from immature wheat have almost smaller size less than 10 μm ( Fig.2b) .", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "a: Starch grains from matured wheat composed by big and small groups; b: starch grains from immature wheat only con- taining the small group. Fig.2 Starch grains from matured and immature wheat samples", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.037384+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S039_2498b5666703_S039-F03", "paper_key": "S039_2498b5666703", "paper_id": "S039", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig． 3 Starch grains treated by grinding and ultrasonic\na: Larger starch grain from ground wheat seed; b: Starch grain with wrinkles from wheat treated by 40 min ultrasonic．", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1184d5563a466ce79a8f5604b8db323285e89065afef7b609501d603df1d235c", "image_bytes": 452743, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 研磨和超声处理的淀粉粒\na: 来自研磨小麦种子的较大淀粉粒；b: 经40分钟超声处理的小麦淀粉粒出现皱纹。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grains treated by grinding and ultrasonic\na: Larger starch grain from ground wheat seed; b: Starch grain with wrinkles from wheat treated by 40 min ultrasonic.", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "研磨和超声处理的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains treated by grinding and ultrasonic", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/1184d5563a466ce79a8f5604.png", "image_url": "media/S039_2498b5666703_S039-F03.png?v=1184d5563a46", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "grains after grinding is 38.08 ± 8.91 μm,which is larger than sample T6.Starch grain after grinding may be larger ( Fig.3a) , and some may lose the characteristic of birefringence. Four samples had been made from ultrasonic washing experiment,which were treated by 10,20,30 and 40 min re-", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "spectively.Statistical results of grain size showed that starch grain treated by 10 and 20 min had little changes,which means that short time of ultrasonic washing treatment on wheat starch grain had not enough impact.Nonetheless,lon- ger time ultrasonic washing treatment more than 30 min could have some effects on the feature of starch grains,which could make starch grains larger[mean size can reach ( 27.37 ±7.31) μm]and the surface of starch grains wrinkled ( Fig.3b) .These phenomena are not found in untreated wheat starch grains.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "a: Larger starch grain from ground wheat seed; b: Starch grain with wrinkles from wheat treated by 40 min ultrasonic. Fig.3 Starch grains treated by grinding and ultrasonic", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.085266+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S040_a9de76b1500e_S040-F03", "paper_key": "S040_a9de76b1500e", "paper_id": "S040", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Ａ～ＦⅠ类；Ｇ⁃ＪⅡ类；Ｋ⁃ＬⅢ类；Ｍ⁃ＰⅣ类图３　李拐沟遗址尖底瓶残留物中淀粉粒（标尺：２０μｍ）Ｆｉｇ．３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｏｆａｍｐｈｏｒａｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＬｉｇｕａｉｇｏｕｓｉｔｅ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ec753c5433ddc86eeb8d24075e870330e5f25a30cdf4024a7392497bd56d08da", "image_bytes": 8560380, "sites": [ "CN140" ], "caption_zh": "图3 李拐沟遗址尖底瓶残留物中淀粉粒（标尺：20 μm）\nA~FⅠ类，粟类植物；G⁃JⅡ类，小麦族植物；K⁃LⅢ类，豆类植物；M⁃PⅣ类，块根块茎类植物\n", "caption_en": "A–F I type; G–J II type; K–L III type; M–P IV type. Fig. 3 Starch grains in the residue of an amphora from the Liguaigou site (scale bar: 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "李拐沟遗址尖底瓶残留物中淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains in the residue of an amphora from the Liguaigou site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/ec753c5433ddc86eeb8d2407.png", "image_url": "media/S040_a9de76b1500e_S040-F03.png?v=ec753c5433dd", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.142694+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN140", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Ａ～ＦⅠ类；Ｇ⁃ＪⅡ类；Ｋ⁃ＬⅢ类；Ｍ⁃ＰⅣ类图３　李拐沟遗址尖底瓶残留物中淀粉粒（标尺：２０μｍ）Ｆｉｇ．３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｏｆａｍｐｈｏｒａｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＬｉｇｕａｉｇｏｕｓｉｔｅ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "liguaigou", "quote": "中图分类号：Ｋ８７８　　ＤＯＩ：１０．１６１５２／ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．ｘｄｘｂｚｒ．２０２３⁃０１⁃０１２\n Ｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｍｐｈｏｒａ’ｓｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｂａｓｅｄｏｎｒｅｓｉｄｕｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ：\n ＴａｋｉｎｇｔｈｅＬｉｇｕａｉｇｏｕｓｉｔｅｉｎＷｕｑｉＣｏｕｎｔｙ， ＳｈａａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅａｓａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅ\n ＳＯＮＧＡｑｉａｎ １，ＱＩＡＮＹａｏｐｅｎｇ １，ＺＨＡＮＧＨｕａ ２，ＹＡＮＧＢｏ ２ （１．ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＣｕｌｔｕｒａｌＨｅｒｉｔａｇｅ，ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｘｉ’ａｎ７１０１２７，Ｃｈｉｎａ；\n ２．Ｙａｎ’ａｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＣｕｌｔｕｒａｌＲｅｌｉｃｓ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a9de76b1500e7c73dd908b53dcd2c9a1cd8d57f880f91ef0d2ec012f11c3f2c5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S040_a9de76b1500e_S040-F04", "paper_key": "S040_a9de76b1500e", "paper_id": "S040", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Ａ～Ｂ边缘溶解，层纹明显；Ｃ～Ｆ边缘缺失，消光微弱；Ｇ～Ｈ扭曲变形，消光较弱；Ｉ～Ｌ中心空洞，消光减弱；Ｍ～Ｎ褶皱加剧，消光模糊；Ｏ～Ｐ裂隙和褶皱加剧，消光减弱；Ｑ～Ｒ脐点处裂隙加剧，消光减弱图４　李拐沟遗址尖底瓶残留物中损伤淀粉粒（标尺：２０μｍ）Ｆｉｇ．４　ＤａｍａｇｅｄｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｏｆａｍｐｈｏｒａｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＬｉｇｕａｉｇｏｕｓｉｔｅ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f95a3cff3bb4d98dbaf0bbde3d5cb111b7619b3c5c537ea2337109f756e99de2", "image_bytes": 7068077, "sites": [ "CN140" ], "caption_zh": "图4 李拐沟遗址尖底瓶残留物中损伤淀粉粒（标尺：20 μm）\nA~B边缘溶解，层纹明显；C~F边缘缺失，消光微弱；G~H扭曲变形，消光较弱；I~L中心空洞，消光减弱；M~N褶皱加剧，消光模糊；O~P裂隙和褶皱加剧，消光减弱；Q~R脐点处裂隙加剧，消光减弱", "caption_en": "A–B show edge dissolution with prominent lamellae; C–F show missing edges and weak extinction; G–H show twisting deformation with weaker extinction; I–L show central cavities with reduced extinction; M–N show intensified wrinkles and blurred extinction; O–P show intensified fissures and wrinkles with reduced extinction; Q–R show intensified fissures at the hilum with weakened extinction. Figure 4 Damage starch grains in the residue of amphora from the Liguaigou site (scale bar: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "李拐沟遗址尖底瓶残留物中损伤淀粉粒", "title_en": "Damage starch grains in the residue of amphora from the Liguaigou site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/f95a3cff3bb4d98dbaf0bbde.png", "image_url": "media/S040_a9de76b1500e_S040-F04.png?v=f95a3cff3bb4", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.208032+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN140", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Ａ～Ｂ边缘溶解，层纹明显；Ｃ～Ｆ边缘缺失，消光微弱；Ｇ～Ｈ扭曲变形，消光较弱；Ｉ～Ｌ中心空洞，消光减弱；Ｍ～Ｎ褶皱加剧，消光模糊；Ｏ～Ｐ裂隙和褶皱加剧，消光减弱；Ｑ～Ｒ脐点处裂隙加剧，消光减弱图４　李拐沟遗址尖底瓶残留物中损伤淀粉粒（标尺：２０μｍ）Ｆｉｇ．４　ＤａｍａｇｅｄｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｏｆａｍｐｈｏｒａｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＬｉｇｕａｉｇｏｕｓｉｔｅ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "liguaigou", "quote": "中图分类号：Ｋ８７８　　ＤＯＩ：１０．１６１５２／ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．ｘｄｘｂｚｒ．２０２３⁃０１⁃０１２\n Ｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｍｐｈｏｒａ’ｓｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｂａｓｅｄｏｎｒｅｓｉｄｕｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ：\n ＴａｋｉｎｇｔｈｅＬｉｇｕａｉｇｏｕｓｉｔｅｉｎＷｕｑｉＣｏｕｎｔｙ， ＳｈａａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅａｓａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅ\n ＳＯＮＧＡｑｉａｎ １，ＱＩＡＮＹａｏｐｅｎｇ １，ＺＨＡＮＧＨｕａ ２，ＹＡＮＧＢｏ ２ （１．ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＣｕｌｔｕｒａｌＨｅｒｉｔａｇｅ，ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｘｉ’ａｎ７１０１２７，Ｃｈｉｎａ；\n ２．Ｙａｎ’ａｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＣｕｌｔｕｒａｌＲｅｌｉｃｓ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a9de76b1500e7c73dd908b53dcd2c9a1cd8d57f880f91ef0d2ec012f11c3f2c5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S040_a9de76b1500e_S040-F05", "paper_key": "S040_a9de76b1500e", "paper_id": "S040", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Ａ哑铃型；Ｂ多铃型；Ｃ十字型；Ｄ黍稃壳η 型；Ｅ竖排哑铃型；Ｆ帽型；Ｇ齿型；Ｈ短鞍型；Ｉ尖型；Ｊ刺棒型；Ｋ粟稃壳Ω 型；Ｌ平滑棒型；Ｍ导管型；Ｎ方型；Ｏ盾型；Ｐ禾草类稃壳图５　李拐沟遗址尖底瓶残留物中植硅体（标尺：２０μｍ）Ｆｉｇ．５　ＰｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｓｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｏｆａｍｐｈｏｒａｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＬｉｇｕａｉｇｏｕｓｉｔｅ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "fb287904a9a367e86b5d46973b36d32462f944c9ad16822af852d32ba804c97c", "image_bytes": 11530531, "sites": [ "CN140" ], "caption_zh": "图5 李拐沟遗址尖底瓶残留物中植硅体（标尺：20 μm）\nA哑铃型；B多铃型；C十字型；D黍稃壳η 型；E竖排哑铃型；F帽型；G齿型；H短鞍型；I尖型；J刺棒型；K粟稃壳Ω 型；L平滑棒型；M导管型；N方型；O盾型；P禾草类稃壳", "caption_en": "A dumbbell-shaped; B multibell-shaped; C cross-shaped; D broomcorn millet husk η-shaped; E vertically arranged dumbbell-shaped; F cap-shaped; G tooth-shaped; H short saddle-shaped; I pointed-shaped; J spike-bar-shaped; K foxtail millet husk Ω-shaped; L smooth rod-shaped; M vessel-shaped; N square-shaped; O shield-shaped; P grass-like husk morphology. Fig. 5 Phytoliths in the residue of amphora from the Liguaigou site (scale bar: 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "李拐沟遗址尖底瓶残留物中植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths in the residue of amphora from the Liguaigou site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/fb287904a9a367e86b5d4697.png", "image_url": "media/S040_a9de76b1500e_S040-F05.png?v=fb287904a9a3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.265779+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN140", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Ａ哑铃型；Ｂ多铃型；Ｃ十字型；Ｄ黍稃壳η 型；Ｅ竖排哑铃型；Ｆ帽型；Ｇ齿型；Ｈ短鞍型；Ｉ尖型；Ｊ刺棒型；Ｋ粟稃壳Ω 型；Ｌ平滑棒型；Ｍ导管型；Ｎ方型；Ｏ盾型；Ｐ禾草类稃壳图５　李拐沟遗址尖底瓶残留物中植硅体（标尺：２０μｍ）Ｆｉｇ．５　ＰｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｓｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｏｆａｍｐｈｏｒａｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＬｉｇｕａｉｇｏｕｓｉｔｅ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "liguaigou", "quote": "中图分类号：Ｋ８７８　　ＤＯＩ：１０．１６１５２／ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．ｘｄｘｂｚｒ．２０２３⁃０１⁃０１２\n Ｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｍｐｈｏｒａ’ｓｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｂａｓｅｄｏｎｒｅｓｉｄｕｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ：\n ＴａｋｉｎｇｔｈｅＬｉｇｕａｉｇｏｕｓｉｔｅｉｎＷｕｑｉＣｏｕｎｔｙ， ＳｈａａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅａｓａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅ\n ＳＯＮＧＡｑｉａｎ １，ＱＩＡＮＹａｏｐｅｎｇ １，ＺＨＡＮＧＨｕａ ２，ＹＡＮＧＢｏ ２ （１．ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＣｕｌｔｕｒａｌＨｅｒｉｔａｇｅ，ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｘｉ’ａｎ７１０１２７，Ｃｈｉｎａ；\n ２．Ｙａｎ’ａｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＣｕｌｔｕｒａｌＲｅｌｉｃｓ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a9de76b1500e7c73dd908b53dcd2c9a1cd8d57f880f91ef0d2ec012f11c3f2c5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S041_b45c82eeb616_S041-F04", "paper_key": "S041_b45c82eeb616", "paper_id": "S041", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4 社山头遗址陶器提取的稻类和粟类淀粉粒(标尺：10μm)\nFig. 4 Starch grains extracted from potteries of the Sheshantou site\n注：a. 社山头遗址稻类淀粉粒；b. 现代水稻(Oryza sativa)淀粉粒；c. 社山头遗址粟类淀粉粒；d. 现代粟(Setaria italica)淀粉粒；e. 块根块茎类植\n物淀粉粒；f. 圆形淀粉粒；g. 淀粉粒粒径范围箱线图（使用Grapher 7.0软件进行数据分析，括号中数字表示统计粒数），其中，Ⅰ表示社山头遗\n址稻类淀粉粒粒径分布，Ⅱ表示现代水稻(Oryza sativa)淀粉粒粒径分布，Ⅲ表示社山头遗址粟类淀粉粒粒径分布，Ⅳ表示现代粟(Setaria itali⁃\nca)淀粉粒粒径分布。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "bc3d4f13962aea91bb53038bfdab56a87210296dc4c936b35d337509b85055ed", "image_bytes": 1234291, "sites": [ "CN103" ], "caption_zh": "图4 社山头遗址陶器提取的稻类和粟类淀粉粒（标尺：10 μm）\n注：a. 社山头遗址稻类淀粉粒；b. 现代水稻（Oryza sativa）淀粉粒；c. 社山头遗址粟类淀粉粒；d. 现代粟（Setaria italica）淀粉粒；e. 块根块茎类植物淀粉粒；f. 圆形淀粉粒；g. 淀粉粒粒径范围箱线图（使用Grapher 7.0软件进行数据分析，括号中数字表示统计粒数），其中，Ⅰ表示社山头遗址稻类淀粉粒粒径分布，Ⅱ表示现代水稻（Oryza sativa）淀粉粒粒径分布，Ⅲ表示社山头遗址粟类淀粉粒粒径分布，Ⅳ表示现代粟（Setaria italica）淀粉粒粒径分布。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Starch grains extracted from potteries of the Sheshantou site (scale bar: 10 μm)\\nNote: a. Starch grains of rice from the Sheshantou site; b. Starch grains of modern rice (Oryza sativa); c. Starch grains of millet from the Sheshantou site; d. Starch grains of modern millet (foxtail millet, Setaria italica); e. Starch grains from tuberous and cormous plants; f. Round starch grains; g. Boxplot of starch grain size distribution (data analysis performed using Grapher 7.0 software, numbers in parentheses indicate the number of statistical grains), where I represents the size distribution of rice starch grains from the Sheshantou site, II represents the size distribution of modern rice (Oryza sativa) starch grains, III represents the size distribution of millet starch grains from the Sheshantou site, IV represents the size distribution of modern millet (foxtail millet, Setaria italica) starch grains.)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "社山头遗址陶器提取的稻类和粟类淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains extracted from potteries of the Sheshantou site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/bc3d4f13962aea91bb53038b.png", "image_url": "media/S041_b45c82eeb616_S041-F04.png?v=bc3d4f13962a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.390246+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN103", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图4 社山头遗址陶器提取的稻类和粟类淀粉粒(标尺：10μm)\nFig. 4 Starch grains extracted from potteries of the Sheshantou site\n注：a. 社山头遗址稻类淀粉粒；b. 现代水稻(Oryza sativa)淀粉粒；c. 社山头遗址粟类淀粉粒；d. 现代粟(Setaria italica)淀粉粒；e. 块根块茎类植\n物淀粉粒；f. 圆形淀粉粒；g. 淀粉粒粒径范围箱线图（使用Grapher 7.0软件进行数据分析，括号中数字表示统计粒数），其中，Ⅰ表示社山头遗\n址稻类淀粉粒粒径分布，Ⅱ表示现代水稻(Oryza sativa)淀粉粒粒径分布，Ⅲ表示社山头遗址粟类淀粉粒粒径分布，Ⅳ表示现代粟(Setaria itali⁃\nca)淀粉粒粒径分布。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "社山头", "quote": "Vol.31, No.5\n 2012年05月 PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY May, 2012\n\n 基于淀粉粒分析的江西广丰社山头遗址\n 植物资源利用\n\n 万智巍 1,2，杨晓燕 1，葛全胜 1，樊昌生 3，周广明 3，马志坤 1,2\n (1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京100101; 2. 中国科学院研究生院，北京100049;\n 3. 江西省文物考古研究所，南昌330008)\n\n\n 摘要：江西社山头遗址是赣东北地区新石器时代的典型遗址，尚未开展相关环境考古和植物考古等方面的研\n 究。对该遗址", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b45c82eeb61688aa3ed60199ac178b0d1951d871044642d36c4f0f9d754ec5ae" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S042_63bcf96910ae_S042-F02-P0005", "paper_key": "S042_63bcf96910ae", "paper_id": "S042", "number": "12", "caption_original": "图一二 M57:43（太医罐）内植硅体\n1. 黍亚科植硅体 2. 并排哑铃型植硅体", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "中文十位漏识", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6125a2d57513a15b50e68c65e3265410682b0f574ff81859b5d7ef72afbd726c", "image_bytes": 2766105, "sites": [ "CN195" ], "caption_zh": "图一二 M57:43（太医罐）内植硅体\n1. 黍亚科植硅体 2. 并排哑铃型植硅体", "caption_en": "Fig. 12 M57:43 (the Physician's Jar) phytoliths\n1. panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) phytoliths 2. side-by-side dumbbell-shaped phytoliths", "caption_zh_origin": "source_original", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "M57:43（太医罐）内植硅体", "title_en": "M57:43 (the Physician's Jar) phytoliths", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/6125a2d57513a15b50e68c65.png", "image_url": "media/S042_63bcf96910ae_S042-F02-P0005.png?v=6125a2d57513", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.444270+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN195", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图一二 M57:43（太医罐）内植硅体\n1. 黍亚科植硅体 2. 并排哑铃型植硅体", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Jiangjiacun", "quote": "者墓葬\n\n Abstract: A large number of medical and pharmaceutical implements were discovered in two Han-\n Dynasty tombs at Jiangjiacun, Xianyang, Shaanxi. Among them, tomb no. M20 yielded a complete set of\n medical equipment, including a bronze mortar and pestle, a bronze measuring vessel, and a bronze mou\n cauldron, illustrating the full pharmaceutical production process in the Han", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "63bcf96910ae495ea2a8ca253b04f61d69fa386350e69e9be156ad6f4f91c732" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S042_63bcf96910ae_S042-F03-P0005", "paper_key": "S042_63bcf96910ae", "paper_id": "S042", "number": "13", "caption_original": "图一三 M57:43（太医罐）内叶片组织碎片", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "中文十位漏识", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "60fb8f27fd114a945f77bfd781a0fe93d83f9cc9939f37da6475d2aa87953ea1", "image_bytes": 2346978, "sites": [ "CN195" ], "caption_zh": "图一三 M57:43（太医罐）内叶片组织碎片", "caption_en": "Figure 13. Leaf tissue fragments from M57:43 (the Physician's Jar)", "caption_zh_origin": "source_original", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "M57:43（太医罐）内叶片组织碎片", "title_en": "Leaf tissue fragments from M57:43 (the Physician's Jar)", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/60fb8f27fd114a945f77bfd7.png", "image_url": "media/S042_63bcf96910ae_S042-F03-P0005.png?v=60fb8f27fd11", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.504788+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN195", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图一三 M57:43（太医罐）内叶片组织碎片", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Jiangjiacun", "quote": "者墓葬\n\n Abstract: A large number of medical and pharmaceutical implements were discovered in two Han-\n Dynasty tombs at Jiangjiacun, Xianyang, Shaanxi. Among them, tomb no. M20 yielded a complete set of\n medical equipment, including a bronze mortar and pestle, a bronze measuring vessel, and a bronze mou\n cauldron, illustrating the full pharmaceutical production process in the Han", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "63bcf96910ae495ea2a8ca253b04f61d69fa386350e69e9be156ad6f4f91c732" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S042_63bcf96910ae_S042-F04-P0005", "paper_key": "S042_63bcf96910ae", "paper_id": "S042", "number": "14", "caption_original": "图一四 M57:43（太医罐）内食物淀粉粒\n1. 疑似莲藕 2. 高粱淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "中文十位漏识", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d6a3ae7c07ccdcb215833524cff2c6019b77cd768d0fc1fb71cbe3a02332c655", "image_bytes": 630635, "sites": [ "CN195" ], "caption_zh": "图一四 M57:43（太医罐）内食物淀粉粒\n1. 疑似莲藕 2. 高粱淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure 14. Starch grains from food remains in M57:43 (the Physician's Jar)\n1. Possibly lotus rhizome\n2. Sorghum starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "source_original", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "M57:43（太医罐）内食物淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from food remains in M57:43 (the Physician's Jar)", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/d6a3ae7c07ccdcb215833524.png", "image_url": "media/S042_63bcf96910ae_S042-F04-P0005.png?v=d6a3ae7c07cc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.564120+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN195", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图一四 M57:43（太医罐）内食物淀粉粒\n1. 疑似莲藕 2. 高粱淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Jiangjiacun", "quote": "者墓葬\n\n Abstract: A large number of medical and pharmaceutical implements were discovered in two Han-\n Dynasty tombs at Jiangjiacun, Xianyang, Shaanxi. Among them, tomb no. M20 yielded a complete set of\n medical equipment, including a bronze mortar and pestle, a bronze measuring vessel, and a bronze mou\n cauldron, illustrating the full pharmaceutical production process in the Han", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "63bcf96910ae495ea2a8ca253b04f61d69fa386350e69e9be156ad6f4f91c732" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S043_98853abafb38_S043-F03", "paper_key": "S043_98853abafb38", "paper_id": "S043", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 刻槽盆上可鉴定类型的淀粉粒\nFig.3 Identified starch grains extracted from grooved basins(Lbar=20μm)\nI 类：A~F；II 类：G~J；III 类：K~N；IV 类：O 和P；V 类：Q 和R；VI 类：S 和T；VII 类：U 和V；VIII 类：W 和X", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3217e642663d64d4a2d2b36f33af49f623f6901049ebcf1d1ca9f53c56bf649c", "image_bytes": 7618508, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 刻槽盆上可鉴定类型的淀粉粒（比例尺20 μm）\nI 类：A~F，禾本科，稻属、粟类、薏苡属；II 类：G~J，小麦族；III 类：K~N，壳斗科植物；IV 类：O 和P，豆类植物；V 类，：Q 和R，莲藕；VI 类：S 和T，山药；VII 类：U 和V，现代生姜；VIII 类：W 和X，块根块茎类植物。", "caption_en": "Fig.3 Identified starch grains extracted from grooved basins (Lbar=20 μm) \nI type: A~F; II type: G~J; III type: K~N; IV type: O and P; V type: Q and R; VI type: S and T; VII type: U and V; VIII type: W and X.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "刻槽盆上可鉴定类型的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Identified starch grains extracted from grooved basins", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/3217e642663d64d4a2d2b36f.png", "image_url": "media/S043_98853abafb38_S043-F03.png?v=3217e642663d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.614839+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S043_98853abafb38_S043-F04", "paper_key": "S043_98853abafb38", "paper_id": "S043", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4 刻槽盆上无法鉴定的淀粉粒\nFig.4 Unidentified starch grains extracted from grooved basins\nIXa 类：A 和B；IXb 类：C 和D；IXc 类：E~H；IXd 类：I~N；IXe 类：O~T（scale bar: I and J=50 μm; others=20μm)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0fd34a1512d29f3df33b55ed6f578806f81f7ec0c67a850c382a3a448037e774", "image_bytes": 5896029, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 刻槽盆上无法鉴定的淀粉粒\nIXa 类：A 和B；IXb 类：C 和D；IXc 类：E~H；IXd 类：I~N；IXe 类：O~T（scale bar: I and J=50 μm； others=20 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig.4 Unidentified starch grains extracted from grooved basins\nIXa group: A and B; IXb group: C and D; IXc group: E~H; IXd group: I~N; IXe group: O~T (scale bar: I and J = 50 μm; others = 20 μm)\n", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "刻槽盆上无法鉴定的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Unidentified starch grains extracted from grooved basins", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/0fd34a1512d29f3df33b55ed.png", "image_url": "media/S043_98853abafb38_S043-F04.png?v=0fd34a1512d2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.672358+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S043_98853abafb38_S043-F05", "paper_key": "S043_98853abafb38", "paper_id": "S043", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图5 刻槽盆上的植硅体、花粉和矿物颗粒\nFig.5 Phytoliths, pollens and mineral particles extracted from grooved basins\n(scale bar: C and D=10μm, others=20μm)\nA~H：矿物；I：未知颗粒；J：蕨类植物；K：棒型植硅体；L：哑铃型植硅体；M：尖型植硅体；N：方型植硅体；O：芦苇\n扇型植硅体；P：水稻扇型植硅体；Q：植物孢子", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "26015df2a8ab07eaac437e8813e92c0e249b66e6213111f90c3db751f9575a5d", "image_bytes": 9663908, "sites": [ "CN091" ], "caption_zh": "图5 刻槽盆上的植硅体、花粉和矿物颗粒\n（比例尺: C and D=10 μm， others=20 μm）\nA~H：矿物；I：未知颗粒；J：蕨类植物；K：棒型植硅体；L：哑铃型植硅体；M：尖型植硅体；N：方型植硅体；O：芦苇扇型植硅体；P：水稻扇型植硅体；Q：植物孢子", "caption_en": "Fig.5 Phytoliths, pollens and mineral particles extracted from grooved basins (scale bar: C and D=10 μm, others=20 μm) A~H: minerals; I: unknown particles; J: fern; K: rod-shaped phytoliths; L: dumbbell-shaped phytoliths; M: pointed phytoliths; N: square-shaped phytoliths; O: reed; O-shaped phytoliths; P: rice O-shaped phytoliths; Q: plant spores", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "刻槽盆上的植硅体、花粉和矿物颗粒", "title_en": "Phytoliths, pollens and mineral particles extracted from grooved basins", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/26015df2a8ab07eaac437e88.png", "image_url": "media/S043_98853abafb38_S043-F05.png?v=26015df2a8ab", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.734695+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN091", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "图5 刻槽盆上的植硅体、花粉和矿物颗粒\nFig.5 Phytoliths, pollens and mineral particles extracted from grooved basins\n(scale bar: C and D=10μm, others=20μm)\nA~H：矿物；I：未知颗粒；J：蕨类植物；K：棒型植硅体；L：哑铃型植硅体；M：尖型植硅体；N：方型植硅体；O：芦苇\n扇型植硅体；P：水稻扇型植硅体；Q：植物孢子", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lingjiatan", "quote": "功能；经济形态；加工方式\n中图法分类号: Q914.2 +2; 文献标识码: A; 文章编号: 1000-3193(2019)01-0132-16\n\n\n Starch grain analysis of the grooved basin from the Lingjiatan site, Hanshan\n county, Anhui Province\n\n SUN Qingli 1, 2, SHUO Zhi 3, WU Yan2, 4, YANG Yimin2, 5\n\n 1. Cultural Relics and Archaeology Institute of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumchi 830011; 2. Key Laboratory of Verteb", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "98853abafb3805cc26058c66b32bce7b6962ef987d552075c37ebc108e0ad8cd" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S044_b03e0b500f98_S044-F03", "paper_key": "S044_b03e0b500f98", "paper_id": "S044", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 侯家寨遗址二期陶器样品内壁提取到的各类型淀粉粒\nFig. 3 Photographs of starch grains from ceramic fragments\na, a’, b, b’-A 类: 稻属(Oryza spp.); c, c’-B 类: 小麦族(Triticeae); d, d’-C1 型: 薏苡属(Coix spp.); e, e’-C2 型: 粟(Setaria italica\n(L) P. Beauv.); f, f’- C3 型: 黍 (Panicum miliaceum L.); g, g’, h, h’ -D1 型: 莲属(Nelumbo spp.); i, i’ - D2 型: 其它块根茎类; j, j’-E\n类: 栎属(Quercus spp.) ( 标尺: 20μm)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ac2c58a0b2cd8b1cb6e1cd90b0de6f05c6e1390e96c7ab4cc2072e922f51a4b5", "image_bytes": 2965976, "sites": [ "CN090" ], "caption_zh": "图3 侯家寨遗址二期陶器样品内壁提取到的各类型淀粉粒\na， a′， b， b′-A 类： 稻属（Oryza spp.）； c， c′-B 类： 小麦族（Triticeae）； d， d′-C1 型： 薏苡属（Coix spp.）； e， e′-C2 型： 粟（Setaria italica（L） P. Beauv.）； f， f′- C3 型： 黍 （Panicum miliaceum L.）； g， g′， h， h′ -D1 型： 莲属（Nelumbo spp.）； i， i′ - D2 型： 其它块根茎类； j， j′-E类： 栎属（Quercus spp.） （ 标尺： 20 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Photographs of starch grains from ceramic fragments\na, a′, b, b′- Type A: rice (Oryza spp.); c, c′- Type B: wheat tribe (Triticeae); d, d′- Type C1: Job’s tears (Coix spp.); e, e′- Type C2: foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (L) P. Beauv.; f, f′- Type C3: broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) L.; g, g′, h, h′ - Type D1: lotus (Nelumbo spp.); i, i′ - Type D2: other tuberous roots and stems; j, j′- Type E: oaks (Quercus spp.) (scale bar: 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "侯家寨遗址二期陶器样品内壁提取到的各类型淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from ceramic fragments at Houjiazhai Site Phase II", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/ac2c58a0b2cd8b1cb6e1cd90.png", "image_url": "media/S044_b03e0b500f98_S044-F03.png?v=ac2c58a0b2cd", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "a, a’, b, b’-A 类: 稻属(Oryza spp.); c, c’-B 类: 小麦族(Triticeae); d, d’-C1 型: 薏苡属(Coix spp.); e, e’-C2 型: 粟(Setaria italica", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.804219+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN090", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图3 侯家寨遗址二期陶器样品内壁提取到的各类型淀粉粒\nFig. 3 Photographs of starch grains from ceramic fragments\na, a’, b, b’-A 类: 稻属(Oryza spp.); c, c’-B 类: 小麦族(Triticeae); d, d’-C1 型: 薏苡属(Coix spp.); e, e’-C2 型: 粟(Setaria italica\n(L) P. Beauv.); f, f’- C3 型: 黍 (Panicum miliaceum L.); g, g’, h, h’ -D1 型: 莲属(Nelumbo spp.); i, i’ - D2 型: 其它块根茎类; j, j’-E\n类: 栎属(Quercus spp.) ( 标尺: 20μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "houjiazhai", "quote": "、粟作农业传播的时空路线等问题具有重要的科学价值。\n\n关键词：淮河中游地区；侯家寨遗址二期；淀粉粒分析；植物性资源；农业结构\n\n\n Starch grain evidence for plant utilization at Phase II of the Houjiazhai site\n in Dingyuan County, Anhui Province\n\n LUO Wuhong 1, XUAN Huali 2, YAO Ling3, YANG Yuzhang1, YI Wenwen1,\n KAN Xuhang 4, ZHANG Juzhong 1, ZHANG Aibing 5\n\n 1. Department for the History of Science and Scientific Archaeol", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b03e0b500f98d9134833a861e787f1fd6cd54e433a0d04e908de434a08e1227d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S044_b03e0b500f98_S044-F04", "paper_key": "S044_b03e0b500f98", "paper_id": "S044", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4 部分现代淀粉粒形态\nFig.4 Starch grains from selected modern species\na, a’: 栽培水稻(Oryza sativa L.); b, b’: 六倍体小麦(Triticum aestivum L.); c, c’: 薏苡(Coix lacryma-jobi L.);\nd, d’: 粟(Setaria italica (L) P. Beauv.); e, e’: 黍(Panicum miliaceum L.); f, f’: 马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.);\ng, g’: 莲藕(Nelumbo mucifera Gaertn); h, h’: 薯蓣(Dioscorea opposita Thunb.);\ni, i’: 栝楼根(Trichosanthes kirilowii snakegourd roots); j, j’: 麻栎(Quercus acutissima Carruth.) ( 标尺: 20μm)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原英文栏实际重复中文图注，现补完整英文；不改分图范围和比例尺。", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b5bf305450e095c27ceba26d2db6765a4711434909a5ea5b9e5d1d61f1d903af", "image_bytes": 8184923, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 部分现代淀粉粒形态\na， a′： 栽培水稻（Oryza sativa L.）； b， b′： 六倍体小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）； c， c′： 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi L.）； d， d′： 粟（Setaria italica （L） P. Beauv.）； e， e′： 黍（Panicum miliaceum L.）； f， f′： 马唐（Digitaria sanguinalis （L.） Scop.）； g， g′： 莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn）； h， h′： 薯蓣（Dioscorea opposita Thunb.）； i， i′： 栝楼根（Trichosanthes kirilowii snakegourd roots）； j， j′： 麻栎（Quercus acutissima Carruth.） （标尺： 20 μm）", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Starch grains from selected modern species. a/a′: cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.); b/b′: hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); c/c′: Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.); d/d′: foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.); e/e′: broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.); f/f′: large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.); g/g′: lotus rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.); h/h′: Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.); i/i′: Chinese snake-gourd root (Chinese snake gourd, Trichosanthes kirilowii); j/j′: sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carruth.). Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "部分现代淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Starch grains from selected modern species", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b5bf305450e095c27ceba26d.png", "image_url": "media/S044_b03e0b500f98_S044-F04.png?v=b5bf305450e0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "a, a’, b, b’-A 类: 稻属(Oryza spp.); c, c’-B 类: 小麦族(Triticeae); d, d’-C1 型: 薏苡属(Coix spp.); e, e’-C2 型: 粟(Setaria italica", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.876136+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S045_88d5b01a79e2_S045-F02", "paper_key": "S045_88d5b01a79e2", "paper_id": "S045", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2\n安徽淮河流域大汶口文化时期的植物遗存\na.宫庄遗址出土的炭化稻；b,c,d.杨堡遗址出土的炭化稻、粟、\n黍；e,f,g,h,i.宫庄遗址的水稻扇型、水稻双峰乳突、并排哑铃型植硅\n体；j,k,l,m.侯家寨遗址的稻属淀粉粒残留物", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4a2fa00e1dd2316926da9bc28320297bc333b1dc00bfbdef671e2a8d626bfd03", "image_bytes": 242861, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 安徽淮河流域大汶口文化时期的植物遗存\na.宫庄遗址出土的炭化稻；b，c，d.杨堡遗址出土的炭化稻、粟、黍；e，f，g，h，i.宫庄遗址的水稻扇型、水稻双峰乳突、并排哑铃型植硅\n体；j，k，l，m.侯家寨遗址的稻属淀粉粒残留物", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Plant remains from the Dawenkou culture period in the Huai River basin, Anhui Province\na. Charred rice from Gongzhuang site; b,c,d. Charred rice, foxtail millet, and broomcorn millet from Yangbo site; e,f,g,h,i. Rice fan-shaped, rice double-peak tuberculate, and side-by-side dumbbell-shaped phytoliths from Gongzhuang site; j,k,l,m. Rice starch grains residues from Houjiazhai site", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "安徽淮河流域大汶口文化时期的植物遗存", "title_en": "Plant remains from the Dawenkou culture period in the Huai River basin, Anhui Province", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4a2fa00e1dd2316926da9bc2.png", "image_url": "media/S045_88d5b01a79e2_S045-F02.png?v=4a2fa00e1dd2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:21:05.152591+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "区域综合" } }, { "id": "S046_37fc0565b5da_S046-F04", "paper_key": "S046_37fc0565b5da", "paper_id": "S046", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图４　石山子遗址石磨盘石磨棒样品表面提取到的各类型的淀粉粒\n１～６———Ａ１型淀粉粒，分别来自Ｈ３２２：１４，Ｈ３３９和Ｔ１５２９\n瑏\n瑡：５６　７～１０———Ａ２型淀粉粒，共同来自于Ｔ０７２５⑩：１　１１～１６———Ｂ类淀粉粒，分别来\n自Ｈ３３９，Ｔ０７２３⑧：５和Ｔ０７２３⑧：５；其中１３和１４为轻敲光片翻转后的形状　１７～２０———Ｃ１型淀粉粒，分别来自Ｔ０７２３⑧：５和Ｔ０７２５⑨：６\n２１～２４———Ｃ２型淀粉粒，来自Ｔ０７２５⑩：１和Ｔ０７２５⑧：３　２５～２８———Ｄ类淀粉粒，分别来自Ｔ０７２５⑩：１和Ｔ０７２３⑧：５　２９，３０———Ｅ类淀粉粒，\n来自Ｔ０７２５⑨：６　３１，３２———Ｆ类淀粉粒，来自Ｔ１６３１⑧：７　３３，３４———Ｇ类淀粉粒，来自Ｔ０７２５⑩：１　３５，３６———Ｈ类淀粉粒，来自Ｈ３２２：１４\nＦｉｇ４　ＴｈｅｔｙｐｅｓｏｆａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｅｘｔｒａｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｓｔｏｎｅｐｌａｔｅｓａｎｄｒｏｄｓｏｆＳｈｉｓｈａｎｚｉｓｉｔｅ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a01f998fcd5c9797eb7a15f78a90a5087ce6ae72e682c6e4562c735c63b3e748", "image_bytes": 7002641, "sites": [ "CN088" ], "caption_zh": "图4 石山子遗址石磨盘石磨棒样品表面提取到的各类型的淀粉粒\n1~6—A1型淀粉粒，分别来自H322:14，H339和T1529⑪:56，薏苡； 7~10—A2型淀粉粒，共同来自于T0725⑩:1 ，禾本科；11~16—B类淀粉粒，分别来自H339，T0723⑧:5和T0723⑧:5 ，小麦族的山羊草属；其中13和14为轻敲光片翻转后的形状 17~20—C1型淀粉粒，分别来自T0723⑧:5和T0725⑨:6 山药；21~24—C2型淀粉粒，来自T0725⑩:1和T0725⑧:3 莲藕；25~28—D类淀粉粒，分别来自T0725⑩:1和T0723⑧:5 莲藕；29，30—E类淀粉粒，来自T0725⑨:6 睡莲或者莲子； 31，32—F类淀粉粒，来自T1631⑧:7 豇豆属；33，34—G类淀粉粒，来自T0725⑩:1 燕麦属；35，36—H类淀粉粒，来自H322:14 生姜", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 The types of ancient starch grains extracted from the stone plates and rods of Shishanzi site\n1–6—A1 type starch grains, respectively from H322:14, H339 and T1529⑪:56\n7–10—A2 type starch grains, all from T0725⑩:1\n11–16—B type starch grains, respectively from H339, T0723⑧:5 and T0723⑧:5; among them 13 and 14 are the shapes after light tapping and flipping the section\n17–20—C1 type starch grains, respectively from T0723⑧:5 and T0725⑨:6\n21–24—C2 type starch grains, from T0725⑩:1 and T0725⑧:3\n25–28—D type starch grains, respectively from T0725⑩:1 and T0723⑧:5\n29, 30—E type starch grains, from T0725⑨:6\n31, 32—F type starch grains, from T1631⑧:7\n33, 34—G type starch grains, from T0725⑩:1\n35, 36—H type starch grains, from H322:14", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石山子遗址石磨盘石磨棒样品表面提取到的各类型的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Types of starch grains extracted from the surface of stone plates and rods at Shishanzi site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/a01f998fcd5c9797eb7a15f7.png", "image_url": "media/S046_37fc0565b5da_S046-F04.png?v=a01f998fcd5c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "1~6———A1型淀粉粒,分别来自H322:14,H339和T1529 瑏 瑡:56 7~10———A2型淀粉粒,共同来自于T072510:1 11~16———B类淀粉粒,分别来", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "21~24———C2型淀粉粒,来自T072510:1和T07258:3 25~28———D类淀粉粒,分别来自T072510:1和T07238:5 29,30———E类淀粉粒,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "来自T07259:6 31,32———F类淀粉粒,来自T16318:7 33,34———G类淀粉粒,来自T072510:1 35,36———H类淀粉粒,来自H322:14", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:21.994653+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN088", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图４　石山子遗址石磨盘石磨棒样品表面提取到的各类型的淀粉粒\n１～６———Ａ１型淀粉粒，分别来自Ｈ３２２：１４，Ｈ３３９和Ｔ１５２９\n瑏\n瑡：５６　７～１０———Ａ２型淀粉粒，共同来自于Ｔ０７２５⑩：１　１１～１６———Ｂ类淀粉粒，分别来\n自Ｈ３３９，Ｔ０７２３⑧：５和Ｔ０７２３⑧：５；其中１３和１４为轻敲光片翻转后的形状　１７～２０———Ｃ１型淀粉粒，分别来自Ｔ０７２３⑧：５和Ｔ０７２５⑨：６\n２１～２４———Ｃ２型淀粉粒，来自Ｔ０７２５⑩：１和Ｔ０７２５⑧：３　２５～２８———Ｄ类淀粉粒，分别来自Ｔ０７２５⑩：１和Ｔ０７２３⑧：５　２９，３０———Ｅ类淀粉粒，\n来自Ｔ０７２５⑨：６　３１，３２———Ｆ类淀粉粒，来自Ｔ１６３１⑧：７　３３，３４———Ｇ类淀粉粒，来自Ｔ０７２５⑩：１　３５，３６———Ｈ类淀粉粒，来自Ｈ３２２：１４\nＦｉｇ４　ＴｈｅｔｙｐｅｓｏｆａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｅｘｔｒａｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｓｔｏｎｅｐｌａｔｅｓａｎｄｒｏｄｓｏｆＳｈｉｓｈａｎｚｉｓｉｔｅ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "石山子", "quote": "Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ，２０１４\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１４．０１．１４ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１４）０１－１１４－１２\n\n 安徽濉溪石山子遗址古人类植物性食物资源\n 利用情况的淀粉粒分析\n\n 董　珍 ①　张居中 ①　杨玉璋 ①　姚　凌 ①　李为亚 ①　贾庆元 ②\n\n （①中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系，合肥　２３００２６；②安徽省文物考古研究所，合肥　２３００６１）\n\n\n 摘要　　利用淀粉粒分析方法，对安徽濉溪石山子遗址（约７０００ａＢＰ．，３３°５１′Ｎ、１１６°４９′Ｅ）出土的５件石磨盘和５\n\n 件石磨棒表面附着残留物进行了研究。结果表明，这批石器表面残留物中包含了种类丰富的植物淀粉粒，其可能", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "37fc0565b5da4a85b54f2d8c17f4ef257d9a93a91de40e7e455e030a9b0f71fc" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S046_37fc0565b5da_S046-F05", "paper_key": "S046_37fc0565b5da", "paper_id": "S046", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图５　本次实验中与古代淀粉粒鉴定相关的现代植物淀粉粒\n１，２———粟（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ），辽宁辽阳　３，４———黍（Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍｍｉｌｉａｃｅｕｍ），辽宁辽阳　５，６———高粱（Ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ），内蒙古通辽　７，８———薏苡\n（Ｃｏｉｘｌａｃｒｙｍａｊｏｂｉ），安徽蚌埠　９，１０———小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ），安徽蚌埠　１１，１２———大麦（Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍｖｕｌｇａｒｅ），内蒙古通辽　１３～１５———山药\n（Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａｏｐｐｏｓｉｔａ），安徽潜山　１６～１８———莲藕（Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａ），安徽巢湖　１９，２０———莲子（ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａｇａｅｒｔｎ），安徽巢湖　２１，２２———绿豆\n（Ｖｉｇｎａｒａｄｉａｔａ），河南南阳　２３，２４———红小豆（Ｖｉｇｎａａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ），内蒙古通辽　２５～２８———燕麦（Ａｖｅｎａｓａｔｉｖａ）　２９，３０———生姜（Ｚｉｎｇｉｂｅｒｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｌｅ）\nＦｉｇ５　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｏｍｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｐｌａｎｔｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "48d0e16f60a8cf201a227d4bc2300d45a34675fc85f2ad53747121bc7eee4b19", "image_bytes": 9255944, "sites": [ "CN088" ], "caption_zh": "图5 本次实验中与古代淀粉粒鉴定相关的现代植物淀粉粒\n1，2—粟（Setaria italica），辽宁辽阳 3，4—黍（Panicum miliaceum），辽宁辽阳 5，6—高粱（Sorghumbicolor），内蒙古通辽 7，8—薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi），安徽蚌埠 9，10—小麦（Triticum aestivum），安徽蚌埠 11，12—大麦（Hordeum vulgare），内蒙古通辽 13~15—山药（Dioscorea opposita），安徽潜山 16~18—莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera），安徽巢湖 19，20—莲子（nelumbonuciferagaertn），安徽巢湖 21，22—绿豆（Vigna radiata），河南南阳 23，24—红小豆（Vigna angularis），内蒙古通辽 25~28—燕麦（Avena sativa） 29，30—生姜（Zingiber officinale）", "caption_en": "Fig. 5 Starch grains from some modern plant species in China related to the identification of ancient starch grains\n1, 2———Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), Liaoyang, Liaoning\n3, 4———Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), Liaoyang, Liaoning\n5, 6———Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Tongliao, Inner Mongolia\n7, 8———Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), Bengbu, Anhui\n9, 10———Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Bengbu, Anhui\n11, 12———Barley (Hordeum vulgare), Tongliao, Inner Mongolia\n13–15———Yam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea opposita), Qianshan, Anhui\n16–18———Lotus rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera), Chaozhou, Anhui\n19, 20———Lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera gaertn.), Chaozhou, Anhui\n21, 22———Mung bean (Vigna radiata), Nanyang, Henan\n23, 24———Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), Tongliao, Inner Mongolia\n25–28———Oat (Avena sativa)\n29, 30———Ginger (Zingiber officinale)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉粒与古代淀粉粒鉴定相关", "title_en": "Modern plant starch grains related to ancient starch grain identification", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/48d0e16f60a8cf201a227d4b.png", "image_url": "media/S046_37fc0565b5da_S046-F05.png?v=48d0e16f60a8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "1~6———A1型淀粉粒,分别来自H322:14,H339和T1529 瑏 瑡:56 7~10———A2型淀粉粒,共同来自于T072510:1 11~16———B类淀粉粒,分别来", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "21~24———C2型淀粉粒,来自T072510:1和T07258:3 25~28———D类淀粉粒,分别来自T072510:1和T07238:5 29,30———E类淀粉粒,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "来自T07259:6 31,32———F类淀粉粒,来自T16318:7 33,34———G类淀粉粒,来自T072510:1 35,36———H类淀粉粒,来自H322:14", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:22.065776+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN088", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图５　本次实验中与古代淀粉粒鉴定相关的现代植物淀粉粒\n１，２———粟（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ），辽宁辽阳　３，４———黍（Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍｍｉｌｉａｃｅｕｍ），辽宁辽阳　５，６———高粱（Ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ），内蒙古通辽　７，８———薏苡\n（Ｃｏｉｘｌａｃｒｙｍａｊｏｂｉ），安徽蚌埠　９，１０———小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ），安徽蚌埠　１１，１２———大麦（Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍｖｕｌｇａｒｅ），内蒙古通辽　１３～１５———山药\n（Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａｏｐｐｏｓｉｔａ），安徽潜山　１６～１８———莲藕（Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａ），安徽巢湖　１９，２０———莲子（ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａｇａｅｒｔｎ），安徽巢湖　２１，２２———绿豆\n（Ｖｉｇｎａｒａｄｉａｔａ），河南南阳　２３，２４———红小豆（Ｖｉｇｎａａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ），内蒙古通辽　２５～２８———燕麦（Ａｖｅｎａｓａｔｉｖａ）　２９，３０———生姜（Ｚｉｎｇｉｂｅｒｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｌｅ）\nＦｉｇ５　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｏｍｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｐｌａｎｔｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "石山子", "quote": "Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ，２０１４\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１４．０１．１４ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１４）０１－１１４－１２\n\n 安徽濉溪石山子遗址古人类植物性食物资源\n 利用情况的淀粉粒分析\n\n 董　珍 ①　张居中 ①　杨玉璋 ①　姚　凌 ①　李为亚 ①　贾庆元 ②\n\n （①中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系，合肥　２３００２６；②安徽省文物考古研究所，合肥　２３００６１）\n\n\n 摘要　　利用淀粉粒分析方法，对安徽濉溪石山子遗址（约７０００ａＢＰ．，３３°５１′Ｎ、１１６°４９′Ｅ）出土的５件石磨盘和５\n\n 件石磨棒表面附着残留物进行了研究。结果表明，这批石器表面残留物中包含了种类丰富的植物淀粉粒，其可能", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "37fc0565b5da4a85b54f2d8c17f4ef257d9a93a91de40e7e455e030a9b0f71fc" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S047_5c48c971235d_S047-F03", "paper_key": "S047_5c48c971235d", "paper_id": "S047", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图３　缪墩遗址陶器样品内壁提取到的\n各类型淀粉粒（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）\nａ，ａ′：ＴｙｐｅⅠＡ；ｂ，ｂ′：ＴｙｐｅⅠＢ；ｃ，ｃ′，ｄ，ｄ′：ＴｙｐｅⅡ；ｅ，ｅ′：Ｔｙｐｅ\nⅢＡ；ｆ，ｆ′：ＴｙｐｅⅢＢ；ｇ，ｇ′：ＴｙｐｅⅢＣ；ｈ，ｈ′，ｉ，ｉ′：ＴｙｐｅⅣ；\nｊ，ｊ′：ＴｙｐｅⅤ；ｋ，ｋ′：ＴｙｐｅⅥ；ｌ，ｌ′：ＴｙｐｅⅦ\nＦｉｇ３　Ａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｓ\nｏｎｔｈｅｐｏｔｔｅｒｙｓｈａｒｄｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＭｉｕｄｕｎｓｉｔｅ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "bf122dcc42edc546cd405c3546529f9edbd484472d52ed57b5c46dd9939c77fb", "image_bytes": 1478106, "sites": [ "CN097" ], "caption_zh": "图3 缪墩遗址陶器样品内壁提取到的\n各类型淀粉粒（比例尺:20 μm）\na，a′：TypeⅠA，稻属；b，b′：TypeⅠB，稻属；c，c′，d，d′：TypeⅡ，小麦族，；e，e′：Type ⅢA，块根块茎；f，f′：TypeⅢB，莲藕；g，g′：TypeⅢC，睡莲；h，h′，i，i′：TypeⅣ，栎属；j，j′：TypeⅤ，菜豆族；k，k′：TypeⅥ，芡实；l，l′：TypeⅦ，未知类型", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Ancient starch grains recovered from residues on the pottery shards from the Moudun site (scale bar: 20 μm) a, a′: Type I A; b, b′: Type I B; c, c′, d, d′: Type II; e, e′: Type III A; f, f′: Type III B; g, g′: Type III C; h, h′, i, i′: Type IV; j, j′: Type V; k, k′: Type VI; l, l′: Type VII", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "缪墩遗址陶器内壁淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from pottery inner surfaces at the Moudun site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/bf122dcc42edc546cd405c35.png", "image_url": "media/S047_5c48c971235d_S047-F03.png?v=bf122dcc42ed", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:22.135459+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN097", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图３　缪墩遗址陶器样品内壁提取到的\n各类型淀粉粒（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）\nａ，ａ′：ＴｙｐｅⅠＡ；ｂ，ｂ′：ＴｙｐｅⅠＢ；ｃ，ｃ′，ｄ，ｄ′：ＴｙｐｅⅡ；ｅ，ｅ′：Ｔｙｐｅ\nⅢＡ；ｆ，ｆ′：ＴｙｐｅⅢＢ；ｇ，ｇ′：ＴｙｐｅⅢＣ；ｈ，ｈ′，ｉ，ｉ′：ＴｙｐｅⅣ；\nｊ，ｊ′：ＴｙｐｅⅤ；ｋ，ｋ′：ＴｙｐｅⅥ；ｌ，ｌ′：ＴｙｐｅⅦ\nＦｉｇ３　Ａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｓ\nｏｎｔｈｅｐｏｔｔｅｒｙｓｈａｒｄｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＭｉｕｄｕｎｓｉｔｅ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "缪墩", "quote": "Ｎｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ，２０１６\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１６．０６．１２ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１６）０６－１４６６－０９\n\n 安徽繁昌缪墩遗址古人类\n 植物性食物资源利用的淀粉粒分析\n\n 杨玉璋 ①　郖华丽 ①　袁增箭 ①　姚　凌 ①　张居中 ①　徐　繁 ②\n\n （①中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系，合肥　２３００２６；②繁昌县文物管理局，繁昌　２４１２００）\n\n\n 摘要　　皖南沿江平原位于长江中游的鄱阳湖平原和长江下游的太湖平原之间，是长江中、下游史前文化交流、\n\n 传播与融合的重要通道。缪墩遗址（５０６０～４８９０ｃａｌ．ａＢＣ）位于安徽省芜湖市繁昌县境内，是皖南沿江平原地区目\n\n 前发现的年代最早的新石器", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5c48c971235d8165d69ac7f955afef1cc70355996a0fc9d59bb49ae46fdfb4f3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S047_5c48c971235d_S047-F04", "paper_key": "S047_5c48c971235d", "paper_id": "S047", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图４　与本次实验提取到的古代淀粉粒相关的\n现代植物淀粉粒（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）\nａ，ａ′—水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａｓｐｐ．）复粒；ｂ，ｂ′—单颗水稻；ｃ，ｃ′—小麦\n（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）；ｄ，ｄ′—莲藕（Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａ）；ｅ，ｅ′—薏苡\n（Ｃｏｉｃｌａｃｒｙｍａｊｏｂｉ）；ｆ，ｆ′—麻栎（ＱｕｅｒｃｕｓａｃｕｔｉｓｓｉｍａＣａｒｒｕｔｈ．）；\nｇ，ｇ′—红小豆（Ｖｉｇｎａａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ）；ｈ，ｈ′—芡实（Ｅｕｒｙａｌｅｆｅｒｏｘ）\nＦｉｇ４　Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｍｏｄｅｒｎｐｌａｎｔｓｒｅｌａｔｅｄ\nｔｏａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＭｉｕｄｕｎｓｉｔｅ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0c9bc88e2ba4b9686dcfa64c0ae1fcf5ac0f2801ac6c075947ad3df09fef8acd", "image_bytes": 2348461, "sites": [ "CN097" ], "caption_zh": "图4 与本次实验提取到的古代淀粉粒相关的\n现代植物淀粉粒（比例尺:20 μm）\na，a′—水稻（Oryzaspp.）复粒；b，b′—单颗水稻；c，c′—小麦（Triticum aestivum）；d，d′—莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera）；e，e′—薏苡\n（Coiclacryma-jobi）；f，f′—麻栎（QuercusacutissimaCarruth.）；g，g′—红小豆（Vigna angularis）；h，h′—芡实（Euryale ferox）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Characteristics starch grains from modern plants related to ancient starches recovered from the Miudun site (scale bar: 20 μm) a, a′—rice (Oryza spp.) composite grains; b, b′—single rice grain; c, c′—wheat (Triticum aestivum); d, d′—lotus rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera); e, e′—Job’s tears (Coicla cryma-jobi); f, f′—Chinese oak (sawtooth oak, Quercus acutissima Carruth.); g, g′—red adzuki bean (Vigna angularis); h, h′—fox nut (Euryale ferox)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉粒与缪墩遗址古代淀粉粒的对比", "title_en": "Modern plant starch grains compared with ancient starches from the Miudun site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/0c9bc88e2ba4b9686dcfa64c.png", "image_url": "media/S047_5c48c971235d_S047-F04.png?v=0c9bc88e2ba4", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:53:10.404542+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN097", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图４　与本次实验提取到的古代淀粉粒相关的\n现代植物淀粉粒（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）\nａ，ａ′—水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａｓｐｐ．）复粒；ｂ，ｂ′—单颗水稻；ｃ，ｃ′—小麦\n（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）；ｄ，ｄ′—莲藕（Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａ）；ｅ，ｅ′—薏苡\n（Ｃｏｉｃｌａｃｒｙｍａｊｏｂｉ）；ｆ，ｆ′—麻栎（ＱｕｅｒｃｕｓａｃｕｔｉｓｓｉｍａＣａｒｒｕｔｈ．）；\nｇ，ｇ′—红小豆（Ｖｉｇｎａａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ）；ｈ，ｈ′—芡实（Ｅｕｒｙａｌｅｆｅｒｏｘ）\nＦｉｇ４　Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｍｏｄｅｒｎｐｌａｎｔｓｒｅｌａｔｅｄ\nｔｏａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＭｉｕｄｕｎｓｉｔｅ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "缪墩", "quote": "Ｎｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ，２０１６\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１６．０６．１２ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１６）０６－１４６６－０９\n\n 安徽繁昌缪墩遗址古人类\n 植物性食物资源利用的淀粉粒分析\n\n 杨玉璋 ①　郖华丽 ①　袁增箭 ①　姚　凌 ①　张居中 ①　徐　繁 ②\n\n （①中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系，合肥　２３００２６；②繁昌县文物管理局，繁昌　２４１２００）\n\n\n 摘要　　皖南沿江平原位于长江中游的鄱阳湖平原和长江下游的太湖平原之间，是长江中、下游史前文化交流、\n\n 传播与融合的重要通道。缪墩遗址（５０６０～４８９０ｃａｌ．ａＢＣ）位于安徽省芜湖市繁昌县境内，是皖南沿江平原地区目\n\n 前发现的年代最早的新石器", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5c48c971235d8165d69ac7f955afef1cc70355996a0fc9d59bb49ae46fdfb4f3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S048_154ca61c2945_S048-F02", "paper_key": "S048_154ca61c2945", "paper_id": "S048", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二\n未加工的淀粉粒\n1. 小麦（T. aestivum）；2. 粟（S. italica）；\n3. 黍（P. miliaceum）.\n左为DIC 下图像，右为偏光下图像。比例尺：10 μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8f9b454f25d7dc9e093b087f423e2ddeec64d2827c6463019d86bc5f85c416cc", "image_bytes": 909414, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图二未加工的淀粉粒\n1. 小麦（Triticum aestivum）；2. 粟（Setaria italica）；3. 黍（Panicum miliaceum）.\n左为DIC 下图像，右为偏光下图像。比例尺：10 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Unprocessed starch grains: 1. Wheat (Triticum aestivum); 2. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica); 3. Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum). Left: DIC image; right: polarized light image. Scale bar: 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "未加工的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Unprocessed starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/8f9b454f25d7dc9e093b087f.png", "image_url": "media/S048_154ca61c2945_S048-F02.png?v=8f9b454f25d7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:22.263727+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代实验" } }, { "id": "S048_154ca61c2945_S048-F03", "paper_key": "S048_154ca61c2945", "paper_id": "S048", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三碾磨后的淀粉粒1. 粟；2. 黍；3~6. 小麦。1~2 中箭头示辐射状裂隙和消光十字的变形；5 中箭头示局部异常清晰的纹。比例尺：1-2 10 μm，3-6 20 μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "04c97f38ca14e7d99cf3db5fa0e8225853db471f6185cf04881392e88e7372b2", "image_bytes": 1215607, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图三碾磨后的淀粉粒1. 粟；2. 黍；3~6. 小麦。1~2 中箭头示辐射状裂隙和消光十字的变形；5 中箭头示局部异常清晰的纹。比例尺：1-2 10 μm，3-6 20 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Starch grains after grinding: 1. Foxtail millet; 2. Broomcorn millet; 3–6. Wheat. Arrows in 1–2 indicate deformation of radial fractures and extinction cross; arrow in 5 indicates locally well-defined patterns. Scale bars: 1–2, 10 μm; 3–6, 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "source_original", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "碾磨后淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains after grinding", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/04c97f38ca14e7d99cf3db5f.png", "image_url": "media/S048_154ca61c2945_S048-F03.png?v=04c97f38ca14", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:22.312246+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代实验" } }, { "id": "S048_154ca61c2945_S048-F04", "paper_key": "S048_154ca61c2945", "paper_id": "S048", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四\n不同原料制作的面条水煮后的淀粉粒\n1.小麦面条；\n2~3.粟麦混合面条；\n4~6.粟黍麦混合面条。\n比例尺：1-3 20 μm，4-6 10 μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "08a7d05f35b8db07ddd4754188dcfcf2cdf8bb095b857cf10de6cf6998e2fe8a", "image_bytes": 1156914, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图四 不同原料制作的面条水煮后的淀粉粒\n1.小麦面条；2~3.粟麦混合面条；\n4~6.粟黍麦混合面条。比例尺：1-3 20 μm，4-6 10 μm", "caption_en": "Figure four. Starch grains from noodles made from different raw materials after boiling. 1. Wheat noodles; 2~3. Mixed noodles of foxtail millet and wheat; 4~6. Mixed noodles of foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and wheat. Scale bar: 1–3, 20 μm; 4–6, 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "不同原料制作的面条水煮后的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from noodles made from different raw materials after boiling", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/08a7d05f35b8db07ddd47541.png", "image_url": "media/S048_154ca61c2945_S048-F04.png?v=08a7d05f35b8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:22.369362+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代实验" } }, { "id": "S048_154ca61c2945_S048-F05", "paper_key": "S048_154ca61c2945", "paper_id": "S048", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五\n陕西柿子滩遗址出土磨盘上提取到的矿物颗粒\n探", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b2da97edc5d369354888f9c37623b07001889dc14e9a6bc9500dbaafe4bd028e", "image_bytes": 619660, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图五 柿子滩遗址出土磨盘上提取到的矿物颗粒", "caption_en": "Figure five: Mineral particles recovered from a grinding stone at the Shizitan site, Shaanxi Province", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "柿子滩遗址磨盘出土矿物颗粒", "title_en": "Mineral particles from grinding stone at Shizitan site, Shaanxi Province", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b2da97edc5d369354888f9c3.png", "image_url": "media/S048_154ca61c2945_S048-F05.png?v=b2da97edc5d3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T05:09:15.936556+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "caption_source_corrected": "图五\n柿子滩遗址出土磨盘上提取到的矿物颗粒\n探", "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代实验" } }, { "id": "S049_3856d17bd6cb_S049-F01", "paper_key": "S049_3856d17bd6cb", "paper_id": "S049", "number": "1", "caption_original": "１～１６：样品编号。图３和图６同。　　１－１６：Ｓａｍｐｌｅ　Ｎｏ．．Ｔｈｅ　ｓａｍｅ　ａｓ　ｉｎ　Ｆｉｇ．３ａｎｄ　Ｆｉｇ．６．图１　１６个被测样品淀粉粒的光学显微镜（Ａ）和电子显微镜（Ｂ）图谱Ｆｉｇ．１　Ｉｍａｇｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｌｉｇｈｔ　ｍｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｙ（Ａ）ａｎｄ　ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎ　ｍｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｙ（Ｂ）ｏｆ　ｓｔａｒｃｈ　ｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓ　ｉｎ　１６ｓａｍｐｌｅ表１　供试小麦族植物样品名称Ｔａｂｌｅ　１　Ｓａｍｐｌｅ　ｎａｍｅ　ｏｆ　ｔｅｓｔｅｄ　Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｅａｅ样品编号Ｓａｍｐｌｅ　Ｎｏ．属名Ｇｅｎｕｓ植物名Ｌａｔｉｎ　ｎａｍｅ　ｏｆ　ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ１山羊草属Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓ斯卑尔托山羊草Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓ　ｓｐｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓ　ｔａｕｓｃｈｉｉ２披碱草属Ｅｌｙｍｕｓ披碱草Ｅｌｙｍｕｓ　ｄａｈｕｒｉｃｕｓ３大麦属Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ野生大麦Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ　ａｇｒｉｏｃｒｉｔｈｏｎ４大麦属Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ二棱裸大麦Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ　ｖｕｌｇａｒｅ（ｔｗｏ－ｒｏｗｅｄ　ｈｕｌｌｅｓｓ）５大麦属Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ二棱皮大麦Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ　ｖｕｌｇａｒｅ（ｔｗｏ－ｒｏｗｅｄ　ｈｕｌｌ）６大麦属Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ大麦Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ　ｖｕｌｇａｒｅ７大麦属Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ新疆大麦Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ　ｖｕｌｇａｒｅ　ｆｒｏｍ　Ｘｉｎｊｉａｎｇ８大麦属Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ六棱裸大麦Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ　ｖｕｌｇａｒｅ（ｓｉｘ－ｒｏｗｅｄ　ｈｕｌｌｅｓｓ）９大麦属Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ六棱皮大麦Ｈｏｒｄｕｅｍ　ｖｕｌｇａｒｅ（ｓｉｘ－ｒｏｗｅｄ　ｈｕｌｌ）１０鹅观草属Ｒｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａ纤毛鹅观草Ｒｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａ　ｃｉｌｉａｓｉｓ１１鹅观草属Ｒｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａ鹅观草Ｒｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａ　ｋａｍｏｊｉ　ｏｈｗｉ１２黑麦属Ｓｅｃａｌｅ黑麦Ｓｅｃａｌｅ　ｃｅｒｅａｌｅ１３小麦属Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ春小麦Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ　ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ（ｓｐｒｉｎｇ　ｗｈｅａｔ）１４小麦属Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ无芒蚂蚱小麦Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ　ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ（ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ　ａｗｎ）１５小麦属Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ野生二粒小麦Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ　ｔｕｒｇｉｄｕｍｖａｒ．ｄｉｃｏｃｃｏｉｄｅｓ１６小麦属Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ硬粒小麦Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ　ｔｕｒｇｉｄｕｍｖａｒ．ｄｕｒ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "\n2026-10-21复核：原表第1项同时印Aegilops speltoides及tauschii；第10项Roegneria ciliasis沿用原拼写。未凭数据库自行替换实际标本种名。", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "image_bytes": 1777851, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图1 16个被测样品淀粉粒的光学显微镜（A）和电子显微镜（B）图谱。1–16为样品编号，图3和图6同。\n【表1编号对照｜编辑补充，PDF第2页】\n1：斯卑尔托山羊草（Aegilops speltoides；原表后接tauschii，著者／拼写标注待核）；2：披碱草（Elymus dahuricus）；3：野生大麦（Hordeum agriocrithon）；4：二棱裸大麦（Hordeum vulgare）；5：二棱皮大麦（Hordeum vulgare）；6：大麦（Hordeum vulgare）；7：新疆大麦（Hordeum vulgare）；8：六棱裸大麦（Hordeum vulgare）；9：六棱皮大麦（Hordeum vulgare）；10：纤毛鹅观草（Roegneria ciliasis）（沿用原表拼写，名称待核）；11：鹅观草（Roegneria kamoji）；12：黑麦（Secale cereale）；13：春小麦（Triticum aestivum）；14：无芒蚂蚱小麦（Triticum aestivum）；15：野生二粒小麦（Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides）；16：硬粒小麦（Triticum turgidum var. durum）。", "caption_en": "Figure 1. Light micrographs (A) and scanning electron micrographs (B) of starch from 16 tested samples. Numbers 1–16 identify samples, as in Figures 3 and 6.\n\nTable 1 key (editorial addition; PDF p. 2):\n1, goatgrass (Aegilops speltoides; the source appends “tauschii”, requiring nomenclatural clarification); 2, Dahurian wildrye (Elymus dahuricus); 3, wild barley (Hordeum agriocrithon); 4, two-rowed hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare); 5, two-rowed hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare); 6, barley (Hordeum vulgare); 7, barley from Xinjiang (Hordeum vulgare); 8, six-rowed hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare); 9, six-rowed hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare); 10, Roegneria wildrye (Roegneria ciliasis) (source spelling; nomenclature requires checking); 11, Roegneria wildrye (Roegneria kamoji); 12, rye (Secale cereale); 13, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum); 14, awnless wheat (Triticum aestivum); 15, wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides); 16, durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "16个小麦族植物样品的淀粉粒显微图像", "title_en": "Microscopic images of starch grains from 16 Triticeae plant samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d38.png", "image_url": "media/S049_3856d17bd6cb_S049-F01.png?v=44a04abe529c", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "1A、1B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：斯卑尔托山羊草（Aegilops speltoides；原表后接tauschii，著者／拼写标注待核）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: goatgrass (Aegilops speltoides; the source appends “tauschii”, requiring nomenclatural clarification)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。原表学名标注存疑。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "1 斯卑尔托山羊草 Aegilops speltoides tauschii" } ] }, { "panels": "2A、2B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：披碱草（Elymus dahuricus）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: Dahurian wildrye (Elymus dahuricus)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "2 披碱草 Elymus dahuricus" } ] }, { "panels": "3A、3B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：野生大麦（Hordeum agriocrithon）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: wild barley (Hordeum agriocrithon)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "3 野生大麦 Hordeum agriocrithon" } ] }, { "panels": "4A、4B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：二棱裸大麦（Hordeum vulgare）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: two-rowed hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "4 二棱裸大麦 Hordeum vulgare" } ] }, { "panels": "5A、5B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：二棱皮大麦（Hordeum vulgare）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: two-rowed hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "5 二棱皮大麦 Hordeum vulgare" } ] }, { "panels": "6A、6B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：大麦（Hordeum vulgare）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: barley (Hordeum vulgare)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "6 大麦 Hordeum vulgare" } ] }, { "panels": "7A、7B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：新疆大麦（Hordeum vulgare）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: barley from Xinjiang (Hordeum vulgare)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "7 新疆大麦 Hordeum vulgare" } ] }, { "panels": "8A、8B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：六棱裸大麦（Hordeum vulgare）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: six-rowed hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "8 六棱裸大麦 Hordeum vulgare" } ] }, { "panels": "9A、9B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：六棱皮大麦（Hordeum vulgare）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: six-rowed hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "9 六棱皮大麦 Hordeum vulgare" } ] }, { "panels": "10A、10B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：纤毛鹅观草（Roegneria ciliasis）（沿用原表拼写，名称待核）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: Roegneria wildrye (Roegneria ciliasis) (source spelling; nomenclature requires checking)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。原表学名标注存疑。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "10 纤毛鹅观草 Roegneria ciliasis" } ] }, { "panels": "11A、11B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：鹅观草（Roegneria kamoji）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: Roegneria wildrye (Roegneria kamoji)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "11 鹅观草 Roegneria kamoji" } ] }, { "panels": "12A、12B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：黑麦（Secale cereale）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: rye (Secale cereale)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "12 黑麦 Secale cereale" } ] }, { "panels": "13A、13B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：春小麦（Triticum aestivum）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "13 春小麦 Triticum aestivum" } ] }, { "panels": "14A、14B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：无芒蚂蚱小麦（Triticum aestivum）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: awnless wheat (Triticum aestivum)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "14 无芒蚂蚱小麦 Triticum aestivum" } ] }, { "panels": "15A、15B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：野生二粒小麦（Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "15 野生二粒小麦 Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides" } ] }, { "panels": "16A、16B", "type_code": "", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照：硬粒小麦（Triticum turgidum var. durum）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum)", "uncertainty": "依表1建立样品编号对照，沿用原表样品名；不是对标本的独立种级复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "44a04abe529cc0365d2a5d3825a7ec42ad2fe56d178d4d026474e728a0e8a699", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "表1；并与PDF第3页图1编号核对", "quote": "16 硬粒小麦 Triticum turgidum var. durum" } ] } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:22.464165+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "caption_source_corrected": "图1 16个被测样品淀粉粒的光学显微镜（A）和电子显微镜（B）图谱。1–16为样品编号，图3和图6同。", "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S049_3856d17bd6cb_S049-F02", "paper_key": "S049_3856d17bd6cb", "paper_id": "S049", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图２　黑麦淀粉粒扫描电子显微镜照片（Ａ：５　０００倍；Ｂ：１０　０００倍）\nＦｉｇ．２　Ｓｃａｎ　ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎ　ｍｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｙ　ｉｍａｇｅｓ（Ａ：５　０００ｔｉｍｅｓ；Ｂ：１０　０００ｔｉｍｅｓ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对照原始PDF校正中英植物名、图注项目对应及遗漏；保留原始题录和原文底稿。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "109b584b2442ca5265b4e70ba03d1726a7193078516c500f382ce733d3c7ca38", "image_bytes": 395437, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 黑麦淀粉粒扫描电子显微镜照片（A:5 000倍；B:10 000倍）\n", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Scanning electron micrographs of rye starch grains. A: 5,000×; B: 10,000×.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "黑麦淀粉粒扫描电子显微镜照片", "title_en": "Rye starch scanning electron micrographs", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/109b584b2442ca5265b4e70b.png", "image_url": "media/S049_3856d17bd6cb_S049-F02.png?v=109b584b2442", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:22.520098+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S050_aa23adcac039_S050-F06-P0025", "paper_key": "S050_aa23adcac039", "paper_id": "S050", "number": "16", "caption_original": "图一六 载玻片T1517H75②∶8No.2中淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原始PDF图号纠正显示编号；稳定ID不变", "pdf_pages": [ 25 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a3c0e2fb9953c3cd9a8d36424bd21a3d81d090911f79026d94d7fd41ee327eff", "image_bytes": 841584, "sites": [ "CN066" ], "caption_zh": "图一六 载玻片T1517H75②∶8No.2中的淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Figure 16. Starch grains in slide T1517H75②∶8No.2.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "载玻片T1517H75②∶8No.2中淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from slide T1517H75②∶8No.2", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/a3c0e2fb9953c3cd9a8d3642.png", "image_url": "media/S050_aa23adcac039_S050-F06-P0025.png?v=a3c0e2fb9953", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:21:00.299006+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN066", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 25 ], "quote": "图一六 载玻片T1517H75②∶8No.2中淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "北阡", "quote": "山东即墨北阡遗址出土磨盘、磨棒类工具研究a*\n\n 王 强1 上条信彦2 栾丰实1\n\n （1. 山东大学考古学系，济南；2. 日本弘前大学，弘前）\n\n 北阡遗址位于山东省即墨市金口镇北阡村北部，面积约3万平方米，1979年进行过\n调查 ［1］。2007、2009、2011和2013年经过4次较大规模发掘 ［2］，发掘出大量石制品，\n种类包括磨石、磨盘、磨棒、斧、锛、球等。本文拟选取其中数量较多的磨盘、磨棒类\n工具的典型标本进行综合研究，以期对此类工具的制作、使用、功能等方面得出较为科\n学的认识", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "aa23adcac039ca3981331623743b025dc33dbd0d5ff5aa6f2026b9eeb2ca338b" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F02", "paper_key": "S051_44dd3e928545", "paper_id": "S051", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2  王因－西夏侯淀粉粒类型\n1、2. I型，栎属橡子，水滴形和圆角三角形  3～6. II型，葛根，单粒与复粒\n7～9. III型，栝楼根，单粒与复粒  10. IV型，百合  11. V型，粟黍\n12. VI型，小麦族（标尺：10微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "12378d8a5e158aba7af91f6a1e82396aa60b9183ad4d82ebb643dc2183f08aad", "image_bytes": 1252787, "sites": [ "CN222", "CN224" ], "caption_zh": "图2  王因-西夏侯淀粉粒类型\n1、2. I型，栎属橡子，水滴形和圆角三角形 3~6. II型，葛根，单粒与复粒 7~9. III型，栝楼根，单粒与复粒 10. IV型，百合  11. V型，粟黍\n12. VI型，小麦族（标尺：10微米）", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Starch grain types from Wangyin–Xixia Hou\n1, 2. Type I, oaks (Quercus) acorns, drop-shaped and rounded triangular\n3–6. Type II, kudzu root, single and multiple grains\n7–9. Type III, snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root, single and multiple grains\n10. Type IV, lily\n11. Type V, foxtail millet and broomcorn millet\n12. Type VI, wheat tribe (Triticeae) (scale bar: 10 micrometers)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "王因－西夏侯淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from Wangyin–Xixia Hou", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/12378d8a5e158aba7af91f6a.png", "image_url": "media/S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F02.png?v=12378d8a5e15", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:22.663069+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN222", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图2  王因－西夏侯淀粉粒类型\n1、2. I型，栎属橡子，水滴形和圆角三角形  3～6. II型，葛根，单粒与复粒\n7～9. III型，栝楼根，单粒与复粒  10. IV型，百合  11. V型，粟黍\n12. VI型，小麦族（标尺：10微米）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "wangyin", "quote": "the authors analyze microboanicat and micrbial remains on four pottery vesseis of the\nDawenkou Culture period, excavated from the Wangyin and Xixiahou Sites in Shandong Province, and reveal the wine-making\ntradition in the Haidai region 4600 to 6200 years ago. It has been found out that Qu, made from Aspergillus, Rhizopus and/or\nMucor and major ingredients, such as millet, Triticeae, kudzu root", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "44dd3e928545e6238c91cea60a57ecaeb86da4f0e8437e0ce5577460b24efd72" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN224", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图2  王因－西夏侯淀粉粒类型\n1、2. I型，栎属橡子，水滴形和圆角三角形  3～6. II型，葛根，单粒与复粒\n7～9. III型，栝楼根，单粒与复粒  10. IV型，百合  11. V型，粟黍\n12. VI型，小麦族（标尺：10微米）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Xixiahou", "quote": "analyze microboanicat and micrbial remains on four pottery vesseis of the\nDawenkou Culture period, excavated from the Wangyin and Xixiahou Sites in Shandong Province, and reveal the wine-making\ntradition in the Haidai region 4600 to 6200 years ago. It has been found out that Qu, made from Aspergillus, Rhizopus and/or\nMucor and major ingredients, such as millet, Triticeae, kudzu root, snake gourd", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "44dd3e928545e6238c91cea60a57ecaeb86da4f0e8437e0ce5577460b24efd72" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F03", "paper_key": "S051_44dd3e928545", "paper_id": "S051", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3  王因－西夏侯损伤淀粉粒与酿酒标本中淀粉粒比较\n1. 酶分解的损伤淀粉粒（WY-陶2），与2比较  2. 现代糖化黍淀粉粒  3. 酶分解和\n糖化的损伤淀粉粒（XXH-陶3），与4比较  4. 现代糖化冰草淀粉粒  5. 发酵糊化淀\n粉粒（WY-陶2），与6比较，中心缺失，边缘部分保存稍好，但膨胀变形  6. 现代\n神木小米浑酒（小麦发芽，煮过）中的淀粉粒，可能为小麦  7. 发酵糊化淀粉粒\n群（XXH-陶1），与8比较  8. 现代神木小米浑酒（煮过）糊化淀粉粒群，可能为\n黍  9. 刚果红染色的复粒淀粉粒群，可能为块根（XXH-陶3）  10. 刚果红染色的淀\n粉粒，可能为小麦族（XXH-陶2）（标尺，7，8：20微米；其他：10微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b1951b9da5b4bb228ad00dfbeca15d538bd9d5b0a6749fed685a2a7cd2c91ae5", "image_bytes": 1281932, "sites": [ "CN222", "CN224" ], "caption_zh": "图3  王因-西夏侯损伤淀粉粒与酿酒标本中淀粉粒比较\n1. 酶分解的损伤淀粉粒（WY-陶2），与2比较  2. 现代糖化黍淀粉粒  3. 酶分解和\n糖化的损伤淀粉粒（XXH-陶3），与4比较  4. 现代糖化冰草淀粉粒  5. 发酵糊化淀\n粉粒（WY-陶2），与6比较，中心缺失，边缘部分保存稍好，但膨胀变形  6. 现代\n神木小米浑酒（小麦发芽，煮过）中的淀粉粒，可能为小麦  7. 发酵糊化淀粉粒\n群（XXH-陶1），与8比较  8. 现代神木小米浑酒（煮过）糊化淀粉粒群，可能为\n黍  9. 刚果红染色的复粒淀粉粒群，可能为块根（XXH-陶3）  10. 刚果红染色的淀\n粉粒，可能为小麦族（XXH-陶2）（标尺，7，8:20微米；其他：10微米）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Comparison of starch grains from Wangyin–Xixia Hou damage samples and alcoholic beverage specimens\n1. Enzymatically damaged starch grains (WY-Clay 2), compared with 2\n2. Modern saccharified broomcorn millet starch grains\n3. Enzymatically damaged and saccharified starch grains (XXH-Clay 3), compared with 4\n4. Modern saccharified goatgrass starch grains\n5. Fermented gelatinized starch grains (WY-Clay 2), compared with 6; central part missing, edges partially preserved but swollen and deformed\n6. Gelatinized starch grains from modern Shenmu small millet huojiu (wheat germinated, boiled), possibly wheat\n7. Fermented gelatinized starch grain assemblage (XXH-Clay 1), compared with 8\n8. Gelatinized starch grain assemblage from modern Shenmu small millet huojiu (boiled), possibly broomcorn millet\n9. Congo red-stained multicellular starch grain assemblage, possibly from tuberous plants (XXH-Clay 3)\n10. Congo red-stained starch grains, possibly from wheat tribe (Triticeae) (XXH-Clay 2) (scale bars: 7 and 8: 20 micrometers; others: 10 micrometers)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "王因－西夏侯损伤淀粉粒与酿酒标本中淀粉粒比较", "title_en": "Comparison of starch grains from Wangyin–Xixia Hou damage samples and alcoholic beverage specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b1951b9da5b4bb228ad00dfb.png", "image_url": "media/S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F03.png?v=b1951b9da5b4", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:22.745289+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN222", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图3  王因－西夏侯损伤淀粉粒与酿酒标本中淀粉粒比较\n1. 酶分解的损伤淀粉粒（WY-陶2），与2比较  2. 现代糖化黍淀粉粒  3. 酶分解和\n糖化的损伤淀粉粒（XXH-陶3），与4比较  4. 现代糖化冰草淀粉粒  5. 发酵糊化淀\n粉粒（WY-陶2），与6比较，中心缺失，边缘部分保存稍好，但膨胀变形  6. 现代\n神木小米浑酒（小麦发芽，煮过）中的淀粉粒，可能为小麦  7. 发酵糊化淀粉粒\n群（XXH-陶1），与8比较  8. 现代神木小米浑酒（煮过）糊化淀粉粒群，可能为\n黍  9. 刚果红染色的复粒淀粉粒群，可能为块根（XXH-陶3）  10. 刚果红染色的淀\n粉粒，可能为小麦族（XXH-陶2）（标尺，7，8：20微米；其他：10微米）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "wangyin", "quote": "the authors analyze microboanicat and micrbial remains on four pottery vesseis of the\nDawenkou Culture period, excavated from the Wangyin and Xixiahou Sites in Shandong Province, and reveal the wine-making\ntradition in the Haidai region 4600 to 6200 years ago. It has been found out that Qu, made from Aspergillus, Rhizopus and/or\nMucor and major ingredients, such as millet, Triticeae, kudzu root", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "44dd3e928545e6238c91cea60a57ecaeb86da4f0e8437e0ce5577460b24efd72" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN224", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图3  王因－西夏侯损伤淀粉粒与酿酒标本中淀粉粒比较\n1. 酶分解的损伤淀粉粒（WY-陶2），与2比较  2. 现代糖化黍淀粉粒  3. 酶分解和\n糖化的损伤淀粉粒（XXH-陶3），与4比较  4. 现代糖化冰草淀粉粒  5. 发酵糊化淀\n粉粒（WY-陶2），与6比较，中心缺失，边缘部分保存稍好，但膨胀变形  6. 现代\n神木小米浑酒（小麦发芽，煮过）中的淀粉粒，可能为小麦  7. 发酵糊化淀粉粒\n群（XXH-陶1），与8比较  8. 现代神木小米浑酒（煮过）糊化淀粉粒群，可能为\n黍  9. 刚果红染色的复粒淀粉粒群，可能为块根（XXH-陶3）  10. 刚果红染色的淀\n粉粒，可能为小麦族（XXH-陶2）（标尺，7，8：20微米；其他：10微米）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Xixiahou", "quote": "analyze microboanicat and micrbial remains on four pottery vesseis of the\nDawenkou Culture period, excavated from the Wangyin and Xixiahou Sites in Shandong Province, and reveal the wine-making\ntradition in the Haidai region 4600 to 6200 years ago. It has been found out that Qu, made from Aspergillus, Rhizopus and/or\nMucor and major ingredients, such as millet, Triticeae, kudzu root, snake gourd", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "44dd3e928545e6238c91cea60a57ecaeb86da4f0e8437e0ce5577460b24efd72" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F04", "paper_key": "S051_44dd3e928545", "paper_id": "S051", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4  现代淀粉粒对比标本\n1. 小叶青冈Quercus myrsinaefolia  2. 瘰栎Quercus serrata  3，4. 葛根Pueraria montana\n5. 栝楼根Trichosanthes kirilowii  6. 卷丹百合Lilium tigrinum  7. 粟Setaria italica\n8. 冰草Agropyron cristatum（标尺，5，6，8：20微米；其他：10微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6da98602d190d562e29ae64ca1b76b2fc9df4fbd4c057542f0a767e78d77c370", "image_bytes": 1438039, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4  现代淀粉粒对比标本\n1. 小叶青冈Quercus myrsinaefolia  2. 瘰栎（Quercus serrata） 3，4. 葛根葛（Pueraria montana）5. 栝楼根（Trichosanthes kirilowii）  6. 卷丹百合（Lilium tigrinum ） 7. 粟（Setaria italica）8. 冰草（Agropyron cristatum）（标尺，5，6，8:20微米；其他：10微米）", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Modern starch grain reference specimens\n1. Small-leaf oak bamboo-leaf oak (Quercus myrsinaefolia); 2. Serrated oak konara oak (Quercus serrata); 3, 4. Kudzu root kudzu (Pueraria montana); 5. Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) root; 6. Tiger lily Lilium tigrinum; 7. Foxtail millet Setaria italica; 8. Festuca (icegrass) crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) (scale bars 5, 6, 8: 20 micrometers; others: 10 micrometers);", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒对比标本", "title_en": "Modern starch grain reference specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6da98602d190d562e29ae64c.png", "image_url": "media/S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F04.png?v=6da98602d190", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:22.797182+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F05", "paper_key": "S051_44dd3e928545", "paper_id": "S051", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图5  王因-西夏侯陶器上的植硅体\n1. 哑铃型  2. 帽型  3. 扇型  4. 长方形  5. 长方形树枝型\n6. 毛细胞（标尺，1～4：10微米；5，6：20微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e6bf5e01689d8d4bcea1c6ff06d6ffc70276d97f22c8457d34b68169d9760b44", "image_bytes": 357181, "sites": [ "CN222", "CN224" ], "caption_zh": "图5  王因-西夏侯陶器上的植硅体\n1. 哑铃型  2. 帽型  3. 扇型  4. 长方形  5. 长方形树枝型 6. 毛细胞（标尺，1~4:10微米；5，6:20微米）", "caption_en": "Figure 5 Phytoliths from Wángyīn–Xīxià Hóu ceramic wares\n1. Dumbbell-shaped\n2. Cap-shaped\n3. Fan-shaped\n4. Rectangular\n5. Rectangular branched\n6. Trichocyte (scale bar: 1–4: 10 μm; 5–6: 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "王因-西夏侯陶器上的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from Wángyīn–Xīxià Hóu ceramic wares", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e6bf5e01689d8d4bcea1c6ff.png", "image_url": "media/S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F05.png?v=e6bf5e01689d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:22.868692+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN222", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "图5  王因-西夏侯陶器上的植硅体\n1. 哑铃型  2. 帽型  3. 扇型  4. 长方形  5. 长方形树枝型\n6. 毛细胞（标尺，1～4：10微米；5，6：20微米）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "wangyin", "quote": "the authors analyze microboanicat and micrbial remains on four pottery vesseis of the\nDawenkou Culture period, excavated from the Wangyin and Xixiahou Sites in Shandong Province, and reveal the wine-making\ntradition in the Haidai region 4600 to 6200 years ago. It has been found out that Qu, made from Aspergillus, Rhizopus and/or\nMucor and major ingredients, such as millet, Triticeae, kudzu root", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "44dd3e928545e6238c91cea60a57ecaeb86da4f0e8437e0ce5577460b24efd72" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN224", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "图5  王因-西夏侯陶器上的植硅体\n1. 哑铃型  2. 帽型  3. 扇型  4. 长方形  5. 长方形树枝型\n6. 毛细胞（标尺，1～4：10微米；5，6：20微米）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Xixiahou", "quote": "analyze microboanicat and micrbial remains on four pottery vesseis of the\nDawenkou Culture period, excavated from the Wangyin and Xixiahou Sites in Shandong Province, and reveal the wine-making\ntradition in the Haidai region 4600 to 6200 years ago. It has been found out that Qu, made from Aspergillus, Rhizopus and/or\nMucor and major ingredients, such as millet, Triticeae, kudzu root, snake gourd", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "44dd3e928545e6238c91cea60a57ecaeb86da4f0e8437e0ce5577460b24efd72" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S052_f3d7cb76a9b3_S052-F05", "paper_key": "S052_f3d7cb76a9b3", "paper_id": "S052", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五磨盘表面残留物中淀粉粒与现代淀粉粒的对比１．第一类淀粉粒２．现代槲树（２．ｒｆｅ／７／ａｔａ）淀粉粒，采自北京，长轴范围５．９７？２４．７９微米，平均长度１３．１６微米３．第二类淀粉粒４．现代粳稻（Ｏｉｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ）淀粉粒，采自山东，长轴范围３．６５？９．６９微米，平均长度６．０４微米５．第三类淀粉粒６．现代黍淀粉粒，采自河北，长轴范围４．３１？１１．４７微米，平均长度７．４６微米", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "图注中的学名及范围连接符OCR损坏", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "356556619b1fd6e8fd4ab167cac5b615979057fe5317e4a61203e0521f67f68f", "image_bytes": 2242134, "sites": [ "CN061" ], "caption_zh": "图五 磨盘表面残留物中淀粉粒与现代淀粉粒的对比。1.第一类淀粉粒；2.现代槲树（Quercus dentata）淀粉粒，采自北京，长轴范围5.97–24.79微米，平均长度13.16微米；3.第二类淀粉粒；4.现代粳稻（Oryza sativa）淀粉粒，采自山东，长轴范围3.65–9.69微米，平均长度6.04微米；5.第三类淀粉粒；6.现代黍淀粉粒，采自河北，长轴范围4.31–11.47微米，平均长度7.46微米。", "caption_en": "Figure 5. Comparison of starch grains from grinding-slab surface residues with modern starch grains. 1. Ancient Type 1; 2. Modern daimyo oak (Quercus dentata), collected in Beijing, length range 5.97–24.79 μm, mean 13.16 μm; 3. Ancient Type 2; 4. Modern japonica rice (Oryza sativa), collected in Shandong, length range 3.65–9.69 μm, mean 6.04 μm; 5. Ancient Type 3; 6. Modern broomcorn millet, collected in Hebei, length range 4.31–11.47 μm, mean 7.46 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "磨盘表面残留物中淀粉粒与现代淀粉粒的对比", "title_en": "Comparison of starch grains from residue on grinding stones with modern starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/356556619b1fd6e8fd4ab167.png", "image_url": "media/S052_f3d7cb76a9b3_S052-F05.png?v=356556619b1f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图五 磨盘表面残留物中淀粉粒与现代淀粉粒的对比。1.第一类淀粉粒；2.现代槲树（Q. dentata）淀粉粒，采自北京，长轴范围5.97–24.79微米，平均长度13.16微米；3.第二类淀粉粒；4.现代粳稻（Oryza sativa）淀粉粒，采自山东，长轴范围3.65–9.69微米，平均长度6.04微米；5.第三类淀粉粒；6.现代黍淀粉粒，采自河北，长轴范围4.31–11.47微米，平均长度7.46微米。", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:23.005060+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN061", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 14 ], "quote": "图五 磨盘表面残留物中淀粉粒与现代淀粉粒的对比。1.第一类淀粉粒；2.现代槲树（Q. dentata）淀粉粒，采自北京，长轴范围5.97–24.79微米，平均长度13.16微米；3.第二类淀粉粒；4.现代粳稻（Oryza sativa）淀粉粒，采自山东，长轴范围3.65–9.69微米，平均长度6.04微米；5.第三类淀粉粒；6.现代黍淀粉粒，采自河北，长轴范围4.31–11.47微米，平均长度7.46微米。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "月庄", "quote": "山东济南月庄遗址后李文化时期石器研究\n\n\n 王 强 １ 栾丰实 １ 王建华 ２\n\n （ １ ． 山东大学历史文化学院 ； ２ ．西南民族大学旅游与历史文化学院 ）\n\n\n内容提要 ： 本文对月庄遗址后李文化时期所出石器进行了综合研究 。 通过类型学分析 ，\n\n我们认为其工具套并不完整 ， 缺少石铲及石刀等与农业密切相关的工具类型 ３ 其中的\n\n有足磨盘应该与裴李岗文化有直接关系 。 通过石料质地及产源分析 ， 我们发", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f3d7cb76a9b33ad9448c850513b4977d14aee21e09ef71604541ec3d4fa3e574" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S053_4a5e092c8f33_S053-F02", "paper_key": "S053_4a5e092c8f33", "paper_id": "S053", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二现代样品与文献中的淀粉粒\na-h：现代样品（a.粟；b.黍；c.高粱；d.狗尾草；e.薏苡Coix lacryma-jobi；f.蜀黍Sorghum bicolor g.麻栎；h.栓皮栎；i.小麦；j.大麦；k.山药；l.兰州百合，其中d、f\n改自Yang et al.,2012 文中插图，k 由厦门大学人文学院考古系葛威博士提供，其余为中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所杨晓燕博士提供）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对照原始PDF校正中英植物名、图注项目对应及遗漏；保留原始题录和原文底稿。", "pdf_pages": [ 2 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0f6edee2053ddbc0eac423d5b647fe7d35df5e38a49e40a6fac65e9bec23432e", "image_bytes": 586666, "sites": [ "CN062" ], "caption_zh": "图二 现代样品与文献中的淀粉粒\na-h：现代样品（a.粟；b.黍；c.高粱；d.狗尾草；e.薏苡Coix lacryma-jobi；f.蜀黍高粱属（Sorghum） bicolor g.麻栎；h.栓皮栎；i.小麦；j.大麦；k.山药；l.兰州百合，其中d、f\n改自Yang et al.，2012 文中插图，k 由厦门大学人文学院考古系葛威博士提供，其余为中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所杨晓燕博士提供）", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Modern and published starch references. a. Foxtail millet; b. Broomcorn millet; c. Sorghum; d. Green foxtail; e. Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); f. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor); g. Sawtooth oak; h. Chinese cork oak; i. Wheat; j. Barley; k. Yam; l. Lanzhou lily. Panels d and f are adapted from Yang et al. (2012); k was provided by Dr Wei Ge, Department of Archaeology, School of Humanities, Xiamen University; the remaining samples were provided by Dr Xiaoyan Yang, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代样品与文献中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from modern samples and literature", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/0f6edee2053ddbc0eac423d5.png", "image_url": "media/S053_4a5e092c8f33_S053-F02.png?v=0f6edee2053d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:23.073337+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN062", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 2 ], "quote": "图二现代样品与文献中的淀粉粒\na-h：现代样品（a.粟；b.黍；c.高粱；d.狗尾草；e.薏苡Coix lacryma-jobi；f.蜀黍Sorghum bicolor g.麻栎；h.栓皮栎；i.小麦；j.大麦；k.山药；l.兰州百合，其中d、f\n改自Yang et al.,2012 文中插图，k 由厦门大学人文学院考古系葛威博士提供，其余为中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所杨晓燕博士提供）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "liujizhuangzi", "quote": "that Liujizhuangzi people collected", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4a5e092c8f337c8ac19a597a266aca76c21aefe91b28a678c5667ed07891d255" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S053_4a5e092c8f33_S053-F06-P0004", "paper_key": "S053_4a5e092c8f33", "paper_id": "S053", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三六吉庄子遗址石磨盘、磨棒上的淀粉粒\n（a-c.A 类；d.B 类；e-g.C 类；h.D 类；i.E 类；j.F 类）\n声方法采样就可能获得数量巨大的淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "地名开头“六”误作图号，图注混入正文", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "14fda7392442ed173e4a6fac9f194002f78991b90efa6bc62c6dfc64bb955000", "image_bytes": 821951, "sites": [ "CN062" ], "caption_zh": "图三 六吉庄子遗址石磨盘、磨棒上的淀粉粒（a–c:A类，块根块茎类；d:B类，小麦族；e–g:C类，禾本科植物；h:D类，瞬时淀粉粒；i:E类，无法判断；j:F类未知）。", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Starch grains from stone grinding slabs and handstones at Liujizhuangzi. (a–c) Type A; (d) Type B; (e–g) Type C; (h) Type D; (i) Type E; (j) Type F.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "六吉庄子遗址石磨盘、磨棒上的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from the stone millstone and millstone handle at Liujizhuangzi site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/14fda7392442ed173e4a6fac.png", "image_url": "media/S053_4a5e092c8f33_S053-F06-P0004.png?v=14fda7392442", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图三 六吉庄子遗址石磨盘、磨棒上的淀粉粒（a–c：A类；d：B类；e–g：C类；h：D类；i：E类；j：F类）。", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:23.160989+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN062", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图三 六吉庄子遗址石磨盘、磨棒上的淀粉粒（a–c：A类；d：B类；e–g：C类；h：D类；i：E类；j：F类）。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "liujizhuangzi", "quote": "that Liujizhuangzi people collected", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4a5e092c8f337c8ac19a597a266aca76c21aefe91b28a678c5667ed07891d255" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S054_ea019c543c91_S054-F04", "paper_key": "S054_ea019c543c91", "paper_id": "S054", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四\n武乡牛鼻子湾古代淀粉粒类型( 在DIC 和偏光镜下拍照) 。\n1 ～4．I 型( 橡子)\n5 ～8．II 型( 小麦族)\n9 ～12．III 型( 黍族)\n13、14．IV 型( 栝楼根)\n15、16．V 型( 豇豆属)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c4ae3777df3e4aad312821bbec98df584bbb0ef583468dd7905df8cbb418a93a", "image_bytes": 3628086, "sites": [ "CN117" ], "caption_zh": "图四 武乡牛鼻子湾古代淀粉粒类型（ 在DIC 和偏光镜下拍照） 。\n1 ~4.I 型（ 橡子）5 ~8.II 型（ 小麦族）9 ~12.III 型（ 黍族）13、14.IV 型（ 栝楼根）15、16.V 型（ 豇豆属）", "caption_en": "Figure four. Ancient starch grain types from Niubiziwan, Wuxiang, photographed under DIC and polarized light. 1–4. Type I (acorns); 5–8. Type II (wheat tribe, Triticeae); 9–12. Type III (panicgrass tribe, Paniceae); 13, 14. Type IV (snake gourds, Trichosanthes root); 15, 16. Type V (cowpea relatives, Vigna).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "武乡牛鼻子湾古代淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Ancient starch grain types from Niubiziwan, Wuxiang", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c4ae3777df3e4aad312821bb.png", "image_url": "media/S054_ea019c543c91_S054-F04.png?v=c4ae3777df3e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:23.259829+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN117", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图四\n武乡牛鼻子湾古代淀粉粒类型( 在DIC 和偏光镜下拍照) 。\n1 ～4．I 型( 橡子)\n5 ～8．II 型( 小麦族)\n9 ～12．III 型( 黍族)\n13、14．IV 型( 栝楼根)\n15、16．V 型( 豇豆属)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "niubiziwan", "quote": "Starch\n ABSTＲACT: A set of grinding stones ( a slab and an elongate handstone) dating to the Cishan culture were unearthed at\nNiubiziwan，Wuxiang county，Shanxi province．We conducted use-wear and starch analyses on these tools in order to under-\n\nstand the subsistence economy of the Cishan culture in this region．The results show that these tools were used for processing\nseveral plants，includingQ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ea019c543c91700384985e8cdf00fd9d5a03a7e1ffd6fd50145a85fa3c443f30" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S054_ea019c543c91_S054-F06", "paper_key": "S054_ea019c543c91", "paper_id": "S054", "number": "6", "caption_original": "图六\n现代淀粉粒比较标本。\n1．辽东栎Quercus liaotungesis\n2、3．栓皮栎Quercus variabilis\n4．栓皮栎经石磨碾磨12 分钟后出现的损伤淀粉粒( 箭头所指)\n5．冰草Agropyron cristatum\n6．沙生冰草Agropyron desertorum\n7、8．沙生冰草损伤淀粉粒\n9、10．粟Setaria italica\n11、12．黍Pani-\ncum meliaceum\n13．粟损伤淀粉粒\n14．狗尾草Setaria viridis\n15．大狗尾草Setaria fabri\n16．光头稗Echinochloa colonum\n17、18．栝楼根Trichosanthes kirilowii\n19、20．豇豆属Vigna sp( 标尺: 9 ～16: 10 um，其他: 20 um)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a991b60908d37b7315ff5d16ca96caae8da2d7ce790c8e9249356afb73ae9a72", "image_bytes": 6101900, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图六现代淀粉粒比较标本。\n1.辽东栎Quercus liaotungensis 2、3.栓皮栎Quercus variabilis 4.栓皮栎经石磨碾磨12 分钟后出现的损伤淀粉粒（ 箭头所指）5.冰草Agropyron cristatum 6.沙生冰草Agropyron desertorum 7、8.沙生冰草损伤淀粉粒 9、10.粟Setaria italica 11、12.黍Panicum miliaceum 13.粟损伤淀粉粒 14.狗尾草Setaria viridis 15.大狗尾草Setaria faberi 16.光头稗无芒稗（Echinochloa colonum）17、18.栝楼根栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）19、20.豇豆属Vigna sp（ 标尺： 9 ~16: 10 μm，其他： 20 μm）", "caption_en": "Figure six. Modern starch grain comparison specimens. 1. Liaotungensis oak Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis); 2, 3. Variable oak Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis); 4. Damaged starch grains of variable oak after being ground by stone mill for 12 minutes (arrow indicates); 5. Festuca (ryegrass) crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum); 6. Desert ryegrass desert wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum); 7, 8. Damaged starch grains of desert ryegrass; 9, 10. Foxtail millet Setaria italica; 11, 12. Broomcorn millet Panicum miliaceum; 13. Damaged starch grains of foxtail millet; 14. Green foxtail Setaria viridis; 15. Large green foxtail giant foxtail (Setaria faberi); 16. Giant barnyard grass jungle rice (Echinochloa colonum); 17, 18. snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii); 19, 20. Cowpea genus cowpea relatives (Vigna sp.) (scale bar: 9–16: 10 μm, others: 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒比较标本", "title_en": "Modern starch grain comparison specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a991b60908d37b7315ff5d16.png", "image_url": "media/S054_ea019c543c91_S054-F06.png?v=a991b60908d3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:23.329345+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S055_4dc565633302_S055-F03", "paper_key": "S055_4dc565633302", "paper_id": "S055", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三冯郝沟陶器淀粉粒类型及损伤特征1、2. 稻米3. 粟黍，表面有裂隙和微型凹坑4. 薏苡，十字消光模糊5. 小麦族，有微型凹坑，无十字消光，仅见周边微弱光泽6. 栝楼根7. 栝楼根，边缘破损，无十字消光8. 芡实，无十字消光，仅见微弱光泽9. 姜，台盼蓝染色10. 姜，无十字消光，仅见微弱光泽11、12.橡子，中心凹坑13. 未鉴定，中心缺失，仅周边保存微弱光泽，与发芽糖化的特征相符14. 糊化淀粉粒团15. 台盼蓝染色显示出的糊化淀粉粒团16. 淀粉回生网状结构", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对照原始PDF校正中英植物名、图注项目对应及遗漏；保留原始题录和原文底稿。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "01eadfa06e5b13ed6c902c9b1d8bf1844689b8bc88b13d436710a9a9a3cd19b9", "image_bytes": 11751306, "sites": [ "CN138" ], "caption_zh": "图三 冯郝沟陶器淀粉粒类型及损伤特征\n1、2. 稻米3. 粟黍，表面有裂隙和微型凹坑4. 薏苡，十字消光模糊5. 小麦族，有微型凹坑，无十字消光，仅见周边微弱光泽6. 栝楼根7. 栝楼根，边缘破损，无十字消光8. 芡实，无十字消光，仅见微弱光泽9. 姜，台盼蓝染色10. 姜，无十字消光，仅见微弱光泽11、12.橡子，中心凹坑13. 未鉴定，中心缺失，仅周边保存微弱光泽，与发芽糖化的特征相符14. 糊化淀粉粒团15. 台盼蓝染色显示出的糊化淀粉粒团16. 淀粉回生网状结构", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Starch types and damage characteristics in Fenghaogou pottery. 1, 2. Rice; 3. Millet, showing fissures and micropits; 4. Job’s tears, with a blurred extinction cross; 5. wheat tribe (Triticeae), with micropits, no extinction cross and only weak peripheral birefringence; 6. Snake-gourd root; 7. Snake-gourd root, with missing edges and no extinction cross; 8. Fox nut, with no extinction cross and only weak birefringence; 9. Ginger, stained with trypan blue; 10. Ginger, with no extinction cross and only weak birefringence; 11, 12. Acorn, with central pitting; 13. Unidentified starch with the centre missing and only weak peripheral birefringence, consistent with germination and saccharification damage; 14. Gelatinized starch mass; 15. Gelatinized starch mass stained with trypan blue; 16. A network formed by starch retrogradation.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "冯郝沟陶器淀粉粒类型及损伤特征", "title_en": "Starch grain types and damage features from pottery at Feng Hao Gou", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/01eadfa06e5b13ed6c902c9b.png", "image_url": "media/S055_4dc565633302_S055-F03.png?v=01eadfa06e5b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:23.395365+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN138", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图三冯郝沟陶器淀粉粒类型及损伤特征1、2. 稻米3. 粟黍，表面有裂隙和微型凹坑4. 薏苡，十字消光模糊5. 小麦族，有微型凹坑，无十字消光，仅见周边微弱光泽6. 栝楼根7. 栝楼根，边缘破损，无十字消光8. 芡实，无十字消光，仅见微弱光泽9. 姜，台盼蓝染色10. 姜，无十字消光，仅见微弱光泽11、12.橡子，中心凹坑13. 未鉴定，中心缺失，仅周边保存微弱光泽，与发芽糖化的特征相符14. 糊化淀粉粒团15. 台盼蓝染色显示出的糊化淀粉粒团16. 淀粉回生网状结构", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "杏花村冯郝沟", "quote": "上震荡2 CENTRAL 分钟，倾倒上清 示，庙底沟类型的年代范围为公元前4000—3100 蒸馏水，并以1500 rpm 离心5\n 年 ［12］。据此推算，杏花村—冯郝沟遗址的年代大 毫升比重 CHINA 液。（2）重液分离法：向试管中加入4\n 致在距今6000—5500年之间。 为2.35 的多钨酸钠（sodium polytungstate）溶\n 分钟。使用移液管小心 液，以1000 rpm 离心15", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4dc5656333028e81c2d3c5b648c7dc105fb3f8c0d1056af7a5cde77fc8bf5616" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S055_4dc565633302_S055-F04", "paper_key": "S055_4dc565633302", "paper_id": "S055", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四现代淀粉粒对比标本1、2. 稻米Oryza sativa，发酵后3. 黍Panicum miliaceumL.，发酵后4. 薏苡Coix lacryma-jobiL.，发酵后5. 大麦Hordeum vulgare L.，经过发芽和糖化6. 栝楼根Trichosanthes kirilowii7. 芡实Euryale ferox8. 生姜Zingiber officinale9. 栓皮栎橡子Quercus variabilis10. 小麦Triticum aestivum，经过发芽和糖化11. 大麦糊化淀粉粒团状12. 发酵大米淀粉粒团状，台盼蓝染色13. 小米黄酒发酵醪液中的淀粉回生网状结构", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "09c4f1418c84d6b6b316296d878886d7067d41a86610496fd05493ed613461e8", "image_bytes": 5663076, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图四 现代淀粉粒对比标本\n1、2. 稻米Oryza sativa，发酵后 3. 黍黍属（Panicum） miliaceumL.，发酵后 4. 薏苡薏苡属（Coix） lacryma-jobiL.，发酵后 5. 大麦Hordeum vulgare L.，经过发芽和糖化 6. 栝楼根栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）7. 芡实Euryale ferox 8. 生姜Zingiber officinale 9. 栓皮栎橡子栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）10. 小麦Triticum aestivum，经过发芽和糖化 11. 大麦糊化淀粉粒团状 12. 发酵大米淀粉粒团状，台盼蓝染色 13. 小米黄酒发酵醪液中的淀粉回生网状结构", "caption_en": "Figure four modern starch grains comparison specimens 1, 2. Rice Oryza sativa, after fermentation; 3. Broomcorn millet Panicum miliaceum L., after fermentation; 4. Job’s tears Coix lacryma-jobi L., after fermentation; 5. Barley Hordeum vulgare L., after germination and saccharification; 6. Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) root; 7. Fox nut Euryale ferox; 8. Ginger Zingiber officinale; 9. Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis) acorns; 10. Wheat Triticum aestivum, after germination and saccharification; 11. Gelatinized starch granule clusters from barley; 12. Gelatinized starch granule clusters from fermented rice, stained with trypan blue; 13. Network structure of starch recrystallization in the fermentation broth of millet yellow wine;", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒对比标本", "title_en": "Modern starch grains comparison specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/09c4f1418c84d6b6b316296d.png", "image_url": "media/S055_4dc565633302_S055-F04.png?v=09c4f1418c84", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:23.451417+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S055_4dc565633302_S055-F06", "paper_key": "S055_4dc565633302", "paper_id": "S055", "number": "6", "caption_original": "图六冯郝沟陶器残留物中的植硅体类型1. 十字型2、3. 哑铃型4. 帽型5. 芦苇扇型6. 管胞7. 毛细胞8、9. 长方型10. 不透明穿孔片状11. 毛状体12. 黍族（黍或粟）颖壳", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "df956ac80dd33efe1fc87153093a880cdcffc02cc72aad0805a8ce3c670fa247", "image_bytes": 15315131, "sites": [ "CN138" ], "caption_zh": "图六 冯郝沟陶器残留物中的植硅体类型\n1. 十字型 2、3. 哑铃型 4. 帽型 5. 芦苇扇型 6. 管胞 7. 毛细胞 8、9. 长方型 10. 不透明穿孔片状11. 毛状体 12. 黍族（黍或粟）颖壳", "caption_en": "Figure six: Phytolith types from ceramic residues at Feng Hao Gou 1. Cross-shaped 2, 3. Dumbbell-shaped 4. Cap-shaped 5. Reed fan-shaped 6. Vessel cells 7. Trichoblasts 8, 9. Rectangular 10. Opaque perforated lamellar 11. Hair-like bodies 12. panicgrass tribe (Paniceae) (panicgrasses, Panicum or foxtail grasses (Setaria)) husk", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "冯郝沟陶器残留物中的植硅体类型", "title_en": "Phytolith types from ceramic residues at Feng Hao Gou", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/df956ac80dd33efe1fc87153.png", "image_url": "media/S055_4dc565633302_S055-F06.png?v=df956ac80dd3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:23.602957+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN138", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "图六冯郝沟陶器残留物中的植硅体类型1. 十字型2、3. 哑铃型4. 帽型5. 芦苇扇型6. 管胞7. 毛细胞8、9. 长方型10. 不透明穿孔片状11. 毛状体12. 黍族（黍或粟）颖壳", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "杏花村冯郝沟", "quote": "上震荡2 CENTRAL 分钟，倾倒上清 示，庙底沟类型的年代范围为公元前4000—3100 蒸馏水，并以1500 rpm 离心5\n 年 ［12］。据此推算，杏花村—冯郝沟遗址的年代大 毫升比重 CHINA 液。（2）重液分离法：向试管中加入4\n 致在距今6000—5500年之间。 为2.35 的多钨酸钠（sodium polytungstate）溶\n 分钟。使用移液管小心 液，以1000 rpm 离心15", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4dc5656333028e81c2d3c5b648c7dc105fb3f8c0d1056af7a5cde77fc8bf5616" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S056_db34a9c90622_S056-F05", "paper_key": "S056_db34a9c90622", "paper_id": "S056", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图５　现代和古代淀粉粒（比例尺，２０μｍ）\n（ａ～ｆ）现代淀粉粒，依次为：（ａ）粟（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ），粒径范围为５１～１９３μｍ；（ｂ）小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ），粒径范围为\n１００～３９４μｍ；（ｃ）红芋（Ｃｏｌｏｃａｓｉａｋｏｎｉｓｈｉｉ），粒径范围为３０９～７２１μｍ；（ｄ）曲苞芋（Ｇｏｎａｔａｎｔｈｕｓｐｕｍｉｌｕｓ），粒径范围为\n２８４～７２８μｍ；（ｅ）魔芋（Ａｍｏｒｐｈｏｐｈａｌｌｕｓｋｏｎｊａｃ），粒径范围为３８６～７６５μｍ；（ｆ）裂果薯（Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｃａｐｓａｐｌａｎｔａｇｉｎｅａ），粒径范\n围为４７～１６１μｍ；（ｇ～ｌ）遗址器物表层残留物中提取到的典型淀粉粒：（ｇ）粟类淀粉粒，粒径范围为４９５～２２１８μｍ；\n（ｈ）麦类淀粉粒，粒径范围为１９４１～３３７０μｍ；（ｉ～ｌ）块根块茎类淀粉粒，粒径范围为７８４～２０８７μｍ\nＦｉｇ５　Ｍｏｄｅｒｎａｎｄａｒｃｈａｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓ．（ａ～ｆ）Ｍｏｄｅｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓ；（ｇ～ｌ）Ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｓｔｏｎｅｔｏｏｌｓ：\n（ｇ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｆｒｏｍｍｉｌｌｅｔｓ，（ｈ）ｄａｍａｇｅｄｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｆｒｏｍＴｒｉｂｅＴｒｉｔｉｃｅａｅａｎｄ（ｉ～ｌ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｏｍｅｒｏｏｔｓａｎｄｔｕｂｅｒｓ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c81a077a9478e3402f47e119895241e84cc642d52cf52694199f96676df51f53", "image_bytes": 4295139, "sites": [ "CN114" ], "caption_zh": "图5 现代和古代淀粉粒（比例尺，20 μm）\n（a~f）现代淀粉粒，依次为：（a）粟（Setaria italica），粒径范围为5.1~19.3 μm；（b）小麦（Triticum aestivum），粒径范围为10.0~39.4 μm；（c）红芋（Colocasia konishii），粒径范围为3.09~7.21 μm；（d）曲苞芋（Gonatanthuspumilus），粒径范围为\n2.84~7.28 μm；（e）魔芋（Amorphophallus konjac），粒径范围为3.86~7.65 μm；（f）裂果薯（Schizocapsaplantaginea），粒径范\n围为4.7~16.1 μm；（g~l）遗址器物表层残留物中提取到的典型淀粉粒：（g）粟类淀粉粒，粒径范围为4.95~22.18 μm；（h）麦类淀粉粒，粒径范围为19.41~33.70 μm；（i~l）块根块茎类淀粉粒，粒径范围为7.84~20.87 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 5. Modern and archaeological starch grains (scale bar: 20 μm). (a–f) Modern references: (a) foxtail millet (Setaria italica), size range 5.1–19.3 μm; (b) wheat (Triticum aestivum), 10.0–39.4 μm; (c) taro (Colocasia konishii), 3.09–7.21 μm; (d) aroid (Gonatanthus pumilus), 2.84–7.28 μm; (e) konjac (Amorphophallus konjac), 3.86–7.65 μm; (f) schizocapsa (Schizocapsa plantaginea), 4.7–16.1 μm. (g–l) Representative archaeological starch grains from tool-surface residues: (g) millet-type starch, 4.95–22.18 μm; (h) wheat-tribe starch (Triticeae), 19.41–33.70 μm; (i–l) root- and tuber-type starch, 7.84–20.87 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代与古代淀粉粒", "title_en": "Modern and archaeological starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/c81a077a9478e3402f47e119.png", "image_url": "media/S056_db34a9c90622_S056-F05.png?v=c81a077a9478", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:23.686028+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN114", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图５　现代和古代淀粉粒（比例尺，２０μｍ）\n（ａ～ｆ）现代淀粉粒，依次为：（ａ）粟（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ），粒径范围为５１～１９３μｍ；（ｂ）小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ），粒径范围为\n１００～３９４μｍ；（ｃ）红芋（Ｃｏｌｏｃａｓｉａｋｏｎｉｓｈｉｉ），粒径范围为３０９～７２１μｍ；（ｄ）曲苞芋（Ｇｏｎａｔａｎｔｈｕｓｐｕｍｉｌｕｓ），粒径范围为\n２８４～７２８μｍ；（ｅ）魔芋（Ａｍｏｒｐｈｏｐｈａｌｌｕｓｋｏｎｊａｃ），粒径范围为３８６～７６５μｍ；（ｆ）裂果薯（Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｃａｐｓａｐｌａｎｔａｇｉｎｅａ），粒径范\n围为４７～１６１μｍ；（ｇ～ｌ）遗址器物表层残留物中提取到的典型淀粉粒：（ｇ）粟类淀粉粒，粒径范围为４９５～２２１８μｍ；\n（ｈ）麦类淀粉粒，粒径范围为１９４１～３３７０μｍ；（ｉ～ｌ）块根块茎类淀粉粒，粒径范围为７８４～２０８７μｍ\nＦｉｇ５　Ｍｏｄｅｒｎａｎｄａｒｃｈａｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓ．（ａ～ｆ）Ｍｏｄｅｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓ；（ｇ～ｌ）Ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｓｔｏｎｅｔｏｏｌｓ：\n（ｇ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｆｒｏｍｍｉｌｌｅｔｓ，（ｈ）ｄａｍａｇｅｄｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｆｒｏｍＴｒｉｂｅＴｒｉｔｉｃｅａｅａｎｄ（ｉ～ｌ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｏｍｅｒｏｏｔｓａｎｄｔｕｂｅｒｓ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "狮雄山", "quote": "Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ，２０１６\n\n\n ｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１６．０５．２０ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１６）０５－１２５３－１０\n\n广东山地丘陵地带狮雄山遗址秦汉时期植物遗存分析\n\n 李　昭 ①②　赵　婧 ③　李　泉 ①　马志坤 ④\n 刘　长 ⑤　尚　杰 ⑤　刘长江 ⑥　杨晓燕 ①\n\n （①中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，中国科学院陆地表层格局与模拟重点实验室，北京　１００１０１；\n\n ②中国科学院大学，北京　１０００４９；③首都师范大学历史学院；北京　１０００４８；④北京大学考古文博学院，北京　１００８７１；\n\n ⑤广东省文物考古研究所，广州　５１００７５；⑥中国科学院植物研究所，北", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "db34a9c9062281eadbff02a08f1a5a4b4be29bb00f4d4d07e6cb17ec6d5ac12a" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S057_de280e8949df_S057-F03", "paper_key": "S057_de280e8949df", "paper_id": "S057", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 牙结石中植物微体\nFig.3 Microscopic images of plant micro-remains from dental calculus samples\na-e. 淀粉粒Starch granules；f-g. 刺棒型植硅体Elongate echinate phytoliths；h. 孔纹管胞Pitted tracheid；i. 网状穿孔板Reticulate\nperforation plate；j. 石细胞A sclereid；k. 孔纹导管Pitted vessels；l. 腺毛Glandular hair；m. 孔纹导管Pitted vessels；n. 表皮细\n胞Epidermal cells", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "65ab83a98552b2eea83ab5f620b45606f93c0302a61cf97510b835cbd8c2bf59", "image_bytes": 5215544, "sites": [ "CN203" ], "caption_zh": "图3 牙结石中植物微体\na-e. 淀粉粒Starch granules；f-g. 刺棒型植硅体Elongate echinate phytoliths；h. 孔纹管胞Pitted tracheid；i. 网状穿孔板Reticulate perforation plate；j. 石细胞A sclereid；k. 孔纹导管Pitted vessels；l. 腺毛Glandular hair；m. 孔纹导管Pitted vessels；n. 表皮细胞Epidermal cells", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Microscopic images of plant micro-remains from dental calculus samples a-e. starch granules; f-g. elongate echinate phytoliths; h. pitted tracheid; i. reticulate perforation plate; j. a sclereid; k. pitted vessels; l. glandular hair; m. pitted vessels; n. epidermal cells", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "牙结石中植物微体", "title_en": "Microscopic images of plant micro-remains from dental calculus samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/65ab83a98552b2eea83ab5f6.png", "image_url": "media/S057_de280e8949df_S057-F03.png?v=65ab83a98552", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "坚果类果实,证据尚显单薄。综上,推测该类型淀粉粒可能来源块根类植物或壳斗科果实。 III型扁球体:长32.51 μm、宽31.40 μm(图3: c)。脐点略偏心,消光十字臂宽直,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "粒形态一致(图4: c),推测III型淀粉粒来自银杏科(Ginkgoaceae)植物 [36]。 IV型椭圆形:长33.68 μm、宽22.04 μm(图3: d)。表面光滑,脐点强偏心并伴有", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:23.737546+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN203", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图3 牙结石中植物微体\nFig.3 Microscopic images of plant micro-remains from dental calculus samples\na-e. 淀粉粒Starch granules；f-g. 刺棒型植硅体Elongate echinate phytoliths；h. 孔纹管胞Pitted tracheid；i. 网状穿孔板Reticulate\nperforation plate；j. 石细胞A sclereid；k. 孔纹导管Pitted vessels；l. 腺毛Glandular hair；m. 孔纹导管Pitted vessels；n. 表皮细\n胞Epidermal cells", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Gigantopithecus", "quote": "1. 景德镇陶瓷大学，景德镇333001；\n 2. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室，北京100044\n\n摘要：步氏巨猿（Gigantopithecus blacki）的食性特征是揭示其演化适应与绝灭机制的关键证据。本文通\n过分析广西柳城巨猿洞发现的3 件巨猿下颌牙结石中的植物残留物，探索步氏巨猿的食性，在尽量保持\n牙结石完整、避免植物微体损伤的前提下，提取并分析其中的植物微体遗存。本研究共提取8 份样本，\n研究结果表明：5 份为牙结石样本，3 份为其他沉积物样本；5 份牙结石样本共提取出5 颗淀粉粒（禾本\n科草籽、木本植物果实、植物的块根块茎）、4 颗植硅体和较多破损植物纤维和管胞遗骸。综上，步氏\n\n巨猿食谱兼具禾本科草籽、树冠果实、叶片（裸子植物、蕨类）、茎秆", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "de280e8949df6fa1aeeed1e6c9b4ad042f9a4d31606b0b5882934100087a4b6b" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S057_de280e8949df_S057-F04", "paper_key": "S057_de280e8949df", "paper_id": "S057", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4 现生植物淀粉粒\nFig.4 Starch granules of living plants\na. 禾本科稗草（种籽）Echinochloa crus-galli (seed)；b. 壳斗科厚鳞柯（果实）Lithocarpus pachylepis (fruit)；c. 银杏科银杏（果\n实）Ginkgo biloba (fruit)；d. 薯蓣科参薯（根）Dioscorea alata (root)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5574977e9a46fe060a75d16d2b1f82b7f5e806236d08ae2995c267b5f589e4c9", "image_bytes": 2587612, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 现生植物淀粉粒\na. 禾本科稗草（种籽）稗（Echinochloa crus-galli） （seed）；b. 壳斗科厚鳞柯（果实）厚鳞柯（Lithocarpus pachylepis） （fruit）；c. 银杏科银杏（果实）银杏（Ginkgo biloba） （fruit）；d. 薯蓣科参薯（根）参薯（Dioscorea alata） （root）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Starch granules of living plants a. grass family (Poaceae) barnyard grass (seed) barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) (seed); b. beech family (Fagaceae) thick-scaled oak (fruit) stone oak (Lithocarpus pachylepis) (fruit); c. ginkgo family (Ginkgoaceae) ginkgo (fruit) ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) (fruit); d. yam family (Dioscoreaceae) yam (root) greater yam (Dioscorea alata) (root)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现生植物淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch granules of living plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/5574977e9a46fe060a75d16d.png", "image_url": "media/S057_de280e8949df_S057-F04.png?v=5574977e9a46", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "粒形态一致(图4: c),推测III型淀粉粒来自银杏科(Ginkgoaceae)植物 [36]。 IV型椭圆形:长33.68 μm、宽22.04 μm(图3: d)。表面光滑,脐点强偏心并伴有", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:23.782081+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S058_007799a0b67b_S058-F02", "paper_key": "S058_007799a0b67b", "paper_id": "S058", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图２　贝丘遗址的植硅体和其他微体化石类型\n［１５］\n（１～４）哑铃型植硅体（ｂｉｌｏｂａｔｅ）；（５，６）多铃型植硅体（ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａｌｐｏｌｙｌｏｂａｔｅｓ）；（７）十字铃型植硅体（ｃｒｏｓｓｂｉｌｏｂａｔｅ）；（８）平滑棒型植硅体\n（ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｓｍｏｏｔｈ）；（９）刺棒型植硅体（ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｅｃｈｉｎａｔｅ）；（１０～１２）长方型和方型植硅体（ｒｅｃｔａｎｇｕｌａｒａｎｄｓｑｕａｒｅ）；（１３）短鞍型植硅体（ｓｈｏｒｔ\nｓａｄｄｌｅ）；（１４，１５）塔型植硅体（ｔｏｗｅｒ）；（１６）长鞍型植硅体（ｌｏｎｇｓａｄｄｌｅ）；（１７，１８）尖型植硅体（ｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔｅ）；（１９，２０）不规则多面体植硅体\n（ｉｒｒｅｇｕｌａｒｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｏｎ）；（２１）刺球形植硅体（ｇｌｏｂｕｌａｒｅｃｈｉｎａｔｅ）；（２２，２３）芦苇扇形植硅体（ｃｕｎｅｉｆｏｒｍｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）；（２４）针状毛细胞型植硅体\n（ａｃｉｃｕｌａｒｈａｉｒｃｅｌｌ）；（２５）石细胞（ｓｃｌｅｒｅｉｄ）；（２６，２７）管胞（ｔｒａｃｈｅｉｄｓ）；（２８）蕨类植硅体（ｆｅｒｎｐｒｉｓｍ）；（２９）齿型植硅体（ｌｏｎｇｓｉｎｕａｔｅ）；（３０）菊科\n植硅体（Ａｓｔｅｒａｃｅａｅ）；（３１）板型植硅体（ｐｌａｔｅ）；（３２）莎草型植硅体（Ｃｙｐｅｒａｃｅａｅ）；（３３）未知型态（ｆｒｕｉｔ？）；（３４，３５）硅藻（ｄｉａｔｏｍ）；（３６）海绵骨\n针（ｓｐｏｎｇｅｓｐｉｃｕｌｅ）；（３７，３８）豹子头遗址（Ｂａｏｚｉｔｏｕ）水稻扇形植硅体（ｒｉｃｅｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）；（３９，４０）石船头遗址（Ｓｈｉｃｈｕａｎｔｏｕ）水稻扇形植硅体\n（ｒｉｃｅｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）；（４１，４２）那北咀遗址（Ｎａｂｅｉｚｕｉ）水稻扇形植硅体（ｒｉｃｅｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）\n比例尺均为２０μｍ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ＝２０μｍｉｎａｌｌｐａｎｅｌｓ）\nＦｉｇ２　Ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｍｉｃｒｏｆｏｓｓｉｌｍｏｒｐｈｏｔｙｐｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄａｔｓｈｅｌｌｍｉｄｄｅｎｓｉｔｅｓ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "cf12bfcf39358e4917245e1bc1d0e40a62dfc8e0ef00741ea5663cbdb5105f2b", "image_bytes": 12461873, "sites": [ "CN015", "CN016", "CN017" ], "caption_zh": "图2 贝丘遗址的植硅体和其他微体化石类型\n（1~4）哑铃型植硅体（bilobate）；（5，6）多铃型植硅体（cylindricalpolylobates）；（7）十字铃型植硅体（crossbilobate）；（8）平滑棒型植硅体（elongatesmooth）；（9）刺棒型植硅体（elongateechinate）；（10~12）长方型和方型植硅体（rectangularandsquare）；（13）短鞍型植硅体（short saddle）；（14，15）塔型植硅体（tower）；（16）长鞍型植硅体（longsaddle）；（17，18）尖型植硅体（lanceolate）；（19，20）不规则多面体植硅体（irregularpolyhedron）；（21）刺球形植硅体（globularechinate）；（22，23）芦苇扇形植硅体（cuneiformbulliform）；（24）针状毛细胞型植硅体（acicularhaircell）；（25）石细胞（sclereid）；（26，27）管胞（tracheids）；（28）蕨类植硅体（fernprism）；（29）齿型植硅体（longsinuate）；（30）菊科\n植硅体（Asteraceae）；（31）板型植硅体（plate）；（32）莎草型植硅体（Cyperaceae）；（33）未知型态（fruit?）；（34，35）硅藻（diatom）；（36）海绵骨针（spongespicule）；（37，38）豹子头遗址（Baozitou）水稻扇形植硅体（ricebulliform）；（39，40）石船头遗址（Shichuantou）水稻扇形植硅体（ricebulliform）；（41，42）那北咀遗址（Nabeizui）水稻扇形植硅体ricebulliform）\n比例尺均为20 μm", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Phytoliths and other microfossil morphotypes identified at shell middens [15] (1–4) bilobate phytoliths; (5, 6) cylindrical polylobates; (7) crossbilobate phytoliths; (8) elongate smooth phytoliths; (9) elongate echinate phytoliths; (10–12) rectangular and square phytoliths; (13) short saddle phytoliths; (14, 15) tower phytoliths; (16) long saddle phytoliths; (17, 18) lanceolate phytoliths; (19, 20) irregular polyhedron phytoliths; (21) globular echinate phytoliths; (22, 23) reed fan-shaped phytoliths; (24) acicular hair cell phytoliths; (25) sclereids; (26, 27) tracheids; (28) fern prism phytoliths; (29) long sinuate phytoliths; (30) Asteraceae phytoliths; (31) plate phytoliths; (32) sedge family (Cyperaceae) phytoliths; (33) unknown morphotype (fruit?); (34, 35) diatoms; (36) spongy spicule; (37, 38) Baozitou site rice fan-shaped phytoliths; (39, 40) Shichuantou site rice fan-shaped phytoliths; (41, 42) Nabeiju site rice fan-shaped phytoliths. Scale bars are all 20 μm (scale bar = 20 μm in all panels).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "贝丘遗址植硅体及其他微体化石类型", "title_en": "Phytoliths and other microfossils from shell middens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/cf12bfcf39358e4917245e1b.png", "image_url": "media/S058_007799a0b67b_S058-F02.png?v=cf12bfcf3935", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:23.873706+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN015", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图２　贝丘遗址的植硅体和其他微体化石类型\n［１５］\n（１～４）哑铃型植硅体（ｂｉｌｏｂａｔｅ）；（５，６）多铃型植硅体（ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａｌｐｏｌｙｌｏｂａｔｅｓ）；（７）十字铃型植硅体（ｃｒｏｓｓｂｉｌｏｂａｔｅ）；（８）平滑棒型植硅体\n（ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｓｍｏｏｔｈ）；（９）刺棒型植硅体（ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｅｃｈｉｎａｔｅ）；（１０～１２）长方型和方型植硅体（ｒｅｃｔａｎｇｕｌａｒａｎｄｓｑｕａｒｅ）；（１３）短鞍型植硅体（ｓｈｏｒｔ\nｓａｄｄｌｅ）；（１４，１５）塔型植硅体（ｔｏｗｅｒ）；（１６）长鞍型植硅体（ｌｏｎｇｓａｄｄｌｅ）；（１７，１８）尖型植硅体（ｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔｅ）；（１９，２０）不规则多面体植硅体\n（ｉｒｒｅｇｕｌａｒｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｏｎ）；（２１）刺球形植硅体（ｇｌｏｂｕｌａｒｅｃｈｉｎａｔｅ）；（２２，２３）芦苇扇形植硅体（ｃｕｎｅｉｆｏｒｍｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）；（２４）针状毛细胞型植硅体\n（ａｃｉｃｕｌａｒｈａｉｒｃｅｌｌ）；（２５）石细胞（ｓｃｌｅｒｅｉｄ）；（２６，２７）管胞（ｔｒａｃｈｅｉｄｓ）；（２８）蕨类植硅体（ｆｅｒｎｐｒｉｓｍ）；（２９）齿型植硅体（ｌｏｎｇｓｉｎｕａｔｅ）；（３０）菊科\n植硅体（Ａｓｔｅｒａｃｅａｅ）；（３１）板型植硅体（ｐｌａｔｅ）；（３２）莎草型植硅体（Ｃｙｐｅｒａｃｅａｅ）；（３３）未知型态（ｆｒｕｉｔ？）；（３４，３５）硅藻（ｄｉａｔｏｍ）；（３６）海绵骨\n针（ｓｐｏｎｇｅｓｐｉｃｕｌｅ）；（３７，３８）豹子头遗址（Ｂａｏｚｉｔｏｕ）水稻扇形植硅体（ｒｉｃｅｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）；（３９，４０）石船头遗址（Ｓｈｉｃｈｕａｎｔｏｕ）水稻扇形植硅体\n（ｒｉｃｅｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）；（４１，４２）那北咀遗址（Ｎａｂｅｉｚｕｉ）水稻扇形植硅体（ｒｉｃｅｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）\n比例尺均为２０μｍ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ＝２０μｍｉｎａｌｌｐａｎｅｌｓ）\nＦｉｇ２　Ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｍｉｃｒｏｆｏｓｓｉｌｍｏｒｐｈｏｔｙｐｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄａｔｓｈｅｌｌｍｉｄｄｅｎｓｉｔｅｓ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "豹子头", "quote": "博物馆，广西南宁５３０２２１；５．中山大学社会学与人类学学院，广东广州５１０２７５）\n\n\n 摘要：河旁贝丘遗址是广西新石器时代早中期的一种重要文化遗址类型，目前对其生业状态和定居模式的研究还\n\n 相对薄弱。本研究使用综合性植物考古学研究方法，对邕江流域豹子头、石船头和那北咀这３个河旁贝丘遗址进\n\n 行了大遗存分析、薄壁组织（ｐａｒｅｎｃｈｙｍａ）遗存分析、炭屑分析以及淀粉粒和植硅体等微体遗存分析。本研究的分\n\n 析结果与以往的研究成果表明，邕江流域河旁贝丘群体的食谱范围非常广泛，且包含了多种回报率档次差异极大\n\n 的食物资源，其生业模式应为广谱采集。磨石、陶器、炭化食物遗存的发现以及对棕榈的强化利用行为，表明贝\n\n 丘群体已经具备改造环境、提高多种食物资源回报率的能力，但是对植物资源的强化利用程度仍然较为初级。贝\n\n 丘群体掌握了新的食物收获和处理技术，并", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "007799a0b67b27fd9e20b83f2e9d6764aa2f79faa09dffd702be6311861a16e1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN016", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图２　贝丘遗址的植硅体和其他微体化石类型\n［１５］\n（１～４）哑铃型植硅体（ｂｉｌｏｂａｔｅ）；（５，６）多铃型植硅体（ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａｌｐｏｌｙｌｏｂａｔｅｓ）；（７）十字铃型植硅体（ｃｒｏｓｓｂｉｌｏｂａｔｅ）；（８）平滑棒型植硅体\n（ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｓｍｏｏｔｈ）；（９）刺棒型植硅体（ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｅｃｈｉｎａｔｅ）；（１０～１２）长方型和方型植硅体（ｒｅｃｔａｎｇｕｌａｒａｎｄｓｑｕａｒｅ）；（１３）短鞍型植硅体（ｓｈｏｒｔ\nｓａｄｄｌｅ）；（１４，１５）塔型植硅体（ｔｏｗｅｒ）；（１６）长鞍型植硅体（ｌｏｎｇｓａｄｄｌｅ）；（１７，１８）尖型植硅体（ｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔｅ）；（１９，２０）不规则多面体植硅体\n（ｉｒｒｅｇｕｌａｒｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｏｎ）；（２１）刺球形植硅体（ｇｌｏｂｕｌａｒｅｃｈｉｎａｔｅ）；（２２，２３）芦苇扇形植硅体（ｃｕｎｅｉｆｏｒｍｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）；（２４）针状毛细胞型植硅体\n（ａｃｉｃｕｌａｒｈａｉｒｃｅｌｌ）；（２５）石细胞（ｓｃｌｅｒｅｉｄ）；（２６，２７）管胞（ｔｒａｃｈｅｉｄｓ）；（２８）蕨类植硅体（ｆｅｒｎｐｒｉｓｍ）；（２９）齿型植硅体（ｌｏｎｇｓｉｎｕａｔｅ）；（３０）菊科\n植硅体（Ａｓｔｅｒａｃｅａｅ）；（３１）板型植硅体（ｐｌａｔｅ）；（３２）莎草型植硅体（Ｃｙｐｅｒａｃｅａｅ）；（３３）未知型态（ｆｒｕｉｔ？）；（３４，３５）硅藻（ｄｉａｔｏｍ）；（３６）海绵骨\n针（ｓｐｏｎｇｅｓｐｉｃｕｌｅ）；（３７，３８）豹子头遗址（Ｂａｏｚｉｔｏｕ）水稻扇形植硅体（ｒｉｃｅｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）；（３９，４０）石船头遗址（Ｓｈｉｃｈｕａｎｔｏｕ）水稻扇形植硅体\n（ｒｉｃｅｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）；（４１，４２）那北咀遗址（Ｎａｂｅｉｚｕｉ）水稻扇形植硅体（ｒｉｃｅｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）\n比例尺均为２０μｍ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ＝２０μｍｉｎａｌｌｐａｎｅｌｓ）\nＦｉｇ２　Ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｍｉｃｒｏｆｏｓｓｉｌｍｏｒｐｈｏｔｙｐｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄａｔｓｈｅｌｌｍｉｄｄｅｎｓｉｔｅｓ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "石船头", "quote": "馆，广西南宁５３０２２１；５．中山大学社会学与人类学学院，广东广州５１０２７５）\n\n\n 摘要：河旁贝丘遗址是广西新石器时代早中期的一种重要文化遗址类型，目前对其生业状态和定居模式的研究还\n\n 相对薄弱。本研究使用综合性植物考古学研究方法，对邕江流域豹子头、石船头和那北咀这３个河旁贝丘遗址进\n\n 行了大遗存分析、薄壁组织（ｐａｒｅｎｃｈｙｍａ）遗存分析、炭屑分析以及淀粉粒和植硅体等微体遗存分析。本研究的分\n\n 析结果与以往的研究成果表明，邕江流域河旁贝丘群体的食谱范围非常广泛，且包含了多种回报率档次差异极大\n\n 的食物资源，其生业模式应为广谱采集。磨石、陶器、炭化食物遗存的发现以及对棕榈的强化利用行为，表明贝\n\n 丘群体已经具备改造环境、提高多种食物资源回报率的能力，但是对植物资源的强化利用程度仍然较为初级。贝\n\n 丘群体掌握了新的食物收获和处理技术，并且可能意", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "007799a0b67b27fd9e20b83f2e9d6764aa2f79faa09dffd702be6311861a16e1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN017", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图２　贝丘遗址的植硅体和其他微体化石类型\n［１５］\n（１～４）哑铃型植硅体（ｂｉｌｏｂａｔｅ）；（５，６）多铃型植硅体（ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａｌｐｏｌｙｌｏｂａｔｅｓ）；（７）十字铃型植硅体（ｃｒｏｓｓｂｉｌｏｂａｔｅ）；（８）平滑棒型植硅体\n（ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｓｍｏｏｔｈ）；（９）刺棒型植硅体（ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｅｃｈｉｎａｔｅ）；（１０～１２）长方型和方型植硅体（ｒｅｃｔａｎｇｕｌａｒａｎｄｓｑｕａｒｅ）；（１３）短鞍型植硅体（ｓｈｏｒｔ\nｓａｄｄｌｅ）；（１４，１５）塔型植硅体（ｔｏｗｅｒ）；（１６）长鞍型植硅体（ｌｏｎｇｓａｄｄｌｅ）；（１７，１８）尖型植硅体（ｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔｅ）；（１９，２０）不规则多面体植硅体\n（ｉｒｒｅｇｕｌａｒｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｏｎ）；（２１）刺球形植硅体（ｇｌｏｂｕｌａｒｅｃｈｉｎａｔｅ）；（２２，２３）芦苇扇形植硅体（ｃｕｎｅｉｆｏｒｍｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）；（２４）针状毛细胞型植硅体\n（ａｃｉｃｕｌａｒｈａｉｒｃｅｌｌ）；（２５）石细胞（ｓｃｌｅｒｅｉｄ）；（２６，２７）管胞（ｔｒａｃｈｅｉｄｓ）；（２８）蕨类植硅体（ｆｅｒｎｐｒｉｓｍ）；（２９）齿型植硅体（ｌｏｎｇｓｉｎｕａｔｅ）；（３０）菊科\n植硅体（Ａｓｔｅｒａｃｅａｅ）；（３１）板型植硅体（ｐｌａｔｅ）；（３２）莎草型植硅体（Ｃｙｐｅｒａｃｅａｅ）；（３３）未知型态（ｆｒｕｉｔ？）；（３４，３５）硅藻（ｄｉａｔｏｍ）；（３６）海绵骨\n针（ｓｐｏｎｇｅｓｐｉｃｕｌｅ）；（３７，３８）豹子头遗址（Ｂａｏｚｉｔｏｕ）水稻扇形植硅体（ｒｉｃｅｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）；（３９，４０）石船头遗址（Ｓｈｉｃｈｕａｎｔｏｕ）水稻扇形植硅体\n（ｒｉｃｅｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）；（４１，４２）那北咀遗址（Ｎａｂｅｉｚｕｉ）水稻扇形植硅体（ｒｉｃｅｂｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍ）\n比例尺均为２０μｍ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ＝２０μｍｉｎａｌｌｐａｎｅｌｓ）\nＦｉｇ２　Ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｍｉｃｒｏｆｏｓｓｉｌｍｏｒｐｈｏｔｙｐｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄａｔｓｈｅｌｌｍｉｄｄｅｎｓｉｔｅｓ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "那北咀", "quote": "南宁５３０２２１；５．中山大学社会学与人类学学院，广东广州５１０２７５）\n\n\n 摘要：河旁贝丘遗址是广西新石器时代早中期的一种重要文化遗址类型，目前对其生业状态和定居模式的研究还\n\n 相对薄弱。本研究使用综合性植物考古学研究方法，对邕江流域豹子头、石船头和那北咀这３个河旁贝丘遗址进\n\n 行了大遗存分析、薄壁组织（ｐａｒｅｎｃｈｙｍａ）遗存分析、炭屑分析以及淀粉粒和植硅体等微体遗存分析。本研究的分\n\n 析结果与以往的研究成果表明，邕江流域河旁贝丘群体的食谱范围非常广泛，且包含了多种回报率档次差异极大\n\n 的食物资源，其生业模式应为广谱采集。磨石、陶器、炭化食物遗存的发现以及对棕榈的强化利用行为，表明贝\n\n 丘群体已经具备改造环境、提高多种食物资源回报率的能力，但是对植物资源的强化利用程度仍然较为初级。贝\n\n 丘群体掌握了新的食物收获和处理技术，并且可能意识到某些", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "007799a0b67b27fd9e20b83f2e9d6764aa2f79faa09dffd702be6311861a16e1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S058_007799a0b67b_S058-F06", "paper_key": "S058_007799a0b67b", "paper_id": "S058", "number": "6", "caption_original": "图６　淀粉粒形态图（比例尺：２０μｍ）\n（ａ～ｄ）坚果类淀粉粒（ｎｕｔｔｙｐｅ）；（ｅ～ｈ）禾本科淀粉粒（Ｐｏａｃｅａｅｔｙｐｅ）；（ｉ～ｌ）块茎类淀粉粒（ｕｎｄｅｒｇｒｏｕｎｄｓｔｏｒａｇｅｏｒｇａｎｔｙｐｅ）；\n（ｍ～ｐ）未知种属淀粉粒（ｕｎｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｔｙｐｅ）\nＦｉｇ６　Ｔｈｅｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙｏｆｅｘｔｒａｃｔｅｄａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓ（ｓｃａｌｅ：２０μｍ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "bf6141c3a067e290c6dae219c096d0188ac6164e4b67583b1baa9d75d431863e", "image_bytes": 5586487, "sites": [ "CN015", "CN016", "CN017" ], "caption_zh": "图6 淀粉粒形态图（比例尺：20 μm）\n（a~d）坚果类淀粉粒（nuttype）；（e~h）禾本科淀粉粒（Poaceaetype）；（i~l）块茎类淀粉粒（undergroundstorageorgantype）；\n（m~p）未知种属淀粉粒（undeterminedtype）", "caption_en": "Fig. 6 Morphology of extracted ancient starch grains (scale: 20 μm) (a–d) nut-type starch grains; (e–h) grass family (Poaceae)-type starch grains; (i–l) underground storage organ-type starch grains; (m–p) undetermined-type starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "淀粉粒形态图", "title_en": "Morphology of extracted ancient starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/bf6141c3a067e290c6dae219.png", "image_url": "media/S058_007799a0b67b_S058-F06.png?v=bf6141c3a067", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:23.959906+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN015", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图６　淀粉粒形态图（比例尺：２０μｍ）\n（ａ～ｄ）坚果类淀粉粒（ｎｕｔｔｙｐｅ）；（ｅ～ｈ）禾本科淀粉粒（Ｐｏａｃｅａｅｔｙｐｅ）；（ｉ～ｌ）块茎类淀粉粒（ｕｎｄｅｒｇｒｏｕｎｄｓｔｏｒａｇｅｏｒｇａｎｔｙｐｅ）；\n（ｍ～ｐ）未知种属淀粉粒（ｕｎｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｔｙｐｅ）\nＦｉｇ６　Ｔｈｅｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙｏｆｅｘｔｒａｃｔｅｄａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓ（ｓｃａｌｅ：２０μｍ）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "豹子头", "quote": "博物馆，广西南宁５３０２２１；５．中山大学社会学与人类学学院，广东广州５１０２７５）\n\n\n 摘要：河旁贝丘遗址是广西新石器时代早中期的一种重要文化遗址类型，目前对其生业状态和定居模式的研究还\n\n 相对薄弱。本研究使用综合性植物考古学研究方法，对邕江流域豹子头、石船头和那北咀这３个河旁贝丘遗址进\n\n 行了大遗存分析、薄壁组织（ｐａｒｅｎｃｈｙｍａ）遗存分析、炭屑分析以及淀粉粒和植硅体等微体遗存分析。本研究的分\n\n 析结果与以往的研究成果表明，邕江流域河旁贝丘群体的食谱范围非常广泛，且包含了多种回报率档次差异极大\n\n 的食物资源，其生业模式应为广谱采集。磨石、陶器、炭化食物遗存的发现以及对棕榈的强化利用行为，表明贝\n\n 丘群体已经具备改造环境、提高多种食物资源回报率的能力，但是对植物资源的强化利用程度仍然较为初级。贝\n\n 丘群体掌握了新的食物收获和处理技术，并", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "007799a0b67b27fd9e20b83f2e9d6764aa2f79faa09dffd702be6311861a16e1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN016", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图６　淀粉粒形态图（比例尺：２０μｍ）\n（ａ～ｄ）坚果类淀粉粒（ｎｕｔｔｙｐｅ）；（ｅ～ｈ）禾本科淀粉粒（Ｐｏａｃｅａｅｔｙｐｅ）；（ｉ～ｌ）块茎类淀粉粒（ｕｎｄｅｒｇｒｏｕｎｄｓｔｏｒａｇｅｏｒｇａｎｔｙｐｅ）；\n（ｍ～ｐ）未知种属淀粉粒（ｕｎｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｔｙｐｅ）\nＦｉｇ６　Ｔｈｅｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙｏｆｅｘｔｒａｃｔｅｄａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓ（ｓｃａｌｅ：２０μｍ）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "石船头", "quote": "馆，广西南宁５３０２２１；５．中山大学社会学与人类学学院，广东广州５１０２７５）\n\n\n 摘要：河旁贝丘遗址是广西新石器时代早中期的一种重要文化遗址类型，目前对其生业状态和定居模式的研究还\n\n 相对薄弱。本研究使用综合性植物考古学研究方法，对邕江流域豹子头、石船头和那北咀这３个河旁贝丘遗址进\n\n 行了大遗存分析、薄壁组织（ｐａｒｅｎｃｈｙｍａ）遗存分析、炭屑分析以及淀粉粒和植硅体等微体遗存分析。本研究的分\n\n 析结果与以往的研究成果表明，邕江流域河旁贝丘群体的食谱范围非常广泛，且包含了多种回报率档次差异极大\n\n 的食物资源，其生业模式应为广谱采集。磨石、陶器、炭化食物遗存的发现以及对棕榈的强化利用行为，表明贝\n\n 丘群体已经具备改造环境、提高多种食物资源回报率的能力，但是对植物资源的强化利用程度仍然较为初级。贝\n\n 丘群体掌握了新的食物收获和处理技术，并且可能意", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "007799a0b67b27fd9e20b83f2e9d6764aa2f79faa09dffd702be6311861a16e1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN017", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图６　淀粉粒形态图（比例尺：２０μｍ）\n（ａ～ｄ）坚果类淀粉粒（ｎｕｔｔｙｐｅ）；（ｅ～ｈ）禾本科淀粉粒（Ｐｏａｃｅａｅｔｙｐｅ）；（ｉ～ｌ）块茎类淀粉粒（ｕｎｄｅｒｇｒｏｕｎｄｓｔｏｒａｇｅｏｒｇａｎｔｙｐｅ）；\n（ｍ～ｐ）未知种属淀粉粒（ｕｎｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｔｙｐｅ）\nＦｉｇ６　Ｔｈｅｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙｏｆｅｘｔｒａｃｔｅｄａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓ（ｓｃａｌｅ：２０μｍ）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "那北咀", "quote": "南宁５３０２２１；５．中山大学社会学与人类学学院，广东广州５１０２７５）\n\n\n 摘要：河旁贝丘遗址是广西新石器时代早中期的一种重要文化遗址类型，目前对其生业状态和定居模式的研究还\n\n 相对薄弱。本研究使用综合性植物考古学研究方法，对邕江流域豹子头、石船头和那北咀这３个河旁贝丘遗址进\n\n 行了大遗存分析、薄壁组织（ｐａｒｅｎｃｈｙｍａ）遗存分析、炭屑分析以及淀粉粒和植硅体等微体遗存分析。本研究的分\n\n 析结果与以往的研究成果表明，邕江流域河旁贝丘群体的食谱范围非常广泛，且包含了多种回报率档次差异极大\n\n 的食物资源，其生业模式应为广谱采集。磨石、陶器、炭化食物遗存的发现以及对棕榈的强化利用行为，表明贝\n\n 丘群体已经具备改造环境、提高多种食物资源回报率的能力，但是对植物资源的强化利用程度仍然较为初级。贝\n\n 丘群体掌握了新的食物收获和处理技术，并且可能意识到某些", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "007799a0b67b27fd9e20b83f2e9d6764aa2f79faa09dffd702be6311861a16e1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S059_4cb7aa914f12_S059-F05", "paper_key": "S059_4cb7aa914f12", "paper_id": "S059", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五\n月庄\n⑩\n中的淀粉粒显微图片\n一依次与表二中编号\n一对应表二月庄⑩淀粉粒分析情况统计表载玻片中载玻片淀粉粒形状尺寸长径、短径十字消植物种类的位置中编号数量微米光位置左上大为角椭圆形\u0002大小两类大、中间大的为坚果类\u0002小的小包括圆形及小平均、为未发育成熟坚果类角椭圆形左上至少巧多边形刁、平均、中间稻属左下多边形刁、平均、中间黍属左一「至少多边形刁、平均、中间谷物类左下至少椭圆形及近大小两类平均、中间大的为坚果类\u0002小的椭圆形为未发育成熟坚果类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "样品号OCR漏识，图注混入表二全文", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e7c23c6b218f4609be3487c422fc28493a467935f2023174f41d2c5ed43896b6", "image_bytes": 2968068, "sites": [ "CN061" ], "caption_zh": "图五 月庄T6053⑩:5中的淀粉粒显微图片（1–5依次与表二中编号1–5对应）。", "caption_en": "Figure 5. Starch micrographs from Yuezhuang sample T6053⑩:5. Images 1–5 correspond to sample numbers 1–5 in Table 2.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "月庄⑩淀粉粒显微图像", "title_en": "Starch grain microscopy from Yuezhuang ⑩", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/e7c23c6b218f4609be3487c4.png", "image_url": "media/S059_4cb7aa914f12_S059-F05.png?v=e7c23c6b218f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图五 月庄T6053⑩:5中的淀粉粒显微图片（1–5依次与表二中编号1–5对应）。", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.027415+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN061", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图五 月庄T6053⑩:5中的淀粉粒显微图片（1–5依次与表二中编号1–5对应）。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "月庄", "quote": "低。\n 二、结果与讨论\n\n 早于后李时期仅发现扁扁洞一处遗址 并仅对一采集磨盘断块进行微痕分析 显示\n其可能用来加工坚果类物质。\n 后李文化时期 我们共对 个遗址进行微痕分析 即西河、小荆山及月庄。其中西\n河遗址共分析 件标本 包括 件磨盘 件曾加工坚果 件磨棒。磨盘微痕分析显示\n另 件既加工坚果 件用途不同确定 另外 同时也曾加工谷物类物质。件磨棒中\n件 件加工谷物类 另 件既加工坚果 同时也曾加工谷物类物质。小荆山遗址分析\n 件标本 也有称为犁形器 经 均为磨盘。有 件不能确定功能。件中间有孔磨", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4cb7aa914f12a5a4a2c86659e4b926ecefc13402b36b02b4583b0993cb9e1529" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F11", "paper_key": "S060_0ea929faf60a", "paper_id": "S060", "number": "11", "caption_original": "图11　染色后的手工竹纸纤维", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "96be149c95f5ffbc339a7b5c29c9720eaff7bed1b4ad9e81aab9f6c2aec606e5", "image_bytes": 379431, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图11 染色后的手工竹纸纤维", "caption_en": "Fig. 11 Starch grains on manually made bamboo paper fibers after staining", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "染色后的手工竹纸纤维", "title_en": "Starch grains on manually made bamboo paper fibers after staining", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/96be149c95f5ffbc339a7b5c.png", "image_url": "media/S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F11.png?v=96be149c95f5", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.071935+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "文物方法研究／待核来源" } }, { "id": "S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F12", "paper_key": "S060_0ea929faf60a", "paper_id": "S060", "number": "12", "caption_original": "图12　画像纸中的竹亚科扇形植硅体", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "47794f59464c7c3965e27d3f47758b15af135f0a792053375a4220709f7b518d", "image_bytes": 373707, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图12 画像纸中的竹亚科扇形植硅体", "caption_en": "Figure 12 Phytoliths from the bamboo subfamily in painted paper", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "画像纸中的竹亚科扇形植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from the bamboo subfamily in painted paper", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/47794f59464c7c3965e27d3f.png", "image_url": "media/S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F12.png?v=47794f59464c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.114115+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "文物方法研究／待核来源" } }, { "id": "S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F13", "paper_key": "S060_0ea929faf60a", "paper_id": "S060", "number": "13", "caption_original": "图13　画像纸中的竹亚科短鞍形植硅体", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f1210ecc324fcf7dadc99e31a9b61631235809d0e9902fb1bb36a15501767ab6", "image_bytes": 401866, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图13 画像纸中的竹亚科短鞍形植硅体", "caption_en": "Figure 13: Phytoliths of the bamboo subfamily with short saddle shape from painted paper", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "画像纸中的竹亚科短鞍形植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths of the bamboo subfamily with short saddle shape from painted paper", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f1210ecc324fcf7dadc99e31.png", "image_url": "media/S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F13.png?v=f1210ecc324f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.158648+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "文物方法研究／待核来源" } }, { "id": "S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F14", "paper_key": "S060_0ea929faf60a", "paper_id": "S060", "number": "14", "caption_original": "图14　画像纸张局部残留的淀粉糊", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "edc9edf132365bd7dd49769cb3b6ee670ce2ece0f298a64e41493eaa66a6cf98", "image_bytes": 488588, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图14 画像纸张局部残留的淀粉糊", "caption_en": "Fig. 14 Partial residue of starch paste on painted paper", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "画像纸张局部残留的淀粉糊", "title_en": "Partial residue of starch paste on painted paper", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/edc9edf132365bd7dd49769c.png", "image_url": "media/S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F14.png?v=edc9edf13236", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.211951+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "文物方法研究／待核来源" } }, { "id": "S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F15", "paper_key": "S060_0ea929faf60a", "paper_id": "S060", "number": "15", "caption_original": "图15　画像纸张表面发现的淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b8d0cfe1f2846a21f616f67c1fe054cbd4386484ad3b7015b2cc02e8a4ccc448", "image_bytes": 777937, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图15 画像纸张表面发现的淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure 15 Starch grains found on the surface of painted paper", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "画像纸张表面发现的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains found on the surface of painted paper", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b8d0cfe1f2846a21f616f67c.png", "image_url": "media/S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F15.png?v=b8d0cfe1f284", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.259543+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "文物方法研究／待核来源" } }, { "id": "S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F16", "paper_key": "S060_0ea929faf60a", "paper_id": "S060", "number": "16", "caption_original": "图16　现代小麦的淀粉粒（粒径2～30μｍ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a9027a6ae9d6ab1393d6a1e437731ccd91199d12ac63ba675a1d3f4b9899ef92", "image_bytes": 510899, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图16 现代小麦的淀粉粒（粒径2~30 μm）", "caption_en": "Figure 16 Starch grains from modern wheat (particle diameter 2–30 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代小麦淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from modern wheat", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a9027a6ae9d6ab1393d6a1e4.png", "image_url": "media/S060_0ea929faf60a_S060-F16.png?v=a9027a6ae9d6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.306556+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "文物方法研究／待核来源" } }, { "id": "S061_b0580ad465da_S061-F04", "paper_key": "S061_b0580ad465da", "paper_id": "S061", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四 桥头陶器淀粉粒与酿酒标本中淀粉粒比较\n（a）桥头I 型稻米淀粉粒群；（b）现代稻米标本(Oryza sativa)；（c）和（e）刚果红染色的I 型复粒淀粉粒群显示中心凹陷 \n（红色箭头）和糊化；（d）和（f）酿酒实验中的损伤稻米淀粉粒群；（g）I 型稻米淀粉粒群，略有糊化但中心无凹陷；（h）\n酿酒实验中的损伤稻米淀粉粒；（i）桥头遗址无法鉴定的糊化淀粉粒群，可能来自块根；（j）无法鉴定的糊化淀粉粒；刚\n果红试剂将c,d,e,f,g,i,j 的淀粉粒染成红色，在偏光镜下呈黄或橘色，说明淀粉粒糊化。（标度尺：20μm）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "34b73ebbc91fadf44e76c8042f3ebff2b18df9adf263156b43365bf2bdc2f04e", "image_bytes": 22327543, "sites": [ "CN082" ], "caption_zh": "图四 桥头陶器淀粉粒与酿酒标本中淀粉粒比较\n（a）桥头I 型稻米淀粉粒群；（b）现代稻米标本（Oryza sativa）；（c）和（e）刚果红染色的I 型复粒淀粉粒群显示中心凹陷 （红色箭头）和糊化；（d）和（f）酿酒实验中的损伤稻米淀粉粒群；（g）I 型稻米淀粉粒群，略有糊化但中心无凹陷；（h）酿酒实验中的损伤稻米淀粉粒；（i）桥头遗址无法鉴定的糊化淀粉粒群，可能来自块根；（j）无法鉴定的糊化淀粉粒；刚果红试剂将c，d，e，f，g，i，j 的淀粉粒染成红色，在偏光镜下呈黄或橘色，说明淀粉粒糊化。（标度尺：20 μm）", "caption_en": "Figure four. Comparison of starch grains from Qiaotou pottery and brewing samples.\n(a) Group of Type I rice starch grains from Qiaotou I; (b) modern rice sample (rice, Oryza sativa); (c) and (e) groups of Type I compound starch grains stained with Congo red, showing central depression (red arrows) and gelatinization; (d) and (f) groups of damaged rice starch grains from brewing experiments; (g) group of Type I rice starch grains with slight gelatinization but no central depression; (h) damaged rice starch grains from brewing experiments; (i) group of gelatinized starch grains from Qiaotou site that could not be identified, possibly from tuberous roots; (j) unidentified gelatinized starch grains; Congo red reagent stains starch grains in (c, d, e, f, g, i, j) red, appearing yellow or orange under polarized light, indicating starch gelatinization. (Scale bar: 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "桥头陶器淀粉粒与酿酒标本中淀粉粒比较", "title_en": "Comparison of starch grains from Qiaotou pottery and brewing samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/34b73ebbc91fadf44e76c804.png", "image_url": "media/S061_b0580ad465da_S061-F04.png?v=34b73ebbc91f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.392553+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN082", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图四 桥头陶器淀粉粒与酿酒标本中淀粉粒比较\n（a）桥头I 型稻米淀粉粒群；（b）现代稻米标本(Oryza sativa)；（c）和（e）刚果红染色的I 型复粒淀粉粒群显示中心凹陷 \n（红色箭头）和糊化；（d）和（f）酿酒实验中的损伤稻米淀粉粒群；（g）I 型稻米淀粉粒群，略有糊化但中心无凹陷；（h）\n酿酒实验中的损伤稻米淀粉粒；（i）桥头遗址无法鉴定的糊化淀粉粒群，可能来自块根；（j）无法鉴定的糊化淀粉粒；刚\n果红试剂将c,d,e,f,g,i,j 的淀粉粒染成红色，在偏光镜下呈黄或橘色，说明淀粉粒糊化。（标度尺：20μm）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "qiaotou", "quote": "drinking in the context of burial ritual in early Holocene southern China.\n Recent archaeological investigations at Qiaotou (9,000 – 8,700 cal. BP) have revealed a platform\n mound containing human burials and high concentrations of painted pottery, encircled by a human-\n made ditch. By applying microfossil (starch, phytolith, and fungi) residue analysis on th", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b0580ad465dabcb8ca6416cad21cc42e4a29918833deeb827059058e3257487f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S061_b0580ad465da_S061-F05", "paper_key": "S061_b0580ad465da", "paper_id": "S061", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五 桥头陶器残留物中的淀粉粒类型及现代对比标本\n（a）Ⅱ型，薏苡，来自桥头；\n（b）薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi），云南产；\n（c）和（d）Ⅲ型，块根，来自桥头；\n（e）Ⅳ型，橡子，来自桥头；\n（f）橡子（Quercus fabri），浙江产。（每颗淀粉粒显示DIC 和偏振光镜拍摄的影像）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2ecf5cd83ae17e739ce53052bae6fdcd6ae4e2903aee4e044eb7340ace539a73", "image_bytes": 4783701, "sites": [ "CN082" ], "caption_zh": "图五 桥头陶器残留物中的淀粉粒类型及现代对比标本\n（a）Ⅱ型，薏苡，来自桥头；（b）薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi），云南产；（c）和（d）Ⅲ型，块根，来自桥头；（e）Ⅳ型，橡子，来自桥头；（f）橡子（Quercus fabri），浙江产。（每颗淀粉粒显示DIC 和偏振光镜拍摄的影像）", "caption_en": "Figure five. Starch grain types from pottery residues at Qiaotou and modern comparative specimens\n(a) Type II, Job’s tears (Coix), from Qiaotou;\n(b) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), from Yunnan;\n(c) and (d) Type III, tuberous roots, from Qiaotou;\n(e) Type IV, acorns, from Qiaotou;\n(f) acorns (oak, Quercus fabri), from Zhejiang. (Each starch grain shows images taken under DIC and polarized light microscopy)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "桥头陶器残留物中的淀粉粒类型及现代对比标本", "title_en": "Starch grain types from pottery residues at Qiaotou and modern comparative specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2ecf5cd83ae17e739ce53052.png", "image_url": "media/S061_b0580ad465da_S061-F05.png?v=2ecf5cd83ae1", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.485294+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN082", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图五 桥头陶器残留物中的淀粉粒类型及现代对比标本\n（a）Ⅱ型，薏苡，来自桥头；\n（b）薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi），云南产；\n（c）和（d）Ⅲ型，块根，来自桥头；\n（e）Ⅳ型，橡子，来自桥头；\n（f）橡子（Quercus fabri），浙江产。（每颗淀粉粒显示DIC 和偏振光镜拍摄的影像）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "qiaotou", "quote": "drinking in the context of burial ritual in early Holocene southern China.\n Recent archaeological investigations at Qiaotou (9,000 – 8,700 cal. BP) have revealed a platform\n mound containing human burials and high concentrations of painted pottery, encircled by a human-\n made ditch. By applying microfossil (starch, phytolith, and fungi) residue analysis on th", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b0580ad465dabcb8ca6416cad21cc42e4a29918833deeb827059058e3257487f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S061_b0580ad465da_S061-F07", "paper_key": "S061_b0580ad465da", "paper_id": "S061", "number": "7", "caption_original": "图七 桥头陶器的植硅体残留物", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原图注a–h说明漏取", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "29fb3c6221699be0894de29ceff5b425782fc1f2531379033dcf6150e171c193", "image_bytes": 1897915, "sites": [ "CN082" ], "caption_zh": "图七 桥头陶器的植硅体残留物。\n（a）水稻双峰型（稻壳）；（b）绞合状圆齿型（禾亚科）；（c）水稻扇型（水稻茎叶）；（d）并排哑铃型（稻亚科）；（e）Variant 1十字型（似薏苡）；（f）帽型（禾本科）；（g）黍亚科植硅体；（h）圆齿状棒型（禾本科颖壳）。", "caption_en": "Figure 7. Phytolith residues from Qiaotou pottery. (a) Rice double-peaked phytolith (husk); (b) dendritic rondel type (cool-season grasses, Pooideae); (c) rice bulliform phytolith (stem and leaf); (d) parallel bilobate type (rice subfamily, Oryzoideae); (e) Variant 1 cross type, resembling Job’s tears; (f) rondel type (grass family, Poaceae); (g) panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) phytolith; (h) elongate crenate type (grass family, Poaceae husk).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "桥头陶器的植硅体残留物", "title_en": "even: Phytolith residues from pottery at Qiaotou", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/29fb3c6221699be0894de29c.png", "image_url": "media/S061_b0580ad465da_S061-F07.png?v=29fb3c622169", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图七 桥头陶器的植硅体残留物。（a）水稻双峰型（稻壳）；（b）绞合状圆齿型（禾亚科）；（c）水稻扇型（水稻茎叶）；（d）并排哑铃型（稻亚科）；（e）Variant 1十字型（似薏苡）；（f）帽型（禾本科）；（g）黍亚科植硅体；（h）圆齿状棒型（禾本科颖壳）。", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.650936+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN082", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "图七 桥头陶器的植硅体残留物。（a）水稻双峰型（稻壳）；（b）绞合状圆齿型（禾亚科）；（c）水稻扇型（水稻茎叶）；（d）并排哑铃型（稻亚科）；（e）Variant 1十字型（似薏苡）；（f）帽型（禾本科）；（g）黍亚科植硅体；（h）圆齿状棒型（禾本科颖壳）。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "qiaotou", "quote": "drinking in the context of burial ritual in early Holocene southern China.\n Recent archaeological investigations at Qiaotou (9,000 – 8,700 cal. BP) have revealed a platform\n mound containing human burials and high concentrations of painted pottery, encircled by a human-\n made ditch. By applying microfossil (starch, phytolith, and fungi) residue analysis on th", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b0580ad465dabcb8ca6416cad21cc42e4a29918833deeb827059058e3257487f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S061_b0580ad465da_S061-F09", "paper_key": "S061_b0580ad465da", "paper_id": "S061", "number": "9", "caption_original": "图九 桥头陶器中与酒相关的微化石残留物\n（a）稻淀粉复粒；（b）块根淀粉粒；（c）薏米淀粉粒，消光壁呈“Z“型；（d）稻双峰型植硅体；（e）出芽状态\n的酵母细胞；（f）和（g）无球茎/ 孢子附着的囊泡/ 孢子囊，和图六的曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）相符；\n（h）黑色孢子囊与孢子囊团相连，可与图六的根霉（Rhizopus）对比。（标度尺：20 μm）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对照原始PDF校正中英植物名、图注项目对应及遗漏；保留原始题录和原文底稿。", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "690e2a2d78b8d1121d48f93b9413342f00bd2eaf810659c23be0d244290da252", "image_bytes": 4760345, "sites": [ "CN082" ], "caption_zh": "图九 桥头陶器中与酒相关的微化石残留物\n（a）稻淀粉复粒；（b）块根淀粉粒；（c）薏米淀粉粒，消光壁呈“Z“型；（d）稻双峰型植硅体；（e）出芽状态的酵母细胞；（f）和（g）无球茎/ 孢子附着的囊泡/ 孢子囊，和图六的曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）相符；（h）黑色孢子囊与孢子囊团相连，可与图六的根霉（Rhizopus）对比。（标度尺：20 μm）", "caption_en": "Figure 9. Alcohol-related microfossil residues from Qiaotou pottery. (a) Compound rice starch; (b) root starch; (c) Job’s tears starch showing a Z-shaped extinction pattern; (d) rice double-peaked phytolith; (e) budding yeast cells; (f, g) vesicles/sporangia without attached globose structures or spores, comparable to the koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae) in Figure 6; (h) black sporangia connected to sporangial clusters, comparable with bread molds (Rhizopus) in Figure 6. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "桥头陶器中与酒相关的微化石残留物", "title_en": "Starch grains and phytoliths associated with alcoholic beverages from Qiaotou pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/690e2a2d78b8d1121d48f93b.png", "image_url": "media/S061_b0580ad465da_S061-F09.png?v=690e2a2d78b8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.735973+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN082", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 12 ], "quote": "图九 桥头陶器中与酒相关的微化石残留物\n（a）稻淀粉复粒；（b）块根淀粉粒；（c）薏米淀粉粒，消光壁呈“Z“型；（d）稻双峰型植硅体；（e）出芽状态\n的酵母细胞；（f）和（g）无球茎/ 孢子附着的囊泡/ 孢子囊，和图六的曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）相符；\n（h）黑色孢子囊与孢子囊团相连，可与图六的根霉（Rhizopus）对比。（标度尺：20 μm）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "qiaotou", "quote": "drinking in the context of burial ritual in early Holocene southern China.\n Recent archaeological investigations at Qiaotou (9,000 – 8,700 cal. BP) have revealed a platform\n mound containing human burials and high concentrations of painted pottery, encircled by a human-\n made ditch. By applying microfossil (starch, phytolith, and fungi) residue analysis on th", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b0580ad465dabcb8ca6416cad21cc42e4a29918833deeb827059058e3257487f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S062_56ba331d5dc1_S062-F04", "paper_key": "S062_56ba331d5dc1", "paper_id": "S062", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四 米家崖陶器残留物中的淀粉粒和植硅体（DIC 和偏光视野）a. 黍(P. miliaceum) b. 小麦族（Triticeae） c. 薏米(C. lacryma-jobi) d. 栝蒌根(T. kirilowii) e. 薯(Dioscorea sp.) f. 百合 (Lilium sp.) g. 哑铃型 h. 十字型 i. 帽型 j.η- 型植硅体，来自黍 k. 绞合状树枝型植硅体，来自大麦(H. vulgare)( 比例尺： a, h, 和i 为10 μm ; b-g 为20 μm; j 和 k 为50 μm)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：water caltrop → Job’s tears（C. lacryma-jobi）。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3ad9b2b68b6b9de0eb2866f58b9e85e90120d201fb5ff0da6185e54ca0aa130d", "image_bytes": 1383445, "sites": [ "CN128" ], "caption_zh": "图四 米家崖陶器残留物中的淀粉粒和植硅体（DIC 和偏光视野）a. 黍（Panicum miliaceum） b. 小麦族（Triticeae） c. 薏米（Coix lacryma-jobi） d. 栝蒌根（Trichosanthes kirilowii） e. 薯（Dioscorea sp.） f. 百合 （Lilium sp.） g. 哑铃型 h. 十字型 i. 帽型 j.η- 型植硅体，来自黍 k. 绞合状树枝型植硅体，来自大麦（Hordeum vulgare）（ 比例尺： a， h， 和i 为10 μm ； b-g 为20 μm； j 和 k 为50 μm）", "caption_en": "Figure four Starch grains and phytoliths from ceramic residues at Mijiaya (DIC and polarized light fields): a. broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); b. wheat tribe (Triticeae); c. Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); d. snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root (Chinese snake gourd, Trichosanthes kirilowii); e. yam (yams, Dioscorea sp.); f. lily (lilies, Lilium sp.); g. dumbbell-shaped; h. cross-shaped; i. hat-shaped; j. η-type phytolith from broomcorn millet; k. interlaced branched phytolith from barley (Hordeum vulgare) (scale bars: a, h, and i at 10 μm; b–g at 20 μm; j and k at 50 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "米家崖陶器残留物中的淀粉粒和植硅体", "title_en": "Starch grains and phytoliths from ceramic residues at Mijiaya", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/3ad9b2b68b6b9de0eb2866f5.png", "image_url": "media/S062_56ba331d5dc1_S062-F04.png?v=3ad9b2b68b6b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.793499+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN128", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图四 米家崖陶器残留物中的淀粉粒和植硅体（DIC 和偏光视野）a. 黍(P. miliaceum) b. 小麦族（Triticeae） c. 薏米(C. lacryma-jobi) d. 栝蒌根(T. kirilowii) e. 薯(Dioscorea sp.) f. 百合 (Lilium sp.) g. 哑铃型 h. 十字型 i. 帽型 j.η- 型植硅体，来自黍 k. 绞合状树枝型植硅体，来自大麦(H. vulgare)( 比例尺： a, h, 和i 为10 μm ; b-g 为20 μm; j 和 k 为50 μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "mijiaya", "quote": "hao culture, Jiandiping (pointed-based bottle), Beer making, Starch, Phytolith, Oxalate\n ABSTRACT: The pottery vessels from the Mijiaya site reveal the first direct evidence of in-situ beer making in China,\nbased on the analyses of starch, phytolith and chemical residues. Our data reveal a surprising beer recipe in which broomcorn\nmillet (Panicum miliaceum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), Job’s te", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "56ba331d5dc1ae1b84f7b5ebc1ff7ce07fadfa29781ac4bd69960ae61efddfc1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S062_56ba331d5dc1_S062-F05", "paper_key": "S062_56ba331d5dc1", "paper_id": "S062", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五 米家崖陶器和酿酒实验中的受损淀粉粒a.米家崖淀粉粒显示缺坑和裂沟 b.一粒米家崖淀粉粒,显示出膨胀、边缘凸起、变形的特征 c.酿酒实验中观察到的发酵黍(P. miliaceum)淀粉粒，酿造原材料为黍和大麦(H. vulgare)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f6676e5f4acecbc2e92026e12d7457f404e387a76a386dd8820ad153784d2c63", "image_bytes": 773137, "sites": [ "CN128" ], "caption_zh": "图五 米家崖陶器和酿酒实验中的受损淀粉粒\na.米家崖淀粉粒显示缺坑和裂沟 b.一粒米家崖淀粉粒，显示出膨胀、边缘凸起、变形的特征 c.酿酒实验中观察到的发酵黍（Panicum miliaceum）淀粉粒，酿造原材料为黍和大麦（Hordeum vulgare）", "caption_en": "Figure five. Starch grains from Mijiaya pottery and fermentation experiments a. Mijiaya starch grains showing pits and furrows b. A single Mijiaya starch grain displaying swelling, raised edges, and deformation c. Starch grains of fermented broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) observed in fermentation experiments, with raw materials consisting of broomcorn millet and barley (Hordeum vulgare)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "米家崖陶器和酿酒实验中的受损淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Mijiaya pottery and fermentation experiments", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f6676e5f4acecbc2e92026e1.png", "image_url": "media/S062_56ba331d5dc1_S062-F05.png?v=f6676e5f4ace", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.857111+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN128", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图五 米家崖陶器和酿酒实验中的受损淀粉粒a.米家崖淀粉粒显示缺坑和裂沟 b.一粒米家崖淀粉粒,显示出膨胀、边缘凸起、变形的特征 c.酿酒实验中观察到的发酵黍(P. miliaceum)淀粉粒，酿造原材料为黍和大麦(H. vulgare)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "mijiaya", "quote": "hao culture, Jiandiping (pointed-based bottle), Beer making, Starch, Phytolith, Oxalate\n ABSTRACT: The pottery vessels from the Mijiaya site reveal the first direct evidence of in-situ beer making in China,\nbased on the analyses of starch, phytolith and chemical residues. Our data reveal a surprising beer recipe in which broomcorn\nmillet (Panicum miliaceum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), Job’s te", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "56ba331d5dc1ae1b84f7b5ebc1ff7ce07fadfa29781ac4bd69960ae61efddfc1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S062_56ba331d5dc1_S062-F07", "paper_key": "S062_56ba331d5dc1", "paper_id": "S062", "number": "7", "caption_original": "图七 酿酒实验过程中观察到的淀粉粒\na. 发芽后的黍(P. miliaceum) b. 发芽后的粟(S. italica) c. 发芽后的大麦(H. vulgare) d. 糖化后的黍\ne. 发酵后的黍，淀粉粒上出现缺坑、裂沟以及边缘破损 f. 发酵后的粟，显示缺坑（左）和糊化（右） g. 糖化后的粟\nh. 发酵后的粟，淀粉粒上出现缺坑和边缘破损 i. 发酵后的粟，淀粉粒上出现糊化、融合、消光十字不见 J. 糖化后的粟和\n大麦 k. 发酵后的黍和大麦，淀粉粒中心出现大缺坑，边缘破损\nl. 发酵后的黍和大麦，淀粉粒出现糊化变形（左），也有未损伤的淀粉粒（右）\nm. 糖化后的粟和大麦 n. 一颗用粟和大麦为原料发酵后的淀粉粒，显示从中心向外缘开始的裂沟，以及变形\no. 一堆糊化的淀粉粒，出现高度融合、消光十字不见的特征，来自用粟和大麦为原料的发酵实验", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原图a–o逐项重译，纠正整组粟／黍对调及消光十字误译。", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "62c2f4a695a34e15a790d5d3b809048cbe81d4d6c7f0d07341432eacd253af55", "image_bytes": 6770702, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图七 酿酒实验过程中观察到的淀粉粒\na. 发芽后的黍（Panicum miliaceum） b. 发芽后的粟（Setaria italica） c. 发芽后的大麦（Hordeum vulgare） d. 糖化后的黍\ne. 发酵后的黍，淀粉粒上出现缺坑、裂沟以及边缘破损 f. 发酵后的粟，显示缺坑（左）和糊化（右） g. 糖化后的粟 h. 发酵后的粟，淀粉粒上出现缺坑和边缘破损 i. 发酵后的粟，淀粉粒上出现糊化、融合、消光十字不见 J. 糖化后的粟和大麦 k. 发酵后的黍和大麦，淀粉粒中心出现大缺坑，边缘破损 l. 发酵后的黍和大麦，淀粉粒出现糊化变形（左），也有未损伤的淀粉粒（右）m. 糖化后的粟和大麦 n. 一颗用粟和大麦为原料发酵后的淀粉粒，显示从中心向外缘开始的裂沟，以及变形 o. 一堆糊化的淀粉粒，出现高度融合、消光十字不见的特征，来自用粟和大麦为原料的发酵实验", "caption_en": "Figure 7. Starch observed during brewing experiments. a. Germinated broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); b. Germinated foxtail millet (Setaria italica); c. Germinated barley (Hordeum vulgare); d. Saccharified broomcorn millet; e. Fermented broomcorn millet, with pits, channels and damaged edges; f. Fermented foxtail millet, with pitting (left) and gelatinization (right); g. Saccharified foxtail millet; h. Fermented foxtail millet, with pits and damaged edges; i. Fermented foxtail millet, with gelatinization, fusion and loss of extinction crosses; j. Saccharified foxtail millet and barley; k. Fermented broomcorn millet and barley, with large central pits and damaged edges; l. Fermented broomcorn millet and barley, with gelatinized, deformed starch (left) and undamaged starch (right); m. Saccharified foxtail millet and barley; n. A starch grain from fermented foxtail millet and barley, with channels extending from the centre towards the edge and deformation; o. A gelatinized starch mass from fermented foxtail millet and barley, showing extensive fusion and loss of extinction crosses.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "酿酒实验过程中观察到的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains observed during brewing experiments", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/62c2f4a695a34e15a790d5d3.png", "image_url": "media/S062_56ba331d5dc1_S062-F07.png?v=62c2f4a695a3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.900573+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S063_1b4685e36bee_S063-F03", "paper_key": "S063_1b4685e36bee", "paper_id": "S063", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图３　储粮坑炭化种子淀粉粒、黄褐色土样植硅体和土壤微形态图\n（ａ～ｄ）大麦属淀粉粒；（ｅ）刺棒型；（ｆ）哑铃型；（ｇ）齿型；（ｈ）平滑棒型；（ｉ）帽型；（ｊ）尖型；（ｋ）方型；（ｌ）麦类稃壳植硅体；（ｍ）明场下土壤\n结块切片图；（ｎ）正交偏光下土壤结块切片图；（ｏ）炭屑；（ｐ）植物碎屑\n比例尺：（ａ～ｌ）２０μｍ，（ｍ～ｐ）１００μｍ\nＦｉｇ３　Ｆｉｇｕｒｅｓｏｆｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｃａｒｂｏｎｉｚｅｄｓｅｅｄｓ，ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｓａｎｄｓｏｉｌｍｉｃｒｏｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙｆｒｏｍｌｕｍｐｙｓｏｉｌｓ．（ａ～ｄ）Ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍ\nＨｏｒｄｅｕｍ；（ｅ）Ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｅｃｈｉｎａｔｅ；（ｆ）Ｂｉｌｏｂａｔｅ；（ｇ）Ｓｉｎｕａｔｅ；（ｈ）Ｓｍｏｏｔｈｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅ；（ｉ）Ｃｏｎｉｃａｌ；（ｊ）Ａｃｕｔｅ；（ｋ）Ｔａｂｕｌａｒ；（ｌ）Ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈ\nｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｈｕｓｋｏｆＨｏｒｄｅｕｍ；（ｍ）Ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｌｕｍｐｙｓｏｉｌｓｌｉｃｅｕｎｄｅｒｐｌａｎｅｐｏｌａｒｉｚｅｄｌｉｇｈｔ；（ｎ）Ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｌｕｍｐｙｓｏｉｌｓｌｉｃｅｕｎｄｅｒ\nｃｒｏｓｓｅｄｐｏｌａｒｉｚｅｄｌｉｇｈｔ；（ｏ）Ｃｈａｒｃｏａｌ；（ｐ）Ｐｌａｎｔｄｅｂｒｉｓ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：（ａ～ｌ）２０μｍ，（ｍ～ｐ）１００μｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8130aa0349786e2664c2a73ee49bad03cd6405713834decd5cc870b46094c96e", "image_bytes": 8973805, "sites": [ "CN193" ], "caption_zh": "图3 储粮坑炭化种子淀粉粒、黄褐色土样植硅体和土壤微形态图\n（a~d）大麦属淀粉粒；（e）刺棒型；（f）哑铃型；（g）齿型；（h）平滑棒型；（i）帽型；（j）尖型；（k）方型；（l）麦类稃壳植硅体；（m）明场下土壤结块切片图；（n）正交偏光下土壤结块切片图；（o）炭屑；（p）植物碎屑 比例尺：（a~l）20 μm，（m~p）100 μm", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Figures of starch grains from carbonized seeds, phytoliths and soil micromorphology from lumpy soils. (a–d) Starch grains from barley (Hordeum); (e) Elongate echinate; (f) Bilobate; (g) Sinuate; (h) Smooth-elongate; (i) Conical; (j) Acute; (k) Tabular; (l) Phytolith from the husk of barley (Hordeum); (m) Picture of the lumpy soils slice under plane-polarized light; (n) Picture of the lumpy soils slice under crossed-polarized light; (o) Charcoal; (p) Plant debris. Scale bar: (a–l) 20 μm, (m–p) 100 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "储粮坑炭化种子淀粉粒、黄褐色土样植硅体和土壤微形态图", "title_en": "of starch grains from carbonized seeds, phytoliths and soil micromorphology from lumpy soils", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/8130aa0349786e2664c2a73e.png", "image_url": "media/S063_1b4685e36bee_S063-F03.png?v=8130aa034978", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:24.959241+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN193", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图３　储粮坑炭化种子淀粉粒、黄褐色土样植硅体和土壤微形态图\n（ａ～ｄ）大麦属淀粉粒；（ｅ）刺棒型；（ｆ）哑铃型；（ｇ）齿型；（ｈ）平滑棒型；（ｉ）帽型；（ｊ）尖型；（ｋ）方型；（ｌ）麦类稃壳植硅体；（ｍ）明场下土壤\n结块切片图；（ｎ）正交偏光下土壤结块切片图；（ｏ）炭屑；（ｐ）植物碎屑\n比例尺：（ａ～ｌ）２０μｍ，（ｍ～ｐ）１００μｍ\nＦｉｇ３　Ｆｉｇｕｒｅｓｏｆｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｃａｒｂｏｎｉｚｅｄｓｅｅｄｓ，ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｓａｎｄｓｏｉｌｍｉｃｒｏｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙｆｒｏｍｌｕｍｐｙｓｏｉｌｓ．（ａ～ｄ）Ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍ\nＨｏｒｄｅｕｍ；（ｅ）Ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｅｃｈｉｎａｔｅ；（ｆ）Ｂｉｌｏｂａｔｅ；（ｇ）Ｓｉｎｕａｔｅ；（ｈ）Ｓｍｏｏｔｈｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅ；（ｉ）Ｃｏｎｉｃａｌ；（ｊ）Ａｃｕｔｅ；（ｋ）Ｔａｂｕｌａｒ；（ｌ）Ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈ\nｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｈｕｓｋｏｆＨｏｒｄｅｕｍ；（ｍ）Ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｌｕｍｐｙｓｏｉｌｓｌｉｃｅｕｎｄｅｒｐｌａｎｅｐｏｌａｒｉｚｅｄｌｉｇｈｔ；（ｎ）Ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｌｕｍｐｙｓｏｉｌｓｌｉｃｅｕｎｄｅｒ\nｃｒｏｓｓｅｄｐｏｌａｒｉｚｅｄｌｉｇｈｔ；（ｏ）Ｃｈａｒｃｏａｌ；（ｐ）Ｐｌａｎｔｄｅｂｒｉｓ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：（ａ～ｌ）２０μｍ，（ｍ～ｐ）１００μｍ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shirenzigou", "quote": "２０２１\n\n\n马志坤，刘舒，任萌，等．新疆东天山地区巴里坤石人子沟遗址储粮坑分析［Ｊ］．第四纪研究，２０２１，４１（１）：２１４－２２３．\n\nＭＡＺｈｉｋｕｎ，ＬＩＵＳｈｕ，ＲＥＮＭｅｎｇ，ｅｔａｌ．ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｇｒａｉｎｓｔｏｒａｇｅｐｉｔｏｆｔｈｅＳｈｉｒｅｎｚｉｇｏｕｓｉｔｅｉｎＢａｌｉｋｕｎＣｏｕｎｔｙ，ｅａｓｔＴｉａｎｓｈａｎａｒｅａ，Ｘｉｎｊｉａｎｇ［Ｊ］．\n\nＱｕａｔｅｒｎａｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２０２１，４１（１）：２１４－２２３．\n\n\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０２１．０１．１９ 文章编号：１００１－７４１０（２０２１）０１－２１４－１０\n 新疆东天山地区巴里坤石人子沟遗址储粮坑分析\n\n 马志坤 １，刘舒 １，任萌 １，郇秀佳 ２，习通源 １，王建新 １，马健", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1b4685e36bee16db36504f60135ca685a23a6354cc43a7d87c6850bffe97743b" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S064_10eb1166b935_S064-F02", "paper_key": "S064_10eb1166b935", "paper_id": "S064", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二 北方墓地点心样品中的表皮长细胞植硅体形态及麸皮细胞形态\n1.点心样品1的表皮长细胞植硅体，呈η型2.点心样品2的表皮长细胞植硅体，呈η型3.点心3样品中的表皮长细胞植硅体，呈η型 4.点心2样品中的麸皮细胞形态", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "cb0dc62592f93fcf4dc0e0bd1c64d792847dcafa30fa5f86909222b744029689", "image_bytes": 3347776, "sites": [ "CN130" ], "caption_zh": "图二 北方墓地点心样品中的表皮长细胞植硅体形态及麸皮细胞形态\n1.点心样品1的表皮长细胞植硅体，呈η型 2.点心样品2的表皮长细胞植硅体，呈η型 3.点心3样品中的表皮长细胞植硅体，呈η型 4.点心2样品中的麸皮细胞形态", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Morphology of epidermal turgid cells phytoliths and bran cells from central samples of Northern burial sites\n1. Phytoliths from epidermal turgid cells of central sample 1, showing η-shaped form\n2. Phytoliths from epidermal turgid cells of central sample 2, showing η-shaped form\n3. Phytoliths from epidermal turgid cells of central sample 3, showing η-shaped form\n4. Morphology of bran cells from central sample 2", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "北方墓地点心样品中的表皮长细胞植硅体形态及麸皮细胞形态", "title_en": "Morphology of epidermal turgid cell phytoliths and bran cells from central samples of Northern burial sites", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/cb0dc62592f93fcf4dc0e0bd.png", "image_url": "media/S064_10eb1166b935_S064-F02.png?v=cb0dc62592f9", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.026400+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN130", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图二 北方墓地点心样品中的表皮长细胞植硅体形态及麸皮细胞形态\n1.点心样品1的表皮长细胞植硅体，呈η型2.点心样品2的表皮长细胞植硅体，呈η型3.点心3样品中的表皮长细胞植硅体，呈η型 4.点心2样品中的麸皮细胞形态", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "克里雅河北方墓地", "quote": "新疆克里雅河北方墓地出土食物遗存的\n 植物微体化石分析 ＊\n\n\n解明思 “ ２、 ４ 蒋洪恩 “ ２ 杨益民 Ｋ ２ 伊弟利斯 ？阿不都热苏勒 ３\n 胡新军 ３ 王昌燧 “ ２\n\n（ １ ．中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室 ’ 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类\n\n研究所 ，北京 ； ２．中国科学院大学科技史与科技考古系 ，北京 ； ３ ．新疆文物考古研究\n\n 所 ，乌鲁木齐 ； ４ ．馆藏文物保存环境国家文物局重点科研基地 ，上海博物馆 ，上海 ）", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "10eb1166b935132064aa37edcbac9a59266655f16aded2e48ffb7ee6402fb343" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S064_10eb1166b935_S064-F03", "paper_key": "S064_10eb1166b935", "paper_id": "S064", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三现代黍和粟表皮长细胞植硅体形态对比（引自吕厚远等）１．现代黍的表皮长细胞植硅体，呈η型２．现代粟的表皮长细胞植硅体，呈Ω型", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "abcccbffd9a7604ce081f628c2a4d276d31e0b50b4a91543d535c10e10935a11", "image_bytes": 1853069, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图三 现代黍和粟表皮长细胞植硅体形态对比（引自吕厚远等）1.现代黍的表皮长细胞植硅体，呈η型 2.现代粟的表皮长细胞植硅体，呈Ω型", "caption_en": "Figure three: Comparative morphology of phytoliths from epidermal long cells of modern broomcorn millet and foxtail millet (adapted from Lü Houyuan et al.) 1. Phytoliths from epidermal long cells of modern broomcorn millet, showing η-type morphology; 2. Phytoliths from epidermal long cells of modern foxtail millet, showing Ω-type morphology", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代黍和粟表皮长细胞植硅体形态对比", "title_en": "Comparative morphology of phytoliths from epidermal long cells of modern broomcorn millet and foxtail millet", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/abcccbffd9a7604ce081f628.png", "image_url": "media/S064_10eb1166b935_S064-F03.png?v=abcccbffd9a7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.078036+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S064_10eb1166b935_S064-F04", "paper_key": "S064_10eb1166b935", "paper_id": "S064", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四\n北方墓地点心样品淀粉粒形态\n\n\n１\n．点心样品\n１的淀粉粒形态\n２\n．点心样品\n２的淀粉粒形态\n３\n．点心样品\n３中的淀粉粒形态\n\n", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "840c34bda09acd3f3646922bcf628a558ae3a6cb301635e018d2ad0bcd17c40f", "image_bytes": 1779119, "sites": [ "CN130" ], "caption_zh": "图四 北方墓地点心样品淀粉粒形态\n1.点心样品1的淀粉粒形态 2.点心样品2的淀粉粒形态 3.点心样品3中的淀粉粒形态\n \n ", "caption_en": "Figure four. Starch grain morphology from point heart samples at Northern burial sites. 1. Starch grain morphology from point heart sample 1. 2. Starch grain morphology from point heart sample 2. 3. Starch grain morphology from point heart sample 3.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "北方墓地点心样品淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Starch grain morphology from point heart samples at Northern burial sites", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/840c34bda09acd3f3646922b.png", "image_url": "media/S064_10eb1166b935_S064-F04.png?v=840c34bda09a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.138670+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN130", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图四\n北方墓地点心样品淀粉粒形态\n\n\n１\n．点心样品\n１的淀粉粒形态\n２\n．点心样品\n２的淀粉粒形态\n３\n．点心样品\n３中的淀粉粒形态\n\n", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "克里雅河北方墓地", "quote": "新疆克里雅河北方墓地出土食物遗存的\n 植物微体化石分析 ＊\n\n\n解明思 “ ２、 ４ 蒋洪恩 “ ２ 杨益民 Ｋ ２ 伊弟利斯 ？阿不都热苏勒 ３\n 胡新军 ３ 王昌燧 “ ２\n\n（ １ ．中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室 ’ 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类\n\n研究所 ，北京 ； ２．中国科学院大学科技史与科技考古系 ，北京 ； ３ ．新疆文物考古研究\n\n 所 ，乌鲁木齐 ； ４ ．馆藏文物保存环境国家文物局重点科研基地 ，上海博物馆 ，上海 ）", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "10eb1166b935132064aa37edcbac9a59266655f16aded2e48ffb7ee6402fb343" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S065_c4740007d2d9_S065-F02", "paper_key": "S065_c4740007d2d9", "paper_id": "S065", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2 洋海古墓群馒头及其糊粉粒和淀粉粒\nA, 洋海古墓群出土的馒头(编号2003SAYⅡM23: 9). 比例尺为2 cm; B, 从馒头中分析出来的青稞(Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste)的胡粉粒. 比例尺\n为50 m; C, 从馒头中分析出来的青稞的淀粉粒. 比例尺为5 m; D, 从馒头中分析出来的黍(Panicum miliaceum)的淀粉粒. 比例尺为5 m", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "257b81bd432efd0d1e3f46853d8a30b798742a7d4e2e4696f7e66b9f86861178", "image_bytes": 3836533, "sites": [ "CN131" ], "caption_zh": "图2 洋海古墓群馒头及其糊粉粒和淀粉粒\nA， 洋海古墓群出土的馒头（编号2003SAYⅡM23: 9）. 比例尺为2 cm； B， 从馒头中分析出来的青稞（Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste）的胡粉粒. 比例尺为50 μm； C， 从馒头中分析出来的青稞的淀粉粒. 比例尺为5 μm； D， 从馒头中分析出来的黍（Panicum miliaceum）的淀粉粒. 比例尺为5 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Starch grains and aleurone grains from the mantou from the Yanghai ancient tomb complex. A, Mantou from the Yanghai ancient tomb complex (specimen no. 2003SAYⅡM23: 9). Scale bar: 2 cm; B, Aleurone grains from barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste) analyzed from the mantou. Scale bar: 50 μm; C, Starch grains from barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste) analyzed from the mantou. Scale bar: 5 μm; D, Starch grains from broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) analyzed from the mantou. Scale bar: 5 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "洋海古墓群馒头及其糊粉粒和淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains and aleurone grains from the mantou from the Yanghai ancient tomb complex", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/257b81bd432efd0d1e3f4685.png", "image_url": "media/S065_c4740007d2d9_S065-F02.png?v=257b81bd432e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.204976+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN131", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图2 洋海古墓群馒头及其糊粉粒和淀粉粒\nA, 洋海古墓群出土的馒头(编号2003SAYⅡM23: 9). 比例尺为2 cm; B, 从馒头中分析出来的青稞(Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste)的胡粉粒. 比例尺\n为50 m; C, 从馒头中分析出来的青稞的淀粉粒. 比例尺为5 m; D, 从馒头中分析出来的黍(Panicum miliaceum)的淀粉粒. 比例尺为5 m", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "洋海", "quote": ": lics@ibcas.ac.cn\n\n2013-04-11 收稿, 2013-08-08 接受\n\n\n摘要 吐鲁番地区降水稀少﹑气候干燥, 大量考古遗址得以保存. 这些考古遗址中粮食作物 关键词\n的遗存为揭示吐鲁番地区农业发展的历程提供了直接的证据. 本文以洋海古墓群﹑胜金店墓 吐鲁番\n地和阿斯塔那古墓群为代表, 对古墓中出土的保存在吐鲁番博物馆的植物遗存进行了研究, 洋海古墓群\n结果揭示了吐鲁番地区绿洲农业的发展历史. 对洋海古墓群中出土的馒头中淀粉粒的分析表 胜金店墓地\n 阿斯塔那古墓群\n明它由黍(Panicum miliaceum)和青稞(Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste)制作而成. 考古学资料表", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c4740007d2d918d7ebc03dc3cb79a0e9b9f45a191f9ba4639ca6e13ae120777c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S066_ecf3f6121eb4_S066-F03", "paper_key": "S066_ecf3f6121eb4", "paper_id": "S066", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图３　吉仁台沟口遗址出土器物表层残留物中的淀粉粒（比例尺：２０μｍ）\n（ａ）～（ｄ）Ａ类；（ｅ）～（ｈ）Ｂ类；（ｉ）～（ｎ）Ｃ类；（ｏ）～（ｒ）Ｄ类\nＦｉｇ３　Ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｓｔｏｎｅｔｏｏｌｓ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）ｆｒｏｍＪａｒｔａｉＰａｓｓｓｉｔｅ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "db15f4f999a7547240e8526d480fc241d0ce8f43cc53279ed5b279240bcbc11e", "image_bytes": 3757479, "sites": [ "CN120" ], "caption_zh": "图3 吉仁台沟口遗址出土器物表层残留物中的淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）\n（a）~（d）A类，小麦族；（e）~（h）B类，块根块茎；（i）~（n）C类，栝楼；（o）~（r）D类，不可辨认。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Typical starch grains recovered from residues on the stone tools (scale bar: 20 μm) from Jirentaigoukou site\n(a)–(d) Class A; (e)–(h) Class B; (i)–(n) Class C; (o)–(r) Class D", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "吉仁台沟口遗址出土器物表层残留物中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Typical starch grains from stone tool residues at Jirentaigoukou site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/db15f4f999a7547240e8526d.png", "image_url": "media/S066_ecf3f6121eb4_S066-F03.png?v=db15f4f999a7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.266119+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN120", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图３　吉仁台沟口遗址出土器物表层残留物中的淀粉粒（比例尺：２０μｍ）\n（ａ）～（ｄ）Ａ类；（ｅ）～（ｈ）Ｂ类；（ｉ）～（ｎ）Ｃ类；（ｏ）～（ｒ）Ｄ类\nＦｉｇ３　Ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｓｔｏｎｅｔｏｏｌｓ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）ｆｒｏｍＪａｒｔａｉＰａｓｓｓｉｔｅ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "吉仁台沟口", "quote": "Ｖｏｌ．４０，　Ｎｏ．２\n　\n ２０２０年３月 ＱＵＡＴＥＲＮＡＲＹ　ＳＣＩＥＮＣＥＳ Ｍａｒｃｈ，２０２０\n\n\n王清，马志坤，陈秋荷，等．新疆尼勒克县吉仁台沟口遗址石器功能分析：来自植物微体遗存的证据［Ｊ］．第四纪研究，２０２０，４０（２）：４５０－４６１．\n\nＷａｎｇＱｉｎｇ，ＭａＺｈｉｋｕｎ，ＣｈｅｎＱｉｕｈｅ，ｅｔａｌ．ＭｉｃｒｏｂｏｔａｎｉｃａｌｒｅｍａｉｎｓｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄｉｒｅｃｔｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｓｔｏｎｅｔｏｏｌｓｆｒｏｍＪａｒｔａｉＰａｓｓｓｉｔｅｉｎ\n\nＮｉｌｋａＣｏｕｎｔｙ，Ｘｉｎｊｉａｎｇ［Ｊ］．ＱｕａｔｅｒｎａｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２０２０，４０（２）：４５０－４６１．\n\n\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ecf3f6121eb42723cdbeeba5489d333edc81f70c39061b3fedb3629b2efb44cc" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S066_ecf3f6121eb4_S066-F04", "paper_key": "S066_ecf3f6121eb4", "paper_id": "S066", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图４　吉仁台沟口遗址出土石器上和现代样品的植硅体和植物组织残留物\n比例尺：（ａ～ｔ，ｖ）：２０μｍ；（ｕ，ｗ）：６０μｍ\n（ａ）哑铃型（ｂｉｌｏｂａｔｅ）；（ｂ）多铃型（ｍｕｌｔｉｌｏｂａｔｅ）；（ｃ）帽型（ｈａｔ）；（ｄ）长鞍型（ｌｏｎｇｓａｄｄｌｅ）；（ｅ）塔型（ｔｏｗｅｒ）；（ｆ）短鞍型（ｓｈｏｒｔｓａｄｄｌｅ）；（ｇ）平滑棒\n型（ｓｍｏｏｔｈｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅ）；（ｈ）分支型（ｄｅｎｄｒｉｔｉｃ）；（ｉ）长尖型（ｌｏｎｇａｃｕｔｅ）；（ｊ）短尖型（ｓｈｏｒｔａｃｕｔｅ）；（ｋ）齿型（ｔｒａｐｅｚｏｉｄ）；（ｌ）扇形（ｆａｎｓｈａｐｅｄ）；\n（ｍ）～（ｏ）其他（ｏｔｈｅｒｓ）；（ｐ）～（ｑ）黍稃片植硅体（ｂｒｏｏｍｃｏｒｎｍｉｌｌｅｔ（Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍｍｉｌｉａｃｅｕｍ））；（ｒ）～（ｓ）粟类作物稃片植硅体（ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｓｆｒｏｍｍｉｌｌｅｔｓ\n（ＳｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａｏｒＰａｎｉｃｕｍｍｉｌｉａｃｅｕｍ））；（ｔ）石器残留物中的植硅体（ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｏｆｓｎａｋｅｇｏｕｒｄｆｒｏｍｓｔｏｎｅａｒｔｉｆａｃｔｓ）；（ｕ）石器表层的栝楼（Ｔｒｉｃｈｅｓａｎｔｈｅｓ\nｋｉｒｉｌｏｗｉｉ）果壳组织残留（ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｆｒｏｍｍｏｄｅｒｎｓａｍｐｌｅｓｏｆｐｅｒｉｃａｒｐｏｆｓｎａｋｅｇｏｕｒｄ）；（ｖ）现代栝楼（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｓａｎｔｈｅｓｋｉｒｉｌｏｗｉｉ）果皮典型植硅体（ｓｎａｋｅｇｏｕｒｄ\nｔｉｓｓｕｅｓｆｒｏｍｓｔｏｎｅａｒｔｉｆａｃｔｓ）；（ｗ）现代栝楼（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｓａｎｔｈｅｓｋｉｒｉｌｏｗｉｉ）果皮典型植物组织（ｔｉｓｓｕｅｓｆｒｏｍｍｏｄｅｒｎｓａｍｐｌｅｓｏｆｐｅｒｉｃａｒｐｏｆｓｎａｋｅｇｏｕｒｄ）\nＦｉｇ４　ＰｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｓａｎｄｐｌａｎｔｔｉｓｓｕｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｓｔｏｎｅａｒｔｉｆａｃｔｓｅｘｃａｖａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＪａｒｔａｉＰａｓｓｓｉｔｅ\nａｎｄｍｏｄｅｒｎｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：（ａ～ｔ，ｖ）；２０μｍ；（ｕ，ｗ）：６０μｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "964ab6072555077752ab1708d7f94c3fcc4523665ca334bb3b7cf462db1c1303", "image_bytes": 14485026, "sites": [ "CN120" ], "caption_zh": "图4 吉仁台沟口遗址出土石器上和现代样品的植硅体和植物组织残留物 比例尺：（a~t，v）：20 μm；（u，w）：60 μm\n（a）哑铃型（bilobate）；（b）多铃型（multilobate）；（c）帽型（hat）；（d）长鞍型（longsaddle）；（e）塔型（tower）；（f）短鞍型（shortsaddle）；（g）平滑棒型（smooth-elongate）；（h）分支型（dendritic）；（i）长尖型（long-acute）；（j）短尖型（short-acute）；（k）齿型（trapezoid）；（l）扇形（fan-shaped）；（m）~（o）其他（others）；（p）~（q）黍稃片植硅体（broomcornmillet，Panicum miliaceum）；（r）~（s）粟类作物稃片植硅体（phytolithsfrommillets\nPanicum miliaceum）；（t）石器残留物中的植硅体（phytolithofsnakegourdfromstoneartifacts）；（u）石器表层的栝楼（Trichesanthes\nkirilowii）果壳组织残留（phytolithfrommodernsamplesofpericarpofsnakegourd）；（v）现代栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）果皮典型植硅体（snakegourd\ntissuesfromstoneartifacts）；（w）现代栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）果皮典型植物组织（tissuesfrommodernsamplesofpericarpofsnakegourd）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Phytoliths and plant tissue residues on the stone artifacts excavated from Jirentaigoukou site and modern reference samples. Scale bar: (a–t, v): 20 μm; (u, w): 60 μm. (a) bilobate; (b) multilobate; (c) hat; (d) long saddle; (e) tower; (f) short saddle; (g) smooth-elongate; (h) dendritic; (i) long-acute; (j) short-acute; (k) trapezoid; (l) fan-shaped; (m)–(o) others; (p)–(q) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) lemma phytoliths; (r)–(s) millet (foxtail millet, Setaria italica or broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum)) lemma phytoliths; (t) phytoliths from stone artifacts; (u) pericarp tissue residue of Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) from the surface of stone artifacts; (v) typical phytoliths from the pericarp of modern Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii); (w) typical plant tissue from the pericarp of modern Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "吉仁台沟口遗址石器上的植硅体和植物组织残留物", "title_en": "Phytoliths and plant tissue residues on stone artifacts from Jirentaigoukou site and modern reference samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/964ab6072555077752ab1708.png", "image_url": "media/S066_ecf3f6121eb4_S066-F04.png?v=964ab6072555", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.326218+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN120", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图４　吉仁台沟口遗址出土石器上和现代样品的植硅体和植物组织残留物\n比例尺：（ａ～ｔ，ｖ）：２０μｍ；（ｕ，ｗ）：６０μｍ\n（ａ）哑铃型（ｂｉｌｏｂａｔｅ）；（ｂ）多铃型（ｍｕｌｔｉｌｏｂａｔｅ）；（ｃ）帽型（ｈａｔ）；（ｄ）长鞍型（ｌｏｎｇｓａｄｄｌｅ）；（ｅ）塔型（ｔｏｗｅｒ）；（ｆ）短鞍型（ｓｈｏｒｔｓａｄｄｌｅ）；（ｇ）平滑棒\n型（ｓｍｏｏｔｈｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅ）；（ｈ）分支型（ｄｅｎｄｒｉｔｉｃ）；（ｉ）长尖型（ｌｏｎｇａｃｕｔｅ）；（ｊ）短尖型（ｓｈｏｒｔａｃｕｔｅ）；（ｋ）齿型（ｔｒａｐｅｚｏｉｄ）；（ｌ）扇形（ｆａｎｓｈａｐｅｄ）；\n（ｍ）～（ｏ）其他（ｏｔｈｅｒｓ）；（ｐ）～（ｑ）黍稃片植硅体（ｂｒｏｏｍｃｏｒｎｍｉｌｌｅｔ（Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍｍｉｌｉａｃｅｕｍ））；（ｒ）～（ｓ）粟类作物稃片植硅体（ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｓｆｒｏｍｍｉｌｌｅｔｓ\n（ＳｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａｏｒＰａｎｉｃｕｍｍｉｌｉａｃｅｕｍ））；（ｔ）石器残留物中的植硅体（ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｏｆｓｎａｋｅｇｏｕｒｄｆｒｏｍｓｔｏｎｅａｒｔｉｆａｃｔｓ）；（ｕ）石器表层的栝楼（Ｔｒｉｃｈｅｓａｎｔｈｅｓ\nｋｉｒｉｌｏｗｉｉ）果壳组织残留（ｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｆｒｏｍｍｏｄｅｒｎｓａｍｐｌｅｓｏｆｐｅｒｉｃａｒｐｏｆｓｎａｋｅｇｏｕｒｄ）；（ｖ）现代栝楼（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｓａｎｔｈｅｓｋｉｒｉｌｏｗｉｉ）果皮典型植硅体（ｓｎａｋｅｇｏｕｒｄ\nｔｉｓｓｕｅｓｆｒｏｍｓｔｏｎｅａｒｔｉｆａｃｔｓ）；（ｗ）现代栝楼（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｓａｎｔｈｅｓｋｉｒｉｌｏｗｉｉ）果皮典型植物组织（ｔｉｓｓｕｅｓｆｒｏｍｍｏｄｅｒｎｓａｍｐｌｅｓｏｆｐｅｒｉｃａｒｐｏｆｓｎａｋｅｇｏｕｒｄ）\nＦｉｇ４　ＰｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｓａｎｄｐｌａｎｔｔｉｓｓｕｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｓｔｏｎｅａｒｔｉｆａｃｔｓｅｘｃａｖａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＪａｒｔａｉＰａｓｓｓｉｔｅ\nａｎｄｍｏｄｅｒｎｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：（ａ～ｔ，ｖ）；２０μｍ；（ｕ，ｗ）：６０μｍ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "吉仁台沟口", "quote": "Ｖｏｌ．４０，　Ｎｏ．２\n　\n ２０２０年３月 ＱＵＡＴＥＲＮＡＲＹ　ＳＣＩＥＮＣＥＳ Ｍａｒｃｈ，２０２０\n\n\n王清，马志坤，陈秋荷，等．新疆尼勒克县吉仁台沟口遗址石器功能分析：来自植物微体遗存的证据［Ｊ］．第四纪研究，２０２０，４０（２）：４５０－４６１．\n\nＷａｎｇＱｉｎｇ，ＭａＺｈｉｋｕｎ，ＣｈｅｎＱｉｕｈｅ，ｅｔａｌ．ＭｉｃｒｏｂｏｔａｎｉｃａｌｒｅｍａｉｎｓｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄｉｒｅｃｔｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｓｔｏｎｅｔｏｏｌｓｆｒｏｍＪａｒｔａｉＰａｓｓｓｉｔｅｉｎ\n\nＮｉｌｋａＣｏｕｎｔｙ，Ｘｉｎｊｉａｎｇ［Ｊ］．ＱｕａｔｅｒｎａｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２０２０，４０（２）：４５０－４６１．\n\n\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ecf3f6121eb42723cdbeeba5489d333edc81f70c39061b3fedb3629b2efb44cc" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S067_4879933685a4_S067-F03", "paper_key": "S067_4879933685a4", "paper_id": "S067", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图３　面食样品中的植硅体\n（ａ，ｂ）黍种子稃壳长细胞η型（η－ｔｙｐｅｌｏｎｇｃｅｌｌｆｒｏｍｈｕｓｋｓｏｆｃｏｍｍｏｎｍｉｌｌｅｔ）；（ｃ）树枝状植硅体（ｄｅｎｄｒｉｆｏｒｍｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈ）；（ｄ，ｅ）禾本科植物表\n皮细胞植硅体（ｔｈｅｅｐｉｄｅｒｍａｌｃｅｌｌｏｆＧｒａｍｉｎｅａｅ）；（ｆ）刺棒型（ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｓｉｎｕｏｕｓｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈ）；（ｇ）平滑棒性（ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｓｍｏｏｔｈｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈ）\nＦｉｇ３　Ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｓａｍｐｌｅ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "624e234cfbd4f1f22ff67a1fde23f165d4d8ee1a47e8b6c58d25ebd138f6b63e", "image_bytes": 6043604, "sites": [ "CN133" ], "caption_zh": "图3 面食样品中的植硅体\n（a，b）黍种子稃壳长细胞η型（η-type long cell from husks of commonmillet）；（c）树枝状植硅体（dendriform phytolith）；（d，e）禾本科植物表皮细胞植硅体（the epidermal cell of Gramineae）；（f）刺棒型（elongatesinuous phytolith）；（g）平滑棒性（elongate smooth phytolith）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Typical phytoliths from the sample (scale bar: 20 μm) (a, b) η-type long cell from husks of broomcorn millet; (c) dendriform phytolith; (d, e) phytoliths from epidermal cells of Gramineae; (f) elongate sinusous phytolith; (g) elongate smooth phytolith", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "面食样品中的植硅体", "title_en": "Typical phytoliths from the sample", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/624e234cfbd4f1f22ff67a1f.png", "image_url": "media/S067_4879933685a4_S067-F03.png?v=624e234cfbd4", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.393466+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN133", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图３　面食样品中的植硅体\n（ａ，ｂ）黍种子稃壳长细胞η型（η－ｔｙｐｅｌｏｎｇｃｅｌｌｆｒｏｍｈｕｓｋｓｏｆｃｏｍｍｏｎｍｉｌｌｅｔ）；（ｃ）树枝状植硅体（ｄｅｎｄｒｉｆｏｒｍｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈ）；（ｄ，ｅ）禾本科植物表\n皮细胞植硅体（ｔｈｅｅｐｉｄｅｒｍａｌｃｅｌｌｏｆＧｒａｍｉｎｅａｅ）；（ｆ）刺棒型（ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｓｉｎｕｏｕｓｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈ）；（ｇ）平滑棒性（ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅｓｍｏｏｔｈｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈ）\nＦｉｇ３　Ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｐｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｓａｍｐｌｅ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "bizili", "quote": "肖琪琪，胡兴军，阿里甫，等．新疆洛浦县比孜里墓地出土食物遗存的科技分析［Ｊ］．第四纪研究，２０２０，４０（２）：４４１－４４９．\n\nＸｉａｏＱｉｑｉ，ＨｕＸｉｎｇｊｕｎ，Ａｌｉｐ，ｅｔａｌ．ＩｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｏｄｒｅｍａｉｎｆｒｏｍＢｉｚｉｌｉｃｅｍｅｔｅｒｙｆｏｕｎｄｉｎＬｕｏｐｕＣｏｕｎｔｙ，Ｘｉｎｊｉａｎｇ［Ｊ］．ＱｕａｔｅｒｎａｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，\n\n２０２０，４０（２）：４４１－４４９．\n\n\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０２０．０２．１４ 文章编号：１００１－７４１０（２０２０）０２－４４１－０９\n 新疆洛浦县比孜里墓地出土食物遗存的科技分析\n\n 肖琪琪 １，２，胡兴军 ３，阿里甫 ３，饶慧芸 １，任萌 １，２，杨益民 ２", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4879933685a4d0653ba4adfe96793aca20a71ec0d0564302d828864e6a1b714d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S067_4879933685a4_S067-F04", "paper_key": "S067_4879933685a4", "paper_id": "S067", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图４　现代粟烹饪实验中的淀粉粒（Ａ、Ｂ未处理，Ｃ、Ｄ煮，Ｅ、Ｆ蒸，Ｇ、Ｈ烤）（引自文献［３６］）\n及古代面食样品中的淀粉粒（Ｉ，Ｊ）形态（标尺：２０μｍ）\nＦｉｇ４　Ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｍｏｄｅｒｎｆｏｘｔａｉｌｍｉｌｌｅｔｓａｍｐｌｅｕｓｉｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｃｏｏｋｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ（ＡａｎｄＢｕｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｄ；ＣａｎｄＤｂｏｉｌｅｄ；\nＥａｎｄＦｓｔｅａｍｅｄ；ＧａｎｄＨｂａｋｅｄ）ｃｉｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ［３６］ａｎｄａｎｉｃｅｎｔｓａｍｐｌｅ（Ｉ，Ｊ）（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6d8a14086740fffd3f98680218b979fb6fe6ed65b663a1f045c540ed25f7f7dc", "image_bytes": 2627798, "sites": [ "CN133" ], "caption_zh": "图4 现代粟烹饪实验中的淀粉粒（A、B未处理，C、D煮，E、F蒸，G、H烤）（引自文献[36]）\n及古代面食样品中的淀粉粒（I，J）形态（标尺：20 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Starch grains from modern foxtail millet samples using different cooking methods (A and B unprocessed; C and D boiled; E and F steamed; G and H baked) cited from reference [36] and an ancient sample (I, J) (scale bar: 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代粟烹饪实验及古代面食样品中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from modern foxtail millet cooking experiments and ancient bread samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/6d8a14086740fffd3f986802.png", "image_url": "media/S067_4879933685a4_S067-F04.png?v=6d8a14086740", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.455490+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN133", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图４　现代粟烹饪实验中的淀粉粒（Ａ、Ｂ未处理，Ｃ、Ｄ煮，Ｅ、Ｆ蒸，Ｇ、Ｈ烤）（引自文献［３６］）\n及古代面食样品中的淀粉粒（Ｉ，Ｊ）形态（标尺：２０μｍ）\nＦｉｇ４　Ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｍｏｄｅｒｎｆｏｘｔａｉｌｍｉｌｌｅｔｓａｍｐｌｅｕｓｉｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｃｏｏｋｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ（ＡａｎｄＢｕｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｄ；ＣａｎｄＤｂｏｉｌｅｄ；\nＥａｎｄＦｓｔｅａｍｅｄ；ＧａｎｄＨｂａｋｅｄ）ｃｉｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ［３６］ａｎｄａｎｉｃｅｎｔｓａｍｐｌｅ（Ｉ，Ｊ）（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "bizili", "quote": "肖琪琪，胡兴军，阿里甫，等．新疆洛浦县比孜里墓地出土食物遗存的科技分析［Ｊ］．第四纪研究，２０２０，４０（２）：４４１－４４９．\n\nＸｉａｏＱｉｑｉ，ＨｕＸｉｎｇｊｕｎ，Ａｌｉｐ，ｅｔａｌ．ＩｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｏｄｒｅｍａｉｎｆｒｏｍＢｉｚｉｌｉｃｅｍｅｔｅｒｙｆｏｕｎｄｉｎＬｕｏｐｕＣｏｕｎｔｙ，Ｘｉｎｊｉａｎｇ［Ｊ］．ＱｕａｔｅｒｎａｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，\n\n２０２０，４０（２）：４４１－４４９．\n\n\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０２０．０２．１４ 文章编号：１００１－７４１０（２０２０）０２－４４１－０９\n 新疆洛浦县比孜里墓地出土食物遗存的科技分析\n\n 肖琪琪 １，２，胡兴军 ３，阿里甫 ３，饶慧芸 １，任萌 １，２，杨益民 ２", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4879933685a4d0653ba4adfe96793aca20a71ec0d0564302d828864e6a1b714d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S068_bb4b1b78b838_S068-P0006-B001", "paper_key": "S068_bb4b1b78b838", "paper_id": "S068", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "图5石制品提取的淀粉粒(a)~(c), (a′)~(c′): A类淀粉粒; (d)~(g), (d′)~(g′): B类淀粉粒; (h)~(i), (h′)~(i′): C类淀粉粒. (a)~(i)为非偏光镜照片, (a′)~(i′)为偏光镜照片", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2fc6643d20ef60b7e0f7de35bd04885568293a89d10d0c13a3193a68708e9554", "image_bytes": 12682135, "sites": [ "CN011" ], "caption_zh": "图5石制品提取的淀粉粒（a）~（c）， （a′）~（c′）： A类淀粉粒，小麦族； （d）~（g）， （d′）~（g′）： B类淀粉粒，块根块茎； （h）~（i）， （h′）~（i′）： C类淀粉粒，无法鉴定. （a）~（i）为非偏光镜照片， （a′）~（i′）为偏光镜照片", "caption_en": "Figure 5 Starch grains extracted from stone tools (a)~(c), (a′)~(c′): Type A starch grains; (d)~(g), (d′)~(g′): Type B starch grains; (h)~(i), (h′)~(i′): Type C starch grains. (a)~(i) are non-polarized light microscope photographs, (a′)~(i′) are polarized light microscope photographs.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石制品中淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from stone tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2fc6643d20ef60b7e0f7de35.png", "image_url": "media/S068_bb4b1b78b838_S068-P0006-B001.png?v=2fc6643d20ef", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "(a)~(c), (a′)~(c′): A类淀粉粒; (d)~(g), (d′)~(g′): B类淀粉粒; (h)~(i), (h′)~(i′): C类淀粉粒. (a)~(i)为非偏光镜照片, (a′)~(i′)为偏光镜照片", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.517088+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN011", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图5石制品提取的淀粉粒(a)~(c), (a′)~(c′): A类淀粉粒; (d)~(g), (d′)~(g′): B类淀粉粒; (h)~(i), (h′)~(i′): C类淀粉粒. (a)~(i)为非偏光镜照片, (a′)~(i′)为偏光镜照片", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Lop Nur", "quote": "D, Wang C, Wu Y, Tian X, Lin Y, Li W, Liu J, Jiao Y. 2018. Human activity during the late\n Pleistocene in the Lop Nur region, northwest China: Evidence from a buried stone artifact. Science China Earth Sciences, 61: 1659–1668, https://doi.\n org/10.1007/s11430-017-9257-3\n\n\n© 2018 《中国科学》杂志社. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "bb4b1b78b838851eca047e44fb86d473c8aea7ed7b575047d9234f70ed5b4131" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S069_12c4632a5bc3_S069-F02", "paper_key": "S069_12c4632a5bc3", "paper_id": "S069", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2 石质工具标本表面提取的淀粉粒类型 \nFig.2 Starch grain types recovered from stone tool samples\na. Ⅰ型粟黍类（Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum）；b. Ⅱ型薏苡属（Coix lacryma-jobi）；c. Ⅲ型小麦族（Triticeae）；d. Ⅳ型\n壳斗科栎属（Quercus）；e. V型豆科蝶形花亚科（Papilionoideae）；f—h. 未鉴定（边缘破损及消光模糊、糊化并聚集成团）\n淀粉粒提取自a、c-e. 磨盘SSQ1；b. 磨盘SSQ3；f. 石刀SKN1；g. 石刀SKN3；h. 石刀SKN8", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S069_0f8d149eb783_S069-F02。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c426601cfdd7689ba986c67941ae266b779f4fbe7a34e19a39adec5cc0126e58", "image_bytes": 3744541, "sites": [ "CN068" ], "caption_zh": "图2 石质工具标本表面提取的淀粉粒类型 \na. Ⅰ型粟黍类（Setaria italica and 黍（Panicum miliaceum））；b. Ⅱ型薏苡属（Coix lacryma-jobi）；c. Ⅲ型小麦族（Triticeae）；d. Ⅳ型\n壳斗科栎属（Quercus）；e. V型豆科蝶形花亚科（Papilionoideae）；f—h. 未鉴定（边缘破损及消光模糊、糊化并聚集成团）\n淀粉粒提取自a、c-e. 磨盘SSQ1；b. 磨盘SSQ3；f. 石刀SKN1；g. 石刀SKN3；h. 石刀SKN8", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Starch grain types recovered from stone tool samples\na. Type I Foxtail/broomcorn millet group (foxtail millet, Setaria italica and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum)); b. Type II Job’s tears (Coix) (Job’s tears, Coix lacryma-jobi); c. Type III wheat tribe (Triticeae); d. Type IV beech family (Fagaceae), oaks (Quercus); e. Type V legume family (Fabaceae), Papilionoideae; f—h. Undetermined (edge damage and dullness, gelatinization and aggregation)\nStarch grains were extracted from a, c–e. grinding slab SSQ1; b. grinding slab SSQ3; f. stone knife SKN1; g. stone knife SKN3; h. stone knife SKN8", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石质工具标本表面提取的淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types recovered from stone tool samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/c426601cfdd7689ba986c679.png", "image_url": "media/S069_12c4632a5bc3_S069-F02.png?v=c426601cfdd7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.574154+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN068", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图2 石质工具标本表面提取的淀粉粒类型 \nFig.2 Starch grain types recovered from stone tool samples\na. Ⅰ型粟黍类（Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum）；b. Ⅱ型薏苡属（Coix lacryma-jobi）；c. Ⅲ型小麦族（Triticeae）；d. Ⅳ型\n壳斗科栎属（Quercus）；e. V型豆科蝶形花亚科（Papilionoideae）；f—h. 未鉴定（边缘破损及消光模糊、糊化并聚集成团）\n淀粉粒提取自a、c-e. 磨盘SSQ1；b. 磨盘SSQ3；f. 石刀SKN1；g. 石刀SKN3；h. 石刀SKN8", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "尧王城", "quote": "2026 6 3 2\nDOI: 10.3724/2097-3063.20260012 CSTR: 32092.14.PA.20260012\n\n\n 日照尧王城遗址的食物性植物资源利用及石质工具的功能\n ——植物微遗存与微痕分析的视角\n\n 李景山1 翟少冬2,3 袁辉4 徐希5 马明3 梁中合3\n 河南省文物考古研究院，郑州 中国社会科学院科技考古与文化遗产保护重点实验室，北1. 45000；2.\n京 中国社会科学院考古研究所，北京 首都师范大学历史学院，北京 102488；3. 100101；4.", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "12c4632a5bc378c4c3b5f5b1165165318641fd06dd0bdd583616fc2bcc373566" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S069_12c4632a5bc3_S069-F03", "paper_key": "S069_12c4632a5bc3", "paper_id": "S069", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 现代植物淀粉粒对比标本 \nFig.3 Starch grains from modern plant specimens used for comparative identification\na. 粟（Setaria italica）；b. 黍（Panicum miliaceum）；c. 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；d. 冰草（Agropyron cristatum）；e. 栓皮栎\n（Quercus variabilis）；f. 野绿豆（Vigna radiata）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：icegrass → crested wheatgrass（Agropyron cristatum）。\n同图其他保留版本：S069_0f8d149eb783_S069-F03。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ca4b1598a44b06c3a4e24d6f58a4900027fadf8017dd2cfa8df32d92d6acc915", "image_bytes": 5464969, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 现代植物淀粉粒对比标本 \na. 粟（Setaria italica）；b. 黍（Panicum miliaceum）；c. 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；d. 冰草（Agropyron cristatum）；e. 栓皮栎\n（Quercus variabilis）；f. 野绿豆（Vigna radiata）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grains from modern plant specimens used for comparative identification a. foxtail millet (Setaria italica); b. broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); c. Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); d. crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum); e. Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis); f. wild mung bean (Vigna radiata)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉粒对比标本", "title_en": "Starch grains from modern plant specimens used for comparative identification", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/ca4b1598a44b06c3a4e24d6f.png", "image_url": "media/S069_12c4632a5bc3_S069-F03.png?v=ca4b1598a44b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.625830+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S069_12c4632a5bc3_S069-F04", "paper_key": "S069_12c4632a5bc3", "paper_id": "S069", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4 石质工具样品表面提取的植硅体类型 \nFig.4 Phytolith types recovered from stone tool samples\na—c.稻亚科植硅体（扇型、双峰型、横排哑铃型）；d、l. 黍亚科植硅体（竖排哑铃型、十字型）；e. 哑铃型；f. 尖型；\ng. 平滑棒型；h. 刺棒型；i. 短鞍型；j. 长鞍型；k. 帽型；m. 海绵骨针；n、o. 组织片\n植硅体提取自a、d、m、n. 磨盘SSQ2；b、e、h、o. 磨盘SSQ3；c. 石镰SSK1；f、g. 磨盘SSQ1；i、j、l. 石刀SKN3；k. 石刀\nSKN2", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S069_0f8d149eb783_S069-F04。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e2fc8d01f5461f3a0f5c5849a8acdb2e5c2aaeb65f568130eb55176966d8a6c0", "image_bytes": 3431134, "sites": [ "CN068" ], "caption_zh": "图4 石质工具样品表面提取的植硅体类型 \na—c.稻亚科植硅体（扇型、双峰型、横排哑铃型）；d、l. 黍亚科植硅体（竖排哑铃型、十字型）；e. 哑铃型；f. 尖型；\ng. 平滑棒型；h. 刺棒型；i. 短鞍型；j. 长鞍型；k. 帽型；m. 海绵骨针；n、o. 组织片\n植硅体提取自a、d、m、n. 磨盘SSQ2；b、e、h、o. 磨盘SSQ3；c. 石镰SSK1；f、g. 磨盘SSQ1；i、j、l. 石刀SKN3；k. 石刀\nSKN2", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Phytolith types recovered from stone tool samples a—c. panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) phytoliths (fan-shaped, bimodal, transverse dumbbell-shaped); d, l. panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) phytoliths (vertical dumbbell-shaped, cross-shaped); e. dumbbell-shaped; f. pointed; g. smooth rod-shaped; h. spiny rod-shaped; i. short saddle-shaped; j. long saddle-shaped; k. cap-shaped; m. sponge spicule; n, o. tissue sections Phytoliths extracted from a, d, m, n. grinding stone SSQ2; b, e, h, o. grinding stone SSQ3; c. stone sickle SSK1; f, g. grinding stone SSQ1; i, j, l. stone knife SKN3; k. stone knife SKN2", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石质工具样品表面提取的植硅体类型", "title_en": "Phytolith types recovered from stone tool samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/e2fc8d01f5461f3a0f5c5849.png", "image_url": "media/S069_12c4632a5bc3_S069-F04.png?v=e2fc8d01f546", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.688347+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN068", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "图4 石质工具样品表面提取的植硅体类型 \nFig.4 Phytolith types recovered from stone tool samples\na—c.稻亚科植硅体（扇型、双峰型、横排哑铃型）；d、l. 黍亚科植硅体（竖排哑铃型、十字型）；e. 哑铃型；f. 尖型；\ng. 平滑棒型；h. 刺棒型；i. 短鞍型；j. 长鞍型；k. 帽型；m. 海绵骨针；n、o. 组织片\n植硅体提取自a、d、m、n. 磨盘SSQ2；b、e、h、o. 磨盘SSQ3；c. 石镰SSK1；f、g. 磨盘SSQ1；i、j、l. 石刀SKN3；k. 石刀\nSKN2", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "尧王城", "quote": "2026 6 3 2\nDOI: 10.3724/2097-3063.20260012 CSTR: 32092.14.PA.20260012\n\n\n 日照尧王城遗址的食物性植物资源利用及石质工具的功能\n ——植物微遗存与微痕分析的视角\n\n 李景山1 翟少冬2,3 袁辉4 徐希5 马明3 梁中合3\n 河南省文物考古研究院，郑州 中国社会科学院科技考古与文化遗产保护重点实验室，北1. 45000；2.\n京 中国社会科学院考古研究所，北京 首都师范大学历史学院，北京 102488；3. 100101；4.", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "12c4632a5bc378c4c3b5f5b1165165318641fd06dd0bdd583616fc2bcc373566" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S072_eac5e9f1da11_S072-F02", "paper_key": "S072_eac5e9f1da11", "paper_id": "S072", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2 正常光与偏光下甘肃黑犀(HMV 1528)牙结石中的淀粉粒\nFig. 2 Starch granules from Diceros gansuensis (HMV 1528) dental calculus in normal and polarized light \nFrom left to the right, the 2\nnd and 4\nth columns are the polarized light figures of the 1\nst and 3\nrd columns \nScale bars = 20 µm", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7f10c5241794c6de423d388bc256dc01e4420d8791164e18ac39c4cd2dcdda0f", "image_bytes": 4509864, "sites": [ "CN204" ], "caption_zh": "图2 正常光与偏光下甘肃黑犀（HMV 1528）牙结石中的淀粉粒\n 从左到右，第2列和第4列是第1列和第3列的偏光图 比例尺20 μm", "caption_en": "图2 正常光与偏光下甘肃黑犀(HMV 1528)牙结石中的淀粉粒\nFig. 2 Starch granules from Diceros gansuensis (HMV 1528) dental calculus in normal and polarized light \nFrom left to the right, the 2\nnd and 4\nth columns are the polarized light figures of the 1\nst and 3\nrd columns \nScale bars = 20 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "甘肃黑犀牙结石中淀粉粒的正常光与偏光观察", "title_en": "Starch granules from Diceros gansuensis (HMV 1528) dental calculus in normal and polarized light", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/7f10c5241794c6de423d388b.png", "image_url": "media/S072_eac5e9f1da11_S072-F02.png?v=7f10c5241794", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "形更加圆滑一些,繁果忍冬有裂隙的淀粉粒(图3G)特征与HMV 1528牙结石中第四类(图 2K)的淀粉粒很相似。推断HMV 1528可能也会取食繁果忍冬的嫩叶。随着对现生植物", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.740106+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN204", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图2 正常光与偏光下甘肃黑犀(HMV 1528)牙结石中的淀粉粒\nFig. 2 Starch granules from Diceros gansuensis (HMV 1528) dental calculus in normal and polarized light \nFrom left to the right, the 2\nnd and 4\nth columns are the polarized light figures of the 1\nst and 3\nrd columns \nScale bars = 20 µm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Guonigou", "quote": "large number of starch granules were found in dental calculus of Dicros gansuensis excavated\n from the earliest Late Miocene Guonigou fauna of the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province. It is the\n first time that starch granules from Late Miocene were found. We classified the ancient starch\n granules by its morphological characteristics and also analyzed the starch granules of leaves of", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "eac5e9f1da11d4bcbc38b886513e485fee2c7d4e08fc07c98a8a4e0067a554e4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S072_eac5e9f1da11_S072-F03", "paper_key": "S072_eac5e9f1da11", "paper_id": "S072", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 正常光与偏光下植物嫩叶中的淀粉粒\nFig. 3 Starch granules from young leaves in normal and polarized light \nFrom left to the right, the 2\nnd and 4\nth columns are the polarized light figures of the 1\nst and 3\nrd columns \nScale bars = 20 µm\nA–F. Juglans regia L. (胡桃); G, H. Lonicera tatarica L. ‘Fanguo’ (繁果忍冬); I–L. Rumex acetosa L. (酸模); \nM, N. Aquilegia viridiflora Pall. (耧斗菜); O, P. Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC. (锦带花); \nQ, R. Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. (猥实); S, T. Clematis heracleifolia DC. (大叶铁线莲); \nU, V. Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. (金银忍冬); W, X. Polygonum viscosum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (香蓼); \nY, Z. Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux (乌头)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5d8947ab79f866886c91b0e09d6c3c56c5e9d1ba7c47b8e88bbb7d4b9163ca12", "image_bytes": 12190381, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 正常光与偏光下植物嫩叶中的淀粉粒\n从左到右，第2列和第4列是第1列和第3列的偏光图 比例尺20 μm\nA–F. 核桃（Juglans regia） L. （胡桃）； G， H. Lonicera tatarica L. ‘Fanguo’ （繁果忍冬）； I–L. Rumex acetosa L. （酸模）； \nM， N. Aquilegia viridiflora Pall. （耧斗菜）； O， P. Weigela florida （Bunge） A. DC. （锦带花）； Q， R. Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. （猥实）； S， T. Clematis heracleifolia DC. （大叶铁线莲）； U， V. Lonicera maackii （Rupr.） Maxim. （金银忍冬）； W， X. Polygonum viscosum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don （香蓼）； Y， Z. Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux （乌头）", "caption_en": "图3 正常光与偏光下植物嫩叶中的淀粉粒\nFig. 3 Starch granules from young leaves in normal and polarized light \nFrom left to the right, the 2\nnd and 4\nth columns are the polarized light figures of the 1\nst and 3\nrd columns \nScale bars = 20 μm\nA–F. walnut (Juglans regia) L. (胡桃); G, H. Lonicera tatarica L. ‘Fanguo’ (繁果忍冬); I–L. Rumex acetosa L. (酸模); \nM, N. Aquilegia viridiflora Pall. (耧斗菜); O, P. Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC. (锦带花); \nQ, R. Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. (猥实); S, T. Clematis heracleifolia DC. (大叶铁线莲); \nU, V. Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. (金银忍冬); W, X. Polygonum viscosum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (香蓼); \nY, Z. Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux (乌头)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "正常光与偏光下植物嫩叶中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch granules from young leaves in normal and polarized light", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5d8947ab79f866886c91b0e0.png", "image_url": "media/S072_eac5e9f1da11_S072-F03.png?v=5d8947ab79f8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "形更加圆滑一些,繁果忍冬有裂隙的淀粉粒(图3G)特征与HMV 1528牙结石中第四类(图 2K)的淀粉粒很相似。推断HMV 1528可能也会取食繁果忍冬的嫩叶。随着对现生植物", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.787264+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S073_db2aa7b97c2e_S073-F03", "paper_key": "S073_db2aa7b97c2e", "paper_id": "S073", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3\n大地湾遗址蚌刀残留物中提取出的各类型淀粉粒和植硅体\nFig. 3\nTypical starch grains and phytoliths recovered from the surface of shell knives excavated from the Dadiwan sitea、b: 粟黍; c: 小麦族; d: 食用豆类; e: 橡子; f: 百合属; g、h: 贝母属; i~l: 块根块茎类; m、n: 无法鉴定类; o、p: 黍η型植硅体; 比例尺: 20 μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c3c94672a56cec4dd79fd66db2521491e7e4ddd3357e587fcac1bc8d19004031", "image_bytes": 5780684, "sites": [ "CN034" ], "caption_zh": "图3 大地湾遗址蚌刀残留物中提取出的各类型淀粉粒和植硅体\na,b: 粟黍； c: 小麦族； d: 食用豆类； e: 橡子； f: 百合属； g、h: 贝母属； i~l: 块根块茎类； m、n: 无法鉴定类； o、p: 黍η型植硅体； 比例尺： 20 μm", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Typical starch grains and phytoliths recovered from the surface of shell knives excavated from the Dadiwan site a, b: foxtail millet and broomcorn millet; c: wheat tribe (Triticeae); d: edible legumes; e: acorns; f: lily; g, h: genus fritillaries (Fritillaria); i~l: tuberous roots and corms; m, n: indeterminate; o, p: millet η-type phytoliths; scale bar: 20 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "大地湾遗址蚌刀残留物中提取出的各类型淀粉粒和植硅体", "title_en": "Typical starch grains and phytoliths recovered from the surface of shell knives excavated from the Dadiwan site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/c3c94672a56cec4dd79fd66d.png", "image_url": "media/S073_db2aa7b97c2e_S073-F03.png?v=c3c94672a56c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.849273+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图3\n大地湾遗址蚌刀残留物中提取出的各类型淀粉粒和植硅体\nFig. 3\nTypical starch grains and phytoliths recovered from the surface of shell knives excavated from the Dadiwan sitea、b: 粟黍; c: 小麦族; d: 食用豆类; e: 橡子; f: 百合属; g、h: 贝母属; i~l: 块根块茎类; m、n: 无法鉴定类; o、p: 黍η型植硅体; 比例尺: 20 μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dadiwan", "quote": "85/j.issn.0455-2059.2019.04.001\n\n\n\nPlant microfossils reveal the functions of shell knives and plant resource\nexploitation at the Dadiwan site\n\n Yang Ji-shuai1, Zhang Dong-ju1, Yang Xiao-yan2, 3, Wang Wei-wei2,\n Zhang Nai-meng1, Chen Fa-hu1, 3\n\n 1. Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems with the Ministry of Education,\n College of Earth and Enviro", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "db2aa7b97c2e4f3d9bfc159f4dfdfa94d1f17bffbe07444887e23ff3c8cd8e5a" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S077_9a713a2cca2c_S077-F04", "paper_key": "S077_9a713a2cca2c", "paper_id": "S077", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四 顺山集遗址器物上提取的淀粉粒\n1、2. 2011SMST3358 ②：1\n3、4. 2010SMSTG7 ⑤：4\n5、6. 2011SMST3358 ②：1\n7、8. 2011SMST3358 ②：1\n9、10. 2011SMSTG12 ⑩：5", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "13b03d4907d8c18f2913daa0d89f65b89a8137455b9424071ffddfd2afcfc373", "image_bytes": 2569870, "sites": [ "CN087" ], "caption_zh": "图四 顺山集遗址器物上提取的淀粉粒\n1、2. 2011SMST3358 ②:1 3、4. 2010SMSTG7 ⑤:4 5、6. 2011SMST3358 ②:1 7、8. 2011SMST3358 ②:1 9、10. 2011SMSTG12 ⑩:5", "caption_en": "Figure four Starch grains extracted from artifacts at the Shunshanji site\n1, 2. 2011SMST3358 ②:1\n3, 4. 2010SMSTG7 ⑤:4\n5, 6. 2011SMST3358 ②:1\n7, 8. 2011SMST3358 ②:1\n9, 10. 2011SMSTG12 ⑩:5", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "顺山集遗址器物上提取的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains extracted from artifacts at the Shunshanji site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/13b03d4907d8c18f2913daa0.png", "image_url": "media/S077_9a713a2cca2c_S077-F04.png?v=13b03d4907d8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.912451+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN087", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图四 顺山集遗址器物上提取的淀粉粒\n1、2. 2011SMST3358 ②：1\n3、4. 2010SMSTG7 ⑤：4\n5、6. 2011SMST3358 ②：1\n7、8. 2011SMST3358 ②：1\n9、10. 2011SMSTG12 ⑩：5", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "顺山集", "quote": "？工苏泗洪顺山集遗址植物遗存\n 分析的主要收获 ＊\n\n\n 张居中 １ 李为亚 １ 尹承龙 １ 程至杰 １ 杨玉璋 １ 罗武宏 １\n 姚 凌 １ 赵 熳 １ 林留根 ２ 甘恢元 ２ 闰 龙 ２\n\n （ １ ．中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系 ，合肥 ；\n\n ２ ．南京博物院 ，南京 ）\n\n 弓 Ｉ＿", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9a713a2cca2ce43c10f9ccff7532008ba29fd88ae06a50d640b650f6cdc4956e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S077_9a713a2cca2c_S077-F05", "paper_key": "S077_9a713a2cca2c", "paper_id": "S077", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五顺山集遗址出土石器、陶器表面部分水稻植硅体\n1. 2010SMSTG10 ③ A：3\n2. 2010SMSTG10 ③ A：3\n3. T4784 ②：3\n4. SMST4984 ③：1\n5. SMST4984 ③：3\n6. SMST4984 ③：4", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a20ab990a922e63e78ef4b71ebb03833b617e94b69453931eeb5e2756bfbef44", "image_bytes": 2731777, "sites": [ "CN087" ], "caption_zh": "图五 顺山集遗址出土石器、陶器表面部分水稻植硅体\n1. 2010SMSTG10 ③ A:3 2. 2010SMSTG10 ③ A:3\n3. T4784 ②:3 4. SMST4984 ③:1 5. SMST4984 ③:3 6. SMST4984 ③:4", "caption_en": "Fig. 5 Phytoliths of rice from the surface of stone and ceramic artifacts from the Shunshanji site\n1. 2010SMSTG10 ③ A:3\n2. 2010SMSTG10 ③ A:3\n3. T4784 ②:3\n4. SMST4984 ③:1\n5. SMST4984 ③:3\n6. SMST4984 ③:4", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "顺山集遗址出土石器、陶器表面水稻植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths of rice from the surface of stone and ceramic artifacts from the Shunshanji site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/a20ab990a922e63e78ef4b71.png", "image_url": "media/S077_9a713a2cca2c_S077-F05.png?v=a20ab990a922", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:25.975074+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN087", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图五顺山集遗址出土石器、陶器表面部分水稻植硅体\n1. 2010SMSTG10 ③ A：3\n2. 2010SMSTG10 ③ A：3\n3. T4784 ②：3\n4. SMST4984 ③：1\n5. SMST4984 ③：3\n6. SMST4984 ③：4", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "顺山集", "quote": "？工苏泗洪顺山集遗址植物遗存\n 分析的主要收获 ＊\n\n\n 张居中 １ 李为亚 １ 尹承龙 １ 程至杰 １ 杨玉璋 １ 罗武宏 １\n 姚 凌 １ 赵 熳 １ 林留根 ２ 甘恢元 ２ 闰 龙 ２\n\n （ １ ．中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系 ，合肥 ；\n\n ２ ．南京博物院 ，南京 ）\n\n 弓 Ｉ＿", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9a713a2cca2ce43c10f9ccff7532008ba29fd88ae06a50d640b650f6cdc4956e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S078_d27e56cae407_S078-F02", "paper_key": "S078_d27e56cae407", "paper_id": "S078", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图２　部分现代植物淀粉粒图谱（比例尺：２０μｍ）\n１———稻（Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ），采自泰国，平均粒径６６±１２μｍ　２———普通野生稻（Ｏｒｙｚａｒｕｆｉｐｏｇｏｎ）采自湖南，平均粒径６１±０８μｍ\n３———菰（Ｚｉｚａｎｉａｌａｔｉｆｏｌｉａ），采自江西，平均粒径４６±０８μｍ　４———臭草（Ｍｅｌｉｃａｓｃａｂｒｏｓａ）采自北京，平均粒径５８±１１μｍ\n５———黑麦草（Ｌｏｌｉｕｍｐｅｒｅｎｎｅ），采自北京，平均粒径４８±０８μｍ　６———粟草（Ｍｉｌｉｕｍｅｆｆｕｓｕｍ），采自北京，平均粒径３７±０５μｍ\n７———莜麦（Ａｖｅｎａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ），采自甘肃，平均粒径５１±１０μｍ　８———早熟禾（Ｐｏａａｎｎｕａ）的复粒，采自北京，平均粒径４１±０９μｍ\n９———雀麦（Ｂｒｏｍｕｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）采自北京，平均粒径１３２±４１μｍ　１０———光头稗（Ｅｃｈｉｎｏｃｈｌｏａｃｏｌｏｎｕｍ），采自北京，平均粒径８９±１６μｍ\n１１———披碱草（Ｅｌｙｍｕｓｄａｈｕｒｉｃｕｓ），采自中国科学院植物所标本馆，编号２４２８：５５，平均粒径１１１±３２μｍ　１２———羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ），采\n自河北，平均粒径１１２±３１μｍ\n１３———小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）采自山东，平均粒径２３４３±６６１μｍ　１４———大麦（Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍｖｕｌｇａｒｅ）采自甘\n肃，平均粒径１９４５±３３７μｍ\n１５———斯卑尔脱山羊草（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓｓｐｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓ），采自外高加索地区，平均粒径１７３±８０μｍ　１６———粗山羊草\n（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓｔａｕｓｃｈｉｉ）采自北京，平均粒径２１３９±５８６μｍ　１７———冰草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｃｒｉｓｔａｔｕｍ），采自中国科学院植物所标本馆，编号１８：５１，平均\n粒径２４８±８５μｍ\n１８———黑麦（Ｓｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒｅａｌｅ），采自中国科学院植物所标本馆，编号９１３：５７，平均粒径２８９±１３２７μｍ　１９———小麦族\n淀粉粒的侧面形态　２０———小麦族淀粉粒在偏振光下的特征　２１———小麦族淀粉粒分为大的Ａ型淀粉粒和小的Ｂ型淀粉粒\nＦｉｇ２　Ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｏｍｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5db9e076961c974c725c8e1fc7640f68e2eaaeb522daa94b79c8f3a21db5cf1f", "image_bytes": 4392168, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 部分现代植物淀粉粒图谱（比例尺：20 μm）\n1—稻（Oryza sativa），采自泰国，平均粒径6.6±1.2 μm 2—普通野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）采自湖南，平均粒径6.1±0.8 μm\n3—菰（Zizania latifolia），采自江西，平均粒径4.6±0.8 μm 4—臭草（Melica scabrosa）采自北京，平均粒径5.8±1.1 μm 5—黑麦草（Lolium perenne），采自北京，平均粒径4.8±0.8 μm 6—粟草（Milium effusum），采自北京，平均粒径3.7±0.5 μm 7—莜麦（Avena chinensis），采自甘肃，平均粒径5.1±1.0 μm 8—早熟禾（Poa annua）的复粒，采自北京，平均粒径4.1±0.9 μm\n9—雀麦（Bromus japonicus）采自北京，平均粒径13.2±4.1 μm 10—光头稗（Echinochloa colonum），采自北京，平均粒径8.9±1.6 μm\n11—披碱草（Elymus dahuricus），采自中国科学院植物所标本馆，编号2428:55，平均粒径11.1±3.2 μm 12—羊草（Leymus chinensis），采自河北，平均粒径11.2±3.1 μm13—小麦（Triticum aestivum）采自山东，平均粒径23.43±6.61 μm 14—大麦（Hordeum vulgare）采自甘肃，平均粒径19.45±3.37 μm 15—斯卑尔脱山羊草（Aegilops speltoides），采自外高加索地区，平均粒径17.3±8.0 μm 16—粗山羊草\n（Aegilops tauschii）采自北京，平均粒径21.39±5.86 μm 17—冰草（Agropyron cristatum），采自中国科学院植物所标本馆，编号18:51，平均粒径24.8±8.5 μm\n18—黑麦（Secale cereale），采自中国科学院植物所标本馆，编号913:57，平均粒径28.9±13.27 μm 19—小麦族淀粉粒的侧面形态 20—小麦族淀粉粒在偏振光下的特征 21—小麦族淀粉粒分为大的A型淀粉粒和小的B型淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Starch grains from some modern species. Scale bar: 20 μm\n1———rice (Oryza sativa), collected from Thailand, average grain diameter 6.6±1.2 μm; 2———common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) collected from Hunan, average grain diameter 6.1±0.8 μm;\n3———Manchurian wild rice (Zizania latifolia), collected from Jiangxi, average grain diameter 4.6±0.8 μm; 4———melic grass (Melica scabrosa), collected from Beijing, average grain diameter 5.8±1.1 μm;\n5———perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), collected from Beijing, average grain diameter 4.8±0.8 μm; 6———wood millet (Milium effusum), collected from Beijing, average grain diameter 3.7±0.5 μm;\n7———Chinese naked oat (Avena chinensis), collected from Gansu, average grain diameter 5.1±1.0 μm; 8———annual bluegrass (Poa annua)'s composite grain, collected from Beijing, average grain diameter 4.1±0.9 μm;\n9———Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus), collected from Beijing, average grain diameter 13.2±4.1 μm; 10———jungle rice (Echinochloa colona), collected from Beijing, average grain diameter 8.9±1.6 μm;\n11———Dahurian wildrye (Elymus dahuricus), collected from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Herbarium, specimen no. 2428:55, average grain diameter 11.1±3.2 μm; 12———Chinese wildrye (Leymus chinensis), collected from Hebei, average grain diameter 11.2±3.1 μm;\n13———bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), collected from Shandong, average grain diameter 23.43±6.61 μm; 14———barley (Hordeum vulgare), collected from Gansu, average grain diameter 19.45±3.37 μm;\n15———goatgrass (Aegilops speltoides), collected from the Caucasus region, average grain diameter 17.3±8.0 μm; 16———Tausch’s goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii), collected from Beijing, average grain diameter 21.39±5.86 μm; 17———crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), collected from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Herbarium, specimen no. 18:51, average grain diameter 24.8±8.5 μm;\n18———rye (Secale cereale), collected from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Herbarium, specimen no. 913:57, average grain diameter 28.9±13.27 μm; 19———Starch grains of wheat tribe (Triticeae) in lateral morphology; 20———Characteristics of wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch grains under polarized light; 21———wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch grains divided into large A-type and small B-type starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "部分现代植物淀粉粒图谱", "title_en": "Starch grains from some modern species", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/5db9e076961c974c725c8e1f.png", "image_url": "media/S078_d27e56cae407_S078-F02.png?v=5db9e076961c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:11.362597+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S078_d27e56cae407_S078-F03", "paper_key": "S078_d27e56cae407", "paper_id": "S078", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图３　仙人洞和吊桶环蚌器提取的淀粉粒（标尺：２０μｍ）\n１～５———Ａ类淀粉粒　６～９———Ｂ类淀粉粒　１０～１１———Ｃ类淀粉粒　１２———Ｄ类淀粉粒\nＦｉｇ３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｈｅｌｌｔｏｏｌｓｅｘｃａｖａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｓｉｔｅｓｏｆＸｉａｎｒｅｎｄｏｎｇａｎｄＤｉａｏｔｏｎｇｈｕａｎ．\n１～５，ｔｙｐｅＡ；６～９，ｔｙｐｅＢ；１０～１１，ｔｙｐｅＣ；１２，ｔｙｐｅＤ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6cd37f99e228dfed0c8452e373ec5aefbf31083ea39df802dfe07a37e69d2160", "image_bytes": 4970268, "sites": [ "CN018", "CN019" ], "caption_zh": "图3 仙人洞和吊桶环蚌器提取的淀粉粒（标尺：20 μm）\n1~5—A类淀粉粒，小麦族； 6~9—B类淀粉粒，黍族； 10~11—C类淀粉粒，小麦族； 12—D类淀粉粒，未鉴定。\n", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grains from shell tools excavated from the sites of Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan. 1–5—Type A starch grains; 6–9—Type B starch grains; 10–11—Type C starch grains; 12—Type D starch grains. Scale bar: 20 μm.\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\n1–5 (A): Most likely from one or more Triticeae genera; not a species-level diagnosis of domesticated wheat or barley. (PDF pp. 3).\n6–9 (B): The authors consider a mixture of panicoid starch and starch from Triticeae stems possible; these panels are not all identified as foxtail millet or grass seeds. (PDF pp. 5).\n10–11 (C): Small-grain aggregates assigned by the authors to Triticeae on their association with Type A and the bimodal size distribution; not a species identification from small-grain shape alone. (PDF pp. 5).\n12 (D): A single grain, left taxonomically unidentified by the authors. (PDF pp. 5).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "仙人洞和吊桶环蚌器淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from shell tools at Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/6cd37f99e228dfed0c8452e3.png", "image_url": "media/S078_d27e56cae407_S078-F03.png?v=6cd37f99e228", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "1–5", "type_code": "A", "interpretation_zh": "很可能来自小麦族（Triticeae）若干属，不能进一步据图鉴定到栽培小麦或大麦。", "interpretation_en": "Most likely from one or more Triticeae genera; not a species-level diagnosis of domesticated wheat or barley.", "uncertainty": "族级比较，非栽培种诊断。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "很可能是来源于小麦族上述各属中的一些植物。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "6cd37f99e228dfed0c8452e373ec5aefbf31083ea39df802dfe07a37e69d2160" }, { "panels": "6–9", "type_code": "B", "interpretation_zh": "作者认为可能同时包含黍族植物及某种小麦族植物秸秆中的淀粉，不能统一标成粟或狗尾草种子。", "interpretation_en": "The authors consider a mixture of panicoid starch and starch from Triticeae stems possible; these panels are not all identified as foxtail millet or grass seeds.", "uncertainty": "正文提出多种来源，保留可能性。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "从总体上看，Ｂ类淀粉粒很可能同时包含了来源于黍族植物和小麦族植物的淀粉粒。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "6cd37f99e228dfed0c8452e373ec5aefbf31083ea39df802dfe07a37e69d2160" }, { "panels": "10–11", "type_code": "C", "interpretation_zh": "小颗粒淀粉团；作者结合与A类共存及大小双峰特征归入某种小麦族植物，不能单凭小颗粒形态鉴定到种。", "interpretation_en": "Small-grain aggregates assigned by the authors to Triticeae on their association with Type A and the bimodal size distribution; not a species identification from small-grain shape alone.", "uncertainty": "作者的组合推断。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "本次实验中所发现的Ｃ类淀粉粒团伴随着Ａ类淀粉粒而出现" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "6cd37f99e228dfed0c8452e373ec5aefbf31083ea39df802dfe07a37e69d2160" }, { "panels": "12", "type_code": "D", "interpretation_zh": "仅见一颗，作者暂不作具体植物鉴定。", "interpretation_en": "A single grain, left taxonomically unidentified by the authors.", "uncertainty": "未定类。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "因此本文暂不对其做出具体鉴定。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "6cd37f99e228dfed0c8452e373ec5aefbf31083ea39df802dfe07a37e69d2160" } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:11.462080+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN018", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图３　仙人洞和吊桶环蚌器提取的淀粉粒（标尺：２０μｍ）\n１～５———Ａ类淀粉粒　６～９———Ｂ类淀粉粒　１０～１１———Ｃ类淀粉粒　１２———Ｄ类淀粉粒\nＦｉｇ３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｈｅｌｌｔｏｏｌｓｅｘｃａｖａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｓｉｔｅｓｏｆＸｉａｎｒｅｎｄｏｎｇａｎｄＤｉａｏｔｏｎｇｈｕａｎ．\n１～５，ｔｙｐｅＡ；６～９，ｔｙｐｅＢ；１０～１１，ｔｙｐｅＣ；１２，ｔｙｐｅＤ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "仙人洞", "quote": "Ｍａｒｃｈ，２０１２\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１２．０２．１１ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１２）０２－２５６－０８\n\n\n 江西万年仙人洞和吊桶环遗址蚌器表面\n 残留物中的淀粉粒及其环境指示 \n\n 万智巍 ①②　马志坤 ①②　杨晓燕 ①　张　弛 ③\n 周广明 ④　樊昌生 ④　葛全胜 ①\n\n （①中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京　１００１０１；②中国科学院研究生院，北京　１０００４９；\n\n ③北京大学考古文博学院，北京　１００８７１；④江西省文物考古研究所，南昌　３３０００８）\n\n\n 摘要　　江西万年仙人洞和吊桶环遗址是中国长江中游鄱阳湖流域旧石器时期（２０～１", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d27e56cae407a025f8c9a50c9843867244830361e00a3c42a3249a1d5510b9c3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN019", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图３　仙人洞和吊桶环蚌器提取的淀粉粒（标尺：２０μｍ）\n１～５———Ａ类淀粉粒　６～９———Ｂ类淀粉粒　１０～１１———Ｃ类淀粉粒　１２———Ｄ类淀粉粒\nＦｉｇ３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｈｅｌｌｔｏｏｌｓｅｘｃａｖａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｓｉｔｅｓｏｆＸｉａｎｒｅｎｄｏｎｇａｎｄＤｉａｏｔｏｎｇｈｕａｎ．\n１～５，ｔｙｐｅＡ；６～９，ｔｙｐｅＢ；１０～１１，ｔｙｐｅＣ；１２，ｔｙｐｅＤ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "吊桶环", "quote": "Ｍａｒｃｈ，２０１２\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１２．０２．１１ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１２）０２－２５６－０８\n\n\n 江西万年仙人洞和吊桶环遗址蚌器表面\n 残留物中的淀粉粒及其环境指示 \n\n 万智巍 ①②　马志坤 ①②　杨晓燕 ①　张　弛 ③\n 周广明 ④　樊昌生 ④　葛全胜 ①\n\n （①中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京　１００１０１；②中国科学院研究生院，北京　１０００４９；\n\n ③北京大学考古文博学院，北京　１００８７１；④江西省文物考古研究所，南昌　３３０００８）\n\n\n 摘要　　江西万年仙人洞和吊桶环遗址是中国长江中游鄱阳湖流域旧石器时期（２０～１２ｋａＢ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d27e56cae407a025f8c9a50c9843867244830361e00a3c42a3249a1d5510b9c3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S079_658d00795f8a_S079-F04", "paper_key": "S079_658d00795f8a", "paper_id": "S079", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五灰嘴工具上的植硅体类型1. 针状毛细胞（双子叶植物），SHSK32. 哑铃形（禾本科），PKN13. 扇形（禾本科），SHSK24. 扇形（禾本科），SHSK55. 扇形（禾本科），PKN16. 乳突饰棒形组织片（禾本科），SKN37. 扇形（稻谷茎叶），SPR18. 稃壳组织片（粟黍），SHSK3", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原始PDF图号纠正显示编号；稳定ID不变", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9e72c5cc8f20dc7dc2e569ee5bb1950b0b0f8923ba32f34c9521f95d4a06e8e9", "image_bytes": 1482463, "sites": [ "CN142" ], "caption_zh": "图5 灰嘴遗址工具上的植硅体类型。\n1：尖型（双子叶植物），SHSK3；2：哑铃形（禾本科），PKN1；3：扇形（禾本科），SHSK2；4：扇形（禾本科），SHSK5；5：扇形（禾本科），PKN1；6：乳突饰棒形组织片（禾本科），SKN3；7：扇形（水稻茎叶），SPR1；8：稃壳组织片（粟黍类），SHSK3。", "caption_en": "Figure five: Phytolith types on Huizui tools 1. Needle-shaped trichome (dicotyledon), SHSK3; 2. Dumbbell-shaped (gramineae), PKN1; 3. Fan-shaped (gramineae), SHSK2; 4. Fan-shaped (gramineae), SHSK5; 5. Fan-shaped (gramineae), PKN1; 6. Tuberculate rod-shaped tissue section (gramineae), SKN3; 7. Fan-shaped (rice stem and leaf), SPR1; 8. Husk tissue section (foxtail millet and broomcorn millet), SHSK3", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "灰嘴工具上的植硅体类型", "title_en": "Phytolith types on Huizui tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/9e72c5cc8f20dc7dc2e569ee.png", "image_url": "media/S079_658d00795f8a_S079-F04.png?v=9e72c5cc8f20", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:11.526097+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN142", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "图五灰嘴工具上的植硅体类型1. 针状毛细胞（双子叶植物），SHSK32. 哑铃形（禾本科），PKN13. 扇形（禾本科），SHSK24. 扇形（禾本科），SHSK55. 扇形（禾本科），PKN16. 乳突饰棒形组织片（禾本科），SKN37. 扇形（稻谷茎叶），SPR18. 稃壳组织片（粟黍），SHSK3", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "huizui", "quote": "Maureece J.Levin 2 陈星灿 3 李永强 3\n\n 1. 美国斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 2. 美国斯坦福大学考古中心\n 3. 中国社会科学院考古研究所，北京 100732\n\n\n\n Abstract：Huizui，located in Yanshi county，Henan Province，was occupied for a very long period of\n time，including the middle and late Yangshao，middle and late Longshan，Erlitou，and Eastern Zhou. The\n site became a center of stone tool production in late Longshan and", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "658d00795f8a3b0fff976c5d300137643fc8edfc8a7b2190ddacb9cb82411b1e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S079_658d00795f8a_S079-P0006-B004", "paper_key": "S079_658d00795f8a", "paper_id": "S079", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "图二灰嘴工具上的淀粉粒类型1，2. I 型淀粉粒（小麦族）以单粒和复粒群组形式出现3. II 型（粟黍）4. 部分糊化的小麦族淀粉粒5. III型淀粉粒（薏苡）6. IV型淀粉粒（稻谷）7. V型淀粉粒（山药）8. VI型淀粉粒（百合科）9. VII型淀粉粒（栝楼根）10. 未鉴定块根淀粉粒群组", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f57abc61717dc65ba07ac012a986c1d930ec924ce4bd93f4281b3b88f353067e", "image_bytes": 3259415, "sites": [ "CN142" ], "caption_zh": "图二 灰嘴遗址工具上的淀粉粒类型\n1，2. I 型淀粉粒（小麦族）以单粒和复粒群组形式出现 3. II 型（粟黍） 4. 部分糊化的小麦族淀粉粒 5. III型淀粉粒（薏苡）6. IV型淀粉粒（稻谷）7. V型淀粉粒（山药）8. VI型淀粉粒（百合科）9. VII型淀粉粒（栝楼根）10. 未鉴定块根淀粉粒群组", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Starch grain types on Huizui tools: 1,2. Type I starch grains (wheat tribe, Triticeae) occur as single grains and clusters; 3. Type II starch grains (foxtail millet and broomcorn millet); 4. Partially gelatinized wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch grains; 5. Type III starch grains (Job’s tears); 6. Type IV starch grains (rice); 7. Type V starch grains (yam); 8. Type VI starch grains (lily family); 9. Type VII starch grains (snake gourds, Trichosanthes root); 10. Undetermined tuber starch grain clusters", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "灰嘴工具上的淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types on Huizui tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/f57abc61717dc65ba07ac012.png", "image_url": "media/S079_658d00795f8a_S079-P0006-B004.png?v=f57abc61717d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:11.591935+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN142", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图二灰嘴工具上的淀粉粒类型1，2. I 型淀粉粒（小麦族）以单粒和复粒群组形式出现3. II 型（粟黍）4. 部分糊化的小麦族淀粉粒5. III型淀粉粒（薏苡）6. IV型淀粉粒（稻谷）7. V型淀粉粒（山药）8. VI型淀粉粒（百合科）9. VII型淀粉粒（栝楼根）10. 未鉴定块根淀粉粒群组", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "huizui", "quote": "Maureece J.Levin 2 陈星灿 3 李永强 3\n\n 1. 美国斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 2. 美国斯坦福大学考古中心\n 3. 中国社会科学院考古研究所，北京 100732\n\n\n\n Abstract：Huizui，located in Yanshi county，Henan Province，was occupied for a very long period of\n time，including the middle and late Yangshao，middle and late Longshan，Erlitou，and Eastern Zhou. The\n site became a center of stone tool production in late Longshan and", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "658d00795f8a3b0fff976c5d300137643fc8edfc8a7b2190ddacb9cb82411b1e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S079_658d00795f8a_S079-P0009-B002", "paper_key": "S079_658d00795f8a", "paper_id": "S079", "number": "未编号2", "caption_original": "图三现代淀粉粒对比标本1. 小麦Triticum sp.2. 冰草Agropyron cristatum3. 粟Setaria italica4. 黍Panicum miliaceum5. 薏苡Coix lacryma-jobi6. 山药Dioscorea polystanchya7. 卷丹百合Lilium tigrinum8. 川贝Fritillaria cirrhosa9. 栝楼根Trichosanthes kirilowwii10. 水稻Oryza sativa", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ee6523dee2eb84e8d52224fcc7aae1e5257ad3d9fffe042eb959bf1180ff640d", "image_bytes": 6184417, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图三 现代淀粉粒对比标本\n1. 小麦小麦属（Triticum sp.2）. 冰草Agropyron cristatum3. 粟Setaria italica4. 黍Panicum miliaceum5. 薏苡Coix lacryma-jobi6. 山药Dioscorea polystachya7. 卷丹百合Lilium tigrinum8. 川贝川贝母（Fritillaria cirrhosa）9. 栝楼根栝楼属（Trichosanthes） kirilowwii10. 水稻Oryza sativa", "caption_en": "Figure three: modern starch grain comparison specimens 1. wheat Triticum sp. 2. icegrass crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) 3. foxtail millet Setaria italica 4. broomcorn millet Panicum miliaceum 5. Job's tears Coix lacryma-jobi 6. yam Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya) 7. tiger lily Lilium tigrinum 8. Sichuan fritillaries (Fritillaria) fritillary (Fritillaria cirrhosa) 9. snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) 10. rice Oryza sativa", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒对比标本", "title_en": "Modern starch grain comparison specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ee6523dee2eb84e8d52224fc.png", "image_url": "media/S079_658d00795f8a_S079-P0009-B002.png?v=ee6523dee2eb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:11.649768+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S080_78fc05c73406_MAN_2dd4828931e3", "paper_key": "S080_78fc05c73406", "paper_id": "S080", "number": "待编号", "title_zh": "河南博爱西金城遗址石器及陶器上残存淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grain residues on stone tools and pottery from the Xijincheng site in Bo'ai, Henan Province, China.", "caption_original": "", "caption_source_corrected": "陶器及石器上发现的淀粉粒。 （a）A类淀粉粒；（b）B类淀粉粒；（c）C类淀粉粒；（d）D类淀粉粒；（e）E1类淀粉粒；（f）E2类淀粉粒；（g）E3类淀粉粒；（h）E4类淀粉粒；（i）F类淀粉粒；（j）G类淀粉粒。比例尺为10 μm。", "caption_zh": "图3 陶器及石器上发现的淀粉粒。 （a）A类淀粉粒，小麦族淀粉粒，可能来自大麦属；（b）B类淀粉粒，粟；（c）C类淀粉粒，豆科；（d）D类淀粉粒，高粱属；（e）E1类淀粉粒，贝母；（f）E2类淀粉粒，莲藕；（g）E3类淀粉粒，薏苡属；（h）E4类淀粉粒，黍；（i）F类淀粉粒，百合；（j）G类淀粉粒，无法鉴定。比例尺为10 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch grains recovered from pottery and stone tools. (a) Type A starch grains; (b) Type B starch grains; (c) Type C starch grains; (d) Type D starch grains; (e) Type E1 starch grains; (f) Type E2 starch grains; (g) Type E3 starch grains; (h) Type E4 starch grains; (i) Type F starch grains; (j) Type G starch grains. Scale bar = 10 μm.", "source_language": "zh", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "notes": "", "sites": [ "CN192" ], "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e159dbca6156029d93ca5187785126af49040d6b2b643f3249d894c724295189", "image_bytes": 414793, "thumbnail": "previews/e159dbca6156029d93ca5187.png", "image_url": "media/S080_78fc05c73406_MAN_2dd4828931e3.png?v=e159dbca6156", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S080_78fc05c73406", "page": 6, "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "78fc05c73406f5f32570c3ecf26e36d14c60160ff7f6b1600702e7ca74338662" }, "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:11.704483+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN192", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "陶器及石器上发现的淀粉粒。 （a）A类淀粉粒；（b）B类淀粉粒；（c）C类淀粉粒；（d）D类淀粉粒；（e）E1类淀粉粒；（f）E2类淀粉粒；（g）E3类淀粉粒；（h）E4类淀粉粒；（i）F类淀粉粒；（j）G类淀粉粒。比例尺为10 μm。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xijincheng", "quote": "1000-4459（2015）05-0003-09\n\n\n The Phytophagous Diet Has Been Revealed by Starch Grain\n Analysis from Stone Tools and Pottery at Xijincheng Site, Bo' ai\n County，Henan Province: the Cultivation of the Tribe Triticeae\n\n WANG Qiang1 WANG Qing2 LI ming-qi3\n\n （1. The School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100;\n 2. The Inst", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "78fc05c73406f5f32570c3ecf26e36d14c60160ff7f6b1600702e7ca74338662" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S081_31f0c0cc85a8_S081-F04", "paper_key": "S081_31f0c0cc85a8", "paper_id": "S081", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四\n古代淀粉粒( 1 －14: 来自寨根、班沟磨盘; 16 －20: 来自其他遗址) 。\n1 －4. Ⅰ型淀粉粒，类似小麦族; 5 －8. Ⅱ型淀粉粒，类似薏米; 9，10. Ⅲ型淀粉粒，类似栎属橡子;\n11 －15. Ⅳ型淀粉粒，单粒及组群，类似栝楼根; 16，17. 柿子滩第九地点，类似栝楼根;\n18. 长葛石固，类似栝楼根; 19，20. 密县莪沟，类似栝楼根\n( 标尺: 1 －4 = 20 μm; 15 = 50 μm; 其他= 10 μm; ) 。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原图5–8类似薏米，纠正为Job’s tears，保留similar to限定。", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "943cefce165b979ba6f3d6dc3cbfb8cf032d44542025c6bb7236687d2c7fa473", "image_bytes": 4840982, "sites": [ "CN028", "CN029" ], "caption_zh": "图四 古代淀粉粒（ 1 -14: 来自寨根、班沟磨盘； 16 -20: 来自其他遗址） 。\n1 -4. Ⅰ型淀粉粒，类似小麦族； 5 -8. Ⅱ型淀粉粒，类似薏米； 9，10. Ⅲ型淀粉粒，类似栎属橡子；11 -15. Ⅳ型淀粉粒，单粒及组群，类似栝楼根； 16，17. 柿子滩第九地点，类似栝楼根；18. 长葛石固，类似栝楼根； 19，20. 密县莪沟，类似栝楼根 （ 标尺： 1 -4 = 20 μm； 15 = 50 μm； 其他= 10 μm； ） 。", "caption_en": "Figure four. Ancient starch grains (1–14: from Zhaigen and Bangou grinding stones; 16–20: from other sites). 1–4. Type I starch grains, similar to wheat tribe (Triticeae); 5–8. Type II starch grains, similar to Job’s tears; 9, 10. Type III starch grains, similar to oaks (Quercus) acorns; 11–15. Type IV starch grains, single and clustered, similar to snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root; 16, 17. Site 9 at Shizitan, similar to snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root; 18. Shigu, Changge, similar to snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root; 19, 20. Egou, Mi County, similar to snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root (scale bar: 1–4 = 20 μm; 15 = 50 μm; others = 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "古代淀粉粒", "title_en": "Ancient starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/943cefce165b979ba6f3d6dc.png", "image_url": "media/S081_31f0c0cc85a8_S081-F04.png?v=943cefce165b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:11.801681+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN028", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图四\n古代淀粉粒( 1 －14: 来自寨根、班沟磨盘; 16 －20: 来自其他遗址) 。\n1 －4. Ⅰ型淀粉粒，类似小麦族; 5 －8. Ⅱ型淀粉粒，类似薏米; 9，10. Ⅲ型淀粉粒，类似栎属橡子;\n11 －15. Ⅳ型淀粉粒，单粒及组群，类似栝楼根; 16，17. 柿子滩第九地点，类似栝楼根;\n18. 长葛石固，类似栝楼根; 19，20. 密县莪沟，类似栝楼根\n( 标尺: 1 －4 = 20 μm; 15 = 50 μm; 其他= 10 μm; ) 。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "zhaigen", "quote": "美国斯坦福大学东亚系，2. 中国社会科学院考古研究所)\n\n\n Abstract: A number of grinding stones have been found at the late Peiligang cultural sites of Zhaigen\nand Bangou in Mengjin，Henan. We conducted usewear and residue analyses on two grinding stones from\nthese sites，in order to understand their function. The results show that these tools were mainly used to process\nplants，including snakegourd roots，Triticeae gra", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "31f0c0cc85a83884c9e27a3e7df7cc5d92158cba76d1a0e6aed8567e8799f5d5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN029", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图四\n古代淀粉粒( 1 －14: 来自寨根、班沟磨盘; 16 －20: 来自其他遗址) 。\n1 －4. Ⅰ型淀粉粒，类似小麦族; 5 －8. Ⅱ型淀粉粒，类似薏米; 9，10. Ⅲ型淀粉粒，类似栎属橡子;\n11 －15. Ⅳ型淀粉粒，单粒及组群，类似栝楼根; 16，17. 柿子滩第九地点，类似栝楼根;\n18. 长葛石固，类似栝楼根; 19，20. 密县莪沟，类似栝楼根\n( 标尺: 1 －4 = 20 μm; 15 = 50 μm; 其他= 10 μm; ) 。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "bangou", "quote": "2. 中国社会科学院考古研究所)\n\n\n Abstract: A number of grinding stones have been found at the late Peiligang cultural sites of Zhaigen\nand Bangou in Mengjin，Henan. We conducted usewear and residue analyses on two grinding stones from\nthese sites，in order to understand their function. The results show that these tools were mainly used to process\nplants，including snakegourd roots，Triticeae grasses，Job’s", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "31f0c0cc85a83884c9e27a3e7df7cc5d92158cba76d1a0e6aed8567e8799f5d5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S081_31f0c0cc85a8_S081-F05", "paper_key": "S081_31f0c0cc85a8", "paper_id": "S081", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五\n现代淀粉粒比较标本。\n1. 冰草( Agropyron cristantum) ; 2. 沙生冰草( Agropyron desertorum) ，呈群组状，可分为大型和小型两类;\n3，4. 沙生冰草损伤淀粉粒; 5，6. 薏米( Coix chinensis) ; 7，8. 碾磨过薏米的损伤淀粉粒;\n9，10. 粟( Setaria italica) ; 11，12. 辽东栎( Quercus liaotungesis) ; 13，14. 栓皮栎( Quercus varibilis) ;\n15，16. 栝楼根( Trichosanthes kirilowii) 淀粉粒群; 17 －20. 栝楼根淀粉粒中最具代表性的两种形状:\n椭圆形和钟型( 标尺: 5 －10 = 10 μm; 其他= 20 μm) 。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "853da62f776a347089d15c29f5460a9043123acddeba72250d86437d673e8794", "image_bytes": 4919707, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图五 现代淀粉粒比较标本。\n1. 冰草（ Agropyron cristatum） ； 2. 沙生冰草（ Agropyron desertorum） ，呈群组状，可分为大型和小型两类；3，4. 沙生冰草损伤淀粉粒； 5，6. 薏米（ Coix chinensis） ； 7，8. 碾磨过薏米的损伤淀粉粒；9，10. 粟（ Setaria italica） ； 11，12. 辽东栎（ Quercus liaotungensis） ； 13，14. 栓皮栎（ Quercus variabilis） ；15，16. 栝楼根（ Trichosanthes kirilowii） 淀粉粒群； 17 -20. 栝楼根淀粉粒中最具代表性的两种形状：椭圆形和钟型（ 标尺： 5 -10 = 10 μm； 其他= 20 μm） 。", "caption_en": "Figure five\nModern starch grain comparison specimens.\n1. crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum); 2. desert wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum), showing group-like aggregates that can be divided into large and small types;\n3, 4. desert wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum) damaged starch grains; 5, 6. Job’s tears (Coix chinensis); 7, 8. Damaged starch grains from ground Job’s tears (Coix chinensis);\n9, 10. foxtail millet (Setaria italica); 11, 12. Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis); 13, 14. Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis);\n15, 16. Starch grain clusters from Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) root; 17–20. Two representative morphologies of starch grains from Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) root: oval and bell-shaped (scale bar: 5–10 = 10 μm; others = 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒比较标本", "title_en": "Modern starch grain comparison specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/853da62f776a347089d15c29.png", "image_url": "media/S081_31f0c0cc85a8_S081-F05.png?v=853da62f776a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:11.874825+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S083_ae7e34ff2756_S083-F03", "paper_key": "S083_ae7e34ff2756", "paper_id": "S083", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 部分现代样品淀粉粒图谱\nFig.3 Starch grains from some modern species in China\n1. 青狗尾草（Setaria viridis）平均粒径7.7±1.4μm；2. 粟（Setaria italica）平均粒径9.3±2.2μm；3. 黍（Panicum miliaceum）\n平均粒径7.3±1.4μm；4. 糠稷（Panicum bisulcatum）平均粒径6.9±1.2μm；5. 薏苡（Coix sp.）平均粒径；6. 高粱（Sorghum\nsp.）平均粒径16.3±5.0μm；7. 小麦（Triticum aestivum）平均粒径23.43±6.61μm；8. 大麦（Hordeum vulgare）平均粒径\n19.45±3.37μm；9. 冰草（Agropyron cristatum）平均粒径24.8±8.5μm；10. 莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera）平均粒径36.5±15.5μm\n2) 现代样品淀粉粒图谱皆由杨晓燕博士提供，平均粒径引自参考文献[18]、[19]、[21]、[26].", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6afb77bf78094f43e1c50c6ecc595cd31927301e7e82e0cb7ce23db76d2b6491", "image_bytes": 1094224, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 部分现代样品淀粉粒图谱\n1. 青狗尾草（Setaria viridis）平均粒径7.7±1.4 μm；2. 粟（Setaria italica）平均粒径9.3±2.2 μm；3. 黍（Panicum miliaceum）\n平均粒径7.3±1.4 μm；4. 糠稷（Panicum bisulcatum）平均粒径6.9±1.2 μm；5. 薏苡（Coix sp.）平均粒径；6. 高粱（Sorghum sp.）平均粒径16.3±5.0 μm；7. 小麦（Triticum aestivum）平均粒径23.43±6.61 μm；8. 大麦（Hordeum vulgare）平均粒径\n19.45±3.37 μm；9. 冰草（Agropyron cristatum）平均粒径24.8±8.5 μm；10. 莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera）平均粒径36.5±15.5 μm\n2） 现代样品淀粉粒图谱皆由杨晓燕博士提供，平均粒径引自参考文献[18]、[19]、[21]、[26].", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grains from some modern species in China\n1. green foxtail (Setaria viridis) (green foxtail) with average grain diameter of 7.7±1.4 μm; 2. foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (foxtail millet) with average grain diameter of 9.3±2.2 μm; 3. broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (broomcorn millet) with average grain diameter of 7.3±1.4 μm; 4. Japanese panicgrass (Panicum bisulcatum) (kafir grass) with average grain diameter of 6.9±1.2 μm; 5. Job’s tears (Coix sp.) (Job’s tears) with average grain diameter; 6. Sorghum sp. (Sorghum) with average grain diameter of 16.3±5.0 μm; 7. bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) (common wheat) with average grain diameter of 23.43±6.61 μm; 8. barley (Hordeum vulgare) (barley) with average grain diameter of 19.45±3.37 μm; 9. crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) (needlegrass) with average grain diameter of 24.8±8.5 μm; 10. lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) (lotus rhizome) with average grain diameter of 36.5±15.5 μm\n2) All starch grain spectra from modern samples were provided by Dr. Yang Xiaoyan, and average grain diameters are referenced from literature [18], [19], [21], [26].", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "部分现代样品淀粉粒图谱", "title_en": "Starch grains from some modern species in China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/6afb77bf78094f43e1c50c6e.png", "image_url": "media/S083_ae7e34ff2756_S083-F03.png?v=6afb77bf7809", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "15. Ce 型淀粉粒; 16、17.D 类淀粉粒; 18、19. Ea 型淀粉粒; 20. Eb 型淀粉粒; 21、22. F 型淀粉粒; 23、24. G 类淀粉粒;", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:11.931792+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S083_ae7e34ff2756_S083-F04", "paper_key": "S083_ae7e34ff2756", "paper_id": "S083", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4 石制品表面提取的淀粉粒\nFig.3 Starch grains extracted from the surface of lithics \n1、2. A 类淀粉粒; 3~5. B 类淀粉粒; 6~8. Ca 型淀粉粒; 9、10. Cb 型淀粉粒; 11. Cc 型淀粉粒; 12、13.Cd 型淀粉粒; 14、\n15. Ce 型淀粉粒; 16、17.D 类淀粉粒; 18、19. Ea 型淀粉粒; 20. Eb 型淀粉粒; 21、22. F 型淀粉粒; 23、24. G 类淀粉粒;\n25、26. H 类淀粉粒; 27、28. I 类淀粉粒; 29. J 类淀粉粒; 30. 破损淀粉粒;", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c9e44b7f24bb4dd0300d02942b4ee4fedcd232516871fd8fb99446e9f86b9fbb", "image_bytes": 1970002, "sites": [ "CN008" ], "caption_zh": "图4 石制品表面提取的淀粉粒\n1、2. A 类淀粉粒。未知； 3~5. B 类淀粉粒，小麦族； 6~8. Ca 型淀粉粒，禾本科； 9、10. Cb 型淀粉粒，禾本科； 11. Cc 型淀粉粒，禾本科； 12、13.Cd 型淀粉粒，禾本科； 14、\n15. Ce 型淀粉粒，禾本科； 16、17.D 类淀粉粒，种属不定； 18、19. Ea 型淀粉粒，块根块茎； 20. Eb 型淀粉粒，块根块茎； 21、22. F 型淀粉粒，无法鉴定； 23、24. G 类淀粉粒，无法鉴定；25、26. H 类淀粉粒，无法鉴定； 27、28. I 类淀粉粒，无法鉴定； 29. J 类淀粉粒，黍属； 30. 破损淀粉粒；", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grains extracted from the surface of lithics\n1, 2. Type A starch grains; 3~5. Type B starch grains; 6~8. Ca-type starch grains; 9, 10. Cb-type starch grains; 11. Cc-type starch grains; 12, 13. Cd-type starch grains; 14, 15. Ce-type starch grains; 16, 17. Type D starch grains; 18, 19. Ea-type starch grains; 20. Eb-type starch grains; 21, 22. F-type starch grains; 23, 24. G-type starch grains; 25, 26. H-type starch grains; 27, 28. I-type starch grains; 29. J-type starch grains; 30. Fragmented starch grains;", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石制品表面提取的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains extracted from the surface of lithics", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/c9e44b7f24bb4dd0300d0294.png", "image_url": "media/S083_ae7e34ff2756_S083-F04.png?v=c9e44b7f24bb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "15. Ce 型淀粉粒; 16、17.D 类淀粉粒; 18、19. Ea 型淀粉粒; 20. Eb 型淀粉粒; 21、22. F 型淀粉粒; 23、24. G 类淀粉粒;", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:11.989190+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN008", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图4 石制品表面提取的淀粉粒\nFig.3 Starch grains extracted from the surface of lithics \n1、2. A 类淀粉粒; 3~5. B 类淀粉粒; 6~8. Ca 型淀粉粒; 9、10. Cb 型淀粉粒; 11. Cc 型淀粉粒; 12、13.Cd 型淀粉粒; 14、\n15. Ce 型淀粉粒; 16、17.D 类淀粉粒; 18、19. Ea 型淀粉粒; 20. Eb 型淀粉粒; 21、22. F 型淀粉粒; 23、24. G 类淀粉粒;\n25、26. H 类淀粉粒; 27、28. I 类淀粉粒; 29. J 类淀粉粒; 30. 破损淀粉粒;", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "坑南", "quote": "Vol.33, No.1\n 2014 年2 月 ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA February, 2014\n\n 河南淅川坑南遗址石制品表面\n 残留淀粉粒的初步分析\n\n 李文成1, 2，宋国定1, 2，吴 妍1\n\n 1. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室, 北京 100044;\n 2. 中国科学院大学人文学院科技史与科技考古系 北京 100049\n 摘 要：本文分析了河南淅川坑南遗址新石器", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ae7e34ff2756b64fa3a5c8d4453f36dd724d9ae90cfdd03240c0090cc14d8f32" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S084_33aae0fab22b_S084-F03", "paper_key": "S084_33aae0fab22b", "paper_id": "S084", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3    张王庄遗址器物表面采集残留物样品中发现的各种属来源淀粉粒\nFig.3 Starches recovered from residues on the potteries and stones from the Zhangwangzhuang\na,a’ : Type A；b,b’ : Type B1；c,c’ : Type B2；d,d’: Type C；e,e’: Type D；f,f’ : Type E；g,g’: Type E；h,h’: Type F；i,i’ : Type G；\nj,j’ : Type H；k,k’ : Type I；l,l’ : Type J(scalebar:20 μm)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "828a64113a26def8e414cac6725c2d0e6c6f5eb2dd85e27280c66e86442ab3ba", "image_bytes": 4331630, "sites": [ "CN092" ], "caption_zh": "图3    张王庄遗址器物表面采集残留物样品中发现的各种属来源淀粉粒\na，a′ : Type A，薏苡属；b，b′ : Type B1，粟；c，c′ : Type B2，黍；d，d′： Type C，小麦族；e，e′： Type D，栝楼根；f，f′ : Type E；g，g′： Type E，莲藕；h，h′： Type F，百合；i，i′ : Type G，山药；j，j′ : Type H，块根块茎；k，k′ : Type I，栎属；l，l′ : Type J，豇豆属（比例尺:20 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grains recovered from residue samples on pottery and stone artifacts from the Zhangwangzhuang site\na,a′ : Type A; b,b′ : Type B1; c,c′ : Type B2; d,d′ : Type C; e,e′ : Type D; f,f′ : Type E; g,g′ : Type E; h,h′ : Type F; i,i′ : Type G; j,j′ : Type H; k,k′ : Type I; l,l′ : Type J (scale bar: 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "张王庄遗址器物表面采集残留物样品中发现的各种属来源淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains recovered from residue samples on pottery and stone artifacts from the Zhangwangzhuang site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/828a64113a26def8e414cac6.png", "image_url": "media/S084_33aae0fab22b_S084-F03.png?v=828a64113a26", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "性(图4: f, f’),因此,本文初步判断Type D 淀粉粒来源可能为葫芦科栝楼的根部。 Type E,共观察到36 粒,粒径为10.4-44.1 μm,平均15.52±6.9 μm,粒径分布范围很", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.045373+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN092", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图3    张王庄遗址器物表面采集残留物样品中发现的各种属来源淀粉粒\nFig.3 Starches recovered from residues on the potteries and stones from the Zhangwangzhuang\na,a’ : Type A；b,b’ : Type B1；c,c’ : Type B2；d,d’: Type C；e,e’: Type D；f,f’ : Type E；g,g’: Type E；h,h’: Type F；i,i’ : Type G；\nj,j’ : Type H；k,k’ : Type I；l,l’ : Type J(scalebar:20 μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "zhangwangzhuang", "quote": "利用与农业发展状况的科学证据，对认识黄淮西部史前农作物传播与农业结\n\n构演化的具体时空过程等具有重要价值。\n\n关键词：张王庄；仰韶早期；淀粉粒；植食资源；稻粟兼种\n\n\n An analysis of the starch grains from the Zhangwangzhuang site of\n early Yangshao culture\n\n YI Wenwen1, WEI Xingtao2, YANG Yuzhang1, YAO Ling3,\n LAN Wanli2, ZHANG Xiaohu 2, ZHANG Juzhong 1\n 1. Department of History of Science and Scientifc Archaeology, University", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "33aae0fab22b8e7493ea6cefdfea77f104b3a1d803523eec6f548e8e26f9f2b4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S084_33aae0fab22b_S084-F04", "paper_key": "S084_33aae0fab22b", "paper_id": "S084", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4    与本次实验所提取古代淀粉粒相关的现代植物淀粉粒\nFig.4 Starch grains from some modern plant species in China relate to the identification of ancient starch grain\na,a’: 栽培粳稻（湖南）；b,b’: 栽培籼稻（福建）；c,c’: 黍（陕西）；d,d’: 粟（陕西）；e,e’: 薏苡（安徽）；f,f’: 栝楼根（安徽）；\ng,g’: 山药（河南）；h,h’: 莲藕（湖北）；i,i’: 苦百合（甘肃）；j,j’: 绿豆（河南）；k,k’: 茳芒香豌豆（安徽）；l,l’: 麻栎（安徽）；\nm,m’: 普通小麦（安徽）；n,n’: 水煮后的小麦淀粉；o,o’: 研磨后的薏苡淀粉.(scalebar:20μm)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "k、k′的特殊中文样品名保留，未核实到种前英文不译成tamarind；o、o′原文为研磨薏苡，不是小麦。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5dc0ea584ac60bed646e8acc0f99e0cc3af1ed7625e93c6f42d0492d347f47fd", "image_bytes": 6090129, "sites": [ "CN092" ], "caption_zh": "图4    与本次实验所提取古代淀粉粒相关的现代植物淀粉粒\na，a′： 栽培粳稻（湖南）；b，b′： 栽培籼稻（福建）；c，c′： 黍（陕西）；d，d′： 粟（陕西）；e，e′： 薏苡（安徽）；f，f′： 栝楼根（安徽）；g，g′： 山药（河南）；h，h′： 莲藕（湖北）；i，i′： 苦百合（甘肃）；j，j′： 绿豆（河南）；k，k′： 茳芒香豌豆（安徽）；l，l′： 麻栎（安徽）；m，m′： 普通小麦（安徽）；n，n′： 水煮后的小麦淀粉；o，o′： 研磨后的薏苡淀粉.（比例尺:20 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Starch grains from some modern plant species in China relate to the identification of ancient starch grains a,a′: cultivated japonica rice (Hunan); b,b′: cultivated indica rice (Fujian); c,c′: broomcorn millet (Shaanxi); d,d′: foxtail millet (Shaanxi); e,e′: Job’s tears (Anhui); f,f′: snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root (Anhui); g,g′: yam (Henan); h,h′: lotus rhizome (Hubei); i,i′: bitter lily (Gansu); j,j′: mung bean (Henan); k,k′: legume sample labelled “Jiangmang Xiangwandou” (Anhui); l,l′: sawtooth oak (Anhui); m,m′: common wheat (Anhui); n,n′: wheat starch after boiling; o,o′: Job’s tears starch after grinding. (scalebar: 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "与本次实验所提取古代淀粉粒相关的现代植物淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from some modern plant species in China relate to the identification of ancient starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/5dc0ea584ac60bed646e8acc.png", "image_url": "media/S084_33aae0fab22b_S084-F04.png?v=5dc0ea584ac6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "性(图4: f, f’),因此,本文初步判断Type D 淀粉粒来源可能为葫芦科栝楼的根部。 Type E,共观察到36 粒,粒径为10.4-44.1 μm,平均15.52±6.9 μm,粒径分布范围很", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "故可排除,而栎属的淀粉粒基本没有层纹 [31](图4: l, l’),故将此类淀粉粒鉴定为栎属。 Type J,共观察到2 粒,粒径为20.542 μm 和23.25 μm,该类淀粉粒为一个为肾型一", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.105471+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN092", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图4    与本次实验所提取古代淀粉粒相关的现代植物淀粉粒\nFig.4 Starch grains from some modern plant species in China relate to the identification of ancient starch grain\na,a’: 栽培粳稻（湖南）；b,b’: 栽培籼稻（福建）；c,c’: 黍（陕西）；d,d’: 粟（陕西）；e,e’: 薏苡（安徽）；f,f’: 栝楼根（安徽）；\ng,g’: 山药（河南）；h,h’: 莲藕（湖北）；i,i’: 苦百合（甘肃）；j,j’: 绿豆（河南）；k,k’: 茳芒香豌豆（安徽）；l,l’: 麻栎（安徽）；\nm,m’: 普通小麦（安徽）；n,n’: 水煮后的小麦淀粉；o,o’: 研磨后的薏苡淀粉.(scalebar:20μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "zhangwangzhuang", "quote": "利用与农业发展状况的科学证据，对认识黄淮西部史前农作物传播与农业结\n\n构演化的具体时空过程等具有重要价值。\n\n关键词：张王庄；仰韶早期；淀粉粒；植食资源；稻粟兼种\n\n\n An analysis of the starch grains from the Zhangwangzhuang site of\n early Yangshao culture\n\n YI Wenwen1, WEI Xingtao2, YANG Yuzhang1, YAO Ling3,\n LAN Wanli2, ZHANG Xiaohu 2, ZHANG Juzhong 1\n 1. Department of History of Science and Scientifc Archaeology, University", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "33aae0fab22b8e7493ea6cefdfea77f104b3a1d803523eec6f548e8e26f9f2b4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S085_1f4fa7a7b092_S085-F03", "paper_key": "S085_1f4fa7a7b092", "paper_id": "S085", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三  贾湖遗址各期水稻扇形植硅体和双峰型植硅体及数量统计示意图 1、2.H472（二期）  3、4.H21（一期）  5、6.H174（三期）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a0ce5b3a76fbbd3f703bc2d38648159d35c5c6bb6b98b67529ad04220077e4df", "image_bytes": 1382829, "sites": [ "CN031" ], "caption_zh": "图三  贾湖遗址各期水稻扇形植硅体和双峰型植硅体及数量统计示意图 1、2. H472（二期） 3、4. H21（一期） 5、6. H174（三期）", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Schematic illustration of fan-shaped phytoliths and bimodal phytoliths from rice at Jiahu site across different periods, 1, 2. H472 (Period II); 3, 4. H21 (Period I); 5, 6. H174 (Period III)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "贾湖遗址各期水稻扇形植硅体和双峰型植硅体及数量统计示意图", "title_en": "Schematic illustration of fan-shaped and bimodal rice phytoliths from Jiahu site across different periods", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/a0ce5b3a76fbbd3f703bc2d3.png", "image_url": "media/S085_1f4fa7a7b092_S085-F03.png?v=a0ce5b3a76fb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.163658+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN031", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图三  贾湖遗址各期水稻扇形植硅体和双峰型植硅体及数量统计示意图 1、2.H472（二期）  3、4.H21（一期）  5、6.H174（三期）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiahu", "quote": "河南舞阳贾湖遗址植物考古研究的\n 新进展\n\n张居中  程至杰  蓝万里  杨玉璋  罗武宏  姚  凌  尹承龙\n\n\n 关键词：贾湖遗址  植物遗存浮选  水稻小穗轴  水稻植硅体  收割方式\n KEYWORDS: Jiahu Site Floatation of Plant Remains Rice Rachilla Rice Phytolith\n Harvesting Methods\n ABSTRACT: During the excavation to the Jiahu Site in 2013, systematic and comprehensive floatation work\nwas conducted, by which over 6000 samples of", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1f4fa7a7b0928221340500f8ee254fca11bee5046d0a5ac59dadb332b59450a4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S085_1f4fa7a7b092_S085-F04", "paper_key": "S085_1f4fa7a7b092", "paper_id": "S085", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四  贾湖遗址第三期石磨盘表面提取的淀粉粒种类\na、a′，b、b′.水稻（Oryza sativa） \nc、c′.莲藕（Nelumbo nucifern） \nd、d′.菱属\n（Trapa） \ne、e′.薏苡（Coix） \nf、f′.小麦族（Triticeae） \ng、g′.山药（Dioscorea \nopposita）  h、h′.豇豆属（Vigna）（a′、b′、c′、d′、e′、f′、g′、h′表示照片效果为偏光）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "44317da347796ae94ef105bfedaa26ad6db3ff2704cf60d7f98ad92c7fe935d2", "image_bytes": 3545566, "sites": [ "CN031" ], "caption_zh": "图四  贾湖遗址第三期石磨盘表面提取的淀粉粒种类\na、a′，b、b′.水稻（Oryza sativa）\nc、c′.莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera） d、d′.菱属\n（Trapa） e、e′.薏苡（Coix） f、f′.小麦族（Triticeae） g、g′.山药（Dioscorea opposita）  h、h′.豇豆属（Vigna）（a′、b′、c′、d′、e′、f′、g′、h′表示照片效果为偏光）", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Starch grain types extracted from the surfaces of grinding stones from phase III of the Jiahu site. a, a′, b, b′: rice (Oryza sativa); c, c′: lotus rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera, spelling retained from the source caption); d, d′: water caltrops (Trapa); e, e′: Job’s tears (Coix); f, f′: wheat tribe (Triticeae); g, g′: yam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea opposita); h, h′: cowpea relatives (Vigna). Primed panels (a′, b′, c′, d′, e′, f′, g′, h′) show polarized-light images.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "贾湖第三期石磨盘表面提取的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch types from phase III grinding stones at Jiahu", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/44317da347796ae94ef105bf.png", "image_url": "media/S085_1f4fa7a7b092_S085-F04.png?v=44317da34779", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.223967+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN031", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图四  贾湖遗址第三期石磨盘表面提取的淀粉粒种类\na、a′，b、b′.水稻（Oryza sativa） \nc、c′.莲藕（Nelumbo nucifern） \nd、d′.菱属\n（Trapa） \ne、e′.薏苡（Coix） \nf、f′.小麦族（Triticeae） \ng、g′.山药（Dioscorea \nopposita）  h、h′.豇豆属（Vigna）（a′、b′、c′、d′、e′、f′、g′、h′表示照片效果为偏光）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiahu", "quote": "河南舞阳贾湖遗址植物考古研究的\n 新进展\n\n张居中  程至杰  蓝万里  杨玉璋  罗武宏  姚  凌  尹承龙\n\n\n 关键词：贾湖遗址  植物遗存浮选  水稻小穗轴  水稻植硅体  收割方式\n KEYWORDS: Jiahu Site Floatation of Plant Remains Rice Rachilla Rice Phytolith\n Harvesting Methods\n ABSTRACT: During the excavation to the Jiahu Site in 2013, systematic and comprehensive floatation work\nwas conducted, by which over 6000 samples of", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1f4fa7a7b0928221340500f8ee254fca11bee5046d0a5ac59dadb332b59450a4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S086_3ec383e1bb2c_S086-F01", "paper_key": "S086_3ec383e1bb2c", "paper_id": "S086", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图1 部分现代植物淀粉粒图谱（图a、b、c、d、h 标尺为20μm；其余为10μm）\nFig.1 Starch grains from some modern plants\na. 黍(Panicum miliaceum)，淀粉粒粒径范围5.96μm -10.99μm，平均粒径8.42μm (n=46)； b. 粟(Setaria italica)，淀粉粒粒径范围\n6.23μm -19.35μm，平均粒径9.32μm (n=55)；c. 小麦(Triticum aestivum)，淀粉粒粒径范围5.77μm -31.24μm，平均粒径14.98μm\n(n=82)；d. 大麦(Hordeum vulgare)，淀粉粒粒径范围11.29μm -30.33μm，平均粒径21.82μm (n=49)；e. 小豆(Vigna angularis)，\n淀粉粒粒径范围24.6μm -71μm，平均粒径48.03μm (n=114)；f. 绿豆(Vigna radiata)，淀粉粒粒径范围11.9μm -52μm，平均粒径\n27.7μm (n=188)；g. 饭豆(Vigna umbellata)，淀粉粒粒径范围16.2μm -86.2μm，平均粒径48.31μm (n=251)；h. 山药(Dioscorea\nopposita)，淀粉粒粒径范围5.89μm -43.58μm，平均粒径22.86μm (n=115)；i. 麻栎(Quercu sacutissima)，淀粉粒粒径范围6.9μm\n-20.21μm，平均粒径11.13μm (n=62)；j-k. 高粱(Sorghum bicolor)，淀粉粒粒径范围9.37μm -29.52μm，平均粒径18.1μm (n=46)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "i图原文为麻栎，错误译文Quercus sacrum改回Quercus acutissima；未改粒径统计。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "aab4a951345b9d24d193f5bd761b30c6a186e0b8e18fb3640de462bc88f3b5b2", "image_bytes": 4292055, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图1 部分现代植物淀粉粒图谱（图a、b、c、d、h 标尺为20 μm；其余为10 μm）\na. 黍（Panicum miliaceum），淀粉粒粒径范围5.96 μm -10.99 μm，平均粒径8.42 μm （n=46）； b. 粟（Setaria italica），淀粉粒粒径范围6.23 μm -19.35 μm，平均粒径9.32 μm （n=55）；c. 小麦（Triticum aestivum），淀粉粒粒径范围5.77 μm -31.24 μm，平均粒径14.98 μm（n=82）；d. 大麦（Hordeum vulgare），淀粉粒粒径范围11.29 μm -30.33 μm，平均粒径21.82 μm （n=49）；e. 小豆（Vigna angularis），\n淀粉粒粒径范围24.6 μm -71 μm，平均粒径48.03 μm （n=114）；f. 绿豆（Vigna radiata），淀粉粒粒径范围11.9 μm -52 μm，平均粒径27.7 μm （n=188）；g. 饭豆（Vigna umbellata），淀粉粒粒径范围16.2 μm -86.2 μm，平均粒径48.31 μm （n=251）；h. 山药（Dioscorea opposita），淀粉粒粒径范围5.89 μm -43.58 μm，平均粒径22.86 μm （n=115）；i. 麻栎（Quercus acutissima），淀粉粒粒径范围6.9 μm-20.21 μm，平均粒径11.13 μm （n=62）；j-k. 高粱（Sorghum bicolor），淀粉粒粒径范围9.37 μm -29.52 μm，平均粒径18.1 μm （n=46）", "caption_en": "Fig.1 Starch grains from some modern plants a. broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), starch grain diameter range 5.96 μm -10.99 μm, average diameter 8.42 μm (n=46); b. foxtail millet (Setaria italica), starch grain diameter range 6.23 μm -19.35 μm, average diameter 9.32 μm (n=55); c. bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), starch grain diameter range 5.77 μm -31.24 μm, average diameter 14.98 μm (n=82); d. barley (Hordeum vulgare), starch grain diameter range 11.29 μm -30.33 μm, average diameter 21.82 μm (n=49); e. adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), starch grain diameter range 24.6 μm -71 μm, average diameter 48.03 μm (n=114); f. mung bean (Vigna radiata), starch grain diameter range 11.9 μm -52 μm, average diameter 27.7 μm (n=188); g. rice bean (Vigna umbellata), starch grain diameter range 16.2 μm -86.2 μm, average diameter 48.31 μm (n=251); h. Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita), starch grain diameter range 5.89 μm -43.58 μm, average diameter 22.86 μm (n=115); i. sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima), starch grain diameter range 6.9 μm -20.21 μm, average diameter 11.13 μm (n=62); j-k. Sorghum bicolor, starch grain diameter range 9.37 μm -29.52 μm, average diameter 18.1 μm (n=46); panels a, b, c, d, h scale bars are 20 μm; others are 10 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "部分现代植物淀粉粒图谱", "title_en": "Starch grains from some modern plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/aab4a951345b9d24d193f5bd.png", "image_url": "media/S086_3ec383e1bb2c_S086-F01.png?v=aab4a951345b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.274757+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S086_3ec383e1bb2c_S086-F02", "paper_key": "S086_3ec383e1bb2c", "paper_id": "S086", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2 官庄遗址两周时期人牙结石中提取出的淀粉粒和植硅体\nFig.2 Starch grains and phytoliths extracted from human dental calculus selected from the Guanzhuang\nsite. Scale bar: 10μm (except Fig.w: Scale bar: 100μm)\na-d：第I 类粟类淀粉粒(Type 1, Setaria italic and Panicum miliaceum)；e-h：第Ⅵ类高粱（疑似）淀粉粒(Type 6, possible\nSorghum bicolor)；i-j：第II 类小麦族淀粉粒(Type 2, Triticeae)；k-p：第III 类小豆淀粉粒(Type 3, Vigna anglaris)；q-r：第\nⅣ类块茎类淀粉粒(Type 4, tubers)；s-t：第Ⅴ类栎属淀粉粒(Type 5, Quercus sp)；u-v：第Ⅵ类高粱（疑似）淀粉粒(Type 6,\npossible Sorghum bicolor)；w：来自水稻颖片的双峰型植硅体(double-peaked cell from rice glume)；x：来自禾本科植物稃壳的\n植硅体(husk phytolith from Poaceae)（图w 标尺为100μm；其余均为10μm）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5a38a8e1114bd50ada641568ed32b3427351a0bb5bdf51b7b2a51363b5aa0964", "image_bytes": 1832243, "sites": [ "CN172" ], "caption_zh": "图2 官庄遗址两周时期人牙结石中提取出的淀粉粒和植硅体\n比例尺: 10 μm （除 Fig.w: 比例尺: 100 μm）\na-d：第I 类粟类淀粉粒（Type 1， 粟（Setaria italica） and 黍（Panicum miliaceum））；e-h：第Ⅵ类高粱（疑似）淀粉粒（Type 6， possible高粱属（Sorghum） bicolor）；i-j：第II 类小麦族淀粉粒（Type 2， 小麦族（Triticeae））；k-p：第III 类小豆淀粉粒（Type 3， 赤小豆（Vigna angularis））；q-r：第Ⅳ类块茎类淀粉粒（Type 4， tubers）；s-t：第Ⅴ类栎属淀粉粒（Type 5， 栎属（Quercus） sp）；u-v：第Ⅵ类高粱（疑似）淀粉粒（Type 6，possible 高粱属（Sorghum） bicolor）；w：来自水稻颖片的双峰型植硅体（double-peaked cell from rice glume）；x：来自禾本科植物稃壳的植硅体（husk phytolith from 禾本科（Poaceae））（图w 标尺为100 μm；其余均为10 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Starch grains and phytoliths extracted from human dental calculus selected from the Guanzhuang site. Scale bar: 10 μm (except Fig. w: Scale bar: 100 μm) a-d: Type 1, foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (foxtail millet); e-h: Type 6, possible Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum, suspected); i-j: Type 2, wheat tribe (Triticeae) (wheat tribe); k-p: Type 3, adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) (adzuki bean); q-r: Type 4, tubers; s-t: Type 5, oaks (Quercus) sp (oaks, Quercus genus); u-v: Type 6, possible Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum, suspected); w: double-peaked cell from rice glume; x: husk phytolith from grass family (Poaceae) (grain covering of grass family) (scale bar for Fig. w is 100 μm; all others are 10 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "官庄遗址两周时期人牙结石中提取出的淀粉粒和植硅体", "title_en": "Starch grains and phytoliths extracted from human dental calculus at the Guanzhuang site during the Zhou Dynasty", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/5a38a8e1114bd50ada641568.png", "image_url": "media/S086_3ec383e1bb2c_S086-F02.png?v=5a38a8e1114b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "(图2: a-d)。多边形的淀粉粒大多来自于禾本科植物种子,如粟( Setaria italica )、黍 ( Panicum miliaceum)、稻(Oryza sativa)、高粱(Sorghum bicolor)、 薏苡(Coix lacryma-", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.332937+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN172", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图2 官庄遗址两周时期人牙结石中提取出的淀粉粒和植硅体\nFig.2 Starch grains and phytoliths extracted from human dental calculus selected from the Guanzhuang\nsite. Scale bar: 10μm (except Fig.w: Scale bar: 100μm)\na-d：第I 类粟类淀粉粒(Type 1, Setaria italic and Panicum miliaceum)；e-h：第Ⅵ类高粱（疑似）淀粉粒(Type 6, possible\nSorghum bicolor)；i-j：第II 类小麦族淀粉粒(Type 2, Triticeae)；k-p：第III 类小豆淀粉粒(Type 3, Vigna anglaris)；q-r：第\nⅣ类块茎类淀粉粒(Type 4, tubers)；s-t：第Ⅴ类栎属淀粉粒(Type 5, Quercus sp)；u-v：第Ⅵ类高粱（疑似）淀粉粒(Type 6,\npossible Sorghum bicolor)；w：来自水稻颖片的双峰型植硅体(double-peaked cell from rice glume)；x：来自禾本科植物稃壳的\n植硅体(husk phytolith from Poaceae)（图w 标尺为100μm；其余均为10μm）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "guanzhuang", "quote": "体；食物构成\n\n中图法分类号: Q914.2 +2; 文献标识码: A; 文章编号: 1000-3193(2018)03-0467-11\n\n\n Starch grain analysis of human dental calculus from the Guanzhuang site,\n Henan Province\n\n TAO Dawei, CHEN Zhaoyun\n\n Center for Historic Cultural Heritage Conservation and Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001\n\nAbstract: This paper aims to investigate human foods", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3ec383e1bb2cb5e93d053d1af1a49bfed8037365372f4c7f24d32d282c3a7587" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S087_ff1bcb08a718_S087-F03", "paper_key": "S087_ff1bcb08a718", "paper_id": "S087", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 张豁口遗址器物表面超声样品中发现植物微体残留\nFig.3 Plant residues from Sed3 samples in Zhanghuokou site\n1-7 为淀粉粒残留物，分别来自标本1806、1806、857、857、1962、356、4239;\n8-11 为纤维类植物残骸，分别来自标本1618、857、1962、857。比例尺：20 μm。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c545ff06db55826550deb86f13c12f00f3252a0b46659bbae5060bec3aa38ada", "image_bytes": 3955499, "sites": [ "CN001" ], "caption_zh": "图3 张豁口遗址器物表面超声样品中发现植物微体残留\n1-7 为淀粉粒残留物，分别来自标本1806、1806、857、857、1962、356、4239；\n8-11 为纤维类植物残骸，分别来自标本1618、857、1962、857。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Plant residues from Sed3 samples in Zhanghuokou site\n1-7 are starch grains, respectively from specimens 1806, 1806, 857, 857, 1962, 356, 4239;\n8-11 are fibrous plant remains, respectively from specimens 1618, 857, 1962, 857. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "张豁口遗址器物表面超声样品中发现植物微体残留", "title_en": "Plant residues from Sed3 samples in Zhanghuokou site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/c545ff06db55826550deb86f.png", "image_url": "media/S087_ff1bcb08a718_S087-F03.png?v=c545ff06db55", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "物淀粉粒对比库中部分样本形态可知,该组淀粉粒可归类为豆科(Leguminosae)。 第四组:难以识别的淀粉粒。共计2 颗(图3: 2, 5),此类颗粒缺乏与现有参考文献", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.396804+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN001", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图3 张豁口遗址器物表面超声样品中发现植物微体残留\nFig.3 Plant residues from Sed3 samples in Zhanghuokou site\n1-7 为淀粉粒残留物，分别来自标本1806、1806、857、857、1962、356、4239;\n8-11 为纤维类植物残骸，分别来自标本1618、857、1962、857。比例尺：20 μm。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "zhanghuokou", "quote": "demy of Sciences, Beijing 100049\n\nAbstract: In this study, we examine the functional attributes of Acheulean tools recovered\nfrom Zhanghuokou in the Luonan Basin, Shaanxi, China, through an analysis of plant residues,\nparticularly starch granules. In the Paleolithic era, the handaxe was a ubiquitous implement in\ndaily activities. Despite extensive research on handaxes, their precise functions and a", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ff1bcb08a7187fab322437888387930512b894acb5ab5b2bbdf035d397cf1add" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S088_e69b286e83db_S088-P0008-B000", "paper_key": "S088_e69b286e83db", "paper_id": "S088", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "：图三张马屯遗址陶器、石器表面提取到的淀粉粒\n（a、a’、b、b'):A类，粟黍类淀粉粒；（c、c'、d、d'）:B类，小麦族淀粉粒；（e、e’、f、f'):C类，薏苡属 淀粉粒；(g、g'、h、h’）：D类，栎属淀粉粒；（i、i’)：E类，豆科淀粉粒；（j、j')：F类，未知种属淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b0a84d992a1a09f817b201ad38901fdb70efcfa7c8279d9c86f3c88e5162af53", "image_bytes": 3690797, "sites": [ "CN060" ], "caption_zh": "：图三张马屯遗址陶器、石器表面提取到的淀粉粒\n（a、a′、b、b′）：A类，粟黍类淀粉粒；（c、c′、d、d′）：B类，小麦族淀粉粒；（e、e′、f、f′）：C类，薏苡属 淀粉粒；（g、g′、h、h′）：D类，栎属淀粉粒；（i、i′）：E类，豆科淀粉粒；（j、j′）：F类，未知种属淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure three: Starch grains recovered from pottery and stone tools at Zhangmatun site\n(a, a′, b, b′): Class A, starch grains of the foxtail/broomcorn millet group; (c, c′, d, d′): Class B, starch grains of the wheat tribe (Triticeae) group; (e, e′, f, f′): Class C, starch grains of the Job’s tears (Coix) genus; (g, g′, h, h′): Class D, starch grains of the oaks (Quercus) genus; (i, i′): Class E, starch grains of the legume family (Fabaceae) family; (j, j′): Class F, starch grains of unknown genus or species", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "张马屯遗址陶器、石器表面提取到的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains recovered from pottery and stone tools at Zhangmatun site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b0a84d992a1a09f817b201ad.png", "image_url": "media/S088_e69b286e83db_S088-P0008-B000.png?v=b0a84d992a1a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.451120+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN060", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "：图三张马屯遗址陶器、石器表面提取到的淀粉粒\n（a、a’、b、b'):A类，粟黍类淀粉粒；（c、c'、d、d'）:B类，小麦族淀粉粒；（e、e’、f、f'):C类，薏苡属 淀粉粒；(g、g'、h、h’）：D类，栎属淀粉粒；（i、i’)：E类，豆科淀粉粒；（j、j')：F类，未知种属淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "张马屯", "quote": "济南张马屯遗址古人类植物性食物资源\n 利用的淀粉粒分析 ＊\n\n\n\n 赵珍珍 １ 靳桂云 ２ 王兴华 ３\n\n （ １ ．山东大学历史文化学院 ； ２ ．山东大学文化遗产研究院 ； ３ ．济南市考古研究所 ）\n\n\n内容提要 ： 通过对济南张马屯遗址陶片及石镰表面残留淀粉粒的分析 ， 发现了来 自\n\n禾本科粟黍类 、 小麦族 （Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｅａｅ ）、 薏苡属 （Ｃ〇／ｘ ）、 壳斗科栎属 （０ｗｅｒｃｗ＿ｙ ）、 豆科\n\n（ Ｆａｂａｃｅａｅ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "e69b286e83dbbb5c228429ae11cb345a62b3d8c483a17fab662b664ff8f254ca" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S089_7019c6ed702e_S089-F03", "paper_key": "S089_7019c6ed702e", "paper_id": "S089", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 石器表面提取到的淀粉粒（标尺：20μm）\na-d：A类，粟（Setaria italica L.）；e-h：B类，小麦族（Triticeae）；i-l：C类，栎属（Quercus）；m-n：D类，块根块茎类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "253ab4e1d81fb636b15d5f977a1aa888d293e4f24dfc44cc6fa46ca12baedcff", "image_bytes": 2190641, "sites": [ "CN065" ], "caption_zh": "图3 石器表面提取到的淀粉粒（标尺：20 μm）\na-d:A类，粟（Setaria italica L.）；e-h:B类，小麦族（Triticeae）；i-l:C类，栎属（Quercus）；m-n:D类，块根块茎类", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Starch grains recovered from stone surfaces (scale bar: 20 μm)\na-d: Group A, foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.); e-h: Group B, wheat tribe (Triticeae); i-l: Group C, oaks (Quercus); m-n: Group D, tuberous root and corm type", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石器表面淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from stone surfaces", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/253ab4e1d81fb636b15d5f97.png", "image_url": "media/S089_7019c6ed702e_S089-F03.png?v=253ab4e1d81f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "a-d:A类,粟(Setaria italica L.);e-h:B类,小麦族(Triticeae);i-l:C类,栎属(Quercus);m-n:D类,块根块茎类", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.507412+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN065", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图3 石器表面提取到的淀粉粒（标尺：20μm）\na-d：A类，粟（Setaria italica L.）；e-h：B类，小麦族（Triticeae）；i-l：C类，栎属（Quercus）；m-n：D类，块根块茎类", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "yuhuangding", "quote": "编号】1000-4459（2021）05-0045-11\n\nAnalysis of Starch Grain from Stone Tools and Plant Utilization of\n Plant Food Research at Yuhuangding Site, Jining\n\n ZHAO Zhen-zhen1 DANG Hao2 JIN Gui-yun3\n\n（1.School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan 250100; 2. Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Shan-\n dong, Jinan 250012; 3.Institute of Cultural", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7019c6ed702eb8a001580ef8349d2eee94c2aeddfc0e1afef0bbd461fb54ad7d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S090_c1c6c03e665c_S090-F02", "paper_key": "S090_c1c6c03e665c", "paper_id": "S090", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二上山陶缸残留物中的淀粉粒类型与现代标本比较1.1型淀粉粒(疑似大米),出现深坑，为淀粉酶损伤 2.现代米酒中的损伤大米淀粉粒 31型糊化淀粉粒群(疑似大米),其中保留少量可分辨形状的颗粒 4.II型黍亚科淀粉粒 5.I型小麦族淀粉粒,出现酸损伤的深沟 6.现代大曲中的小麦淀粉粒,出现酶损伤的深沟 7.I型糊化淀粉粒群，粒形隐约可辨，黑红色圆形物可能为红曲霉 8.现代大曲中糊化小麦淀粉粒群，红色圆形为红曲霉的闭囊壳 9.II型小麦族淀粉粒群，粒形完整 10.现代大曲中小麦淀粉粒群 11.III型菱角淀粉粒12.现代菱角淀粉粒(8和10来自仰韶酒业高温大曲;标尺7-10:20微米，其他:10微米)。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "\n2026-10-21复核：原图注与正文的类型编号不完全一致：图注4、5、11等处的编号与正文“Ⅱ型小麦族、Ⅲ型黍亚科、Ⅳ型菱角”不符。编号按原图注校录；植物解释须结合正文，不将两套编号强行合并。\n2026-10-21复核：原图注类型编号与正文有冲突：图注4标II型黍亚科、5标III型小麦族、11标III型菱角；正文分别将小麦族、黍亚科、菱角列为II、III、IV型。以上按原图注校录，不以统一编号掩盖来源矛盾。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ae78e12b5816d6b57dcbb643509ff2fd61860e0e0c8961a39ed8d67fb9bcb9d0", "image_bytes": 4455762, "sites": [ "CN079" ], "caption_zh": "图2 上山陶缸残留物中的淀粉粒类型与现代标本比较。1：I型淀粉粒（疑似大米），出现深坑，为淀粉酶损伤；2：现代米酒中的损伤大米淀粉粒；3：I型糊化淀粉粒群（疑似大米），其中保留少量可分辨形状的颗粒；4：II型黍亚科淀粉粒；5：III型小麦族淀粉粒，出现酶损伤的深沟；6：现代大曲中的小麦淀粉粒，出现酶损伤的深沟；7：II型糊化淀粉粒群，粒形隐约可辨，黑红色圆形物可能为红曲霉；8：现代大曲中糊化小麦淀粉粒群，红色圆形为红曲霉的闭囊壳；9：II型小麦族淀粉粒群，粒形完整；10：现代大曲中小麦淀粉粒群；11：III型菱角淀粉粒；12：现代菱角淀粉粒。8和10来自仰韶酒业高温大曲。比例尺：7–10为20 μm，其余为10 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Starch types in Shangshan jar residues compared with modern references. 1, Type I starch (suspected rice) with deep pits attributed to amylase damage; 2, damaged rice starch from modern rice wine; 3, Type I gelatinized aggregates (suspected rice), with a few recognizable grains; 4, Type II panicoid starch; 5, Type III Triticeae starch with deep grooves attributed to enzymatic damage; 6, wheat starch from modern daqu starter with deep grooves attributed to enzymatic damage; 7, Type II gelatinized aggregates with faint grain outlines and dark-red rounded objects possibly representing Monascus; 8, gelatinized wheat starch in modern daqu, with red rounded Monascus cleistothecia; 9, Type II Triticeae aggregates with intact grain shapes; 10, wheat starch aggregates in modern daqu; 11, Type III water-caltrop starch; 12, modern water-caltrop starch. Specimens 8 and 10 are from high-temperature daqu made by Yangshao Winery. Scale bars: 7–10, 20 μm; others, 10 μm.\n\nEditorial source-check note:\nThe caption codes conflict with the body: panel 4 is captioned Type II Panicoideae, panel 5 Type III Triticeae and panel 11 Type III water caltrop, while the body assigns these plant groups to Types III, II and IV respectively. The printed legend is retained with this discrepancy disclosed.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "上山陶缸残留物中淀粉粒类型与现代标本比较", "title_en": "Starch Grain Types from Shangshan Pottery Residues Compared with Modern Specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/ae78e12b5816d6b57dcbb643.png", "image_url": "media/S090_c1c6c03e665c_S090-F02.png?v=ae78e12b5816", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.568681+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "caption_source_corrected": "图2 上山陶缸残留物中的淀粉粒类型与现代标本比较。1：I型淀粉粒（疑似大米），出现深坑，为淀粉酶损伤；2：现代米酒中的损伤大米淀粉粒；3：I型糊化淀粉粒群（疑似大米），其中保留少量可分辨形状的颗粒；4：II型黍亚科淀粉粒；5：III型小麦族淀粉粒，出现酶损伤的深沟；6：现代大曲中的小麦淀粉粒，出现酶损伤的深沟；7：II型糊化淀粉粒群，粒形隐约可辨，黑红色圆形物可能为红曲霉；8：现代大曲中糊化小麦淀粉粒群，红色圆形为红曲霉的闭囊壳；9：II型小麦族淀粉粒群，粒形完整；10：现代大曲中小麦淀粉粒群；11：III型菱角淀粉粒；12：现代菱角淀粉粒。8和10来自仰韶酒业高温大曲。比例尺：7–10为20 μm，其余为10 μm。", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图2 上山陶缸残留物中的淀粉粒类型与现代标本比较。1：I型淀粉粒（疑似大米），出现深坑，为淀粉酶损伤；2：现代米酒中的损伤大米淀粉粒；3：I型糊化淀粉粒群（疑似大米），其中保留少量可分辨形状的颗粒；4：II型黍亚科淀粉粒；5：III型小麦族淀粉粒，出现酶损伤的深沟；6：现代大曲中的小麦淀粉粒，出现酶损伤的深沟；7：II型糊化淀粉粒群，粒形隐约可辨，黑红色圆形物可能为红曲霉；8：现代大曲中糊化小麦淀粉粒群，红色圆形为红曲霉的闭囊壳；9：II型小麦族淀粉粒群，粒形完整；10：现代大曲中小麦淀粉粒群；11：III型菱角淀粉粒；12：现代菱角淀粉粒。8和10来自仰韶酒业高温大曲。比例尺：7–10为20 μm，其余为10 μm。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "酿酒 ；大 口缸 ；红曲酒起源 ；红曲霉 ；酒曲\n\n Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ ：ＷｅａｎａｌｙｚｅｄｔｈｅｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｓｏｎｔｗｏｐｏｔｔｅｒｙｖａｔｓｏｆｔｈｅＳｏｎｇＤｙｎａｓｔｙｕｎｅａｒｔｈｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＳｈａｎｇ ｓｈａｎｓｉｔｅｉｎ\n\n Ｚｈｅｊ ｉａｎｇ ，ａｎｄｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄｍｏｌｄｓ ，ｙｅａｓｔｃｅｌｌｓａｎｄｓｔａｒｃｈｇ ｒａｉｎｓｗｉｔｈｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｆｅｒｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｇｅｌａｔｉｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ．\n\n Ｔｈｅｓｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｐｏｔｔｅｒｙｖａｔｓｏｎｃｅｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄｆｅｒｍｅｎｔｅｄａｌｃｏｈｏｌｉｃｂｅｖｅｒａｇｅｓ ．Ｔｈｅｍｏｌｄｓａｒｅｍｏｓ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c1c6c03e665c9328ab77c7b75b6bdce8990178ede6b9baed855d8ab25e5c378f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S090_c1c6c03e665c_S090-F03", "paper_key": "S090_c1c6c03e665c", "paper_id": "S090", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三上山陶缸残留物中植硅体及真菌遗存(1-12)与现代标本(13-20)比较\n植硅体：1.帽型;2.哑铃型;3.棒型;4.扇形。\n真菌：5-7.上山陶缸残留物中的红曲霉闭囊壳,可见内部的子囊,与14-16比较8.类似红曲霉分枝菌丝,与16-g比较9.霉菌， 可见分生孢子连接菌丝与17比较10.霉菌孢子囊,边缘可见小型孢子,与18比较11、12.类似酵母细胞,与13比较13.现代 酵母细胞14、15.实验酿造红曲酒中的红曲霉闭囊壳16.红曲霉形态示意图(a-c:原闭囊壳;d,e:未成熟的闭囊壳;E成熟的闭囊 壳：:分枝菌丝）17.米曲霉18.根霉孢子囊及孢囊孢子19、20.根霉和曲霉形态示意图(标尺1-3.5.7,8,10,13,14:10微米; 3,6,9,15,17,18:20微米;11,12:5微米）（来源：16来自注2图4-6,及注7efg.5;19、20来自注7bfigs.10、90.1。）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "82885244871aec44b9b9ceb4ea2cd08a22521ce0755ca767fbf03e89554b4136", "image_bytes": 3481946, "sites": [ "CN079" ], "caption_zh": "图三上山陶缸残留物中植硅体及真菌遗存（1-12）与现代标本（13-20）比较\n植硅体：1.帽型；2.哑铃型；3.棒型；4.扇形。\n真菌：5-7.上山陶缸残留物中的红曲霉闭囊壳，可见内部的子囊，与14-16比较8.类似红曲霉分枝菌丝，与16-g比较9.霉菌， 可见分生孢子连接菌丝与17比较10.霉菌孢子囊，边缘可见小型孢子，与18比较11、12.类似酵母细胞，与13比较13.现代 酵母细胞14、15.实验酿造红曲酒中的红曲霉闭囊壳16.红曲霉形态示意图（a-c：原闭囊壳；d，e：未成熟的闭囊壳；E成熟的闭囊 壳：：分枝菌丝）17.米曲霉18.根霉孢子囊及孢囊孢子19、20.根霉和曲霉形态示意图（标尺1-3.5.7，8，10，13，14:10微米； 3，6，9，15，17，18:20微米；11，12:5微米）（来源：16来自注2图4-6，及注7efg.5；19、20来自注7bfigs.10、90.1。）", "caption_en": "Figure three: Comparison of phytoliths and fungal remains from Shangshan ceramic jars (1–12) with modern specimens (13–20)\nPhytoliths: 1. cap-shaped; 2. dumbbell-shaped; 3. rod-shaped; 4. fan-shaped.\nFungi: 5–7. mold (Aspergillus monacensis) perithecia from Shangshan ceramic jar residues, showing internal asci, compared with 14–16; 8. similar to mold (Aspergillus monacensis) branched hyphae, compared with 16-g; 9. mold, showing conidiating hyphae connected to hyphal network, compared with 17; 10. mold sporangium, with small spores visible at the margin, compared with 18; 11, 12. similar to yeast cells, compared with 13; 13. modern yeast cells; 14, 15. mold (Aspergillus monacensis) perithecia from experimental red qu wine production; 16. schematic morphology of mold (Aspergillus monacensis) (a–c: perithecia; d, e: immature perithecia; e: mature perithecia; branched hyphae); 17. koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae); 18. bread molds (Rhizopus) sporangium and sporangiospores; 19, 20. schematic morphology of bread molds (Rhizopus) and aspergillus molds (Aspergillus) (scale bars 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14: 10 μm; 3, 6, 9, 15, 17, 18: 20 μm; 11, 12: 5 μm) (Sources: 16 from Fig. 4–6 and notes 2, 7efg.5; 19, 20 from note 7b, Figs. 10, 90.1).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "上山陶缸残留物中植硅体及真菌遗存的比较", "title_en": "Comparison of phytoliths and fungal remains from Shangshan ceramic jar residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/82885244871aec44b9b9ceb4.png", "image_url": "media/S090_c1c6c03e665c_S090-F03.png?v=82885244871a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.623024+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图三上山陶缸残留物中植硅体及真菌遗存(1-12)与现代标本(13-20)比较\n植硅体：1.帽型;2.哑铃型;3.棒型;4.扇形。\n真菌：5-7.上山陶缸残留物中的红曲霉闭囊壳,可见内部的子囊,与14-16比较8.类似红曲霉分枝菌丝,与16-g比较9.霉菌， 可见分生孢子连接菌丝与17比较10.霉菌孢子囊,边缘可见小型孢子,与18比较11、12.类似酵母细胞,与13比较13.现代 酵母细胞14、15.实验酿造红曲酒中的红曲霉闭囊壳16.红曲霉形态示意图(a-c:原闭囊壳;d,e:未成熟的闭囊壳;E成熟的闭囊 壳：:分枝菌丝）17.米曲霉18.根霉孢子囊及孢囊孢子19、20.根霉和曲霉形态示意图(标尺1-3.5.7,8,10,13,14:10微米; 3,6,9,15,17,18:20微米;11,12:5微米）（来源：16来自注2图4-6,及注7efg.5;19、20来自注7bfigs.10、90.1。）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "酿酒 ；大 口缸 ；红曲酒起源 ；红曲霉 ；酒曲\n\n Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ ：ＷｅａｎａｌｙｚｅｄｔｈｅｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｓｏｎｔｗｏｐｏｔｔｅｒｙｖａｔｓｏｆｔｈｅＳｏｎｇＤｙｎａｓｔｙｕｎｅａｒｔｈｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＳｈａｎｇ ｓｈａｎｓｉｔｅｉｎ\n\n Ｚｈｅｊ ｉａｎｇ ，ａｎｄｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄｍｏｌｄｓ ，ｙｅａｓｔｃｅｌｌｓａｎｄｓｔａｒｃｈｇ ｒａｉｎｓｗｉｔｈｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｆｅｒｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｇｅｌａｔｉｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ．\n\n Ｔｈｅｓｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｐｏｔｔｅｒｙｖａｔｓｏｎｃｅｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄｆｅｒｍｅｎｔｅｄａｌｃｏｈｏｌｉｃｂｅｖｅｒａｇｅｓ ．Ｔｈｅｍｏｌｄｓａｒｅｍｏｓ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c1c6c03e665c9328ab77c7b75b6bdce8990178ede6b9baed855d8ab25e5c378f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F02", "paper_key": "S092_04d2746d6893", "paper_id": "S092", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二 月庄遗址淀粉粒(400x)\n1.A类 2.B类 3.C类 4.D类 5.E类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ea180ac8aa20b81227c311febd55a77e8743187c079c38ae59c2f200438a77e8", "image_bytes": 1979002, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图二 月庄遗址淀粉粒（400x）\n1.A类，粟 2.B类，小麦族 3.C类，贝母 4.D类，无法鉴定 5.E类，无法确定种属", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Starch grains from Yuezhuang site (400x)\n1. Type A 2. Type B 3. Type C 4. Type D 5. Type E", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "月庄遗址淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Yuezhuang site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/ea180ac8aa20b81227c311fe.png", "image_url": "media/S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F02.png?v=ea180ac8aa20", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.752867+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "方法与区域综合" } }, { "id": "S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F03", "paper_key": "S092_04d2746d6893", "paper_id": "S092", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三 北桃花坪遗址淀粉粒(400x)\n1.A类2.B类3.C类 4.D类5.E类6.F类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "43e945afb9ffa8d20fff9570a674d91212d07eaad5a07bbecd479494c45201de", "image_bytes": 2174607, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图三 北桃花坪遗址淀粉粒（400x）\n1.A类，小麦族 2.B类，豆科 3.C类，未知 4.D类，狗尾草属 5.E类，不能识别 6.F类，不能识别", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Starch grains from Beitaohuaping site (400x)\n1. Type A 2. Type B 3. Type C 4. Type D 5. Type E 6. Type F", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "北桃花坪遗址淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Beitaohuaping site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/43e945afb9ffa8d20fff9570.png", "image_url": "media/S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F03.png?v=43e945afb9ff", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.820382+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "方法与区域综合" } }, { "id": "S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F04", "paper_key": "S092_04d2746d6893", "paper_id": "S092", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四 张马屯遗址淀粉粒(400x)\n1.A类 2.B类 3,4.C类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "44c115822b0388f71d78626d26ffbc5205a055479ab50bc2ac9c4eeff671847c", "image_bytes": 1556176, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图四 张马屯遗址淀粉粒（400x）\n1.A类，粟 2.B类，无法鉴定 3，4.C类，小麦族", "caption_en": "Figure four Starch grains from Zhangmatun site (400x)\n1. Type A 2. Type B 3,4. Type C", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "张马屯遗址淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Zhangmatun site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/44c115822b0388f71d78626d.png", "image_url": "media/S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F04.png?v=44c115822b03", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.890987+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "方法与区域综合" } }, { "id": "S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F05", "paper_key": "S092_04d2746d6893", "paper_id": "S092", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五 西河遗址淀粉粒(400x)\n1、2.A类 3.B类 4.C类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6b76fb884a230368bfade1b7b6127d48bd6788a79bc6e1e02166c4ea628e3a2e", "image_bytes": 1698033, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图五 西河遗址淀粉粒（400x）\n1、2.A类，小麦族 3.B类，块根块茎 4.C类，粟", "caption_en": "Figure 5 Starch grains from Xihe site (400x)\n1, 2. Type A; 3. Type B; 4. Type C", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西河遗址淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Xihe site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/6b76fb884a230368bfade1b7.png", "image_url": "media/S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F05.png?v=6b76fb884a23", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.949137+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "方法与区域综合" } }, { "id": "S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F06", "paper_key": "S092_04d2746d6893", "paper_id": "S092", "number": "6", "caption_original": "图六\n东盘遗址淀粉粒\n1A类 2.B类 3.C类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "619a7dc099b56cb4ada83d5d7e6dd29488d500d0fdc2eff9bd5233eae1386624", "image_bytes": 1135766, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图六 东盘遗址淀粉粒\n1A类，小麦族 2.B类，粟 3.C类，不能确定", "caption_en": "Figure 6. Starch grains from Dongpan Site: 1A type, 2B type, 3C type", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "东盘遗址淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Dongpan Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/619a7dc099b56cb4ada83d5d.png", "image_url": "media/S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F06.png?v=619a7dc099b5", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.005102+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "方法与区域综合" } }, { "id": "S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F07", "paper_key": "S092_04d2746d6893", "paper_id": "S092", "number": "7", "caption_original": "图七\n北阡遗址大汉口文化时期淀粉粒\n1A类 2.B类 3.C类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6b74cb98e0070d1b206d843cb8a323f136985f04048860bc20ca55535aa81d0a", "image_bytes": 1152696, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图七 北阡遗址大汉口文化时期淀粉粒\n1A类，小麦族 2.B类，未知 3.C类，不能识别", "caption_en": "Figure 7. Starch grains from the Dahan Kou cultural period at the Beiqian site. 1A type 2B type 3C type", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "北阡遗址大汉口文化时期淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from the Dahan Kou cultural period at the Beiqian site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/6b74cb98e0070d1b206d843c.png", "image_url": "media/S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F07.png?v=6b74cb98e007", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.076451+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "方法与区域综合" } }, { "id": "S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F09", "paper_key": "S092_04d2746d6893", "paper_id": "S092", "number": "9", "caption_original": "图九\n沟湾遗址淀粉粒\n1、2.A类 3.B类 4.C类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b0ba9503d1f0efe6214e151266648951e6e3e0054b09db32f1de350e0ca4ce01", "image_bytes": 1483025, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图九 沟湾遗址淀粉粒\n1、2.A类，小麦族 3.B类，粟 4.C类，无法鉴定", "caption_en": "Figure 9. Starch grains from Gouwan site\n1, 2. Type A; 3. Type B; 4. Type C", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "沟湾遗址淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Gouwan site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/b0ba9503d1f0efe6214e1512.png", "image_url": "media/S092_04d2746d6893_S092-F09.png?v=b0ba9503d1f0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.206166+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "方法与区域综合" } }, { "id": "S092_04d2746d6893_S092-P0004-B011", "paper_key": "S092_04d2746d6893", "paper_id": "S092", "number": "1", "caption_original": "12\n图一部分现代植物淀粉粒图谱\n1.粟（Setaria italica）2.黍（Panicum miliaceum）3.高粱（Sorghum bicolor）4.冰草（Agropyron\ncristatum）5.荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum）6.羊草（Leymuschinensis）7.大麦（Hordeum vulgare）\n8.小麦（Triticum aestivum）9.青稞（Hordeum vulgare）10.回回豆（Cicer arietinum）11.扁豆\n(Lablab purpureus）12.川贝（Fritillaria cirhosa）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Festuca → crested wheatgrass（Agropyron cristatum）。\n按原图一恢复图号1，完整翻译12项；冰草不能译成Festuca，青稞写naked barley，保留原地方样品名。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d98d5cb386c20daea35a78645b518a6f050578e287dbac5b148d1bbe74743ff4", "image_bytes": 4946797, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图一 部分现代植物淀粉粒图谱\n1.粟（Setaria italica）2.黍（Panicum miliaceum）3.高粱（Sorghum bicolor）4.冰草（Agropyron cristatum）5.荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum）6.羊草（Leymus chinensis）7.大麦（Hordeum vulgare）\n8.小麦（Triticum aestivum）9.青稞（Hordeum vulgare）10.回回豆（Cicer arietinum）11.扁豆\n（Lablab purpureus）12.川贝（Fritillaria cirrhosa）", "caption_en": "Figure 1. Selected modern starch references. 1. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica); 2. Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); 3. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor); 4. Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum); 5. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum); 6. Chinese wildrye (Leymus chinensis); 7. Barley (Hordeum vulgare); 8. Wheat (Triticum aestivum); 9. Naked barley (Hordeum vulgare), known as qingke; 10. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum), sample labelled Huihuidou; 11. Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus); 12. Fritillary (Fritillaria cirrhosa).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉粒图谱部分", "title_en": "Part of a modern plant starch grain atlas", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/d98d5cb386c20daea35a7864.png", "image_url": "media/S092_04d2746d6893_S092-P0004-B011.png?v=d98d5cb386c2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:12.679178+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "方法与区域综合" } }, { "id": "S092_04d2746d6893_S092-P0010-B004", "paper_key": "S092_04d2746d6893", "paper_id": "S092", "number": "8", "caption_original": "图八刘庄遗址淀粉粒\n1.A类2、3.B类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1975c00316d281d8cf5cfcd75589d3b5ae847b731bfe8bc30e91d4b665e53668", "image_bytes": 1218739, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图八刘庄遗址淀粉粒\n1.A类，疑似高粱属 2、3.B类，可能是睡莲科植物", "caption_en": "Figure 8 Starch grains from Liu Zhuang Site\n1. Type A, 2, 3. Type B", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "刘庄遗址淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Liu Zhuang Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/1975c00316d281d8cf5cfcd7.png", "image_url": "media/S092_04d2746d6893_S092-P0010-B004.png?v=1975c00316d2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.130383+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "方法与区域综合" } }, { "id": "S092_04d2746d6893_S092-P0012-B000", "paper_key": "S092_04d2746d6893", "paper_id": "S092", "number": "未编号10", "caption_original": "图一〇 北阡遗址周代淀粉粒\n1、2.A类 3.B类 4.C类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "32b7d776ebc56a5c16334e1bd282040e3f690543890fb556e36f0fb20c64ca84", "image_bytes": 1633997, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图一〇 北阡遗址周代淀粉粒\n1、2.A类，小麦族 3.B类，未识别 4.C类，未识别", "caption_en": "Figure 10 Starch grains from the Beiqian site during the Zhou dynasty\n1, 2. Type A; 3. Type B; 4. Type C", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "北阡遗址周代淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from the Beiqian site during the Zhou dynasty", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/32b7d776ebc56a5c16334e1b.png", "image_url": "media/S092_04d2746d6893_S092-P0012-B000.png?v=32b7d776ebc5", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.269020+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "方法与区域综合" } }, { "id": "S092_04d2746d6893_S092-P0012-B004", "paper_key": "S092_04d2746d6893", "paper_id": "S092", "number": "未编号11", "caption_original": "图一一、黄崖洞遗址淀粉粒1、2.A类 3,4.B类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7b1161139ff2083b8b7ffedd8d703dccbf9e12ef5f52731bc75953c4e5a2307a", "image_bytes": 1558014, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图一一、黄崖洞遗址淀粉粒1、2.A类，小麦族 3，4.B类，未识别", "caption_en": "Fig. 1-1. Starch grains from the Huangyadong site: 1, 2. Type A; 3, 4. Type B", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "黄崖洞遗址淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from the Huangyadong site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/7b1161139ff2083b8b7ffedd.png", "image_url": "media/S092_04d2746d6893_S092-P0012-B004.png?v=7b1161139ff2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.330551+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "方法与区域综合" } }, { "id": "S093_b39a12aea75e_S093-P0002-B003", "paper_key": "S093_b39a12aea75e", "paper_id": "S093", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "图1 部分现代植物淀粉粒形态 (a) 普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon); (b) 栽培稻(Oryza sativa ssp. indica); (c) 粟(Setaria italica); (d) 麻栎(Quercus acutissima); (e) 板栗(Castanea mollisima); (f) 野菱(Trapa incisa var. guadricaudata); (g) 山药(Dioscorea opposita); (h), (i) 红小豆(Vigna angularis); (j) 非偏光下来自七叶树(Aesculus chinensis)果实的淀粉粒; (k) 偏光下的七叶树果实淀粉粒; (l) 莲藕(Nelumbo mucifera); (m) 槲栎(Quercus aliena); (n) 菰(Zizania caduciflora); (o) 黍(Panicum miliaceum); (p) 柯(Lithocarpus brevicaudatus); (q) 薏苡(Coix lacryma-jobi); (r) 芡实(Euryale ferox); (a)~(q)比例尺 为20 μm, (r)比例尺为10 μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 2 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "40a8616b4b5e652ed361ec33f14a99a31b40cc9a7c8b342b4720f8138e7cb5b3", "image_bytes": 12079157, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图1 部分现代植物淀粉粒形态 \n（a） 普通野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）； （b） 栽培稻（Oryza sativa ssp. indica）； （c） 粟（Setaria italica）； （d） 麻栎（Quercus acutissima）； （e） 板栗（Castanea mollissima）； （f） 野菱（Trapa incisa var. guadricaudata）； （g） 山药（Dioscorea opposita）； （h）， （i） 红小豆（Vigna angularis）； （j） 非偏光下来自七叶树（Aesculus chinensis）果实的淀粉粒； （k） 偏光下的七叶树果实淀粉粒； （l） 莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera）； （m） 槲栎（Quercus aliena）； （n） 菰（Zizania caduciflora）； （o） 黍（Panicum miliaceum）； （p） 柯（Lithocarpus brevicaudatus）； （q） 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）； （r） 芡实（Euryale ferox）； （a）~（q）比例尺 为20 μm， （r）比例尺为10 μm", "caption_en": "Fig. 1 Partial modern plant starch grain morphologies (a) wild rice (Oryza rufipogon); (b) rice (Oryza sativa) ssp. indica; (c) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (d) sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima); (e) Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima); (f) water caltrop (Trapa incisa) var. guadricaudata; (g) Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita); (h), (i) adzuki bean (Vigna angularis); (j) starch grains from Aesculus chinensis fruit under non-polarized light; (k) starch grains from Aesculus chinensis fruit under polarized light; (l) lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) rhizome; (m) oriental white oak (Quercus aliena); (n) Manchurian wild rice (Zizania caduciflora); (o) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); (p) stone oak (Lithocarpus brevicaudatus); (q) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (r) fox nut (Euryale ferox); (a)–(q) scale bars are 20 μm, (r) scale bar is 10 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "部分现代植物淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Partial modern plant starch grain morphologies", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/40a8616b4b5e652ed361ec33.png", "image_url": "media/S093_b39a12aea75e_S093-P0002-B003.png?v=40a8616b4b5e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.401117+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S093_b39a12aea75e_S093-P0004-B009", "paper_key": "S093_b39a12aea75e", "paper_id": "S093", "number": "未编号2", "caption_original": "图3 跨湖桥遗址陶釜残留物中的淀粉粒 (a) 禾本科A1 类型; (b) 禾本科A2 类型; (c) B 类; (d), (e) C 类; (f) D 类; (g) 非偏光下的E 类; (h) 偏光下的E 类; (i) F 类; (j), (k), (l) 非偏光下的G 类; (m), (n), (o) 偏光下的G 类; 比例尺为20 μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "edb388e56538e6f49450e91c61e259516d8a54b1d7fb6ec80748648f37c97bef", "image_bytes": 10046757, "sites": [ "CN083" ], "caption_zh": "图3 跨湖桥遗址陶釜残留物中的淀粉粒 \n（a） 禾本科A1 类型； （b） 禾本科A2 类型； （c） B 类，栎属； （d）， （e） C 类，栎属； （f） D 类； （g） 非偏光下的E 类； （h） 偏光下的E 类； （i） F 类； （j）， （k）， （l） 非偏光下的G 类； （m）， （n）， （o） 偏光下的G 类； 比例尺为20 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Starch grains from pottery residues at the Kuahuqiao site (a) Gramineae A1 type; (b) Gramineae A2 type; (c) B type; (d), (e) C type; (f) D type; (g) E type under non-polarized light; (h) E type under polarized light; (i) F type; (j), (k), (l) G type under non-polarized light; (m), (n), (o) G type under polarized light; scale bar is 20 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "跨湖桥遗址陶釜残留物中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from pottery residues at the Kuahuqiao site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/edb388e56538e6f49450e91c.png", "image_url": "media/S093_b39a12aea75e_S093-P0004-B009.png?v=edb388e56538", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.461278+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN083", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图3 跨湖桥遗址陶釜残留物中的淀粉粒 (a) 禾本科A1 类型; (b) 禾本科A2 类型; (c) B 类; (d), (e) C 类; (f) D 类; (g) 非偏光下的E 类; (h) 偏光下的E 类; (i) F 类; (j), (k), (l) 非偏光下的G 类; (m), (n), (o) 偏光下的G 类; 比例尺为20 μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "kuahuqiao", "quote": "面团就包含了成百上千个淀粉粒[3], 这为 物的淀粉粒形态进行了研究[16,17], 收集了来自禾本\n\n\n\n\n 英文版见: Yang X Y, Jiang L P. Starch grain analysis reveals ancient diet at Kuahuqiao site, Zhejiang Province. Chinese Sci Bull, 2010, 55, doi: 10.1007/s11434-009-0545-0", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b39a12aea75ef20619d589faf410ae31f5d707e6a8dc77a334abe9f01f901727" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S093_b39a12aea75e_S093-P0005-B008", "paper_key": "S093_b39a12aea75e", "paper_id": "S093", "number": "未编号3", "caption_original": "图4 跨湖桥遗址陶釜残留物中的针叶材管胞具缘纹孔 (a), (b) 非偏光下的管胞及其细胞壁上的具缘纹孔; (c), (d) 偏光下的管胞及其细胞壁上的具缘纹孔; 比例尺为50 μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b80c12016d843098e3741132a76555538589ac9e67c6af552431952347cc03cc", "image_bytes": 7120275, "sites": [ "CN083" ], "caption_zh": "图4 跨湖桥遗址陶釜残留物中的针叶材管胞具缘纹孔 （a）， （b） 非偏光下的管胞及其细胞壁上的具缘纹孔； （c）， （d） 偏光下的管胞及其细胞壁上的具缘纹孔； 比例尺为50 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Longitudinal vessel elements with bordered pits from pottery residues at the Kuahuqiao site (a, b) vessel elements and bordered pits on cell walls under non-polarized light; (c, d) vessel elements and bordered pits on cell walls under polarized light; scale bar = 50 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "跨湖桥遗址陶釜残留物中的针叶材管胞具缘纹孔", "title_en": "Longitudinal vessel elements with bordered pits from pottery residues at the Kuahuqiao site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b80c12016d843098e3741132.png", "image_url": "media/S093_b39a12aea75e_S093-P0005-B008.png?v=b80c12016d84", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.517424+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN083", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图4 跨湖桥遗址陶釜残留物中的针叶材管胞具缘纹孔 (a), (b) 非偏光下的管胞及其细胞壁上的具缘纹孔; (c), (d) 偏光下的管胞及其细胞壁上的具缘纹孔; 比例尺为50 μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "kuahuqiao", "quote": "面团就包含了成百上千个淀粉粒[3], 这为 物的淀粉粒形态进行了研究[16,17], 收集了来自禾本\n\n\n\n\n 英文版见: Yang X Y, Jiang L P. Starch grain analysis reveals ancient diet at Kuahuqiao site, Zhejiang Province. Chinese Sci Bull, 2010, 55, doi: 10.1007/s11434-009-0545-0", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b39a12aea75ef20619d589faf410ae31f5d707e6a8dc77a334abe9f01f901727" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S094_30d46b62cce2_S094-F03", "paper_key": "S094_30d46b62cce2", "paper_id": "S094", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 部分现代植物淀粉粒形态\n(a)(a′)(b)(b′) 薏苡(Coixlacryma-jobi), 粒径范围5.83~21.18μm, 平均粒径13.16±3.50μm(n=100); (c)(c′)(d)(d′) 栝楼根(Trichosanthes kirilowii \nsnake gourd roots), 粒径范围6.09~31.89μm, 平均粒径13.39±5.77μm(n=100); (e)(e′) 山药(Dioscorea opposita), 粒径范围18.20~54.33μm, 平均\n粒径34.31±8.33μm(n=100); (f)(f′) 莲藕(Nelumbo nucifera), 粒径范围9.43~77.29μm, 平均粒径31.49±15.27μm(n=100); (g)(g′)(h)(h′) 普通小麦\n(Triticum aestivum L.)粒径范围5.13~41.29μm, 平均粒径18.77±6.38μm(n=100); (i)(i′)(j)(j′) 水稻(Oryza sativa), 粒径范围2.60~10.28μm, 平 \n均粒径5.45±1.26μm(n=100)((a′)~(e′)及(f′)~(j′)为正交偏光照片)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6be1e0991bd2f2145ccdd693ca42107a8b45574e1451584053fe570f10b643f0", "image_bytes": 9465742, "sites": [], "caption_zh": " 图3 部分现代植物淀粉粒形态\n（a）（a′）（b）（b′） 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）， 粒径范围5.83~21.18 μm， 平均粒径13.16±3.50 μm（n=100）； （c）（c′）（d）（d′） 栝楼根（Trichosanthes kirilowii \nsnake gourd roots）， 粒径范围6.09~31.89 μm， 平均粒径13.39±5.77 μm（n=100）； （e）（e′） 山药（Dioscorea opposita）， 粒径范围18.20~54.33 μm， 平均\n粒径34.31±8.33 μm（n=100）； （f）（f′） 莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera）， 粒径范围9.43~77.29 μm， 平均粒径31.49±15.27 μm（n=100）； （g）（g′）（h）（h′） 普通小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）粒径范围5.13~41.29 μm， 平均粒径18.77±6.38 μm（n=100）； （i）（i′）（j）（j′） 水稻（Oryza sativa）， 粒径范围2.60~10.28 μm， 平均粒径5.45±1.26 μm（n=100）（（a′）~（e′）及（f′）~（j′）为正交偏光照片）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Morphology of starch grains from some modern plants\n(a)(a′)(b)(b′) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), grain diameter range 5.83–21.18 μm, average diameter 13.16 ± 3.50 μm (n=100); (c)(c′)(d)(d′) Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) (snake gourd roots), grain diameter range 6.09–31.89 μm, average diameter 13.39 ± 5.77 μm (n=100); (e)(e′) Yam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea opposita), grain diameter range 18.20–54.33 μm, average diameter 34.31 ± 8.33 μm (n=100); (f)(f′) Lotus rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera), grain diameter range 9.43–77.29 μm, average diameter 31.49 ± 15.27 μm (n=100); (g)(g′)(h)(h′) Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), grain diameter range 5.13–41.29 μm, average diameter 18.77 ± 6.38 μm (n=100); (i)(i′)(j)(j′) Rice (Oryza sativa), grain diameter range 2.60–10.28 μm, average diameter 5.45 ± 1.26 μm (n=100); (a′) to (e′) and (f′) to (j′) are orthogonally polarized light images", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "部分现代植物淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Morphology of starch grains from some modern plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6be1e0991bd2f2145ccdd693.png", "image_url": "media/S094_30d46b62cce2_S094-F03.png?v=6be1e0991bd2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.575449+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S094_30d46b62cce2_S094-F04", "paper_key": "S094_30d46b62cce2", "paper_id": "S094", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4 顺山集遗址石器、陶器表面提取到的淀粉粒残留物\n(a)(a′)(b)(b′)-A 类; (c)(c′)(d)(d′)-B1 类; (e)(e′)(f)(f′)-B2 类; (g)(g′)(h)(h′)-C 类; (i)(i′)(j)(j′)-D 类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "bef22fb3181d0ded412aa83770353e361c08e276aaec91f0dcd9dbaec5276b5a", "image_bytes": 10103861, "sites": [ "CN087" ], "caption_zh": "图4 顺山集遗址石器、陶器表面提取到的淀粉粒残留物\n（a）（a′）（b）（b′）-A 类，薏苡； （c）（c′）（d）（d′）-B1 类，栝楼； （e）（e′）（f）（f′）-B2 类，莲藕； （g）（g′）（h）（h′）-C 类，稻属； （i）（i′）（j）（j′）-D 类，小麦族", "caption_en": "Figure 4 Starch grains recovered from the surfaces of stone and ceramic artifacts at the Shunshanji site\n(a)(a′)(b)(b′)-Type A; (c)(c′)(d)(d′)-Type B1; (e)(e′)(f)(f′)-Type B2; (g)(g′)(h)(h′)-Type C; (i)(i′)(j)(j′)-Type D", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "顺山集遗址石器、陶器表面淀粉粒残留物", "title_en": "Starch grains recovered from the surfaces of stone and ceramic artifacts at the Shunshanji site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/bef22fb3181d0ded412aa837.png", "image_url": "media/S094_30d46b62cce2_S094-F04.png?v=bef22fb3181d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.649509+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN087", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图4 顺山集遗址石器、陶器表面提取到的淀粉粒残留物\n(a)(a′)(b)(b′)-A 类; (c)(c′)(d)(d′)-B1 类; (e)(e′)(f)(f′)-B2 类; (g)(g′)(h)(h′)-C 类; (i)(i′)(j)(j′)-D 类", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shunshanji", "quote": "Luo W H, Zhang J Z, Lin L G, Gan H Y, Yan L. 2016. Plant food sources and stone tools’ function at the site\n of Shunshanji based on starch grain analysis. Science China Earth Sciences, 59: 1574–1582, doi: 10.1007/s11430-016-5321-9\n\n\n© 2016《中国科学》杂志社 www.scichina.com", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "30d46b62cce2e0fb180b8c940b8d83714779c8cec67dbfe20115fa59a0f298d7" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S095_bf70a9f51f3c_S095-F04", "paper_key": "S095_bf70a9f51f3c", "paper_id": "S095", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图４　部分现代植物淀粉粒形态（标尺：２０μｍ）\nａ、ｂ———小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ），粒径范围５．１３～４１．２９μｍ，平均粒径１８．７７±６．３８μｍ（ｎ＝１００）；ｃ、ｄ、ｅ、ｆ———粟（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ），粒径范围\n５．６９～２０．５７μｍ，平均粒径１０．４７±２．７９μｍ（ｎ＝１００）；ｇ、ｈ———莲藕（Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｍｕｃｉｆｅｒａ），粒径范围９．４３～７７．２９μｍ，平均粒径３１．４９±１５．２７μｍ\n（ｎ＝１００）；ｉ、ｊ———麻栎（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓａｃｕｔｉｓｓｉｍａ），粒径范围２．４５～２０．７１μｍ，平均粒径１０．８９±４．１９μｍ（ｎ＝１００）；ｋ、ｊ———水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ），粒径\n范围２．６０～１０．２８μｍ，平均粒径５．４５±１．２６μｍ（ｎ＝１００）；ｌ、ｍ———薏苡（Ｃｏｉｘｌａｃｒｙｍａｊｏｂｉ），粒径范围５．８３～２１．１８μｍ，平均粒径１３．１６±３．５０μｍ\n（ｎ＝１００）；ｎ、ｏ———山药（Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａｏｐｐｏｓｉｔａ），粒径范围１８．２０～５４．３３μｍ，平均粒径３４．３１±８．３３μｍ（ｎ＝１００）；ｐ、ｑ———黍（Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍｍｉｌｉａｃｅｕｍ），\n粒径范围４．３２～１３．００μｍ，平均粒径７．９９±１．５６μｍ（ｎ＝１００）\nＦｉｇ４　Ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｏｍｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Hornbeam → sawtooth oak（Quercus acutissima）。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a0c6bce693c09498f7f2eaab123b75d7ae1a6072771ee3379c7ea7670523c31e", "image_bytes": 6480797, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 部分现代植物淀粉粒形态（标尺：20 μm）\na、b—小麦（Triticum aestivum），粒径范围5.13~41.29 μm，平均粒径18.77±6.38 μm（n=100）；c、d、e、f—粟（Setaria italica），粒径范围5.69~20.57 μm，平均粒径10.47±2.79 μm（n=100）；g、h—莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera），粒径范围9.43~77.29 μm，平均粒径31.49±15.27 μm（n=100）；i、j—麻栎（Quercus acutissima），粒径范围2.45~20.71 μm，平均粒径10.89±4.19 μm（n=100）；k、j—水稻（Oryza sativa），粒径范围2.60~10.28 μm，平均粒径5.45±1.26 μm（n=100）；l、m—薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi），粒径范围5.83~21.18 μm，平均粒径13.16±3.50 μm（n=100）；n、o—山药（Dioscorea opposita），粒径范围18.20~54.33 μm，平均粒径34.31±8.33 μm（n=100）；p、q—黍（Panicum miliaceum），粒径范围4.32~13.00 μm，平均粒径7.99±1.56 μm（n=100）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Starch grains from some modern species. Scale bar: 20 μm a, b———Wheat (Triticum aestivum), grain diameter range 5.13–41.29 μm, mean grain diameter 18.77±6.38 μm (n=100); c, d, e, f———Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), grain diameter range 5.69–20.57 μm, mean grain diameter 10.47±2.79 μm (n=100); g, h———Lotus rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera), grain diameter range 9.43–77.29 μm, mean grain diameter 31.49±15.27 μm (n=100); i, j———sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima), grain diameter range 2.45–20.71 μm, mean grain diameter 10.89±4.19 μm (n=100); k, j———Rice (Oryza sativa), grain diameter range 2.60–10.28 μm, mean grain diameter 5.45±1.26 μm (n=100); l, m———Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), grain diameter range 5.83–21.18 μm, mean grain diameter 13.16±3.50 μm (n=100); n, o———Yam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea opposita), grain diameter range 18.20–54.33 μm, mean grain diameter 34.31±8.33 μm (n=100); p, q———Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), grain diameter range 4.32–13.00 μm, mean grain diameter 7.99±1.56 μm (n=100)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "部分现代植物淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Starch grains from some modern species", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/a0c6bce693c09498f7f2eaab.png", "image_url": "media/S095_bf70a9f51f3c_S095-F04.png?v=a0c6bce693c0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.711063+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S095_bf70a9f51f3c_S095-F05", "paper_key": "S095_bf70a9f51f3c", "paper_id": "S095", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图５　唐户遗址石器、陶器表面提取到的各类型淀粉粒（标尺：２０μｍ）\nａ、ｂ、ｃ、ｄ———Ⅰ类小麦族淀粉粒（ｔｙｐｅⅠ，Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｅａｅ）；ｅ、ｆ、ｇ、ｈ———Ⅱ类粟淀粉粒（ｔｙｐｅⅡ，Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ）；ｉ、ｊ、ｋ、ｌ———Ⅲ类莲属淀粉粒\n（ｔｙｐｅⅢ，Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏ）；ｍ、ｎ、ｏ、ｐ———Ⅳ类栎属淀粉粒（ｔｙｐｅＩＶ，Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ）；ｑ、ｒ———Ⅴ类水稻淀粉粒（ｔｙｐｅⅤ，Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ）；ｓ、ｔ———Ⅵ类未知\n根茎类淀粉粒（ｔｙｐｅⅥ，ｕｎｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ）\nＦｉｇ５　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｔｏｎｅｔｏｏｌｓａｎｄｐｏｔｔｅｒｉｅｓｅｘｃａｖａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴａｎｇｈｕｓｉｔｅ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e942777296b1cf4d1a03a42ccf48eafff07057de18320d63385b30ebf0f38e45", "image_bytes": 6411415, "sites": [ "CN030" ], "caption_zh": "图5 唐户遗址石器、陶器表面提取到的各类型淀粉粒（标尺：20 μm）\na、b、c、d—Ⅰ类小麦族淀粉粒（typeⅠ，小麦族（Triticeae））；e、f、g、h—Ⅱ类粟淀粉粒（typeⅡ，粟（Setaria italica））；i、j、k、l—Ⅲ类莲属淀粉粒（typeⅢ，莲属（Nelumbo））；m、n、o、p—Ⅳ类栎属淀粉粒（typeIV，栎属（Quercus））；q、r—Ⅴ类水稻淀粉粒（typeⅤ，水稻（Oryza sativa））；s、t—Ⅵ类未知根茎类淀粉粒（typeⅥ，unidentifiedspecies）", "caption_en": "Fig. 5 Starch grains from stone tools and pottery excavated from the Tanghu site (scale bar: 20 μm) a, b, c, d—Type I wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch grains (type I, wheat tribe (Triticeae)); e, f, g, h—Type II foxtail millet (Setaria italica) starch grains (type II, foxtail millet (Setaria italica)); i, j, k, l—Type III lotus (Nelumbo) starch grains (type III, lotus (Nelumbo)); m, n, o, p—Type IV oaks (Quercus) starch grains (type IV, oaks (Quercus)); q, r—Type V rice (Oryza sativa) starch grains (type V, rice (Oryza sativa)); s, t—Type VI unidentified root and stem starch grains (type VI, unidentified species)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "唐户遗址石器、陶器表面淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from stone tools and pottery at Tanghu site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/e942777296b1cf4d1a03a42c.png", "image_url": "media/S095_bf70a9f51f3c_S095-F05.png?v=e942777296b1", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.785705+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN030", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图５　唐户遗址石器、陶器表面提取到的各类型淀粉粒（标尺：２０μｍ）\nａ、ｂ、ｃ、ｄ———Ⅰ类小麦族淀粉粒（ｔｙｐｅⅠ，Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｅａｅ）；ｅ、ｆ、ｇ、ｈ———Ⅱ类粟淀粉粒（ｔｙｐｅⅡ，Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ）；ｉ、ｊ、ｋ、ｌ———Ⅲ类莲属淀粉粒\n（ｔｙｐｅⅢ，Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏ）；ｍ、ｎ、ｏ、ｐ———Ⅳ类栎属淀粉粒（ｔｙｐｅＩＶ，Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ）；ｑ、ｒ———Ⅴ类水稻淀粉粒（ｔｙｐｅⅤ，Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ）；ｓ、ｔ———Ⅵ类未知\n根茎类淀粉粒（ｔｙｐｅⅥ，ｕｎｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ）\nＦｉｇ５　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｔｏｎｅｔｏｏｌｓａｎｄｐｏｔｔｅｒｉｅｓｅｘｃａｖａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴａｎｇｈｕｓｉｔｅ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "唐户", "quote": "Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ，２０１５\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１５．０１．２２ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１５）０１－２２９－１１\n\n\n 淀粉粒分析揭示的河南唐户遗址裴李岗文化\n 古人类植物性食物资源利用 \n\n 杨玉璋 ①　李为亚 ①　姚　凌 ①　程至杰 ①　张居中 ①　信应君 ②\n\n （①中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系，合肥　２３００２６；②郑州市文物考古研究院，郑州　４５０００５）\n\n\n 摘要　　本文利用淀粉粒分析方法对河南唐户遗址（约７８～７０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．）出土的裴李岗文化时期６件石磨盘、２件\n\n 石磨棒和８件陶炊器残片表面附着残留物进行了分析，共提取到６类不同形态的淀粉粒，鉴定结果显示有分别来\n\n 自小麦族（Ｔｒｉｔｉ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "bf70a9f51f3c72c4286c589e4a01bb111ec8e7d06512a4ccf5f0fce3645c6be7" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S096_80e6f4454a06_S096-P0005-B000", "paper_key": "S096_80e6f4454a06", "paper_id": "S096", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "图2 淀粉粒图像 (a) A1 类淀粉粒; (b) A2 类淀粉粒; (c) 现代稻(Oryza sativa)淀粉粒, 采自江西, 淀粉粒平均粒径(5.21±1.25) m (n=120); (d) 现代菰(Zizania latifolia)淀粉粒, 采自江西, 淀粉粒平均粒径(4.55±0.81) m (n=108); (e) B1 类淀粉粒; (f) B2 类淀粉粒; (g) C1 类淀粉粒; (h) C2 类淀粉粒; (i) C3 类淀粉粒; (j) D 类淀粉粒; (k) E1 类淀粉粒; (l) E2 类淀粉粒; (m) F 类淀粉粒极面观; (n) F 类淀粉粒侧面观; (o) G 类淀粉粒; (p) H 类淀粉粒 (标尺: 20 m)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "db58d453d562d04fc7b96b785066a0c3c8cec549008a941246985e59140ca34e", "image_bytes": 1069044, "sites": [ "CN098", "CN099", "CN100", "CN101" ], "caption_zh": "图2 淀粉粒图像 （a） A1 类淀粉粒。疑似薏苡； （b） A2 类淀粉粒。稻属； （c） 现代稻（Oryza sativa）淀粉粒， 采自江西， 淀粉粒平均粒径（5.21±1.25） μm （n=120）； （d） 现代菰（Zizania latifolia）淀粉粒， 采自江西， 淀粉粒平均粒径（4.55±0.81） μm （n=108）； （e） B1 类淀粉粒，块根块茎； （f） B2 类淀粉粒，莲藕； （g） C1 类淀粉粒，稻属； （h） C2 类淀粉粒，稻属； （i） C3 类淀粉粒，稻属； （j） D 类淀粉粒，豆科； （k） E1 类淀粉粒，块根块茎； （l） E2 类淀粉粒，块根块茎； （m） F 类淀粉粒极面观，小麦族； （n） F 类淀粉粒侧面观，小麦族； （o） G 类淀粉粒，存疑； （p） H 类淀粉粒，姜科 （标尺： 20 μm）", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Starch grain images: (a) A1 type starch grains; (b) A2 type starch grains; (c) modern rice (Oryza sativa) starch grains, collected from Jiangxi, with average grain diameter (5.21±1.25) μm (n=120); (d) modern zizania (Manchurian wild rice, Zizania latifolia) starch grains, collected from Jiangxi, with average grain diameter (4.55±0.81) μm (n=108); (e) B1 type starch grains; (f) B2 type starch grains; (g) C1 type starch grains; (h) C2 type starch grains; (i) C3 type starch grains; (j) D type starch grains; (k) E1 type starch grains; (l) E2 type starch grains; (m) F type starch grains viewed in polar view; (n) F type starch grains viewed in lateral view; (o) G type starch grains; (p) H type starch grains (scale bar: 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "淀粉粒图像", "title_en": "Starch grain images", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/db58d453d562d04fc7b96b78.png", "image_url": "media/S096_80e6f4454a06_S096-P0005-B000.png?v=db58d453d562", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "通过实验分析, 13 件石器的26 个样品中一共提 取出478 粒淀粉粒. 除21 粒表面模糊、无法鉴别外, 其余的457 粒可以分为8 大类13 亚类(表2). 库房尘 土样品中未提取出淀粉粒. A 类: 共观察到192 粒, 其共同特点是呈多边形, 脐点居中, 无层纹. 根据粒径大小可分为2 个亚类: A1 类164 粒(图2(a)), 粒径范围8.99~24.86 μm, 均值 15.72 μm. 该类淀粉粒呈多面体状、脐点开放、有通 过脐点的T 型或X 型裂隙、无层纹. 已有的研究成 果[25,31]表明粟(Setaria italica)、黍(Panicum miliaceum)、", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "高粱(Sorghum bicolor)、玉米(Zea mays)和薏米(Coix chinensis)的淀粉粒一般呈多面体状, 但是粟、黍淀粉 粒的粒径均值都小于10 μm, 起源于美洲地区的玉米 传入东亚的时间较晚, 所以仅从粒径范围上考虑, A1 类淀粉粒与薏米或高粱相一致. 但是高粱淀粉粒部 分可见层纹[30], 而本次实验所观察到的所有A1 类淀 粉粒都未见层纹, 故A1 类淀粉粒很可能是来自薏苡 属某种(Coix spp.)植物. A2 类28 粒(图2(b)), 粒径范 围4.03~10.07 μm, 均值6.75 μm. 呈多边形、夹角尖 锐, 表面较为光滑、无裂隙、无层纹, 部分表现为3~5 粒组合在一起的复粒淀粉. 该类淀粉粒的表面形态 和粒径范围与很多稻族植物相一致, 如稻(Oryza sativa)和菰(Zizania latifolia). 稻与菰都有部分由多个 淀粉粒组成的复粒淀粉, 但淀粉粒的排列方式各不 相同(图2(c), (d)中箭头所示区域). 因此A2 类淀粉粒 很可能来自稻(Oryza spp.). B 类: 共观察到40 粒, 其共同特点是淀粉粒由 半圆形和扇形组合而成, 脐点偏心. 可分为2 个亚类: B1 类28 粒(图2(e)), 由两个半圆组合而成的复粒淀 粉粒, 部分单粒为复粒受外力解体而成, 粒径范围 9.77~23.49 m, 均值15.42 m. B2 类12 粒(图2(f)), 由三个扇形组合而成的复粒淀粉粒, 部分单粒为复 粒解体而成, 粒径范围8.74~17.56 μm, 均值12.64 μm. 现代植物淀粉粒形态数据库表明, 很多块根块 茎类植物, 如我们在现代样品中分析时发现莲藕 (Nelumbo nucifera)、睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona)、裂果 薯(Schizocapsa plantaginea)淀粉粒具有这种由2~3 个 淀粉粒组合而成的半圆形或扇形复粒淀粉粒. 虽然 暂不能确定具体的种属, 但可以将B 类淀粉粒鉴定", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "为根茎类植物淀粉粒. C 类: 共观察到74 粒, 其共同特点是淀粉粒呈 椭圆形或近圆形, 脐点居中, 消光臂相互垂直. 可分 为3 个亚类: C1 类30 粒(图2(g)), 淀粉粒呈椭圆形或 近圆形, 表面比较光滑, 无裂隙和层纹. 粒径范围 7.04~19.49 m, 均值11.53 m. C2 类26 粒(图2(h)), 呈椭圆形, 大部分表面有裂隙或小坑. 粒径范围 9.59~18.70 m, 均值14.22 m. C3 类18 粒(图2(i)), 呈圆形、表面较光滑、脐点非常开放. 粒径范围 8.39~16.11 m, 均值11.66 m. 由于很多植物生长 过程中都会产生部分圆形和椭圆形的淀粉粒, 因此 本文将此类淀粉暂时不作具体分类. 即便如此, 该类 淀粉粒在进行考古器物的功能分析、判别器物上提取 的淀粉粒是否来自污染、以及说明古人类植物利用多 样性等方面有着重要意义[10].", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "D 类: 共观察到26 粒(图2(j)), 呈椭圆形, 层纹 明显, 偏光下层纹尤为清晰, 大部分有通过脐点的纵 贯裂隙. 粒径范围15.84~45.23 m, 均值29.12 m. 该类淀粉粒在形态上具有明显的豇豆属(Vigna)植物 淀粉粒特征. 通过与现代植物淀粉粒形态数据库相 比对, D 类淀粉粒与很多豇豆属植物, 如赤豆(V. angularis)、豇豆(V. unguiculata)和绿豆(V. radiata)等 相一致, 很可能是其中的一种或几种. E 类: 共观察到31 粒, 分为2 个亚类. E1 类9 粒 (图2(k)), 呈正六边形, 部分可见脐点, 表面有凸起 的挤压面. 粒径范围12.03~20.86 m, 均值15.48 m. E2 类22 粒(图2(l)), 一边为弧形的多边形, 粒径范围 12.37~30.68 m, 均值17.75 m. 篦齿苏铁(Cycas pectinata)茎髓淀粉粒以及其他一些根茎类植物淀粉 粒如: 葛(Pueraria lobata)、黄磨芋(Amorphophallus", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.887265+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN098", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图2 淀粉粒图像 (a) A1 类淀粉粒; (b) A2 类淀粉粒; (c) 现代稻(Oryza sativa)淀粉粒, 采自江西, 淀粉粒平均粒径(5.21±1.25) m (n=120); (d) 现代菰(Zizania latifolia)淀粉粒, 采自江西, 淀粉粒平均粒径(4.55±0.81) m (n=108); (e) B1 类淀粉粒; (f) B2 类淀粉粒; (g) C1 类淀粉粒; (h) C2 类淀粉粒; (i) C3 类淀粉粒; (j) D 类淀粉粒; (k) E1 类淀粉粒; (l) E2 类淀粉粒; (m) F 类淀粉粒极面观; (n) F 类淀粉粒侧面观; (o) G 类淀粉粒; (p) H 类淀粉粒 (标尺: 20 m)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "樊城堆", "quote": "0CB950101)和中国科学院战略性先导科\n技专项(编号: XDA05130603, XDA05130402, XDA05080100)资助\n\n\n摘要 相对于中国北方地区而言, 史前时期赣江流域的植物利用情况一直不甚明了. 距今 关键词\n5~4 ka 的樊城堆遗址、拾年山遗址、筑卫城遗址和尹家坪遗址, 地处赣江中游, 是南方地区 淀粉粒分析\n 赣江中游地区\n具有代表性的新石器文化遗址. 在发掘过程中所观察到的植物遗存只有红烧土中所保存的稻\n 新石器晚期\n壳和稻秆遗迹, 尚缺乏系统的植物考古研究. 本文对这4 个遗址新石器晚期文化层出土的13", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "80e6f4454a0689841d6471554f742f76ef0814dba724c5f738f8bee0936e5894" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN099", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图2 淀粉粒图像 (a) A1 类淀粉粒; (b) A2 类淀粉粒; (c) 现代稻(Oryza sativa)淀粉粒, 采自江西, 淀粉粒平均粒径(5.21±1.25) m (n=120); (d) 现代菰(Zizania latifolia)淀粉粒, 采自江西, 淀粉粒平均粒径(4.55±0.81) m (n=108); (e) B1 类淀粉粒; (f) B2 类淀粉粒; (g) C1 类淀粉粒; (h) C2 类淀粉粒; (i) C3 类淀粉粒; (j) D 类淀粉粒; (k) E1 类淀粉粒; (l) E2 类淀粉粒; (m) F 类淀粉粒极面观; (n) F 类淀粉粒侧面观; (o) G 类淀粉粒; (p) H 类淀粉粒 (标尺: 20 m)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "拾年山", "quote": "101)和中国科学院战略性先导科\n技专项(编号: XDA05130603, XDA05130402, XDA05080100)资助\n\n\n摘要 相对于中国北方地区而言, 史前时期赣江流域的植物利用情况一直不甚明了. 距今 关键词\n5~4 ka 的樊城堆遗址、拾年山遗址、筑卫城遗址和尹家坪遗址, 地处赣江中游, 是南方地区 淀粉粒分析\n 赣江中游地区\n具有代表性的新石器文化遗址. 在发掘过程中所观察到的植物遗存只有红烧土中所保存的稻\n 新石器晚期\n壳和稻秆遗迹, 尚缺乏系统的植物考古研究. 本文对这4 个遗址新石器晚期文化层出土的13", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "80e6f4454a0689841d6471554f742f76ef0814dba724c5f738f8bee0936e5894" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN100", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图2 淀粉粒图像 (a) A1 类淀粉粒; (b) A2 类淀粉粒; (c) 现代稻(Oryza sativa)淀粉粒, 采自江西, 淀粉粒平均粒径(5.21±1.25) m (n=120); (d) 现代菰(Zizania latifolia)淀粉粒, 采自江西, 淀粉粒平均粒径(4.55±0.81) m (n=108); (e) B1 类淀粉粒; (f) B2 类淀粉粒; (g) C1 类淀粉粒; (h) C2 类淀粉粒; (i) C3 类淀粉粒; (j) D 类淀粉粒; (k) E1 类淀粉粒; (l) E2 类淀粉粒; (m) F 类淀粉粒极面观; (n) F 类淀粉粒侧面观; (o) G 类淀粉粒; (p) H 类淀粉粒 (标尺: 20 m)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "尹家坪", "quote": "性先导科\n技专项(编号: XDA05130603, XDA05130402, XDA05080100)资助\n\n\n摘要 相对于中国北方地区而言, 史前时期赣江流域的植物利用情况一直不甚明了. 距今 关键词\n5~4 ka 的樊城堆遗址、拾年山遗址、筑卫城遗址和尹家坪遗址, 地处赣江中游, 是南方地区 淀粉粒分析\n 赣江中游地区\n具有代表性的新石器文化遗址. 在发掘过程中所观察到的植物遗存只有红烧土中所保存的稻\n 新石器晚期\n壳和稻秆遗迹, 尚缺乏系统的植物考古研究. 本文对这4 个遗址新石器晚期文化层出土的13", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "80e6f4454a0689841d6471554f742f76ef0814dba724c5f738f8bee0936e5894" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN101", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图2 淀粉粒图像 (a) A1 类淀粉粒; (b) A2 类淀粉粒; (c) 现代稻(Oryza sativa)淀粉粒, 采自江西, 淀粉粒平均粒径(5.21±1.25) m (n=120); (d) 现代菰(Zizania latifolia)淀粉粒, 采自江西, 淀粉粒平均粒径(4.55±0.81) m (n=108); (e) B1 类淀粉粒; (f) B2 类淀粉粒; (g) C1 类淀粉粒; (h) C2 类淀粉粒; (i) C3 类淀粉粒; (j) D 类淀粉粒; (k) E1 类淀粉粒; (l) E2 类淀粉粒; (m) F 类淀粉粒极面观; (n) F 类淀粉粒侧面观; (o) G 类淀粉粒; (p) H 类淀粉粒 (标尺: 20 m)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "筑卫城", "quote": "国科学院战略性先导科\n技专项(编号: XDA05130603, XDA05130402, XDA05080100)资助\n\n\n摘要 相对于中国北方地区而言, 史前时期赣江流域的植物利用情况一直不甚明了. 距今 关键词\n5~4 ka 的樊城堆遗址、拾年山遗址、筑卫城遗址和尹家坪遗址, 地处赣江中游, 是南方地区 淀粉粒分析\n 赣江中游地区\n具有代表性的新石器文化遗址. 在发掘过程中所观察到的植物遗存只有红烧土中所保存的稻\n 新石器晚期\n壳和稻秆遗迹, 尚缺乏系统的植物考古研究. 本文对这4 个遗址新石器晚期文化层出土的13", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "80e6f4454a0689841d6471554f742f76ef0814dba724c5f738f8bee0936e5894" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S097_f58e56bbefd0_S097-F02", "paper_key": "S097_f58e56bbefd0", "paper_id": "S097", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2 灵井遗址石器、陶器表面残留古代淀粉粒\n(a)、(a′)、(b)、(b′) 栝楼(Trichosanthes kirilowii)根淀粉粒; (c)、(c′)、(d)、(d′) 薏苡(Coix lacryma-jobi)淀粉粒; (e)、(e′)、(f)、(f′) 小麦族植物\n(Triticeae)淀粉粒; (g)、(g′) 慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia)淀粉粒; (h)、(h′) 未知根茎淀粉粒; (i)、(i′) 未知植物淀粉粒; (j)、(j′) 损伤淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9fdb5d74692bcbfc008a8ec0572ec34f52ab7583780a1ba97457c59b576732d8", "image_bytes": 5447312, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 灵井遗址石器、陶器表面残留古代淀粉粒\n（a）、（a′）、（b）、（b′） 栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）根淀粉粒； （c）、（c′）、（d）、（d′） 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）淀粉粒； （e）、（e′）、（f）、（f′） 小麦族植物\n（Triticeae）淀粉粒； （g）、（g′） 慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia）淀粉粒； （h）、（h′） 未知根茎淀粉粒； （i）、（i′） 未知植物淀粉粒； （j）、（j′） 损伤淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Starch grains preserved on stone and ceramic artifacts from the Lingjing Site\n(a), (a′), (b), (b′) starch grains from the root of Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii); (c), (c′), (d), (d′) starch grains from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (e), (e′), (f), (f′) starch grains from wheat tribe (Triticeae) plants; (g), (g′) starch grains from arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia); (h), (h′) unknown root and stem starch grains; (i), (i′) unknown plant starch grains; (j), (j′) damaged starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "灵井遗址石器、陶器表面残留古代淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains preserved on stone and ceramic artifacts from the Lingjing Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9fdb5d74692bcbfc008a8ec0.png", "image_url": "media/S097_f58e56bbefd0_S097-F02.png?v=9fdb5d74692b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.940510+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "区域综合" } }, { "id": "S097_f58e56bbefd0_S097-P0007-B000", "paper_key": "S097_f58e56bbefd0", "paper_id": "S097", "number": "未编号2", "caption_original": "图4 顺山集遗址石器、陶器表面残留古代淀粉粒 (a)、(a′)、(b)、(b′) 薏苡(Coix lacryma-jobi)淀粉粒; (c)、(c′)、(d)、(d′) 栝楼根(Trichosanthes kirilowii)淀粉粒; (e)、(e′)、(f)、(f′) 未知淀粉粒; (g)、(g′)、(h)、(h′) 水稻(Oryza sativa)淀粉粒; (i)、(i′)、(j)、(j′) 小麦族植物(Triticeae)淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6e176dcd07efb35d8295cfa7912ec1085178304ba6533ffc51ac22817a7b84bc", "image_bytes": 8788351, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 顺山集遗址石器、陶器表面残留古代淀粉粒 （a）、（a′）、（b）、（b′） 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）淀粉粒； （c）、（c′）、（d）、（d′） 栝楼根（Trichosanthes kirilowii）淀粉粒； （e）、（e′）、（f）、（f′） 未知淀粉粒； （g）、（g′）、（h）、（h′） 水稻（Oryza sativa）淀粉粒； （i）、（i′）、（j）、（j′） 小麦族植物（Triticeae）淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure 4 Starch grains recovered from stone and ceramic surfaces at the Shunshanji site (a), (a′), (b), (b′) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) starch grains; (c), (c′), (d), (d′) Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) starch grains; (e), (e′), (f), (f′) unidentified starch grains; (g), (g′), (h), (h′) rice (Oryza sativa) starch grains; (i), (i′), (j), (j′) wheat tribe (Triticeae) plant starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "顺山集遗址石器、陶器表面残留古代淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains recovered from stone and ceramic surfaces at the Shunshanji site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6e176dcd07efb35d8295cfa7.png", "image_url": "media/S097_f58e56bbefd0_S097-P0007-B000.png?v=6e176dcd07ef", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:13.996027+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "区域综合" } }, { "id": "S099_d19c57a5cba0_S099-F02", "paper_key": "S099_d19c57a5cba0", "paper_id": "S099", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二丁村陶器中具有发酵特征的淀粉粒1、2. 粟黍或薏苡，显示有微型坑、深沟槽、中心部凹陷3、4. 栝楼根，包括钟形和圆形、表面有微型坑5、6. 稻米，无消光十字，但可见双折射光泽7. 小麦族，显示暴露的层纹8. 未鉴定，膨胀、中空，周边有双折射光泽（比例尺：2、6：10微米；其他：20微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原图1、2为“粟黍或薏苡”，英文恢复被漏掉的薏苡备选来源。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6bae84e5f2ac3f6ed8ed217026cfe0013f6f605d81ccd454c4d9fa7274a99cce", "image_bytes": 568457, "sites": [ "CN137" ], "caption_zh": "图二 丁村陶器中具有发酵特征的淀粉粒\n1、2. 粟黍或薏苡，显示有微型坑、深沟槽、中心部凹陷 3、4. 栝楼根，包括钟形和圆形、表面有微型坑 5、6. 稻米，无消光十字，但可见双折射光泽 7. 小麦族，显示暴露的层纹 8. 未鉴定，膨胀、中空，周边有双折射光泽（比例尺：2、6:10微米；其他：20微米）", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Starch grains with fermentation features from Dingcun pottery 1, 2. Millet or Job’s tears, showing micro-pits, deep grooves, and central depression 3, 4. snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root, including bell-shaped and circular forms, with micro-pits on surface 5, 6. Rice, without extinction cross, but showing birefringence 7. wheat tribe (Triticeae), showing exposed lamellae 8. Undetermined, swollen, hollow, with birefringence at the periphery (scale bars: 2, 6: 10 μm; others: 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "丁村陶器中具有发酵特征的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains with fermentation features from Dingcun pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/6bae84e5f2ac3f6ed8ed2170.png", "image_url": "media/S099_d19c57a5cba0_S099-F02.png?v=6bae84e5f2ac", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.051000+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN137", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图二丁村陶器中具有发酵特征的淀粉粒1、2. 粟黍或薏苡，显示有微型坑、深沟槽、中心部凹陷3、4. 栝楼根，包括钟形和圆形、表面有微型坑5、6. 稻米，无消光十字，但可见双折射光泽7. 小麦族，显示暴露的层纹8. 未鉴定，膨胀、中空，周边有双折射光泽（比例尺：2、6：10微米；其他：20微米）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Dingcun", "quote": "ng which are preserved in pottery residues. We examined nine Neolithic amphorae from a middle\n Yangshao culture site at Dingcun in Mianchi, Henan (ca. 6000-5100 cal. BP), and revealed the evidence of\n ancient beer as well as brewing techniques. The Yangshao people there used amphorae to make cereal-based\n fermented beverages with millet, rice, Job’s tears, wild Triticeae grass seeds a", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d19c57a5cba00f967b4891663a1a76005823a4f101c4adf9586de765a5e26a1f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S099_d19c57a5cba0_S099-F03", "paper_key": "S099_d19c57a5cba0", "paper_id": "S099", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三现代对比标本中经过酿酒发酵的淀粉粒1. 黍2. 薏苡3. 大米4. 栝楼根5. 粟6. 小麦（比例尺：1、3：10 微米；其他：20微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a7d975cd8ae8849681cb5bcaa8e67986c898afecf1e4eba97de48be0b836658d", "image_bytes": 619943, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图三 现代对比标本中经过酿酒发酵的淀粉粒\n1. 黍 2. 薏苡 3. 大米 4. 栝楼根 5. 粟 6. 小麦（比例尺：1、3:10 微米；其他：20微米）", "caption_en": "Figure three: starch grains from modern reference samples subjected to fermentation in brewing. 1. Foxtail millet; 2. Job’s tears; 3. Rice; 4. snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root; 5. Foxtail millet; 6. Wheat (scale bars: 1, 3: 10 micrometers; others: 20 micrometers)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代对比标本中酿酒发酵的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from modern reference samples subjected to fermentation in brewing", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a7d975cd8ae8849681cb5bca.png", "image_url": "media/S099_d19c57a5cba0_S099-F03.png?v=a7d975cd8ae8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.103906+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S099_d19c57a5cba0_S099-F04", "paper_key": "S099_d19c57a5cba0", "paper_id": "S099", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四丁村陶器中的植硅体1. 大型变体1十字型（薏苡）2. 哑铃型3. 多铃型4. 帽型5. 野生小麦族树枝型6. 水稻双峰型（只有一个峰可见）7. η型黍颖壳8. 未定的黍族颖壳9. 毛细胞10. 扇型11. 菊科12. 波状棒型13. 野生小麦族绞合树枝型硅化骨架（比例尺：9、13：50 微米；2、11：10 微米；其他：20 微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6186516c04bbd697f3ce71c6bd96f0b8a320158de9b8204b9f44841b5ab1d446", "image_bytes": 689672, "sites": [ "CN137" ], "caption_zh": "图四 丁村陶器中的植硅体\n1. 大型变体1十字型（薏苡）2. 哑铃型 3. 多铃型4. 帽型 5. 野生小麦族树枝型 6. 水稻双峰型（只有一个峰可见）7. η型黍颖壳 8. 未定的黍族颖壳9. 毛细胞 10. 扇型 11. 菊科 12. 波状棒型 13. 野生小麦族绞合树枝型硅化骨架（比例尺：9、13:50 微米；2、11:10 微米；其他：20 微米）", "caption_en": "Figure four. Phytoliths from Dingcun pottery: 1. large variant I, cross-shaped (Job's tears); 2. dumbbell-shaped; 3. multilobed; 4. cap-shaped; 5. wild wheat tribe (Triticeae) branch-shaped; 6. rice bimodal (only one peak visible); 7. η-shaped broomcorn millet husk; 8. undefined panicgrass tribe (Paniceae) husk; 9. trichome; 10. fan-shaped; 11. Asteraceae; 12. wavy rod-shaped; 13. wild wheat tribe (Triticeae) twisted branch-shaped silicified skeleton (scale bars: 9, 13: 50 μm; 2, 11: 10 μm; others: 20 μm);", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "丁村陶器中的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from Dingcun pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/6186516c04bbd697f3ce71c6.png", "image_url": "media/S099_d19c57a5cba0_S099-F04.png?v=6186516c04bb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.154504+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN137", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图四丁村陶器中的植硅体1. 大型变体1十字型（薏苡）2. 哑铃型3. 多铃型4. 帽型5. 野生小麦族树枝型6. 水稻双峰型（只有一个峰可见）7. η型黍颖壳8. 未定的黍族颖壳9. 毛细胞10. 扇型11. 菊科12. 波状棒型13. 野生小麦族绞合树枝型硅化骨架（比例尺：9、13：50 微米；2、11：10 微米；其他：20 微米）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Dingcun", "quote": "ng which are preserved in pottery residues. We examined nine Neolithic amphorae from a middle\n Yangshao culture site at Dingcun in Mianchi, Henan (ca. 6000-5100 cal. BP), and revealed the evidence of\n ancient beer as well as brewing techniques. The Yangshao people there used amphorae to make cereal-based\n fermented beverages with millet, rice, Job’s tears, wild Triticeae grass seeds a", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d19c57a5cba00f967b4891663a1a76005823a4f101c4adf9586de765a5e26a1f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S100_4f215bd98d4b_S100-F02", "paper_key": "S100_4f215bd98d4b", "paper_id": "S100", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2\n永顺老司城遗址牙齿样品上提取到的淀粉粒类型a,a':TypeI;b,b':TypeII;c,c'd,d':TypeIII;e,e',f,f':TypeIV;g,g',h,h':TypeV;i,i',j,j':TypeVI", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "39dd83e26a680964439848897d3424e937ac5fb5ad4859e3de430708339491be", "image_bytes": 1191063, "sites": [ "CN178" ], "caption_zh": "图2 永顺老司城遗址牙齿样品上提取到的淀粉粒类型\na，a′：TypeI，水稻；b，b′：TypeII，薏苡属；c，c'd，d′：TypeIII，栝楼根；e，e′，f，f′：TypeIV，栝楼根；g，g′，h，h′：TypeV，栝楼根；i，i′，j，j′：TypeVI，棕榈科", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Types of starch grains extracted from dental samples at the Laosicheng Site, Yongshun: a, a′: Type I; b, b′: Type II; c, c′, d, d′: Type III; e, e′, f, f′: Type IV; g, g′, h, h′: Type V; i, i′, j, j′: Type VI", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "永顺老司城遗址牙齿样品淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from dental samples at the Laosicheng Site, Yongshun", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/39dd83e26a68096443984889.png", "image_url": "media/S100_4f215bd98d4b_S100-F02.png?v=39dd83e26a68", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.274386+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN178", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图2\n永顺老司城遗址牙齿样品上提取到的淀粉粒类型a,a':TypeI;b,b':TypeII;c,c'd,d':TypeIII;e,e',f,f':TypeIV;g,g',h,h':TypeV;i,i',j,j':TypeVI", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "老司城", "quote": "2015 年第6 期\n\n\n 湖南永顺老司城遗址出土\n 动物牙齿表面植物微遗存研究*\n\n 姚 凌 罗武宏 杨玉璋 张居中 李为亚 曹 赛 莫林恒\n\n\n\n\n 摘要：通过对老司城遗址明代早期至雍正五年出土的猪、野猪、牛、马、山羊、苏门羚、梅花鹿、小麂、赤\n\n 麂、水鹿等10 种动物共20 件牙齿表面植物微遗存的分析与研究，结果发现了包括来自于水稻（Oryza sativa\n\n L.）、薏苡属（Coix Linn.）、葫芦科（Cucurbitaceae）、棕榈科（Palmae）等植物淀粉粒，以及水稻、竹亚科（Bambu-", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4f215bd98d4b93ecf26d8330fd066fd8562c6f9be01753db7ae4f65804c5565a" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S100_4f215bd98d4b_S100-F03", "paper_key": "S100_4f215bd98d4b", "paper_id": "S100", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3\n本文相关的现代植物淀粉粒a,a'b,b':现代栽培水稻;c,c'd,d':薏苡;e,e',f,f':栝楼根;g,g',h,h':棕榈茎部", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4bcc423a1327c3632a19396506bab6fe934286949b5fbef50405824f1ed16377", "image_bytes": 1462481, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 本文相关的现代植物淀粉粒\na，a'，b，b′：现代栽培水稻；c，c'，d，d′：薏苡；e，e′，f，f′：栝楼根；g，g′，h，h′：棕榈茎部", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Starch grains relevant to this study a, a'b, b′: modern cultivated rice; c, c'd, d′: Job's tears; e, e′, f, f′: snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root; g, g′, h, h′: palm stem", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "本文相关现代植物淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains relevant to this study", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4bcc423a1327c3632a193965.png", "image_url": "media/S100_4f215bd98d4b_S100-F03.png?v=4bcc423a1327", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.327311+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S100_4f215bd98d4b_S100-F05", "paper_key": "S100_4f215bd98d4b", "paper_id": "S100", "number": "5", "caption_original": "a:长方形；b:方形；c:扇形；d,e:水稻扇形；f:芦苇扇形；g:棒形；h:刺棒形；i:长鞍形；j:哑铃形；k:并列哑铃型；l,m：水稻颖壳；n:其它禾本科植物稃片；o:未知植硅体；p:尖形；q:帽形；r:刺球形（棕榈科）；s:不规则块状（木本植物）；t:硅藻图5永顺老司城遗址牙齿标本上主要植物硅酸体类型", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9923cdc3818e367b41de691eba6c604a3a43713d5fa16c001b80410ddf94bc72", "image_bytes": 1218221, "sites": [ "CN178" ], "caption_zh": "图5 永顺老司城遗址牙齿标本上主要植物硅酸体类型\na：长方形；b：方形；c：扇形；d，e：水稻扇形；f：芦苇扇形；g：棒形；h：刺棒形；i：长鞍形；j：哑铃形；k：并列哑铃型；l，m：水稻颖壳；n：其它禾本科植物稃片；o：未知植硅体；p：尖形；q：帽形；r：刺球形（棕榈科）；s：不规则块状（木本植物）；t：硅藻", "caption_en": "a: rectangular; b: square; c: fan-shaped; d,e: rice fan-shaped; f: reed fan-shaped; g: rod-shaped; h: spined rod-shaped; i: elongated saddle-shaped; j: dumbbell-shaped; k: side-by-side dumbbell-shaped; l,m: rice husk; n: other grass family lemma; o: unknown phytoliths; p: pointed; q: cap-shaped; r: spiny ball-shaped (palms); s: irregular blocky (woody plants); t: diatom figure 5 main phytolith types on the teeth sample from the Laosicheng site", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "永顺老司城遗址牙齿标本上主要植物硅酸体类型", "title_en": "Main phytolith types on the teeth sample from the Laosicheng site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9923cdc3818e367b41de691e.png", "image_url": "media/S100_4f215bd98d4b_S100-F05.png?v=9923cdc3818e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.385976+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN178", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "a:长方形；b:方形；c:扇形；d,e:水稻扇形；f:芦苇扇形；g:棒形；h:刺棒形；i:长鞍形；j:哑铃形；k:并列哑铃型；l,m：水稻颖壳；n:其它禾本科植物稃片；o:未知植硅体；p:尖形；q:帽形；r:刺球形（棕榈科）；s:不规则块状（木本植物）；t:硅藻图5永顺老司城遗址牙齿标本上主要植物硅酸体类型", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "老司城", "quote": "2015 年第6 期\n\n\n 湖南永顺老司城遗址出土\n 动物牙齿表面植物微遗存研究*\n\n 姚 凌 罗武宏 杨玉璋 张居中 李为亚 曹 赛 莫林恒\n\n\n\n\n 摘要：通过对老司城遗址明代早期至雍正五年出土的猪、野猪、牛、马、山羊、苏门羚、梅花鹿、小麂、赤\n\n 麂、水鹿等10 种动物共20 件牙齿表面植物微遗存的分析与研究，结果发现了包括来自于水稻（Oryza sativa\n\n L.）、薏苡属（Coix Linn.）、葫芦科（Cucurbitaceae）、棕榈科（Palmae）等植物淀粉粒，以及水稻、竹亚科（Bambu-", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4f215bd98d4b93ecf26d8330fd066fd8562c6f9be01753db7ae4f65804c5565a" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S101_31a31734d9af_S101-P0003-B009", "paper_key": "S101_31a31734d9af", "paper_id": "S101", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "牙结石中提取到的淀粉粒；破坏的淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e8039585d794bf435bb39f3f1464c66a3a266d6aafe6b9a6a8ec318a3252caa2", "image_bytes": 1480623, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "牙结石中提取到的淀粉粒，破坏的淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Starch grains recovered from dental calculus; damaged starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "牙结石中淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from dental calculus", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e8039585d794bf435bb39f3f.png", "image_url": "media/S101_31a31734d9af_S101-P0003-B009.png?v=e8039585d794", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.436465+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "综述" } }, { "id": "S102_f16e633c057c_S102-F01", "paper_key": "S102_f16e633c057c", "paper_id": "S102", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图1 福建奇和洞遗址出土人土牙齿表面残留物\nFig.1 Residues from human teeth of the Qihedong site in Fujian province \na. 奇和洞遗址3 号头骨出土现场；b. 奇和洞遗址3 号头骨正面（上）与底面（下）观（由吴秀杰研究员提供）；c、d. 奇和洞\n遗址III 号头骨牙齿表面淀粉粒残留物 \na. Qihedong skull III in situ; b. Qihedong skull III (provided by Dr. Wu); c、d. Starch grains from Qihedong skull III", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ad981f5577616d2a5ced78611f09dee83f0df2d6b9ebb7a5b8928cec8e0ee7ee", "image_bytes": 8434305, "sites": [ "CN111" ], "caption_zh": "图1 福建奇和洞遗址出土人土牙齿表面残留物\na. 奇和洞遗址3 号头骨出土现场；b. 奇和洞遗址3 号头骨正面（上）与底面（下）观（由吴秀杰研究员提供）；c、d. 奇和洞遗址III 号头骨牙齿表面淀粉粒残留物（禾本科）", "caption_en": "Fig.1 Residues from human teeth of the Qihedong site in Fujian province a. Qihedong skull III in situ; b. Qihedong skull III (provided by Dr. Wu); c, d. Starch grains from Qihedong skull III", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "福建奇和洞遗址出土人牙表面残留物", "title_en": "Residues from human teeth of the Qihedong site in Fujian province", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/ad981f5577616d2a5ced7861.png", "image_url": "media/S102_f16e633c057c_S102-F01.png?v=ad981f557761", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.497671+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN111", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图1 福建奇和洞遗址出土人土牙齿表面残留物\nFig.1 Residues from human teeth of the Qihedong site in Fujian province \na. 奇和洞遗址3 号头骨出土现场；b. 奇和洞遗址3 号头骨正面（上）与底面（下）观（由吴秀杰研究员提供）；c、d. 奇和洞\n遗址III 号头骨牙齿表面淀粉粒残留物 \na. Qihedong skull III in situ; b. Qihedong skull III (provided by Dr. Wu); c、d. Starch grains from Qihedong skull III", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "qihedong", "quote": "of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044.\n\nAbstract: Both of the Nanshan and the Qihedong are Neolithic sites in western Fujian Province\nof Southeast China, from which human remains were discovered with cultural remains such\nas lithic artifacts, bone artifacts, potteries and the like. Human teeth from these two sites were\nprocessed for plant resid", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f16e633c057cf60db1202a06bb8e405e9310ac8d334d28ed25fe6253206ada36" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S102_f16e633c057c_S102-F02", "paper_key": "S102_f16e633c057c", "paper_id": "S102", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2 南山遗址采样发现植物遗存\nFig.2 Macro and micro plant remains from the Nanshan site in Fujian Province\na. 采集牙结石残留物样品现场；b. 南山遗址与头骨同层浮选出的炭化稻样品；c. 南山遗址1 号墓葬人骨出土情况；d. 南山遗\n址2 号墓葬人骨出土情况；e. 南山遗址1 号墓葬头骨牙齿表面样品中发现的淀粉粒；f. 南山遗址2 号墓葬头骨牙齿表面样品\n中发现的淀粉粒/a. Human skull in situ; b. Carbonized rice remains in Nanshan site; c. Nanshan grave I; d. Nanshan grave II; e. Starch\ngrains from human teeth of Nanshan grave I; f. Starch grains from human teeth of Nanshan grave II", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "23c58554f446a330e200c0813c3c11d1c9ce0499423beba029689defaca74f2c", "image_bytes": 3809094, "sites": [ "CN112" ], "caption_zh": "图2 南山遗址采样发现植物遗存\na. 采集牙结石残留物样品现场；b. 南山遗址与头骨同层浮选出的炭化稻样品；c. 南山遗址1 号墓葬人骨出土情况；d. 南山遗址2 号墓葬人骨出土情况；e. 南山遗址1 号墓葬头骨牙齿表面样品中发现的淀粉粒；f. 南山遗址2 号墓葬头骨牙齿表面样品中发现的淀粉粒（禾本科）", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Macro and micro plant remains from the Nanshan site in Fujian Province a. Field sampling of dental calculus residues; b. Carbonized rice remains flotation-collected from the same stratum as the human skull at Nanshan site; c. Excavation condition of human bones from Nanshan grave I; d. Excavation condition of human bones from Nanshan grave II; e. Starch grains found on the teeth surface of the human skull from Nanshan grave I; f. Starch grains found on the teeth surface of the human skull from Nanshan grave II", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "南山遗址植物遗存采样情况", "title_en": "Plant remains sampling at the Nanshan Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/23c58554f446a330e200c081.png", "image_url": "media/S102_f16e633c057c_S102-F02.png?v=23c58554f446", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.581537+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN112", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图2 南山遗址采样发现植物遗存\nFig.2 Macro and micro plant remains from the Nanshan site in Fujian Province\na. 采集牙结石残留物样品现场；b. 南山遗址与头骨同层浮选出的炭化稻样品；c. 南山遗址1 号墓葬人骨出土情况；d. 南山遗\n址2 号墓葬人骨出土情况；e. 南山遗址1 号墓葬头骨牙齿表面样品中发现的淀粉粒；f. 南山遗址2 号墓葬头骨牙齿表面样品\n中发现的淀粉粒/a. Human skull in situ; b. Carbonized rice remains in Nanshan site; c. Nanshan grave I; d. Nanshan grave II; e. Starch\ngrains from human teeth of Nanshan grave I; f. Starch grains from human teeth of Nanshan grave II", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "nanshan", "quote": "of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044.\n\nAbstract: Both of the Nanshan and the Qihedong are Neolithic sites in western Fujian Province\nof Southeast China, from which human remains were discovered with cultural remains such\nas lithic artifacts, bone artifacts, potteries and the like. Human teeth from these two sites were\nprocesse", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f16e633c057cf60db1202a06bb8e405e9310ac8d334d28ed25fe6253206ada36" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S103_ffd6ca99f4b1_S103-F02", "paper_key": "S103_ffd6ca99f4b1", "paper_id": "S103", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2 现代部分植物淀粉粒图谱\n(a) 粟(Setaria italica), 采自河北, 淀粉粒平均粒径(10.32±2.15) μm (n＝100); (b) 黍(Panicum miliaceum), 采自甘肃, 淀粉粒平均粒径\n(7.22±1.60) μm (n＝100); (c)和(d) 高梁(Sorghum bicolor), 采自北京, 淀粉粒平均粒径(16.72±5.53) μm (n＝160); (e) 荞麦(Fagopyrum \nesculentum), 采自甘肃, 淀粉粒平均粒径(7.06±1.49) μm (n＝330); (f) 小麦(Triticum aestivum), 采自青海, 淀粉粒平均粒径(18.68±8.75) μm \n(n＝113); (g) 大麦(Hordeum vulgare), 采自甘肃, 淀粉粒平均粒径(17.41±4.65) μm(n＝109); (h) 赤小豆(Vigna umbellata), 采自甘肃, 淀粉粒\n长轴平均粒径(33.44±10.0) μm (n＝118); (i) 回回豆(Cicer arietinum), 采自甘肃, 淀粉粒长轴平均粒径(15.84±5.76) μm (n＝136); (j) 银杏\n(Ginkgo biloba), 采自甘肃, 淀粉粒长轴平均粒径(15.31±4.18) μm (n＝108); (k) 板栗(Castanea mollissima), 采自北京, 淀粉粒平均粒径 \n(11.52±2.61) μm (n=50); (l) 麻栎(Quercus acutissima), 采自北京, 淀粉粒平均粒径(10.74±3.34) μm (n=50)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Red adzuki bean → rice bean（Vigna umbellata）。\n按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Acute oak → sawtooth oak（Quercus acutissima）。\n原文“赤小豆／红豆”等中文样品名与所列Vigna umbellata并用；英文依据所列学名写rice bean，中文原称保留。这里不据图注裁定作者样品是否误鉴定。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "45cf63539633d7c651e270034d24841a223fe62aa985965cb095ffdbc7f10dee", "image_bytes": 2595387, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 现代部分植物淀粉粒图谱\n（a） 粟（Setaria italica）， 采自河北， 淀粉粒平均粒径（10.32±2.15） μm （n=100）； （b） 黍（Panicum miliaceum）， 采自甘肃， 淀粉粒平均粒径（7.22±1.60） μm （n=100）； （c）和（d） 高梁（Sorghum bicolor）， 采自北京， 淀粉粒平均粒径（16.72±5.53） μm （n=160）； （e） 荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum）， 采自甘肃， 淀粉粒平均粒径（7.06±1.49） μm （n=330）； （f） 小麦（Triticum aestivum）， 采自青海， 淀粉粒平均粒径（18.68±8.75） μm （n=113）； （g） 大麦（Hordeum vulgare）， 采自甘肃， 淀粉粒平均粒径（17.41±4.65） μm（n=109）； （h） 赤小豆（Vigna umbellata）， 采自甘肃， 淀粉粒长轴平均粒径（33.44±10.0） μm （n=118）； （i） 回回豆（Cicer arietinum）， 采自甘肃， 淀粉粒长轴平均粒径（15.84±5.76） μm （n=136）； （j） 银杏（Ginkgo biloba）， 采自甘肃， 淀粉粒长轴平均粒径（15.31±4.18） μm （n=108）； （k） 板栗（Castanea mollissima）， 采自北京， 淀粉粒平均粒径 （11.52±2.61） μm （n=50）； （l） 麻栎（Quercus acutissima）， 采自北京， 淀粉粒平均粒径（10.74±3.34） μm （n=50）", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Starch grain morphological atlas of selected modern plants\n(a) Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), collected from Hebei, average starch grain diameter (10.32±2.15) μm (n=100); (b) Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), collected from Gansu, average starch grain diameter (7.22±1.60) μm (n=100); (c) and (d) Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), collected from Beijing, average starch grain diameter (16.72±5.53) μm (n=160); (e) Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), collected from Gansu, average starch grain diameter (7.06±1.49) μm (n=330); (f) Wheat (Triticum aestivum), collected from Qinghai, average starch grain diameter (18.68±8.75) μm (n=113); (g) Barley (Hordeum vulgare), collected from Gansu, average starch grain diameter (17.41±4.65) μm (n=109); (h) rice bean (Vigna umbellata), collected from Gansu, average long-axis starch grain diameter (33.44±10.0) μm (n=118); (i) Chickpea (Cicer arietinum), collected from Gansu, average long-axis starch grain diameter (15.84±5.76) μm (n=136); (j) Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), collected from Gansu, average long-axis starch grain diameter (15.31±4.18) μm (n=108); (k) Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima), collected from Beijing, average starch grain diameter (11.52±2.61) μm (n=50); (l) sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima), collected from Beijing, average starch grain diameter (10.74±3.34) μm (n=50)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代部分植物淀粉粒图谱", "title_en": "Starch grain morphological atlas of selected modern plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/45cf63539633d7c651e27003.png", "image_url": "media/S103_ffd6ca99f4b1_S103-F02.png?v=45cf63539633", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "通过实验分析, 从3 颗牙齿上提取淀粉粒共48 颗, 其中从T1 上提取10 颗, T2 上提取22 颗, T3 上提 取16 颗. 其中, 6 颗淀粉已被破坏, 其他的淀粉粒可 以分为7 类. 第1 类: 6 颗. 淀粉粒成多边形, 脐点居中, 开放, 有放射状裂隙, 无层纹. 长轴在13.3~18.5 μm 之间变 化, 短轴在12.1~16.4 μm 之间变化(图3(a)和(b)). 已 有的现代植物淀粉粒数据表明, 多边形的淀粉粒大 多来自于禾本科植物种子, 比如粟 (Setaria italica)、 黍(Panicum miliaceum)、稻 (Oryza sativa)、高粱(Sorg- hum bicolor)和玉米 (Zea mays)[1~8,19~22]. 另外, 荞麦 (Fagopyrum esculentum)和山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida) 等的淀粉粒也是多边形. 但是稻、燕麦、荞麦和山楂 等植物的淀粉粒平均粒径小于该类淀粉; 高粱虽然 与此类淀粉粒粒径相近, 但高粱大多具有放射状或 者线形裂隙, 而且高粱的淀粉粒粒径较大者具有层 纹(图2(d)); 玉米起源于美洲, 直到大约16 世纪初期 传入我国[23], 而黍淀粉粒平均粒径7 μm, 单颗最大 粒径11.08 μm, 并且大多表面没有裂隙. 根据我们对", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "来自中国北方6 个现代粟样品的淀粉粒分析结果, 粟 的淀粉粒平均粒径在9~12 μm, 单颗最大值19.34 μm, 特征粟淀粉粒表面光滑, 裂隙明显(图2(a)). 此类淀 粉与粟类淀粉在形状大小和表面特征上均吻合, 所 以将此类淀粉粒鉴定为粟. 第2 类: 5 颗. 淀粉粒也成多边形, 脐点居中, 开", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.632319+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S103_ffd6ca99f4b1_S103-F03", "paper_key": "S103_ffd6ca99f4b1", "paper_id": "S103", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 牙齿上提取的淀粉粒\n(a)和(b) 第1 类淀粉粒; (c)和(d) 第2 类淀粉粒; (e)~(i) 第3 类淀粉粒; (j)~(l) 第4 类淀粉粒; (m) 第5 类淀粉粒; (n) 第6 类淀粉粒; (o) 第7\n类淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1e79eb9c2015149adcd76994ecfcde798013bf490ed3002988f36889f7955246", "image_bytes": 1855179, "sites": [ "CN039" ], "caption_zh": "图3 牙齿上提取的淀粉粒\n（a）和（b） 第1 类淀粉粒，粟； （c）和（d） 第2 类淀粉粒，可能是荞麦； （e）~（i） 第3 类淀粉粒，小麦族； （j）~（l） 第4 类淀粉粒，鹰嘴豆； （m） 第5 类淀粉粒，存疑； （n） 第6 类淀粉粒，栎属； （o） 第7类淀粉粒，块根块茎", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Starch grains recovered from teeth\n(a) and (b) Starch grains of type 1; (c) and (d) Starch grains of type 2; (e) to (i) Starch grains of type 3; (j) to (l) Starch grains of type 4; (m) Starch grains of type 5; (n) Starch grains of type 6; (o) Starch grains of type 7", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "牙齿上提取的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains recovered from teeth", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/1e79eb9c2015149adcd76994.png", "image_url": "media/S103_ffd6ca99f4b1_S103-F03.png?v=1e79eb9c2015", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "通过实验分析, 从3 颗牙齿上提取淀粉粒共48 颗, 其中从T1 上提取10 颗, T2 上提取22 颗, T3 上提 取16 颗. 其中, 6 颗淀粉已被破坏, 其他的淀粉粒可 以分为7 类. 第1 类: 6 颗. 淀粉粒成多边形, 脐点居中, 开放, 有放射状裂隙, 无层纹. 长轴在13.3~18.5 μm 之间变 化, 短轴在12.1~16.4 μm 之间变化(图3(a)和(b)). 已 有的现代植物淀粉粒数据表明, 多边形的淀粉粒大 多来自于禾本科植物种子, 比如粟 (Setaria italica)、 黍(Panicum miliaceum)、稻 (Oryza sativa)、高粱(Sorg- hum bicolor)和玉米 (Zea mays)[1~8,19~22]. 另外, 荞麦 (Fagopyrum esculentum)和山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida) 等的淀粉粒也是多边形. 但是稻、燕麦、荞麦和山楂 等植物的淀粉粒平均粒径小于该类淀粉; 高粱虽然 与此类淀粉粒粒径相近, 但高粱大多具有放射状或 者线形裂隙, 而且高粱的淀粉粒粒径较大者具有层 纹(图2(d)); 玉米起源于美洲, 直到大约16 世纪初期 传入我国[23], 而黍淀粉粒平均粒径7 μm, 单颗最大 粒径11.08 μm, 并且大多表面没有裂隙. 根据我们对", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "接近, 但只有1 颗, 暂存疑. 第7 类: 1 颗. 圆形, 中间有一线状痕迹, 脐点居 中, 闭合. 旋转成椭圆形、半球形、扇形等形状, 椭 圆形时有一纵向裂隙. 无层纹. 长轴为11.4 μm, 短 轴10.1 μm(图3(o)). 该淀粉粒特征与现代块茎类淀 粉比较相似, 此淀粉粒可能来自块茎类.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.690407+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN039", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图3 牙齿上提取的淀粉粒\n(a)和(b) 第1 类淀粉粒; (c)和(d) 第2 类淀粉粒; (e)~(i) 第3 类淀粉粒; (j)~(l) 第4 类淀粉粒; (m) 第5 类淀粉粒; (n) 第6 类淀粉粒; (o) 第7\n类淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Chenqimogou", "quote": "用浮选法获得的已经碳化的植物遗\n\n\n\n\n 引用格式: Li M Q, Yang X Y, Wang H, et al. Starch grains from dental calculus reveal ancient plant foodstuffs at Chenqimogou site, Gansu Province. Sci China Earth\n Sci, 2010, doi: 10.1007/s11430-010-0052-9", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ffd6ca99f4b1c6ddec27134e4950d729ef4f41de9ca20450d471ef7e39a697e1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S104_a48dbc5d1ff7_S104-F02", "paper_key": "S104_a48dbc5d1ff7", "paper_id": "S104", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2\n石制品标本与所发现残留物(图中石制品比例尺均为1cm)\nFig. 2\nResidue from the artifacts ( the scale bar is 1cm)\na. SDG2T1-5446，端刮器;b. SDG2T1-5446 残留物样品中的淀粉粒;c. SDG2T1-6579，尖状器;\nd. SDG2T1-6579 残留物样品中的淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ae7887cd31f7a726ae4ee465f81e567eaf0667e3252c8598afae1b4e1196b5cb", "image_bytes": 428142, "sites": [ "CN009" ], "caption_zh": "图2 石制品标本与所发现残留物（图中石制品比例尺均为1cm）\na. SDG2T1-5446，端刮器；b. SDG2T1-5446 残留物样品中的淀粉粒；c. SDG2T1-6579，尖状器；d. SDG2T1-6579 残留物样品中的淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Artifacts and residues found (scale bar for stone artifacts is 1 cm) a. SDG2T1-5446, end scraper; b. starch grains from residue sample of SDG2T1-5446; c. SDG2T1-6579, pointed scraper; d. starch grains from residue sample of SDG2T1-6579", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石制品与残留物", "title_en": "Artifacts and residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/ae7887cd31f7a726ae4ee465.png", "image_url": "media/S104_a48dbc5d1ff7_S104-F02.png?v=ae7887cd31f7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.747352+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN009", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图2\n石制品标本与所发现残留物(图中石制品比例尺均为1cm)\nFig. 2\nResidue from the artifacts ( the scale bar is 1cm)\na. SDG2T1-5446，端刮器;b. SDG2T1-5446 残留物样品中的淀粉粒;c. SDG2T1-6579，尖状器;\nd. SDG2T1-6579 残留物样品中的淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "SDG2", "quote": "大程度地避免标本出土后受到的污染。\n 水洞沟遗址(SDG)是中国北方典型的旧石器时代晚期遗址，大量的年代数据表明遗址\n堆积年代集中于距今3. 5—2 万年 ［20—24］。大量石制品在文化层中与烧骨、火塘等共存，是理\n想的研究材料。2 号地点1 号发掘坑( SDG2T1) 在2007 年的系统发掘中遵从了前述方法，\n严格控制了外来污染，建立了实验分析的基础条件。在4915 件出土物中，石制品占绝大多\n数。由于残留物分析需要消耗大量时间，很难完成全部标本的处理，因此选择部分适当标本", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a48dbc5d1ff78946eb3b7c0baff04eadf1c1a2a4c8b3ed4abe619d8d13951858" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S104_a48dbc5d1ff7_S104-F03", "paper_key": "S104_a48dbc5d1ff7", "paper_id": "S104", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3SDG2T2 土壤植硅体与石制品植硅体残留物对比(a、b、c、d 见文献［21］)Fig. 3The phytoliths from soil samples and the stoneartifacts of the same layersa-d. SDG2T2 土壤中发现的植硅体;e-f. SDG2T1 出土石制品表面残留物中提取出的植硅体", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5bddec65b349b302833b2396949d87a94fec77a9f476a435b6c66f091f1f9031", "image_bytes": 319096, "sites": [ "CN009" ], "caption_zh": "图3 SDG2T2 土壤植硅体与石制品植硅体残留物对比（a、b、c、d 见文献[21]）a-d, SDG2T2 土壤中发现的植硅体；e-f. SDG2T1 出土石制品表面残留物中提取出的植硅体", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Comparison of phytoliths from soil samples and phytolith residues on stone artifacts of the same layers a-d. Phytoliths from soil samples SDG2T2; e-f. Phytoliths extracted from residues on stone artifacts from SDG2T1. (a-d see reference [21]).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "土壤与石制品植硅体对比", "title_en": "Comparison of soil and stone artifact phytoliths", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/5bddec65b349b302833b2396.png", "image_url": "media/S104_a48dbc5d1ff7_S104-F03.png?v=5bddec65b349", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.802563+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN009", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图3SDG2T2 土壤植硅体与石制品植硅体残留物对比(a、b、c、d 见文献［21］)Fig. 3The phytoliths from soil samples and the stoneartifacts of the same layersa-d. SDG2T2 土壤中发现的植硅体;e-f. SDG2T1 出土石制品表面残留物中提取出的植硅体", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "SDG2", "quote": "大程度地避免标本出土后受到的污染。\n 水洞沟遗址(SDG)是中国北方典型的旧石器时代晚期遗址，大量的年代数据表明遗址\n堆积年代集中于距今3. 5—2 万年 ［20—24］。大量石制品在文化层中与烧骨、火塘等共存，是理\n想的研究材料。2 号地点1 号发掘坑( SDG2T1) 在2007 年的系统发掘中遵从了前述方法，\n严格控制了外来污染，建立了实验分析的基础条件。在4915 件出土物中，石制品占绝大多\n数。由于残留物分析需要消耗大量时间，很难完成全部标本的处理，因此选择部分适当标本", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a48dbc5d1ff78946eb3b7c0baff04eadf1c1a2a4c8b3ed4abe619d8d13951858" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S105_d28240225ff5_S105-F02", "paper_key": "S105_d28240225ff5", "paper_id": "S105", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图２　来自未成熟和成熟小麦种子、秸秆及石片残留物的淀粉粒\n（ａ～ｄ）未成熟小麦种子淀粉粒　（ｅ～ｈ）成熟小麦种子淀粉粒　（ｉ～ｌ）未成熟小麦秸秆淀粉粒　（ｍ～ｐ）成熟小麦秸秆淀粉粒\n（ｑ～ｔ）Ａ组石片Ａ２，Ａ３和Ａ４上的淀粉粒　（ｕ～ｘ）Ｂ组石片Ｂ２，Ｂ３和Ｂ４上的淀粉粒\nＦｉｇ２　Ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｉｍｍａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｍａｔｕｒｅｗｈｅａｔｓｅｅｄｓ，ｗｈｅａｔｓｔｅｍｓａｎｄｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｓｆｒｏｍｆｌａｋｅｓ．（ａ～ｄ）Ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍ\nｉｍｍａｔｕｒｅｗｈｅａｔｓｅｅｄｓ；（ｅ～ｈ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｍａｔｕｒｅｗｈｅａｔｓｅｅｄｓ；（ｉ～ｌ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｉｍｍａｔｕｒｅｗｈｅａｔｓｔｅｍｓ；\n（ｍ～ｐ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｍａｔｕｒｅｗｈｅａｔｓｔｅｍｓ；（ｑ～ｔ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｓｏｎｓｕｒｆａｃｅｏｆｆｌａｋｅＡ２，Ａ３ａｎｄＡ４；\n（ｕ～ｘ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｓｏｎｓｕｒｆａｃｅｏｆｆｌａｋｅＢ２，Ｂ３ａｎｄＢ４", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "649640bf3289d49ee304d800b1df8933c9010ebff5442048d16dfccdef10a94e", "image_bytes": 6175051, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 来自未成熟和成熟小麦种子、秸秆及石片残留物的淀粉粒\n（a~d）未成熟小麦种子淀粉粒 （e~h）成熟小麦种子淀粉粒 （i~l）未成熟小麦秸秆淀粉粒 （m~p）成熟小麦秸秆淀粉粒\n（q~t）A组石片A2，A3和A4上的淀粉粒 （u~x）B组石片B2，B3和B4上的淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Starch grains from immature and mature wheat seeds, wheat stems and flakes residue. (a–d) Starch grains from immature wheat seeds; (e–h) starch grains from mature wheat seeds; (i–l) starch grains from immature wheat stems; (m–p) starch grains from mature wheat stems; (q–t) starch grains from residues on surface of flake A2, A3 and A4; (u–x) starch grains from residues on surface of flake B2, B3 and B4.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "来自未成熟和成熟小麦种子、秸秆及石片残留物的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from immature and mature wheat seeds, wheat stems and flakes residue", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/649640bf3289d49ee304d800.png", "image_url": "media/S105_d28240225ff5_S105-F02.png?v=649640bf3289", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.870403+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S107_cd92edc7e959_S107-F02", "paper_key": "S107_cd92edc7e959", "paper_id": "S107", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的淀粉粒(比例尺:20um)\n1-6.A类淀粉粒 7、8.B类淀粉粒9、10.C类淀粉粒 11、12.D类淀粉粒 13、14.E类淀粉粒 15-18.F类损伤淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "14ece96d1f1875569d72cd521781a6f66724c15575c5ccda5c596701157e7eb8", "image_bytes": 2623183, "sites": [ "CN048", "CN049", "CN050", "CN051", "CN052" ], "caption_zh": "图二 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）\n1-6.A类淀粉粒，粟类淀粉粒 7、8.B类淀粉粒，橡子 9、10.C类淀粉粒，小麦族 11、12.D类淀粉粒，块根块茎类植物 13、14.E类淀粉粒，食用豆类 15-18.F类损伤淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Starch grains extracted from residues on grinding stones and grinding rods (scale bar: 20 μm) 1–6. Type A starch grains 7, 8. Type B starch grains 9, 10. Type C starch grains 11, 12. Type D starch grains 13, 14. Type E starch grains 15–18. Type F damaged starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains extracted from residues on grinding stones and grinding rods", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/14ece96d1f1875569d72cd52.png", "image_url": "media/S107_cd92edc7e959_S107-F02.png?v=14ece96d1f18", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:14.960619+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN048", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图二 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的淀粉粒(比例尺:20um)\n1-6.A类淀粉粒 7、8.B类淀粉粒9、10.C类淀粉粒 11、12.D类淀粉粒 13、14.E类淀粉粒 15-18.F类损伤淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "西坡", "quote": "室编号\n\n\n 磨棒 １５０４２４ －０００１ －Ｓ００１ ７ ．５ ２ ．３ ＹＤＺＳＸＰ １\n 圆弹子山西坡\n 磨盘 １５０４２４ －０００１ －Ｓ００３ １ １ ．４ ９ ．３ ＹＤＺＳＸＰ２\n\n 白家湾林场 磨盘 １５０４２４ －００２８ －Ｓ００ １ ６ ．４ ５ ．８ ＢＪＷＬＣ １\n\n 前", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cd92edc7e9596666667f7b18f5e3eb9bd0a3f8b2d3efe947c86958948ebcd2d3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN049", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图二 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的淀粉粒(比例尺:20um)\n1-6.A类淀粉粒 7、8.B类淀粉粒9、10.C类淀粉粒 11、12.D类淀粉粒 13、14.E类淀粉粒 15-18.F类损伤淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "白家湾林场", "quote": "磨盘 １５０４２４ －０００１ －Ｓ００３ １ １ ．４ ９ ．３ ＹＤＺＳＸＰ２\n\n 白家湾林场 磨盘 １５０４２４ －００２８ －Ｓ００ １ ６ ．４ ５ ．８ ＢＪＷＬＣ １\n\n 前梁 磨盘 １５０４２４ －００２９ －Ｓ００２ ７ ．９ ６ ．２ ＱＬ １\n\n\n 磨棒", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cd92edc7e9596666667f7b18f5e3eb9bd0a3f8b2d3efe947c86958948ebcd2d3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN050", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图二 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的淀粉粒(比例尺:20um)\n1-6.A类淀粉粒 7、8.B类淀粉粒9、10.C类淀粉粒 11、12.D类淀粉粒 13、14.E类淀粉粒 15-18.F类损伤淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "前梁", "quote": "２\n\n 白家湾林场 磨盘 １５０４２４ －００２８ －Ｓ００ １ ６ ．４ ５ ．８ ＢＪＷＬＣ １\n\n 前梁 磨盘 １５０４２４ －００２９ －Ｓ００２ ７ ．９ ６ ．２ ＱＬ １\n\n\n 磨棒 １５０４２４ －００３５ －Ｓ００ １ ６ ．３ ２ ． １ ＧＭＮＬ １\n\n\n 沟门南梁 磨棒", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cd92edc7e9596666667f7b18f5e3eb9bd0a3f8b2d3efe947c86958948ebcd2d3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN051", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图二 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的淀粉粒(比例尺:20um)\n1-6.A类淀粉粒 7、8.B类淀粉粒9、10.C类淀粉粒 11、12.D类淀粉粒 13、14.E类淀粉粒 15-18.F类损伤淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "沟门南梁", "quote": "ＱＬ １\n\n\n 磨棒 １５０４２４ －００３５ －Ｓ００ １ ６ ．３ ２ ． １ ＧＭＮＬ １\n\n\n 沟门南梁 磨棒 １５０４２４ －００３５ －Ｓ００２ ７ ．６ ４ ． １ ＧＭＮＬ２\n\n\n 磨棒 １５０４２４ －００３５ －Ｓ００３ ４ ．９ ４ ．６ ＧＭＮＬ３\n\n\n 磨盘 １", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cd92edc7e9596666667f7b18f5e3eb9bd0a3f8b2d3efe947c86958948ebcd2d3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN052", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图二 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的淀粉粒(比例尺:20um)\n1-6.A类淀粉粒 7、8.B类淀粉粒9、10.C类淀粉粒 11、12.D类淀粉粒 13、14.E类淀粉粒 15-18.F类损伤淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "龙头山南", "quote": "ＧＭＮＬ３\n\n\n 磨盘 １５０４２４ －０ １０３ －Ｓ００ １ ４ ．８ ４ ．５ ＬＴＳＮ １\n 龙头山南\n 磨棒 １５０４２４ －０ １０３ －Ｓ００２ ８ ． １ ４ ．７ ＬＴＳＮ２\n\n\n （二 ） 实验方法\n\n\n 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物的实验处理步骤如下 。\n\n 淀粉粒分析 ： 使用超纯水冲洗器物表面后 ， 将其分别置于超声波中清洗 ； 将混合的液体移人离\n\n心试管中 ，离心 ， 去掉上清液 ； 加入 ６％过氧化氢 （Ｈ", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cd92edc7e9596666667f7b18f5e3eb9bd0a3f8b2d3efe947c86958948ebcd2d3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S107_cd92edc7e959_S107-F03", "paper_key": "S107_cd92edc7e959", "paper_id": "S107", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的植硅体\n1.季稃壳n型 2.哑铃型3.多铃型 4.尖型 5.芦苇盾型 6.扇型 7.平滑棒型\n8.刺棒型9.方型10.帽型11.齿型12.短鞍型\n(比例尺:20jm)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ae7367411fcfe3f85978d523750230106c3baa14011511af9df59cd1095aba5b", "image_bytes": 2599841, "sites": [ "CN048", "CN049", "CN050", "CN051", "CN052" ], "caption_zh": "图三 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的植硅体\n1.季稃壳n型 2.哑铃型 3.多铃型 4.尖型 5.芦苇盾型 6.扇型 7.平滑棒型 8.刺棒型 9.方型10.帽型 11.齿型 12.短鞍型（比例尺：20μm）", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Phytoliths extracted from residues on grinding stones and grinding rods\n1. panicgrasses (Panicum) type n 2. Dumbbell type 3. Multilobed type 4. Acute type 5. Reed shield type 6. Fan type 7. Smooth rod type 8. Spiny rod type 9. Square type 10. Cap type 11. Toothed type 12. Short saddle type\n(Scale bar: 20 jm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths extracted from residues on grinding stones and grinding rods", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/ae7367411fcfe3f85978d523.png", "image_url": "media/S107_cd92edc7e959_S107-F03.png?v=ae7367411fcf", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:15.042267+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN048", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图三 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的植硅体\n1.季稃壳n型 2.哑铃型3.多铃型 4.尖型 5.芦苇盾型 6.扇型 7.平滑棒型\n8.刺棒型9.方型10.帽型11.齿型12.短鞍型\n(比例尺:20jm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "西坡", "quote": "室编号\n\n\n 磨棒 １５０４２４ －０００１ －Ｓ００１ ７ ．５ ２ ．３ ＹＤＺＳＸＰ １\n 圆弹子山西坡\n 磨盘 １５０４２４ －０００１ －Ｓ００３ １ １ ．４ ９ ．３ ＹＤＺＳＸＰ２\n\n 白家湾林场 磨盘 １５０４２４ －００２８ －Ｓ００ １ ６ ．４ ５ ．８ ＢＪＷＬＣ １\n\n 前", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cd92edc7e9596666667f7b18f5e3eb9bd0a3f8b2d3efe947c86958948ebcd2d3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN049", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图三 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的植硅体\n1.季稃壳n型 2.哑铃型3.多铃型 4.尖型 5.芦苇盾型 6.扇型 7.平滑棒型\n8.刺棒型9.方型10.帽型11.齿型12.短鞍型\n(比例尺:20jm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "白家湾林场", "quote": "磨盘 １５０４２４ －０００１ －Ｓ００３ １ １ ．４ ９ ．３ ＹＤＺＳＸＰ２\n\n 白家湾林场 磨盘 １５０４２４ －００２８ －Ｓ００ １ ６ ．４ ５ ．８ ＢＪＷＬＣ １\n\n 前梁 磨盘 １５０４２４ －００２９ －Ｓ００２ ７ ．９ ６ ．２ ＱＬ １\n\n\n 磨棒", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cd92edc7e9596666667f7b18f5e3eb9bd0a3f8b2d3efe947c86958948ebcd2d3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN050", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图三 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的植硅体\n1.季稃壳n型 2.哑铃型3.多铃型 4.尖型 5.芦苇盾型 6.扇型 7.平滑棒型\n8.刺棒型9.方型10.帽型11.齿型12.短鞍型\n(比例尺:20jm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "前梁", "quote": "２\n\n 白家湾林场 磨盘 １５０４２４ －００２８ －Ｓ００ １ ６ ．４ ５ ．８ ＢＪＷＬＣ １\n\n 前梁 磨盘 １５０４２４ －００２９ －Ｓ００２ ７ ．９ ６ ．２ ＱＬ １\n\n\n 磨棒 １５０４２４ －００３５ －Ｓ００ １ ６ ．３ ２ ． １ ＧＭＮＬ １\n\n\n 沟门南梁 磨棒", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cd92edc7e9596666667f7b18f5e3eb9bd0a3f8b2d3efe947c86958948ebcd2d3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN051", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图三 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的植硅体\n1.季稃壳n型 2.哑铃型3.多铃型 4.尖型 5.芦苇盾型 6.扇型 7.平滑棒型\n8.刺棒型9.方型10.帽型11.齿型12.短鞍型\n(比例尺:20jm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "沟门南梁", "quote": "ＱＬ １\n\n\n 磨棒 １５０４２４ －００３５ －Ｓ００ １ ６ ．３ ２ ． １ ＧＭＮＬ １\n\n\n 沟门南梁 磨棒 １５０４２４ －００３５ －Ｓ００２ ７ ．６ ４ ． １ ＧＭＮＬ２\n\n\n 磨棒 １５０４２４ －００３５ －Ｓ００３ ４ ．９ ４ ．６ ＧＭＮＬ３\n\n\n 磨盘 １", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cd92edc7e9596666667f7b18f5e3eb9bd0a3f8b2d3efe947c86958948ebcd2d3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN052", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图三 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物提取的植硅体\n1.季稃壳n型 2.哑铃型3.多铃型 4.尖型 5.芦苇盾型 6.扇型 7.平滑棒型\n8.刺棒型9.方型10.帽型11.齿型12.短鞍型\n(比例尺:20jm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "龙头山南", "quote": "ＧＭＮＬ３\n\n\n 磨盘 １５０４２４ －０ １０３ －Ｓ００ １ ４ ．８ ４ ．５ ＬＴＳＮ １\n 龙头山南\n 磨棒 １５０４２４ －０ １０３ －Ｓ００２ ８ ． １ ４ ．７ ＬＴＳＮ２\n\n\n （二 ） 实验方法\n\n\n 磨盘和磨棒表面残留物的实验处理步骤如下 。\n\n 淀粉粒分析 ： 使用超纯水冲洗器物表面后 ， 将其分别置于超声波中清洗 ； 将混合的液体移人离\n\n心试管中 ，离心 ， 去掉上清液 ； 加入 ６％过氧化氢 （Ｈ", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cd92edc7e9596666667f7b18f5e3eb9bd0a3f8b2d3efe947c86958948ebcd2d3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F00", "paper_key": "S108_f0bccb90ef13", "paper_id": "S108", "number": "10", "caption_original": "图一〇石峁韩家圪旦工具上的植硅体和纤维类型（标尺，1-6、8：10 微米，7、9、10-14、17：20 微米，15、16：50 微米）1. 十字型2. 哑铃型3. 帽型4、8. 扇型5、6. 长方形绞合树枝型7. 毛状体9. 具缘纹孔10. 长方形光滑状硅化骨架11. 毛细胞12. 长方形柱状纹饰硅化骨架13. 长方形圆齿状纹饰硅化骨架14. 包含有管胞的表皮细胞15、16. 植物韧皮纤维17. 毛纤维", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原始PDF图号纠正显示编号；稳定ID不变", "pdf_pages": [ 16 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c77d714ad748696e5c500adf49b09ff32ddaa909b41a6e539e30c0ca37680154", "image_bytes": 3846683, "sites": [ "CN123" ], "caption_zh": "图一〇石峁韩家圪旦工具上的植硅体和纤维类型（标尺，1-6、8:10 微米，7、9、10-14、17:20 微米，15、16:50 微米）1. 十字型 2. 哑铃型 3. 帽型 4、8. 扇型 5、6. 长方形绞合树枝型 7. 毛状体 9. 具缘纹孔10. 长方形光滑状硅化骨架 11. 毛细胞 12. 长方形柱状纹饰硅化骨架 13. 长方形圆齿状纹饰硅化骨架 14. 包含有管胞的表皮细胞 15、16. 植物韧皮纤维 17. 毛纤维", "caption_en": "Figure 10. Phytoliths and fiber types on tools from Hanjiagetan at Shimao (scale bars: 1–6, 8: 10 μm; 7, 9, 10–14, 17: 20 μm; 15, 16: 50 μm) 1. Cross-shaped 2. Dumbbell-shaped 3. Cap-shaped 4, 8. Fan-shaped 5, 6. Rectangular interwoven branch-shaped 7. Hair-like body 9. Margined pit 10. Rectangular smooth silicified skeleton 11. Trichoblast 12. Rectangular ribbed silicified skeleton 13. Rectangular toothed ribbed silicified skeleton 14. Epidermal cell containing tracheids 15, 16. Plant phloem fibers 17. Hair fibers", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石峁韩家圪旦工具上的植硅体和纤维类型", "title_en": "Phytoliths and fiber types on tools from Hanjiagetan at Shimao", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c77d714ad748696e5c500adf.png", "image_url": "media/S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F00.png?v=c77d714ad748", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:15.104835+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN123", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 16 ], "quote": "图一〇石峁韩家圪旦工具上的植硅体和纤维类型（标尺，1-6、8：10 微米，7、9、10-14、17：20 微米，15、16：50 微米）1. 十字型2. 哑铃型3. 帽型4、8. 扇型5、6. 长方形绞合树枝型7. 毛状体9. 具缘纹孔10. 长方形光滑状硅化骨架11. 毛细胞12. 长方形柱状纹饰硅化骨架13. 长方形圆齿状纹饰硅化骨架14. 包含有管胞的表皮细胞15、16. 植物韧皮纤维17. 毛纤维", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shimao", "quote": "计活动\n\n\n\n\n刘 莉 1、2 Maureece Levin 2 孙周勇 3 邵 晶 3\n\n1. 西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西 西安 710127；2. 美国斯坦福大学考古中心；3. 陕西省考古研究院,陕西 西安\n710054\n\n\n\n\n\nAbstract：Shimao was a regional center in an early stage of urbanization in northern China 4,000 years ago.\nIn this paper, we analyzed the use-wear traces and residues on 19 pottery and stone tools unearthed at the\nEast Gate and the Hanjiagedan residential locality to inv", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f0bccb90ef1377e853fc63c782a9543e2e9414c080ba97789d682af70c80cb6f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F03", "paper_key": "S108_f0bccb90ef13", "paper_id": "S108", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三现代淀粉粒对比标本（标尺，1、5-9：20 微米，2-4：10 微米）1. 小麦曲，淀粉酶分解形成的损伤特征2. 黍，经糖化发酵形成的损伤特征3.稻米，单粒，未经发酵4. 稻米，复粒，经糖化发酵，偏振光镜下可见双折射光泽，但不见消光十字5. 山丹百合6. 野豌豆7. 黍，榆林浑酒，偏振光镜下可见双折射光泽，但不见消光十字8. 糊化淀粉粒，榆林浑酒9. 大麦糊化淀粉粒，水浸泡12 小时，捣磨3 分钟，水煮8 分钟", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "31edc503e69aa756280155b219a72b7e8802d4ec97896a3817f5c6f92cf41c36", "image_bytes": 3347347, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图三 现代淀粉粒对比标本（标尺，1、5-9:20 微米，2-4:10 微米）\n1. 小麦曲，淀粉酶分解形成的损伤特征 2. 黍，经糖化发酵形成的损伤特征 3.稻米，单粒，未经发酵 4. 稻米，复粒，经糖化发酵，偏振光镜下可见双折射光泽，但不见消光十字 5. 山丹百合 6. 野豌豆 7. 黍，榆林浑酒，偏振光镜下可见双折射光泽，但不见消光十字 8. 糊化淀粉粒，榆林浑酒 9. 大麦糊化淀粉粒，水浸泡12 小时，捣磨3 分钟，水煮8 分钟", "caption_en": "Figure three: Modern starch grain reference specimens (scale bar: 1, 5–9: 20 μm, 2–4: 10 μm) 1. Wheat-based qu starter, damage features formed by amylase degradation; 2. Broomcorn millet, damage features formed by saccharification and fermentation; 3. Rice, single grain, unfermented; 4. Rice, composite grain, saccharified and fermented, showing birefringence under polarized light but no extinction cross; 5. Mountain lily; 6. Wild pea; 7. Broomcorn millet, from Yulin hunjiu, showing birefringence under polarized light but no extinction cross; 8. Gelatinized starch grains, from Yulin hunjiu; 9. Gelatinized starch grains of barley, soaked in water for 12 hours, ground for 3 minutes, boiled for 8 minutes)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒对比标本图", "title_en": "Modern Starch Grain Reference Specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/31edc503e69aa756280155b2.png", "image_url": "media/S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F03.png?v=31edc503e69a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:15.211260+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F04", "paper_key": "S108_f0bccb90ef13", "paper_id": "S108", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四石峁东门石器上的淀粉粒类型（标尺，1-4、8：10 微米，5-7：20 微米）1. 小麦族，显示酶分解形成的损伤，深沟和微型凹坑2. 粟或黍，显示酶分解形成的损伤，深沟和微型凹坑3、4. 大米，显示发酵损伤特征，偏振光镜下有双折射光泽，但无消光十字5、6. 百合鳞茎7. 糊化淀粉粒8. 未鉴定根茎淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c13d9ddb9b790aea6fa0abaaf9c72b51b8e70fcbbb809081e48cc6af640b4dd2", "image_bytes": 1980238, "sites": [ "CN123" ], "caption_zh": "图四 石峁东门石器上的淀粉粒类型（标尺，1-4、8:10 微米，5-7:20 微米）\n1. 小麦族，显示酶分解形成的损伤，深沟和微型凹坑 2. 粟或黍，显示酶分解形成的损伤，深沟和微型凹坑 3、4. 大米，显示发酵损伤特征，偏振光镜下有双折射光泽，但无消光十字 5、6. 百合鳞茎 7. 糊化淀粉粒 8. 未鉴定根茎淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure four: Starch grain types on stone tools from the east gate of Shimao (scale bars: 1–4, 8: 10 μm; 5–7: 20 μm) 1. wheat tribe (Triticeae), showing enzymatic degradation features, deep grooves and micro-pits; 2. Foxtail millet or broomcorn millet, showing enzymatic degradation features, deep grooves and micro-pits; 3, 4. Rice, showing fermentation damage features, birefringent luster under polarized light but no extinction cross; 5, 6. Lily tuber; 7. Gelatinized starch grains; 8. Unidentified tuber starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石峁东门石器上的淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types on stone tools from the east gate of Shimao", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c13d9ddb9b790aea6fa0abaa.png", "image_url": "media/S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F04.png?v=c13d9ddb9b79", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:15.276491+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN123", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图四石峁东门石器上的淀粉粒类型（标尺，1-4、8：10 微米，5-7：20 微米）1. 小麦族，显示酶分解形成的损伤，深沟和微型凹坑2. 粟或黍，显示酶分解形成的损伤，深沟和微型凹坑3、4. 大米，显示发酵损伤特征，偏振光镜下有双折射光泽，但无消光十字5、6. 百合鳞茎7. 糊化淀粉粒8. 未鉴定根茎淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shimao", "quote": "计活动\n\n\n\n\n刘 莉 1、2 Maureece Levin 2 孙周勇 3 邵 晶 3\n\n1. 西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西 西安 710127；2. 美国斯坦福大学考古中心；3. 陕西省考古研究院,陕西 西安\n710054\n\n\n\n\n\nAbstract：Shimao was a regional center in an early stage of urbanization in northern China 4,000 years ago.\nIn this paper, we analyzed the use-wear traces and residues on 19 pottery and stone tools unearthed at the\nEast Gate and the Hanjiagedan residential locality to inv", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f0bccb90ef1377e853fc63c782a9543e2e9414c080ba97789d682af70c80cb6f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F05", "paper_key": "S108_f0bccb90ef13", "paper_id": "S108", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五石峁东门石器植硅体、微型炭屑和纤维类型举例（标尺，3：10 微米，1、2、4、8：20 微米，5-7、9-12：50 微米）1. 扇型2. 长方形瘤状纹饰型3. 不透明穿孔片状4. 毛细胞5. 微型植物炭屑6. 硅化骨架7. 显示有管胞的表皮细胞8. 表皮细胞9. 长方形网眼型10、11. 植物韧皮纤维，箭头指向横向节点12. 毛纤维，表面有重叠的鳞片组织", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "311fc86b4c7ff83b783d712a0d19c0e90bd239230bc5bfc9cc46f8df3c97f83c", "image_bytes": 7756393, "sites": [ "CN123" ], "caption_zh": "图五 石峁东门石器植硅体、微型炭屑和纤维类型举例（标尺，3:10 微米，1、2、4、8:20 微米，5-7、9-12:50 微米）\n1. 扇型 2. 长方形瘤状纹饰型 3. 不透明穿孔片状 4. 毛细胞 5. 微型植物炭屑 6. 硅化骨架 7. 显示有管胞的表皮细胞 8. 表皮细胞 9. 长方形网眼型 10、11. 植物韧皮纤维，箭头指向横向节点 12. 毛纤维，表面有重叠的鳞片组织", "caption_en": "Figure five: Examples of phytoliths, micro-charcoal, and fiber types from stone tools at the east gate of Shimao (scale bar: 3:10 μm, 1, 2, 4, 8: 20 μm, 5–7, 9–12: 50 μm) 1. Fan-shaped 2. Rectangular with nodular ornamentation 3. Opaque perforated plate-like 4. Trichoblast 5. Micro-plant charcoal 6. Silicified skeleton 7. Epidermal cell showing vessel elements 8. Epidermal cell 9. Rectangular reticulate type 10, 11. Plant phloem fibers, arrows pointing to transverse nodes 12. Hair fiber with overlapping scale-like structures", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石峁东门石器植硅体、微型炭屑和纤维类型举例", "title_en": "Examples of phytoliths, micro-charcoal, and fiber types from stone tools at the east gate of Shimao", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/311fc86b4c7ff83b783d712a.png", "image_url": "media/S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F05.png?v=311fc86b4c7f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:15.480057+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN123", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图五石峁东门石器植硅体、微型炭屑和纤维类型举例（标尺，3：10 微米，1、2、4、8：20 微米，5-7、9-12：50 微米）1. 扇型2. 长方形瘤状纹饰型3. 不透明穿孔片状4. 毛细胞5. 微型植物炭屑6. 硅化骨架7. 显示有管胞的表皮细胞8. 表皮细胞9. 长方形网眼型10、11. 植物韧皮纤维，箭头指向横向节点12. 毛纤维，表面有重叠的鳞片组织", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shimao", "quote": "计活动\n\n\n\n\n刘 莉 1、2 Maureece Levin 2 孙周勇 3 邵 晶 3\n\n1. 西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西 西安 710127；2. 美国斯坦福大学考古中心；3. 陕西省考古研究院,陕西 西安\n710054\n\n\n\n\n\nAbstract：Shimao was a regional center in an early stage of urbanization in northern China 4,000 years ago.\nIn this paper, we analyzed the use-wear traces and residues on 19 pottery and stone tools unearthed at the\nEast Gate and the Hanjiagedan residential locality to inv", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f0bccb90ef1377e853fc63c782a9543e2e9414c080ba97789d682af70c80cb6f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F09", "paper_key": "S108_f0bccb90ef13", "paper_id": "S108", "number": "9", "caption_original": "图九韩家圪旦工具上的淀粉粒型态举例1. 小麦族，显示碾磨损伤2. 小麦族，A 型和B 型共存3. 石铲（HJ-SP1）上的大量粟黍淀粉粒4. 石杵（HJ-PS1）上的大量粟黍淀粉粒5. 粟或黍，显示微生物侵蚀损伤6. 百合7. 单粒稻米8. 复粒稻米，微生物侵蚀，消光十字模糊9. 野豌豆10.糊化淀粉粒群", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "19381086af696ab5c0ff1102b28609cfb72dd9edadeae63a5417fc9c65389cd3", "image_bytes": 2329599, "sites": [ "CN123" ], "caption_zh": "图九 韩家圪旦工具上的淀粉粒型态举例\n1. 小麦族，显示碾磨损伤2. 小麦族，A 型和B 型共存3. 石铲（HJ-SP1）上的大量粟黍淀粉粒4. 石杵（HJ-PS1）上的大量粟黍淀粉粒5. 粟或黍，显示微生物侵蚀损伤6. 百合7. 单粒稻米8. 复粒稻米，微生物侵蚀，消光十字模糊9. 野豌豆10.糊化淀粉粒群", "caption_en": "Figure nine: Examples of starch grain morphologies on tools from Hanjia Geta Dan. 1. wheat tribe (Triticeae), showing grinding damage; 2. wheat tribe (Triticeae), with A-type and B-type coexisting; 3. Large quantities of foxtail millet and broomcorn millet starch grains on a stone hoe (HJ-SP1); 4. Large quantities of foxtail millet and broomcorn millet starch grains on a stone pestle (HJ-PS1); 5. Foxtail millet or broomcorn millet, showing microbial erosion damage; 6. Lily; 7. Single grain of rice; 8. Composite grain of rice, with microbial erosion and extinguished cross-hazy features; 9. Wild pea; 10. Group of gelatinized starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "韩家圪旦工具上淀粉粒形态示例", "title_en": "Starch grain morphologies on tools from Hanjia Geta Dan", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/19381086af696ab5c0ff1102.png", "image_url": "media/S108_f0bccb90ef13_S108-F09.png?v=19381086af69", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:16.249802+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN123", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 14 ], "quote": "图九韩家圪旦工具上的淀粉粒型态举例1. 小麦族，显示碾磨损伤2. 小麦族，A 型和B 型共存3. 石铲（HJ-SP1）上的大量粟黍淀粉粒4. 石杵（HJ-PS1）上的大量粟黍淀粉粒5. 粟或黍，显示微生物侵蚀损伤6. 百合7. 单粒稻米8. 复粒稻米，微生物侵蚀，消光十字模糊9. 野豌豆10.糊化淀粉粒群", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shimao", "quote": "计活动\n\n\n\n\n刘 莉 1、2 Maureece Levin 2 孙周勇 3 邵 晶 3\n\n1. 西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西 西安 710127；2. 美国斯坦福大学考古中心；3. 陕西省考古研究院,陕西 西安\n710054\n\n\n\n\n\nAbstract：Shimao was a regional center in an early stage of urbanization in northern China 4,000 years ago.\nIn this paper, we analyzed the use-wear traces and residues on 19 pottery and stone tools unearthed at the\nEast Gate and the Hanjiagedan residential locality to inv", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f0bccb90ef1377e853fc63c782a9543e2e9414c080ba97789d682af70c80cb6f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S109_3d92daad289b_S109-F03", "paper_key": "S109_3d92daad289b", "paper_id": "S109", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3\n辛章遗址观察到的淀粉粒和植硅体图谱\n比例尺为10μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "15207329a79069fd6c6209b395db7991593a8d1d600820ecb055fccc5a668d65", "image_bytes": 8286281, "sites": [ "CN161" ], "caption_zh": "图3 辛章遗址观察到的淀粉粒和植硅体图谱比例尺为10 μm\na,b,c,d,e,f 粟或黍；g,h,小麦族;i,j,无法鉴定", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Starch grains and phytoliths observed at the Xinzhang site. Scale bar: 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "辛章遗址淀粉粒和植硅体图谱", "title_en": "Starch grains and phytoliths observed at the Xinzhang site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/15207329a79069fd6c6209b3.png", "image_url": "media/S109_3d92daad289b_S109-F03.png?v=15207329a790", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:16.407380+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN161", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图3\n辛章遗址观察到的淀粉粒和植硅体图谱\n比例尺为10μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "辛章", "quote": "8\n教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(编号: 15YJC780003)资助\n\n\n摘要 为了揭示4000a BP前后地理条件封闭的忻定盆地考古学文化大发展与传统粟黍农业及外来麦类种植和牛\n羊饲养业的关系, 讨论中国北方文明事件所产生的广泛的经济基础, 文章以辛章遗址出土的9例人骨和58例动物\n骨骼为研究对象, 运用碳氮稳定同位素分析和人牙结石上植物微体化石分析的研究方法, 还原了先民的食物结构\n和生业经济. 结果显示, 先民、猪和狗主要以粟黍类食物为生, 牛和羊的食物中也包含一定量的粟黍副产品(如秸\n秆)等. 然而, 小麦等并没有在该地区被种植. 显然, 粟黍农业已对外来动物(牛和羊)的饲喂产生明显影响. 由此可\n见, 忻定盆地完全采用了以粟黍农业为主兼容诸多外来农业因素的新的农业体系(粟黍农业及猪牛羊饲喂业), 进\n而证实了新的农业体系已成为更广阔区域先民生产和生活的最", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3d92daad289b7daaf9d5c09e80aede7c6147eca09d2e8ac965084eae94d2a8b8" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S110_062d42783d38_S110-F06", "paper_key": "S110_062d42783d38", "paper_id": "S110", "number": "6", "caption_original": "图六 \n古椰遗址石器表面残留物的淀粉粒\na~b. 锥属（Castanopsis）；c~d. 青冈属（Cyclobalanopsis）；e~f. 石栎属（Lithocarpus）；g~h. 栎属（Quercus）；\ni~j. 壳斗科 (Fagaceae)； k~l. 禾本科 （Poaceae）；m~p. 块根块茎类植物。比例尺：20μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "554a04d2e099e6a6e03ba3d4aa580cf065bdfe526b48304f89df3ab34cd0b6bf", "image_bytes": 1594389, "sites": [ "CN108" ], "caption_zh": "图六 古椰遗址石器表面残留物的淀粉粒\na~b. 锥属（Castanopsis）；c~d. 青冈属（Cyclobalanopsis）；e~f. 石栎属（Lithocarpus）；g~h. 栎属（Quercus）；i~j. 壳斗科 （Fagaceae）； k~l. 禾本科 （Poaceae）；m~p. 块根块茎类植物。比例尺：20 μm", "caption_en": "Figure six. Starch grains from stone tool residues at the Guye site. a~b. chinquapins (Castanopsis); c~d. ring-cupped oaks (Cyclobalanopsis); e~f. stone oaks (Lithocarpus); g~h. oaks (Quercus); i~j. beech family (Fagaceae); k~l. grass family (Poaceae); m~p. tuberous and cormous plants. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "古椰遗址石器表面残留物的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from stone tool residues at the Guye site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/554a04d2e099e6a6e03ba3d4.png", "image_url": "media/S110_062d42783d38_S110-F06.png?v=554a04d2e099", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:16.492578+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN108", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "图六 \n古椰遗址石器表面残留物的淀粉粒\na~b. 锥属（Castanopsis）；c~d. 青冈属（Cyclobalanopsis）；e~f. 石栎属（Lithocarpus）；g~h. 栎属（Quercus）；\ni~j. 壳斗科 (Fagaceae)； k~l. 禾本科 （Poaceae）；m~p. 块根块茎类植物。比例尺：20μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "古椰", "quote": "岭南是长江中下游从事稻作农业人群向南亚、东南亚殖民的必经之地，但受湿热的气候条件和酸性土壤的影响， 作农\n植物遗存保存不理想，植物考古工作开展较少，稻作农业在该地区发展的时间以及农业发展以前人类社会的生计模式都 业肇\n所知甚少。本文对广东佛山高明古椰遗址和韶关曲江石峡遗址出土的水稻遗存进行了直接的AMS 14C 年代测定，并对古 始的\n椰遗址和台山新村遗址获得的植物大遗存及石器表面残留物进行了种子形态、植硅体和淀粉粒分析。年代测定结果显示， 年代\n稻作农业传入珠三角的时间还不确定；植物遗存研究结果则表明，在稻作农业发展以前，不仅是块根块茎类植物，棕榈、 及人\n芭蕉、坚果等也是人类的主要植物性食物。因而，在珠江三角洲地区，稻作农业发展以前的生计模式包括了采集坚果、蕨 类社\n根等野生植物，管理甚至种植棕榈、芭蕉、慈姑、荸荠等，同时渔", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "062d42783d380d047c3fc9c108cc68634518a0b9ce97f0aaa6aabea2b49e6355" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S110_062d42783d38_S110-F07", "paper_key": "S110_062d42783d38", "paper_id": "S110", "number": "7", "caption_original": "图七 \n新村遗址石器残留物中的淀粉粒\na~c. 棕榈科（Palmae）淀粉粒；d~h. 芭蕉科（Musaceae）淀粉粒，f、h 为偏光下的照片；i~j. 姜科（Zingiberaceae）；k. 睡莲科（Nymphaeaceae）淀粉\n粒；l. 慈姑属（Sagittaria）淀粉粒；m. 荸荠属（Eleocharis）淀粉粒；n. 莲座蕨科（Angiopteris）淀粉粒；o. 偏光下的莲座蕨科淀粉粒；p. 薏苡属（Coix）\n淀粉粒；q~r. 橡子 (Quercus) 淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "af4cee24cc42c376f45d729eba4ef4d07f0d468da48bab79f7a6e8d69118c7d8", "image_bytes": 1984350, "sites": [ "CN109" ], "caption_zh": "图七 新村遗址石器残留物中的淀粉粒\na~c. 棕榈科（Palmae）淀粉粒；d~h. 芭蕉科（Musaceae）淀粉粒，f、h 为偏光下的照片；i~j. 姜科（Zingiberaceae）；k. 睡莲科（Nymphaeaceae）淀粉\n粒；l. 慈姑属（Sagittaria）淀粉粒；m. 荸荠属（Eleocharis）淀粉粒；n. 莲座蕨科（Angiopteris）淀粉粒；o. 偏光下的莲座蕨科淀粉粒；p. 薏苡属（Coix）\n淀粉粒；q~r. 橡子 （Quercus） 淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure seven. Starch grains from stone tool residues at Xincun site. a~c. Starch grains of palm family (Palmae); d~h. Starch grains of banana family (Musaceae), f and h are under polarized light; i~j. Starch grains of ginger family (Zingiberaceae); k. Starch grains of water-lily family (Nymphaeaceae); l. Starch grains of arrowheads (Sagittaria); m. Starch grains of spikerushes (Eleocharis); n. Starch grains of Angiopteris; o. Starch grains of Angiopteris under polarized light; p. Starch grains of Job’s tears (Coix); q~r. Starch grains from acorns (oaks, Quercus)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "新村遗址石器残留物中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from stone tool residues at Xincun site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/af4cee24cc42c376f45d729e.png", "image_url": "media/S110_062d42783d38_S110-F07.png?v=af4cee24cc42", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:20:46.154581+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN109", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 12 ], "quote": "图七 \n新村遗址石器残留物中的淀粉粒\na~c. 棕榈科（Palmae）淀粉粒；d~h. 芭蕉科（Musaceae）淀粉粒，f、h 为偏光下的照片；i~j. 姜科（Zingiberaceae）；k. 睡莲科（Nymphaeaceae）淀粉\n粒；l. 慈姑属（Sagittaria）淀粉粒；m. 荸荠属（Eleocharis）淀粉粒；n. 莲座蕨科（Angiopteris）淀粉粒；o. 偏光下的莲座蕨科淀粉粒；p. 薏苡属（Coix）\n淀粉粒；q~r. 橡子 (Quercus) 淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "新村", "quote": "植物遗存保存不理想，植物考古工作开展较少，稻作农业在该地区发展的时间以及农业发展以前人类社会的生计模式都 业肇\n所知甚少。本文对广东佛山高明古椰遗址和韶关曲江石峡遗址出土的水稻遗存进行了直接的AMS 14C 年代测定，并对古 始的\n椰遗址和台山新村遗址获得的植物大遗存及石器表面残留物进行了种子形态、植硅体和淀粉粒分析。年代测定结果显示， 年代\n稻作农业传入珠三角的时间还不确定；植物遗存研究结果则表明，在稻作农业发展以前，不仅是块根块茎类植物，棕榈、 及人\n芭蕉、坚果等也是人类的主要植物性食物。因而，在珠江三角洲地区，稻作农业发展以前的生计模式包括了采集坚果、蕨 类社\n根等野生植物，管理甚至种植棕榈、芭蕉、慈姑、荸荠等，同时渔猎。这种生计模式，可能代表了稻作农业发展以前，珠 会的\n三角甚至整个亚热带、热带亚洲东南部人类社会的生计", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "062d42783d380d047c3fc9c108cc68634518a0b9ce97f0aaa6aabea2b49e6355" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S110_062d42783d38_S110-F08", "paper_key": "S110_062d42783d38", "paper_id": "S110", "number": "8", "caption_original": "图八 \n新村遗址石器残留物中的植硅体\na~b. 棕榈科（Palmae）植硅体；c. 莎草科（Cyperaceae）植硅体；d. 蕨类植硅体； e~f. 稻属（Oryza）植硅体", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "df7c08d554dfcf4a9e60fc2a254eb5ca405955ffd7b84560086330fd98a9958d", "image_bytes": 500710, "sites": [ "CN109" ], "caption_zh": "图八 新村遗址石器残留物中的植硅体\na~b. 棕榈科（Palmae）植硅体；c. 莎草科（Cyperaceae）植硅体；d. 蕨类植硅体； e~f. 稻属（Oryza）植硅体", "caption_en": "Figure eight. Phytoliths from stone tool residues at Xincun site. a~b. Phytoliths from palm family (Palmae); c. Phytoliths from sedge family (Cyperaceae); d. Phytoliths from ferns; e~f. Phytoliths from rice (Oryza).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "新村遗址石器残留物中的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from stone tool residues at Xincun site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/df7c08d554dfcf4a9e60fc2a.png", "image_url": "media/S110_062d42783d38_S110-F08.png?v=df7c08d554df", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:20:38.844263+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN109", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 12 ], "quote": "图八 \n新村遗址石器残留物中的植硅体\na~b. 棕榈科（Palmae）植硅体；c. 莎草科（Cyperaceae）植硅体；d. 蕨类植硅体； e~f. 稻属（Oryza）植硅体", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "新村", "quote": "植物遗存保存不理想，植物考古工作开展较少，稻作农业在该地区发展的时间以及农业发展以前人类社会的生计模式都 业肇\n所知甚少。本文对广东佛山高明古椰遗址和韶关曲江石峡遗址出土的水稻遗存进行了直接的AMS 14C 年代测定，并对古 始的\n椰遗址和台山新村遗址获得的植物大遗存及石器表面残留物进行了种子形态、植硅体和淀粉粒分析。年代测定结果显示， 年代\n稻作农业传入珠三角的时间还不确定；植物遗存研究结果则表明，在稻作农业发展以前，不仅是块根块茎类植物，棕榈、 及人\n芭蕉、坚果等也是人类的主要植物性食物。因而，在珠江三角洲地区，稻作农业发展以前的生计模式包括了采集坚果、蕨 类社\n根等野生植物，管理甚至种植棕榈、芭蕉、慈姑、荸荠等，同时渔猎。这种生计模式，可能代表了稻作农业发展以前，珠 会的\n三角甚至整个亚热带、热带亚洲东南部人类社会的生计", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "062d42783d380d047c3fc9c108cc68634518a0b9ce97f0aaa6aabea2b49e6355" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S111_b927bf85f0eb_S111-F01", "paper_key": "S111_b927bf85f0eb", "paper_id": "S111", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图1 淀粉粒在偏光下形成的十字消光。比例尺为10 μm。\nFig. 1. Starch-specific extinction cross under cross-polarized light. Scale bar, 10 μm.", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 2 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "06ff9925aa8084225d1b4bbad87f9f12ea6f4edfe3fdd2f9633663096906a33b", "image_bytes": 663680, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图1 淀粉粒在交叉偏光下形成的十字消光。比例尺为10 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 1. Starch-specific extinction cross under cross-polarized light. Scale bar, 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "淀粉粒在偏光下的十字消光", "title_zh": "淀粉粒在偏光下的十字消光", "title_en": "Starch-specific extinction cross under cross-polarized light", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/06ff9925aa8084225d1b4bba.png", "image_url": "media/S111_b927bf85f0eb_S111-F01.png?v=06ff9925aa80", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:16.668488+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S111_b927bf85f0eb_S111-F02", "paper_key": "S111_b927bf85f0eb", "paper_id": "S111", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2 粟、黍和狗尾草的淀粉粒的形态特征。比例尺10 μm。（a）粟的淀粉粒400×；（b）粟淀粉粒个体400×；（c）黍的淀粉粒400×；（d）黍淀粉粒个体400×；（e）狗尾草的淀粉粒400×；（f）狗尾草淀粉粒个体400×。\nFig. 2. Characteristic starch grains from Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum and S. viridis.", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。群体／个体的对应关系据图中图像整理；放大倍数和比例尺按原注恢复。", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "64c1621f88cb25111c5135d4bfdc39969ec8801c55ce2adcfbbf00d4fc7d34a9", "image_bytes": 3789277, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 粟、黍和狗尾草的淀粉粒形态特征\na，粟淀粉粒群体400×；b，粟淀粉粒个体400×；c，黍淀粉粒群体400×；d，黍淀粉粒个体400×；e，狗尾草淀粉粒群体400×；f，狗尾草淀粉粒个体400×。各子图放大倍数均为400×，比例尺均为10 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2. Characteristic starch grains from foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis). Scale bar: 10 μm. (a) Starch grains from foxtail millet at 400×; (b) individual starch grain from foxtail millet at 400×; (c) starch grains from broomcorn millet at 400×; (d) individual starch grain from broomcorn millet at 400×; (e) starch grains from green foxtail at 400×; (f) individual starch grain from green foxtail at 400×.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "粟、黍和狗尾草的淀粉粒形态", "title_zh": "粟、黍和狗尾草的淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Characteristic starch grains from Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum and S. viridis", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/64c1621f88cb25111c5135d4.png", "image_url": "media/S111_b927bf85f0eb_S111-F02.png?v=64c1621f88cb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:16.711802+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S112_1e34595f836f_S112-F03", "paper_key": "S112_1e34595f836f", "paper_id": "S112", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图３　ＧＢＫ１样品检测出的淀粉粒或疑似淀粉粒\n图版中标有Ａ～Ｄ编号的是透射光图片，标有ａ～ｄ编号的是对应的偏光下的图片（图５同）；标尺为２０μｍ\nＦｉｇ３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍＧＢＫ１ｓａｍｐｌｅ．Ｉｍａｇｅｓｍａｒｋｅｄｗｉｔｈｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ｔｏ“Ｄ”ａｒｅａｒｅｕｎｄｅｒｔｒａｎｓｍｉｔｔｅｄｌｉｇｈｔ，\nａｎｄｏｎｅｓｗｉｔｈ“ａ”ｔｏ“ｄ”ａｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄｕｎｄｅｒｐｏｌａｒｉｚｅｄｌｉｇｈｔ．Ｔｈｅｓｃａｌｅｂａｒｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓ２０μｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d25534e759ba71ea5165259ce2815e39409346d56e114c48ec49898830eda3b2", "image_bytes": 1947138, "sites": [ "CN197" ], "caption_zh": "图3 GBK1样品检测出的淀粉粒或疑似淀粉粒\n图版中标有A~D编号的是透射光图片，标有a~d编号的是对应的偏光下的图片（图5同）；标尺为20 μm", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grains recovered from GBK1 sample. Images marked with letter \"A\" to \"D\" are under transmitted light, and ones with \"a\" to \"d\" are viewed under polarized light. The scale bar represents 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "古北口样品检测出的淀粉粒或疑似淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains recovered from GBK1 sample", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/d25534e759ba71ea5165259c.png", "image_url": "media/S112_1e34595f836f_S112-F03.png?v=d25534e759ba", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:21:12.593638+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN197", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图３　ＧＢＫ１样品检测出的淀粉粒或疑似淀粉粒\n图版中标有Ａ～Ｄ编号的是透射光图片，标有ａ～ｄ编号的是对应的偏光下的图片（图５同）；标尺为２０μｍ\nＦｉｇ３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍＧＢＫ１ｓａｍｐｌｅ．Ｉｍａｇｅｓｍａｒｋｅｄｗｉｔｈｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ｔｏ“Ｄ”ａｒｅａｒｅｕｎｄｅｒｔｒａｎｓｍｉｔｔｅｄｌｉｇｈｔ，\nａｎｄｏｎｅｓｗｉｔｈ“ａ”ｔｏ“ｄ”ａｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄｕｎｄｅｒｐｏｌａｒｉｚｅｄｌｉｇｈｔ．Ｔｈｅｓｃａｌｅｂａｒｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓ２０μｍ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Panlongshan", "quote": "东北部山区，近京冀交界处\n\nＦｉｇ１　ＬｏｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＧＢＫ１ｍｏｒｔａｒｓａｍｐｌｅ．（ａ）Ｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓａｍｐｌｅｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ，ｒｅｄｒｅｃｔａｎｇｌｅｓｈｏｗｉｎｇｔｈｅｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＧｒｅａｔＷａｌｌ\n\nｏｆＰａｎｌｏｎｇｓｈａｎｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ；（ｂ）Ｔｈｅｃｏｌｌａｐｓｅｄａｎｃｉｅｎｔｂｅａｃｏｎｔｏｗｅｒｗｈｅｒｅｍｏｒｔａｒｓａｍｐｌｅｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ；（ｃ）Ｔｈｅｓａｍｐｌｅｄｍｏｒｔａｒｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅ\n\nＧｒｅａｔＷａｌｌｂｒｉｃｋｓ；（ｄ）Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇｍａｐ．ＲｅｃｔａｎｇｌｅｓｈｏｗｉｎｇｔｈｅＧｕｂｅｉｋｏｕＭｉｎｇＧｒｅａｔＷａｌｌｌｏｃａｔｅｄｉｎｎｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔｅｒｎＢｅｉｊｉｎｇ，\n\n　　　　　　　 ｎｅａｒｔｈｅｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｏｆＢｅｉｊｉｎｇａｎｄＨｅｂｅｉＰ", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1e34595f836fc77598e24de203f66d9efc0e8637b23977ac0d858968fe2fa003" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S112_1e34595f836f_S112-F04", "paper_key": "S112_1e34595f836f", "paper_id": "S112", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图４　现代小米加热糊化的淀粉粒形态变化序列\nＦｉｇ４　Ｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｌｔｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｏｆｍｏｄｅｒｎｍｉｌｌｅｔｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｎｕｌｅａｆｔｅｒｗａｔｅｒｂｏｉｌｉｎｇ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "439af10f05a7dcf4804a9b8ed66c3ee7fd802bb414bfe5e52c0c2919d097a128", "image_bytes": 2143450, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 现代小米加热糊化的淀粉粒形态变化序列", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Morphological alterations sequence of modern millet starch grains after water boiling", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代小米加热糊化的淀粉粒形态变化序列", "title_en": "Morphological alterations sequence of modern millet starch grains after water boiling", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/439af10f05a7dcf4804a9b8e.png", "image_url": "media/S112_1e34595f836f_S112-F04.png?v=439af10f05a7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:16.816701+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S112_1e34595f836f_S112-F05", "paper_key": "S112_1e34595f836f", "paper_id": "S112", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图５　现代小米加热淀粉粒糊化的群体变化（标尺为１０μｍ）\nＡ———５分钟　Ｂ———２０分钟　Ｃ———４０分钟　Ｄ———６０分钟\nＦｉｇ５　Ａｌｔｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｍｏｄｅｒｎｍｉｌｌｅｔｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓｄｕｒｉｎｇｗａｔｅｒｂｏｉｌｉｎｇ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒｉｓ１０μｍ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6b75d3b03e63b80806100cfd082837200cbea06a0858015d7d3f104f2c2b9767", "image_bytes": 2279322, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5 现代小米加热淀粉粒糊化的群体变化（标尺为10 μm）\nA———5分钟 B———20分钟 C———40分钟 D———60分钟", "caption_en": "Fig. 5 Alteration of modern millet starch grains during water boiling (scale bar is 10 μm) \nA———5 minutes B———20 minutes C———40 minutes D———60 minutes", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代小米加热淀粉粒糊化的群体变化", "title_en": "Alteration of modern millet starch grains during water boiling", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/6b75d3b03e63b80806100cfd.png", "image_url": "media/S112_1e34595f836f_S112-F05.png?v=6b75d3b03e63", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:16.859289+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S115_b9ae6cfb5021_S115-F01", "paper_key": "S115_b9ae6cfb5021", "paper_id": "S115", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图一\n现代野生水稻淀粉500倍单偏光显微照片", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b37987b470b0eaac6fcd528876cdd8a8d4da49a7c44dae37e06b1fe7101e97af", "image_bytes": 443134, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图一 现代野生水稻淀粉500倍单偏光显微照片", "caption_en": "Figure 1. Polarized light micrograph of starch grains from modern wild rice at 500x magnification", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代野生水稻淀粉500倍单偏光显微照片", "title_en": "Polarized light micrograph of starch grains from modern wild rice at 500x magnification", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/b37987b470b0eaac6fcd5288.png", "image_url": "media/S115_b9ae6cfb5021_S115-F01.png?v=b37987b470b0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:16.904625+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "综述" } }, { "id": "S115_b9ae6cfb5021_S115-F02", "paper_key": "S115_b9ae6cfb5021", "paper_id": "S115", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二\n现代野生水稻淀粉500 倍正交偏光显微照片", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6d0224dddbdcd0bc39919bde37e202077ee5cb66f60f9ca815150845e365e780", "image_bytes": 959685, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图二 现代野生水稻淀粉500 倍正交偏光显微照片", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Polarized light micrograph of starch grains from modern wild rice at 500x ordinary orthogonal polarization", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代野生水稻淀粉500倍正交偏光显微照片", "title_en": "Polarized light micrograph of starch grains from modern wild rice at 500x ordinary orthogonal polarization", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/6d0224dddbdcd0bc39919bde.png", "image_url": "media/S115_b9ae6cfb5021_S115-F02.png?v=6d0224dddbdc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:16.947253+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "综述" } }, { "id": "S115_b9ae6cfb5021_S115-F03", "paper_key": "S115_b9ae6cfb5021", "paper_id": "S115", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三\n现代野生山 薯淀粉（500 倍)单偏光显 微照片", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2a775e1496008059b4f159b07794faedb9fbbc6d101cd402cf404ed66292d1b6", "image_bytes": 2279081, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图三 现代野生山薯淀粉（500 倍）单偏光显微照片", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Modern wild yam starch (500x) polarized light microscope photograph", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代野生山药淀粉（500倍）单偏光显微照片", "title_en": "Modern wild yam starch (500x) polarized light microscope photograph", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/2a775e1496008059b4f159b0.png", "image_url": "media/S115_b9ae6cfb5021_S115-F03.png?v=2a775e149600", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:17.000780+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "综述" } }, { "id": "S115_b9ae6cfb5021_S115-F04", "paper_key": "S115_b9ae6cfb5021", "paper_id": "S115", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四\n现代野生山 薯淀粉（500 倍）正交偏 光显微照片", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "14c742024a600c41386d89d5af18fe0516d4821ee6132be2addd20588e4172e0", "image_bytes": 2461320, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图四 代野生山薯淀粉（500 倍）正交偏光显微照片", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Modern wild yam starch (×500) orthogonal cross-polarized light microscope photograph", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代野生山药淀粉（500倍）正交偏光显微照片", "title_en": "Modern wild yam starch (×500) orthogonal cross-polarized light microscope photograph", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/14c742024a600c41386d89d5.png", "image_url": "media/S115_b9ae6cfb5021_S115-F04.png?v=14c742024a60", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:17.045969+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "综述" } }, { "id": "S117_3e9377c18a79_S117-F02", "paper_key": "S117_3e9377c18a79", "paper_id": "S117", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图２　部分现代样品淀粉粒图谱（标尺：２０μｍ）\n１———板栗（Ｃａｓｔａｎｅａｍｏｌｌｉｓｉｍａ），采自安徽，淀粉粒平均粒径８２８±３２８μｍ（ｎ＝５１）　２———麻栎（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓａｃｕｔｉｓｓｉｍａ），采自云南，淀粉粒平均粒径\n１３５５±４１６μｍ（ｎ＝５７）　３———绿豆（Ｖｉｇｎａｒａｄｉａｔａ），采自安徽，淀粉粒平均粒径１７６２±５７２μｍ（ｎ＝５０）　４———东北大米（Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ），采自\n北京，淀粉粒平均粒径４６８±１１１μｍ（ｎ＝５１）　５———泰国香米（Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ），采自福建，淀粉粒平均粒径４９２±０８８μｍ（ｎ＝５０）　６———小麦\n（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ），采自安徽，淀粉粒平均粒径１８７８±６３４μｍ（ｎ＝５２）　７———大麦（Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍｖｕｌｇａｒｅ），采自内蒙古，淀粉粒平均粒径１５４０±\n４５０μｍ（ｎ＝５８）　８———黍，采自陕西，淀粉粒平均粒径６３２±１００μｍ（ｎ＝５７）　９———粟，采自陕西，淀粉粒平均粒径８６７±２４２μｍ（ｎ＝５７）\n１０———青狗尾草（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｖｉｒｉｄｉｓ），采自山东，淀粉粒平均粒径５０１±１２１μｍ（ｎ＝５３）　１１———薏米（Ｃｏｉｘｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ），采自安徽，淀粉粒平均粒径\n１５５８±２９７μｍ（ｎ＝５０）　１２和１３———分别是莲藕（Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａ）的ＤＩＣ影像和偏光下的影像，采自安徽，淀粉粒平均粒径１５５８±２９７μｍ\n（ｎ＝５０）　１４和１５———分别是山药（Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａｏｐｐｏｓｉｔａ）的ＤＩＣ影像和偏光下的影像，采自安徽，淀粉粒平均粒径２９７１±９４４μｍ（ｎ＝５７）\nＦｉｇ２　ＳｏｍｅｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｏｍｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０μｍ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Hornbeam → sawtooth oak（Quercus acutissima）。\n原图8为黍、9为粟，原图没有为8、9列拉丁名；去掉译文擅添的错误学名，并纠正粟黍对调，粒径和样本数不变。", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "789f972233b1146b164fb194c6dc3f6a53db0c899d32189bc1bf21a3901c59de", "image_bytes": 9081098, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 部分现代样品淀粉粒图谱（标尺：20 μm）\n1—板栗（Castanea mollissima），采自安徽，淀粉粒平均粒径8.28±3.28 μm（n=51） 2—麻栎（Quercus acutissima），采自云南，淀粉粒平均粒径13.55±4.16 μm（n=57） 3—绿豆（Vigna radiata），采自安徽，淀粉粒平均粒径17.62±5.72 μm（n=50） 4—东北大米（Oryza sativa），采自北京，淀粉粒平均粒径4.68±1.11 μm（n=51） 5—泰国香米（Oryza sativa），采自福建，淀粉粒平均粒径4.92±0.88 μm（n=50） 6—小麦\n（Triticum aestivum），采自安徽，淀粉粒平均粒径18.78±6.34 μm（n=52） 7—大麦（Hordeum vulgare），采自内蒙古，淀粉粒平均粒径15.40±4.50 μm（n=58） 8—黍，采自陕西，淀粉粒平均粒径6.32±1.00 μm（n=57） 9—粟，采自陕西，淀粉粒平均粒径8.67±2.42 μm（n=57）10—青狗尾草（Setaria viridis），采自山东，淀粉粒平均粒径5.01±1.21 μm（n=53） 11—薏米（Coix chinensis），采自安徽，淀粉粒平均粒径15.58±2.97 μm（n=50） 12和13—分别是莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera）的DIC影像和偏光下的影像，采自安徽，淀粉粒平均粒径15.58±2.97 μm（n=50） 14和15—分别是山药（Dioscorea opposita）的DIC影像和偏光下的影像，采自安徽，淀粉粒平均粒径29.71±9.44 μm（n=57）", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Some starch grains from some modern species in China (scale bar: 20 μm) 1———Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima), collected from Anhui, average starch grain diameter 8.28±3.28 μm (n=51); 2———sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima), collected from Yunnan, average starch grain diameter 13.55±4.16 μm (n=57); 3———mung bean (Vigna radiata), collected from Anhui, average starch grain diameter 17.62±5.72 μm (n=50); 4———Northeast rice (Oryza sativa), collected from Beijing, average starch grain diameter 4.68±1.11 μm (n=51); 5———Thai fragrant rice (Oryza sativa), collected from Fujian, average starch grain diameter 4.92±0.88 μm (n=50); 6———wheat (Triticum aestivum), collected from Anhui, average starch grain diameter 18.78±6.34 μm (n=52); 7———barley (Hordeum vulgare), collected from Inner Mongolia, average starch grain diameter 15.40±4.50 μm (n=58); 8———broomcorn millet, collected from Shaanxi, average starch grain diameter 6.32±1.00 μm (n=57); 9———foxtail millet, collected from Shaanxi, average starch grain diameter 8.67±2.42 μm (n=57); 10———green foxtail (Setaria viridis), collected from Shandong, average starch grain diameter 5.01±1.21 μm (n=53); 11———Job’s tears (Coix) seed (Job’s tears, Coix chinensis), collected from Anhui, average starch grain diameter 15.58±2.97 μm (n=50); 12 and 13———DIC image and polarized light image of lotus rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera), collected from Anhui, average starch grain diameter 15.58±2.97 μm (n=50); 14 and 15———DIC image and polarized light image of yam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea opposita), collected from Anhui, average starch grain diameter 29.71±9.44 μm (n=57)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "部分现代样品淀粉粒图谱", "title_en": "Some starch grains from some modern species in China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/789f972233b1146b164fb194.png", "image_url": "media/S117_3e9377c18a79_S117-F02.png?v=789f972233b1", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:24.687233+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S117_3e9377c18a79_S117-F03", "paper_key": "S117_3e9377c18a79", "paper_id": "S117", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图３　裴李岗遗址磨盘上的部分淀粉粒（标尺为１０μｍ）\n１———Ａ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ２４：１　２———Ａ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ１５：１　３———Ｂ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ２４：１　４———Ｂ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ６７：４\n５———Ｃ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ１０３：２　６———Ｄ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ１１５：１　７和８———Ｅ淀粉粒，分别来自磨盘Ｍ１５：１和磨盘Ｍ２４：１\n９———Ｆ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ２４：１　１０～１２———Ｇ类淀粉粒，分别来自磨盘Ｍ７２：１，磨盘Ｍ６７：４和磨盘Ｍ２４：１\nＦｉｇ３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｓｌａｂｓｆｒｏｍＰｅｉｌｉｇａｎｇＳｉｔｅ（Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：１０μｍ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5761ad68242d48a870c96d0f3fdfddc0fc4ce81b64351db938ccc923fdac19b1", "image_bytes": 5658316, "sites": [ "CN025" ], "caption_zh": "图3 裴李岗遗址磨盘上的部分淀粉粒（标尺为10 μm）\n1—A类淀粉粒，栎属，来自磨盘M24:1 2—A类淀粉粒，栎属，来自磨盘M15:1 3—B类淀粉粒，小麦族，来自磨盘M24:1 4—B类淀粉粒，小麦族，来自磨盘M67:4 5—C类淀粉粒，狗尾草属、黍属和薏苡属，来自磨盘M103:2 6—D类淀粉粒，块根块茎，来自磨盘M115:1 7和8—E淀粉粒，不可鉴定，分别来自磨盘M15:1和磨盘M24:1 9—F类淀粉粒，存疑，来自磨盘M24:1 10~12—G类淀粉粒，存疑，分别来自磨盘M72:1，磨盘M67:4和磨盘M24:1", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grains recovered from slabs from Peiligang Site (Scale bar: 10 μm) 1—A type starch grains, from slab M24:1; 2—A type starch grains, from slab M15:1; 3—B type starch grains, from slab M24:1; 4—B type starch grains, from slab M67:4; 5—C type starch grains, from slab M103:2; 6—D type starch grains, from slab M115:1; 7 and 8—E type starch grains, from slab M15:1 and slab M24:1, respectively; 9—F type starch grains, from slab M24:1; 10–12—G type starch grains, from slab M72:1, slab M67:4 and slab M24:1, respectively.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "裴李岗遗址磨盘上的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from slabs at Peiligang Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/5761ad68242d48a870c96d0f.png", "image_url": "media/S117_3e9377c18a79_S117-F03.png?v=5761ad68242d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:24.756627+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN025", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图３　裴李岗遗址磨盘上的部分淀粉粒（标尺为１０μｍ）\n１———Ａ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ２４：１　２———Ａ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ１５：１　３———Ｂ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ２４：１　４———Ｂ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ６７：４\n５———Ｃ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ１０３：２　６———Ｄ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ１１５：１　７和８———Ｅ淀粉粒，分别来自磨盘Ｍ１５：１和磨盘Ｍ２４：１\n９———Ｆ类淀粉粒，来自磨盘Ｍ２４：１　１０～１２———Ｇ类淀粉粒，分别来自磨盘Ｍ７２：１，磨盘Ｍ６７：４和磨盘Ｍ２４：１\nＦｉｇ３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｓｌａｂｓｆｒｏｍＰｅｉｌｉｇａｎｇＳｉｔｅ（Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：１０μｍ）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "裴李岗", "quote": "Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ，２０１１\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１１．０５．１４ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１１）０５－８９１－０９\n\n 裴李岗遗址出土石磨盘表面淀粉粒的鉴定与分析 \n\n 张永辉　翁　屹　姚　凌　张居中　周昱君　方　方　崔　炜\n\n （中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系，合肥　２３００２６）\n\n\n 摘要　　文章论述了从河南新郑裴李岗遗址（８５００～７０００ａＢＰ．）出土的８件石磨盘表面提取的１０００多颗淀粉粒\n\n 的研究情况，根据其形态特征分析，其来源至少可分为栎属（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓｓｐｐ．）果实（橡子）、小麦族（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｅａｅＤｕｍｏｒｔ．）、\n\n 粟（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃ", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "3e9377c18a791d14226226a73faff0ee0d03a89950674636801c5a5d7b518c43" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S118_5c7660ce0d9c_S118-F02", "paper_key": "S118_5c7660ce0d9c", "paper_id": "S118", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二酵母细胞形态（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）与梅瓶液体中酵母细胞的比较1. 酵母细胞的结构示意图［30］2. 啤酒发酵过程中处于出芽阶段的酵母细胞（图片由京A啤酒坊提供）3. 发酵结束后呈簇状的酵母细胞（取自斯坦福大学蜂蜜酒酿造实验）4. 圆形细胞5. 顶部带出芽的椭圆形细胞6. 顶部带出芽的圆形细胞7. 两个相连的圆形细胞8. 圆形/椭圆形细胞的簇状结构9. 两个相连的长椭圆形细胞", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d89db7eb07703156713317e64601e63177099453602224dd836e1be15b4e95b5", "image_bytes": 9324184, "sites": [ "CN160" ], "caption_zh": "图二酵母细胞形态（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）与梅瓶液体中酵母细胞的比较1. 酵母细胞的结构示意图[30]2. 啤酒发酵过程中处于出芽阶段的酵母细胞（图片由京A啤酒坊提供）3. 发酵结束后呈簇状的酵母细胞（取自斯坦福大学蜂蜜酒酿造实验）4. 圆形细胞5. 顶部带出芽的椭圆形细胞6. 顶部带出芽的圆形细胞7. 两个相连的圆形细胞8. 圆形/椭圆形细胞的簇状结构9. 两个相连的长椭圆形细胞", "caption_en": "Figure two: Morphology of yeast cells (brewer’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and comparison of yeast cells in liquid from a meiping vessel. 1. Schematic illustration of yeast cell structure [30]; 2. Yeast cells in budding stage during beer fermentation (provided by Jing A Beer Workshop); 3. Clusters of yeast cells after fermentation (from honey wine fermentation experiment at Stanford University); 4. Round cells; 5. Elliptical cells with bud at the top; 6. Circular cells with bud at the top; 7. Two connected circular cells; 8. Clustered structures of round/elliptical cells; 9. Two connected elongated elliptical cells.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "酵母细胞形态与梅瓶液体中酵母细胞的比较", "title_en": "Morphology of yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and comparison of yeast cells in liquid from a meiping vessel", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d89db7eb07703156713317e6.png", "image_url": "media/S118_5c7660ce0d9c_S118-F02.png?v=d89db7eb0770", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:24.819911+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN160", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图二酵母细胞形态（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）与梅瓶液体中酵母细胞的比较1. 酵母细胞的结构示意图［30］2. 啤酒发酵过程中处于出芽阶段的酵母细胞（图片由京A啤酒坊提供）3. 发酵结束后呈簇状的酵母细胞（取自斯坦福大学蜂蜜酒酿造实验）4. 圆形细胞5. 顶部带出芽的椭圆形细胞6. 顶部带出芽的圆形细胞7. 两个相连的圆形细胞8. 圆形/椭圆形细胞的簇状结构9. 两个相连的长椭圆形细胞", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Li Jurou", "quote": "安 710000\n\n\n\n Abstract：This study investigates a rare case of liquid alcohol preserved in a glazed ceramic vase from the\n tomb of Li Jurou （AD 1226）, Jin dynasty, Xi’an, China, to provide new insights into medieval brewing\n traditions. We applied a multi-proxy approach combining microfossil analysis, stable isotope testing,\n experimental brewing with sorghum, and incorporated prev", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5c7660ce0d9c65fc0b83e7c6e47569fa56696315966619ce091ed897dbd6e196" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S118_5c7660ce0d9c_S118-F03", "paper_key": "S118_5c7660ce0d9c", "paper_id": "S118", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三梅瓶液体中鉴定出的微化石类型1、2. 类型I高粱淀粉粒（显示深裂隙与中心凹陷）3. 类型II小麦族A-型淀粉4. 类型II 小麦族A-型淀粉（中心塌陷、边缘受损，伴轻度糊化与膨胀）5. 类型II小麦族A-型淀粉（中心空化、外缘保存良好）6. 类型I高粱淀粉（中心缺失、外缘完整，表现轻度糊化）7. 类型IV 芡实淀粉8.类型II 小麦族B-型淀粉粒9. 高粱淀粉粒聚集体10. 稻米淀粉粒聚集体（未见消光十字）11. 老化淀粉网状结构12. 糊化淀粉团（推测为稻米）（6、7、9-12采用台盼蓝染色；1-5、9含DIC与偏光显微图像）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1176b55d1a94656ef6b2e7f7c0881d742f5e23242d77b98b9e4c9b1f8dc5336b", "image_bytes": 12911448, "sites": [ "CN160" ], "caption_zh": "图三梅瓶液体中鉴定出的微化石类型\n1、2. 类型I高粱淀粉粒（显示深裂隙与中心凹陷）3. 类型II小麦族A-型淀粉4. 类型II 小麦族A-型淀粉（中心塌陷、边缘受损，伴轻度糊化与膨胀）5. 类型II小麦族A-型淀粉（中心空化、外缘保存良好）6. 类型I高粱淀粉（中心缺失、外缘完整，表现轻度糊化）7. 类型IV 芡实淀粉8.类型II 小麦族B-型淀粉粒9. 高粱淀粉粒聚集体10. 稻米淀粉粒聚集体（未见消光十字）11. 老化淀粉网状结构12. 糊化淀粉团（推测为稻米）（6、7、9-12采用台盼蓝染色；1-5、9含DIC与偏光显微图像）", "caption_en": "Figure three. Types of microfossils identified in the liquid of a meiping bottle: 1, 2. Type I Sorghum starch grains (showing deep fissures and central depression); 3. Type II wheat tribe (Triticeae) A-type starch; 4. Type II wheat tribe (Triticeae) A-type starch (central collapse, marginal damage, with mild gelatinization and swelling); 5. Type II wheat tribe (Triticeae) A-type starch (central cavitation, well-preserved outer margin); 6. Type I Sorghum starch (central absence, intact outer margin, showing mild gelatinization); 7. Type IV fox nut starch; 8. Type II wheat tribe (Triticeae) B-type starch grains; 9. Sorghum starch grain aggregates; 10. rice starch grain aggregates (no extinction cross observed); 11. aged starch network structure; 12. gelatinized starch clumps (presumed to be rice) (panels 6, 7, 9–12 stained with trypan blue; panels 1–5, 9 include DIC and polarized light microscopy images);", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "梅瓶液体中鉴定出的微化石类型", "title_en": "Types of microfossils identified in the liquid of a meiping bottle", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/1176b55d1a94656ef6b2e7f7.png", "image_url": "media/S118_5c7660ce0d9c_S118-F03.png?v=1176b55d1a94", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:24.886861+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN160", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图三梅瓶液体中鉴定出的微化石类型1、2. 类型I高粱淀粉粒（显示深裂隙与中心凹陷）3. 类型II小麦族A-型淀粉4. 类型II 小麦族A-型淀粉（中心塌陷、边缘受损，伴轻度糊化与膨胀）5. 类型II小麦族A-型淀粉（中心空化、外缘保存良好）6. 类型I高粱淀粉（中心缺失、外缘完整，表现轻度糊化）7. 类型IV 芡实淀粉8.类型II 小麦族B-型淀粉粒9. 高粱淀粉粒聚集体10. 稻米淀粉粒聚集体（未见消光十字）11. 老化淀粉网状结构12. 糊化淀粉团（推测为稻米）（6、7、9-12采用台盼蓝染色；1-5、9含DIC与偏光显微图像）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Li Jurou", "quote": "安 710000\n\n\n\n Abstract：This study investigates a rare case of liquid alcohol preserved in a glazed ceramic vase from the\n tomb of Li Jurou （AD 1226）, Jin dynasty, Xi’an, China, to provide new insights into medieval brewing\n traditions. We applied a multi-proxy approach combining microfossil analysis, stable isotope testing,\n experimental brewing with sorghum, and incorporated prev", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5c7660ce0d9c65fc0b83e7c6e47569fa56696315966619ce091ed897dbd6e196" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S118_5c7660ce0d9c_S118-F04", "paper_key": "S118_5c7660ce0d9c", "paper_id": "S118", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四现代淀粉参考样品1. 原生高粱淀粉粒2. 发芽3天并糖化2小时的高粱淀粉粒（大部分颗粒显示酶促消化特征，少数仍保持完整）3. 糖化后再发酵10 天的高粱淀粉粒（表现为中心空化并伴轻度糊化）4. 小麦淀粉粒（包含大形A-型与小形B-型颗粒）5. 发芽与糖化后的大麦A-型淀粉（显示深裂隙与沟槽等酶促损伤）6. 发酵后的大麦A-型淀粉粒（中心空化，外缘仍保留部分双折射现象）7. 发酵5天的稻米淀粉粒（消光十字消失）8. 发酵后的稻米淀粉粒（不具双折射特征）9. 芡实淀粉粒10. 稻米糊化淀粉粒团11. 黄酒（粟米酒）中煮熟并发酵后的粟米所形成的老化淀粉网状结构（1-9 含DIC/明场及偏光显微图像）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f31514108ed024ff8e21be84429db977ddfb718cac2c53c14499fdc582cef069", "image_bytes": 8215999, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图四 现代淀粉参考样品\n1. 原生高粱淀粉粒2. 发芽3天并糖化2小时的高粱淀粉粒（大部分颗粒显示酶促消化特征，少数仍保持完整）3. 糖化后再发酵10 天的高粱淀粉粒（表现为中心空化并伴轻度糊化）4. 小麦淀粉粒（包含大形A-型与小形B-型颗粒）5. 发芽与糖化后的大麦A-型淀粉（显示深裂隙与沟槽等酶促损伤）6. 发酵后的大麦A-型淀粉粒（中心空化，外缘仍保留部分双折射现象）7. 发酵5天的稻米淀粉粒（消光十字消失）8. 发酵后的稻米淀粉粒（不具双折射特征）9. 芡实淀粉粒10. 稻米糊化淀粉粒团11. 黄酒（粟米酒）中煮熟并发酵后的粟米所形成的老化淀粉网状结构（1-9 含DIC/明场及偏光显微图像）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Modern starch reference samples 1. Native Sorghum starch grains 2. Sorghum starch grains germinated for 3 days and saccharified for 2 hours (most particles show enzymatic digestion features, a few remain intact) 3. Sorghum starch grains after saccharification followed by fermentation for 10 days (show central cavitation with mild gelatinization) 4. Wheat starch grains (containing large A-type and small B-type particles) 5. Germinated and saccharified barley A-type starch (showing deep fissures and grooves indicative of enzymatic damage) 6. Fermented barley A-type starch grains (central cavitation, outer margin retaining partial birefringence) 7. Rice starch grains fermented for 5 days (extinction cross disappears) 8. Fermented rice starch grains (lacking birefringence features) 9. Fox nut starch grains 10. Gelatinized rice starch granule clusters 11. Aged starch network structure formed by cooked and fermented foxtail millet (from yellow wine, or millet wine) (samples 1–9 include DIC/bright field and polarized light microscopy images)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉参考样品图", "title_en": "Modern Starch Reference Samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/f31514108ed024ff8e21be84.png", "image_url": "media/S118_5c7660ce0d9c_S118-F04.png?v=f31514108ed0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:24.941501+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F00", "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "paper_id": "S119", "number": "10", "caption_original": "图一〇  煮过的黍淀粉粒西山陶器样本中发现的聚集态淀粉粒与现代样本对比\n（比例尺:10μm）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原始PDF图号纠正显示编号；稳定ID不变\n以原始PDF完整图版替换旧分图；原图内分图标签、样本编号、箭头与比例尺保留。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6e1ff0e5075591a8ed1f32e78abede22c10e37b1d6e5e1e87e5d46617c7782ca", "image_bytes": 1680271, "sites": [ "CN073" ], "caption_zh": "图一0西山陶器样品中的聚集态淀粉粒与现代参照对比。由左至右：煮过的黍淀粉粒；煮过的粟淀粉粒；西山陶器上的淀粉粒。比例尺：10 μm。", "caption_en": "Aggregated starch in Xishan pottery compared with modern references. From left to right: boiled broomcorn millet starch; boiled foxtail millet starch; starch from Xishan pottery. Scale bar: 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西山原图10：西山陶器样品中的聚集态淀粉粒与现代参照对比", "title_en": "Xishan: Aggregated starch in Xishan pottery compared with modern references", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/6e1ff0e5075591a8ed1f32e7.png", "image_url": "media/S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F00.png?v=6e1ff0e50755", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图一〇 西山陶器样本中发现的聚集态淀粉粒与现代样本对比（比例尺：10 μm）。分图由左至右：煮过的黍淀粉粒；煮过的粟淀粉粒；西山陶器上的淀粉粒。", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "page": 6, "bbox_points": [ 62, 510, 300, 588 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" }, "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.007572+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN073", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图一〇 西山陶器样本中发现的聚集态淀粉粒与现代样本对比（比例尺：10 μm）。分图由左至右：煮过的黍淀粉粒；煮过的粟淀粉粒；西山陶器上的淀粉粒。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xishan", "quote": "对比，这些淀粉粒可以鉴定为4 个不同的植物类别，包括薏苡、小麦族、\n\n燕麦和山药。在鉴定的淀粉粒中，有完好的，也有一些呈现由碾磨和烹饪所造成的损伤特征，反映了当时的食物加\n\n工情况。研究结果表明西周晚期的秦人种植和消费多种经济作物。\n KEYWORDS: Xishan site, Pottery, Stone tools, Starch grains, Archaeobotany\n ABSTRACT: This study presents the results of starch grains extracted from stone tools and pottery vessels from the Xishan\nsite dating to the prehistoric and Western Zhou period. A total of 475 starch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F02-P0007", "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "paper_id": "S119", "number": "12", "caption_original": "图一二  西山石器上发现的植硅体", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原始PDF图号纠正显示编号；稳定ID不变\n以原始PDF完整图版替换旧分图；原图内分图标签、样本编号、箭头与比例尺保留。", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "37628a8e06ccd9737eb10e3c3f22121c59f4bb7742a973bcb219cf9ede954861", "image_bytes": 377047, "sites": [ "CN073" ], "caption_zh": "图一二 西山石器上发现的植硅体。A:LX09_phytolith_012；麦类或者禾草类植物的种皮 B:LX03_others_006；C:LX03_others_005。莎草科或者薹草属植物茎和叶。", "caption_en": "Phytoliths found on Xishan stone tools. A: LX09_phytolith_012; B: LX03_others_006; C: LX03_others_005.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西山原图12：西山石器上发现的植硅体", "title_en": "Xishan: Phytoliths found on Xishan stone tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/37628a8e06ccd9737eb10e3c.png", "image_url": "media/S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F02-P0007.png?v=37628a8e06cc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图一二 西山石器上发现的植硅体", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "page": 7, "bbox_points": [ 62, 232, 352, 327 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" }, "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.073434+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN073", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图一二 西山石器上发现的植硅体", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xishan", "quote": "对比，这些淀粉粒可以鉴定为4 个不同的植物类别，包括薏苡、小麦族、\n\n燕麦和山药。在鉴定的淀粉粒中，有完好的，也有一些呈现由碾磨和烹饪所造成的损伤特征，反映了当时的食物加\n\n工情况。研究结果表明西周晚期的秦人种植和消费多种经济作物。\n KEYWORDS: Xishan site, Pottery, Stone tools, Starch grains, Archaeobotany\n ABSTRACT: This study presents the results of starch grains extracted from stone tools and pottery vessels from the Xishan\nsite dating to the prehistoric and Western Zhou period. A total of 475 starch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F04", "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "paper_id": "S119", "number": "4", "caption_original": "C. 陶器上发现的古代薏苡淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "以原始PDF完整图版替换旧分图；原图内分图标签、样本编号、箭头与比例尺保留。", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0db3eec77680941b9c27c47668beb0d4b554be92b2910ac9b75c00ff23e40c81", "image_bytes": 1792305, "sites": [ "CN073" ], "caption_zh": "图七 现代薏苡与古代薏苡类淀粉粒对比。A：现代薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；B：石器上的古代薏苡类淀粉粒；C：陶器上的古代薏苡类淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Comparison of modern Job’s tears and ancient starch grains attributed to Job’s tears. A: modern Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); B: ancient starch from stone tools; C: ancient starch from pottery.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西山原图4：现代薏苡与古代薏苡类淀粉粒对比", "title_en": "Xishan: Comparison of modern Job’s tears and ancient starch grains attributed to Job’s tears", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/0db3eec77680941b9c27c476.png", "image_url": "media/S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F04.png?v=0db3eec77680", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图四 现代薏苡淀粉粒与古代淀粉粒对比", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "page": 3, "bbox_points": [ 282, 468, 524, 735 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" }, "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.128170+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN073", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图四 现代薏苡淀粉粒与古代淀粉粒对比", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xishan", "quote": "对比，这些淀粉粒可以鉴定为4 个不同的植物类别，包括薏苡、小麦族、\n\n燕麦和山药。在鉴定的淀粉粒中，有完好的，也有一些呈现由碾磨和烹饪所造成的损伤特征，反映了当时的食物加\n\n工情况。研究结果表明西周晚期的秦人种植和消费多种经济作物。\n KEYWORDS: Xishan site, Pottery, Stone tools, Starch grains, Archaeobotany\n ABSTRACT: This study presents the results of starch grains extracted from stone tools and pottery vessels from the Xishan\nsite dating to the prehistoric and Western Zhou period. A total of 475 starch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F06", "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "paper_id": "S119", "number": "6", "caption_original": "B. 陶器上有加工痕迹的小麦族淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "以原始PDF完整图版替换旧分图；原图内分图标签、样本编号、箭头与比例尺保留。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a79385c0a2a369578b749ac80daf5e12f3060dbfb93625afb2db7d9c4565e5c1", "image_bytes": 2202855, "sites": [ "CN073" ], "caption_zh": "图六 显示加工痕迹的古代小麦族淀粉粒。A：石器样品；B：陶器样品。箭头示破损、边缘粗糙化及局部层纹清晰化。比例尺以各分图标尺为准，10 μm。", "caption_en": "Ancient wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch showing processing traces. A: stone-tool samples; B: pottery samples. Arrows indicate breakage, roughened edges and locally pronounced lamellae. Use the scale bars in individual panels: the source caption states 10 μm, whereas some panel bars state 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西山原图6：显示加工痕迹的古代小麦族淀粉粒", "title_en": "Xishan: Ancient Triticeae starch showing processing traces", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a79385c0a2a369578b749ac8.png", "image_url": "media/S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F06.png?v=a79385c0a2a3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图六 显示加工痕迹的古代小麦族淀粉粒（箭头示意加工特征：a.破损；b.边缘粗糙化；c.局部轮纹清晰化）。比例尺：10 μm。", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "page": 5, "bbox_points": [ 276, 88, 524, 424 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" }, "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.252037+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN073", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图六 显示加工痕迹的古代小麦族淀粉粒（箭头示意加工特征：a.破损；b.边缘粗糙化；c.局部轮纹清晰化）。比例尺：10 μm。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xishan", "quote": "对比，这些淀粉粒可以鉴定为4 个不同的植物类别，包括薏苡、小麦族、\n\n燕麦和山药。在鉴定的淀粉粒中，有完好的，也有一些呈现由碾磨和烹饪所造成的损伤特征，反映了当时的食物加\n\n工情况。研究结果表明西周晚期的秦人种植和消费多种经济作物。\n KEYWORDS: Xishan site, Pottery, Stone tools, Starch grains, Archaeobotany\n ABSTRACT: This study presents the results of starch grains extracted from stone tools and pottery vessels from the Xishan\nsite dating to the prehistoric and Western Zhou period. A total of 475 starch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F07", "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "paper_id": "S119", "number": "7", "caption_original": "C. 陶器上发现的古代燕麦淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "以原始PDF完整图版替换旧分图；原图内分图标签、样本编号、箭头与比例尺保留。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9aecfcf44ec7d2592c1df0b32e70b7140b9e6424ce5ed4573c32a2581b6c6769", "image_bytes": 1931083, "sites": [ "CN073" ], "caption_zh": "图 七 现代燕麦与古代燕麦类淀粉粒对比。A：现代燕麦属（Avena sp.）参照；B：石器上的古代燕麦类淀粉粒；C：陶器上的古代燕麦类淀粉粒。比例尺：10 μm。", "caption_en": "Comparison of modern oats and ancient oat-type starch. A: modern oat reference (oats, Avena sp.); B: ancient starch from stone tools; C: ancient starch from pottery. Scale bar: 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西山原图7：现代燕麦与古代燕麦类淀粉粒对比", "title_en": "Xishan: Comparison of modern oats and ancient oat-type starch", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9aecfcf44ec7d2592c1df0b3.png", "image_url": "media/S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F07.png?v=9aecfcf44ec7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图七 现代燕麦淀粉粒与古代淀粉粒对比（比例尺：10 μm）", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "page": 5, "bbox_points": [ 278, 449, 524, 734 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" }, "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.316258+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN073", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图七 现代燕麦淀粉粒与古代淀粉粒对比（比例尺：10 μm）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xishan", "quote": "对比，这些淀粉粒可以鉴定为4 个不同的植物类别，包括薏苡、小麦族、\n\n燕麦和山药。在鉴定的淀粉粒中，有完好的，也有一些呈现由碾磨和烹饪所造成的损伤特征，反映了当时的食物加\n\n工情况。研究结果表明西周晚期的秦人种植和消费多种经济作物。\n KEYWORDS: Xishan site, Pottery, Stone tools, Starch grains, Archaeobotany\n ABSTRACT: This study presents the results of starch grains extracted from stone tools and pottery vessels from the Xishan\nsite dating to the prehistoric and Western Zhou period. A total of 475 starch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F08", "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "paper_id": "S119", "number": "8", "caption_original": "左. 现代山药淀粉粒(Dioscorea oposita Thunb.) 右. 古代淀粉粒标本(LX62_009）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "以原始PDF完整图版替换旧分图；原图内分图标签、样本编号、箭头与比例尺保留。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b8ec768173fdfb8d45f31762f80397d1ecf36bb1017df9a323744fada84e8fc7", "image_bytes": 574537, "sites": [ "CN073" ], "caption_zh": "图八 现代山药与古代淀粉粒对比。\n左：现代山药（Dioscorea opposita，沿用原名）；右：古代标本LX62_009。比例尺：10 μm。", "caption_en": "Comparison of modern Chinese yam and ancient starch. Left: Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita, original nomenclature); right: ancient sample LX62_009. Scale bar: 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西山原图8：现代山药与古代淀粉粒对比", "title_en": "Xishan: Comparison of modern Chinese yam and ancient starch", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b8ec768173fdfb8d45f31762.png", "image_url": "media/S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F08.png?v=b8ec768173fd", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图八 现代山药淀粉粒与古代淀粉粒对比（比例尺：10 μm）", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "page": 6, "bbox_points": [ 62, 89, 300, 171 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" }, "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.371755+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN073", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图八 现代山药淀粉粒与古代淀粉粒对比（比例尺：10 μm）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xishan", "quote": "对比，这些淀粉粒可以鉴定为4 个不同的植物类别，包括薏苡、小麦族、\n\n燕麦和山药。在鉴定的淀粉粒中，有完好的，也有一些呈现由碾磨和烹饪所造成的损伤特征，反映了当时的食物加\n\n工情况。研究结果表明西周晚期的秦人种植和消费多种经济作物。\n KEYWORDS: Xishan site, Pottery, Stone tools, Starch grains, Archaeobotany\n ABSTRACT: This study presents the results of starch grains extracted from stone tools and pottery vessels from the Xishan\nsite dating to the prehistoric and Western Zhou period. A total of 475 starch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F09", "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "paper_id": "S119", "number": "9", "caption_original": "图九  古代样本中发现的针晶与现代山药块茎中的针晶对比", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "以原始PDF完整图版替换旧分图；原图内分图标签、样本编号、箭头与比例尺保留。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6cb54450523163644c415c902ed209761b01ba9ac74022211aad51735e68b8c9", "image_bytes": 2092320, "sites": [ "CN073" ], "caption_zh": "图九 古代样品中的针晶与现代山药块茎针晶对比。上、中：古代标本；下：现代薯蓣属（Dioscorea sp.）参照。", "caption_en": "Comparison of raphides in ancient samples with those in modern yam tubers. Top and middle: ancient samples; bottom: modern yam reference (yams, Dioscorea sp.).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西山原图9：古代样品中的针晶与现代山药块茎针晶对比", "title_en": "Xishan: Comparison of raphides in ancient samples with those in modern yam tubers", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/6cb54450523163644c415c90.png", "image_url": "media/S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-F09.png?v=6cb544505231", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图九 古代样本中发现的针晶与现代山药块茎中的针晶对比", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "page": 6, "bbox_points": [ 60, 185, 300, 498 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" }, "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.446006+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN073", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图九 古代样本中发现的针晶与现代山药块茎中的针晶对比", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xishan", "quote": "对比，这些淀粉粒可以鉴定为4 个不同的植物类别，包括薏苡、小麦族、\n\n燕麦和山药。在鉴定的淀粉粒中，有完好的，也有一些呈现由碾磨和烹饪所造成的损伤特征，反映了当时的食物加\n\n工情况。研究结果表明西周晚期的秦人种植和消费多种经济作物。\n KEYWORDS: Xishan site, Pottery, Stone tools, Starch grains, Archaeobotany\n ABSTRACT: This study presents the results of starch grains extracted from stone tools and pottery vessels from the Xishan\nsite dating to the prehistoric and Western Zhou period. A total of 475 starch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-P0004-B007", "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "paper_id": "S119", "number": "5", "caption_original": "A. 现代小麦淀粉粒标本(Triticum aestivum", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "以原始PDF完整图版替换旧分图；原图内分图标签、样本编号、箭头与比例尺保留。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3bed9be90058479879f59dd6df690ff0e0cf8f19c00081d3fe05828f61f2bfdb", "image_bytes": 1453982, "sites": [ "CN073" ], "caption_zh": "图五 现代小麦与古代小麦类淀粉粒对比。A：现代小麦（Triticum aestivum）；B：石器上的古代小麦类淀粉粒；C：陶器上发现的古代小麦类淀粉粒。比例尺：10 μm。", "caption_en": "Comparison of modern wheat and ancient wheat-type starch. A: modern wheat (Triticum aestivum); B: ancient starch from stone tools; C: ancient starch from pottery. Scale bar: 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西山原图5：现代小麦与古代小麦类淀粉粒对比", "title_en": "Xishan: Comparison of modern wheat and ancient wheat-type starch", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/3bed9be90058479879f59dd6.png", "image_url": "media/S119_fe72c36c6362_S119-P0004-B007.png?v=3bed9be90058", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图五 现代小麦淀粉粒与古代淀粉粒对比（比例尺：10 μm）", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S119_fe72c36c6362", "page": 4, "bbox_points": [ 282, 382, 524, 733 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" }, "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.185141+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN073", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图五 现代小麦淀粉粒与古代淀粉粒对比（比例尺：10 μm）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xishan", "quote": "对比，这些淀粉粒可以鉴定为4 个不同的植物类别，包括薏苡、小麦族、\n\n燕麦和山药。在鉴定的淀粉粒中，有完好的，也有一些呈现由碾磨和烹饪所造成的损伤特征，反映了当时的食物加\n\n工情况。研究结果表明西周晚期的秦人种植和消费多种经济作物。\n KEYWORDS: Xishan site, Pottery, Stone tools, Starch grains, Archaeobotany\n ABSTRACT: This study presents the results of starch grains extracted from stone tools and pottery vessels from the Xishan\nsite dating to the prehistoric and Western Zhou period. A total of 475 starch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fe72c36c636299033eca77c1a50e7c82aedf2424516983d0be05459a4e5a630f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S120_aab79a368547_S120-F03", "paper_key": "S120_aab79a368547", "paper_id": "S120", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 粟和黍及野生近缘植物的淀粉粒图\n(a) 粟(Setaria italica), 粒径范围5.3~15.4m, 均值(8.0±3.1)m, 采\n自河北; (b) 黍(Panicum miliaceum), 粒径范围5.0~10.0m, 均值\n(6.8±1.8)m, 采自甘肃; (c) 青狗尾草(S. viridis), 粒径范围5.1~ \n11.0m, 均值(7.8±1.6)m, 采自山西; (d) 青狗尾草(S. viridis), 粒径\n范围5.2~14.0m, 均值(8.2±1.6)m, 采自河北; (e) 糠稷(Panicum \nbisulcatum), 粒径范围5.1~9.3m, 均值(6.9±1.2)m, 采自北京; (f) \n金色狗尾草(Setaria pumila), 粒径范围5.3~8.2m, 均值(6.6±0.7)m, \n采自山东; (g) 棕叶狗尾草(Setaria palmifolia), 粒径范围5.1~7.7m, \n均值(5.7±0.8)m, 采自中国南方; (h), (k)和(n); (i)~(j), (l)~(m)和\n(o)~(p)分别为研磨后平均粒径增大和表面遭到破坏及消光减弱的\n粟(Setaria italica, 研磨后粒径范围5.5~27.4m, 均值(11.8±2.9)m, \n采自河南)、黍(Panicum miliaceum, 研磨后粒径范围5.8~15.8m, 均\n值(8.8±2.2)m, 采自山西)和狗尾草(Setaira viridis, 研磨后粒径范\n围5.5~12.3m, 均值(8.1±2.1)m, 采自北京)淀粉粒. 比例尺20m", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8562b5769c68d2ebf74c166bbbfdef48544d09d36a2d5a35c73f766bd1bc1108", "image_bytes": 5677118, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 粟和黍及野生近缘植物的淀粉粒图\n（a） 粟（Setaria italica）， 粒径范围5.3~15.4 μm， 均值（8.0±3.1）μm， 采自河北； （b） 黍（Panicum miliaceum）， 粒径范围5.0~10.0 μm， 均值（6.8±1.8）μm， 采自甘肃； （c） 青狗尾草（Setaria viridis）， 粒径范围5.1~ 11.0 μm， 均值（7.8±1.6）μm， 采自山西； （d） 青狗尾草（Setaria viridis）， 粒径范围5.2~14.0 μm， 均值（8.2±1.6）μm， 采自河北； （e） 糠稷（Panicum bisulcatum）， 粒径范围5.1~9.3 μm， 均值（6.9±1.2）μm， 采自北京； （f） 金色狗尾草（Setaria pumila）， 粒径范围5.3~8.2 μm， 均值（6.6±0.7）μm， 采自山东； （g） 棕叶狗尾草（Setaria palmifolia）， 粒径范围5.1~7.7 μm， 均值（5.7±0.8）μm， 采自中国南方； （h）， （k）和（n）； （i）~（j）， （l）~（m）和（o）~（p）分别为研磨后平均粒径增大和表面遭到破坏及消光减弱的粟（Setaria italica， 研磨后粒径范围5.5~27.4 μm， 均值（11.8±2.9）μm， 采自河南）、黍（Panicum miliaceum， 研磨后粒径范围5.8~15.8 μm， 均值（8.8±2.2）μm， 采自山西）和狗尾草（Setaira viridis， 研磨后粒径范\n围5.5~12.3 μm， 均值（8.1±2.1）μm， 采自北京）淀粉粒. 比例尺20 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Starch grains from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and wild relatives (a) Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), diameter range 5.3–15.4 μm, mean (8.0±3.1) μm, collected from Hebei; (b) Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), diameter range 5.0–10.0 μm, mean (6.8±1.8) μm, collected from Gansu; (c) Green foxtail (Setaria viridis), diameter range 5.1–11.0 μm, mean (7.8±1.6) μm, collected from Shanxi; (d) Green foxtail (Setaria viridis), diameter range 5.2–14.0 μm, mean (8.2±1.6) μm, collected from Hebei; (e) Japanese panicgrass (Panicum bisulcatum), diameter range 5.1–9.3 μm, mean (6.9±1.2) μm, collected from Beijing; (f) Golden foxtail (yellow foxtail, Setaria pumila), diameter range 5.3–8.2 μm, mean (6.6±0.7) μm, collected from Shandong; (g) Brown-leaved foxtail (palm grass, Setaria palmifolia), diameter range 5.1–7.7 μm, mean (5.7±0.8) μm, collected from southern China; (h), (k) and (n); (i)–(j), (l)–(m) and (o)–(p) represent starch grains of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (after grinding, diameter range 5.5–27.4 μm, mean (11.8±2.9) μm, collected from Henan), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (after grinding, diameter range 5.8–15.8 μm, mean (8.8±2.2) μm, collected from Shanxi) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis) (after grinding, diameter range 5.5–12.3 μm, mean (8.1±2.1) μm, collected from Beijing) with increased average grain diameter and surface damage and reduced luster. Scale bar 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "粟和黍及野生近缘植物的淀粉粒图", "title_en": "Starch grains from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and wild relatives", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/8562b5769c68d2ebf74c166b.png", "image_url": "media/S120_aab79a368547_S120-F03.png?v=8562b5769c68", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "(a)~(c) A 类淀粉粒; (d) B 类淀粉粒; (e), (f) C 类淀粉粒; (g) D 类淀粉 粒; (h), (i) 表面损伤的淀粉粒; (j), (k) 十字消光减弱的淀粉粒. 比 例尺20m", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.490963+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "区域综合" } }, { "id": "S120_aab79a368547_S120-F04", "paper_key": "S120_aab79a368547", "paper_id": "S120", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4 西辽河地区全新世早中期遗址石器提取的淀粉粒图\n(a)~(c) A 类淀粉粒; (d) B 类淀粉粒; (e), (f) C 类淀粉粒; (g) D 类淀粉\n粒; (h), (i) 表面损伤的淀粉粒; (j), (k) 十字消光减弱的淀粉粒. 比\n例尺20m", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5611f9df9823f8788d672d6a034b9268f2fe52735da976c678e9f39419d24141", "image_bytes": 3756531, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 西辽河地区全新世早中期遗址石器提取的淀粉粒图\n（a）~（c） A 类淀粉粒，粟类植物； （d） B 类淀粉粒，橡子； （e）， （f） C 类淀粉粒； （g） D 类淀粉粒，小麦族； （h）， （i） 表面损伤的淀粉粒； （j）， （k） 十字消光减弱的淀粉粒. 比例尺20 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 4 Starch grains extracted from stone tools from early to middle Holocene sites in the Xilingol Region (a)~(c) Type A starch grains; (d) Type B starch grains; (e), (f) Type C starch grains; (g) Type D starch grains; (h), (i) starch grains with surface damage; (j), (k) starch grains with weakened extinction cross. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西辽河地区全新世早中期遗址石器提取的淀粉粒图", "title_en": "Starch grains extracted from stone tools from early to middle Holocene sites in the Xilingol Region", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5611f9df9823f8788d672d6a.png", "image_url": "media/S120_aab79a368547_S120-F04.png?v=5611f9df9823", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "(a)~(c) A 类淀粉粒; (d) B 类淀粉粒; (e), (f) C 类淀粉粒; (g) D 类淀粉 粒; (h), (i) 表面损伤的淀粉粒; (j), (k) 十字消光减弱的淀粉粒. 比 例尺20m", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.535299+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "区域综合" } }, { "id": "S121_86a97d5f5950_S121-F02", "paper_key": "S121_86a97d5f5950", "paper_id": "S121", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2 查海遗址石器上发现的残留物（Ⅰ）。a—e、g—h，A类淀粉粒；f，E类淀粉粒；i，B类淀粉粒；j，F类；k—l，C类淀粉粒。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0409d447a37bb12d9f83cbad5458cf6c039659b4d677984e1cbd0b3079ede745", "image_bytes": 1026227, "sites": [ "CN043" ], "caption_zh": "图2 查海遗址石器上发现的残留物（Ⅰ）。a—e、g—h，A类淀粉粒，粟，黍、薏苡属；f，E类淀粉粒，豆科；i，B类淀粉粒，狗尾草属；j，F类淀粉粒，无法鉴定；k—l，C类淀粉粒，薯蓣属。", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Starch grains recovered from stone tools at the Chahai site (I). a—e, g—h, A-type starch grains; f, E-type starch grains; i, B-type starch grains; j, F-type; k—l, C-type starch grains.\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\na–c (A1): Similar to foxtail-millet starch and considered possibly derived from foxtail millet by the authors. (PDF pp. 2).\ng–h (A1): Comparable to panicoid starch, with broomcorn millet not excluded; larger grains might also derive from Triticeae stems. The exact taxon is unresolved. (PDF pp. 2, 3).\nd–e (A2): Possibly Sorghum, Coix or another grass; not assigned to a single genus or species. (PDF pp. 3).\ni (B): Non-diagnostic spherical or ellipsoidal grains; some could derive from Setaria, but that assignment does not apply to the entire group. (PDF pp. 3, 3).\nk (C1): Tuber-type morphology, comparable to Dioscorea starch. (PDF pp. 3, 4).\nl (C2): A form common among tuber starches, without a diagnostic genus or species assignment. (PDF pp. 3, 4).\nf (E): Overall morphology comparable to legumes (Fabaceae), without a genus or species assignment. (PDF pp. 4, 4).\nj (F): Lacks diagnostic features; the genus and species are unidentified. (PDF pp. 4).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "查海石器残留物中的淀粉粒（Ⅰ）", "title_zh": "查海石器残留物中的淀粉粒（Ⅰ）", "title_en": "Starch grains recovered from stone tools at the Chahai site (I)", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/0409d447a37bb12d9f83cbad.png", "image_url": "media/S121_86a97d5f5950_S121-F02.png?v=0409d447a37b", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "a–c", "type_code": "A1", "interpretation_zh": "与粟淀粉接近，作者认为可能来自狗尾草属的粟；这是原文的有限鉴定。", "interpretation_en": "Similar to foxtail-millet starch and considered possibly derived from foxtail millet by the authors.", "uncertainty": "可能，非独立复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "由此判断这些淀粉可能来自狗尾草属的粟。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0409d447a37bb12d9f83cbad5458cf6c039659b4d677984e1cbd0b3079ede745" }, { "panels": "g–h", "type_code": "A1", "interpretation_zh": "接近黍族，不排除黍；其中较大颗粒也可能来自某类小麦族植物秸秆，具体种属未定。", "interpretation_en": "Comparable to panicoid starch, with broomcorn millet not excluded; larger grains might also derive from Triticeae stems. The exact taxon is unresolved.", "uncertainty": "多来源，不统一鉴定为黍。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "这类淀粉的粒径和形态特点与黍族淀粉接近" }, { "page": 3, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "这些较大粒径的淀粉粒也可能来自某类小麦族植物的秸秆" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0409d447a37bb12d9f83cbad5458cf6c039659b4d677984e1cbd0b3079ede745" }, { "panels": "d–e", "type_code": "A2", "interpretation_zh": "可能来自高粱属、薏苡属或其他禾本科植物；不能指定单一属或种。", "interpretation_en": "Possibly Sorghum, Coix or another grass; not assigned to a single genus or species.", "uncertainty": "原文列出替代解释。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "可能来自高粱属、薏苡属或其他禾本科植物淀粉。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0409d447a37bb12d9f83cbad5458cf6c039659b4d677984e1cbd0b3079ede745" }, { "panels": "i", "type_code": "B", "interpretation_zh": "非特异性的球形／椭球形颗粒；部分也可能来自狗尾草属，不能将全组归入狗尾草属。", "interpretation_en": "Non-diagnostic spherical or ellipsoidal grains; some could derive from Setaria, but that assignment does not apply to the entire group.", "uncertainty": "不能整体定属。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "大多数球体淀粉粒并不具有典型的判别特征" }, { "page": 3, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "所以这类淀粉粒也可能部分来自狗尾草属。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0409d447a37bb12d9f83cbad5458cf6c039659b4d677984e1cbd0b3079ede745" }, { "panels": "k", "type_code": "C1", "interpretation_zh": "块茎类形态，较符合薯蓣属植物淀粉特征。", "interpretation_en": "Tuber-type morphology, comparable to Dioscorea starch.", "uncertainty": "属级形态比较。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "（图2：k）" }, { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "其中C1类较符合薯蓣属（Dioscorea Linn.）植物淀粉粒的特点" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0409d447a37bb12d9f83cbad5458cf6c039659b4d677984e1cbd0b3079ede745" }, { "panels": "l", "type_code": "C2", "interpretation_zh": "块茎类常见形态，不具有典型的种属指示意义。", "interpretation_en": "A form common among tuber starches, without a diagnostic genus or species assignment.", "uncertainty": "不定属种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "（图4.2：l）" }, { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "C2类在块茎类植物中较常见，不具备典型的种属指示意义。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0409d447a37bb12d9f83cbad5458cf6c039659b4d677984e1cbd0b3079ede745" }, { "panels": "f", "type_code": "E", "interpretation_zh": "整体形态接近豆科植物淀粉，未进一步定属种。", "interpretation_en": "Overall morphology comparable to legumes (Fabaceae), without a genus or species assignment.", "uncertainty": "相似性证据。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "此类淀粉与豆科植物淀粉粒的整体形态" }, { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "比较接近。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0409d447a37bb12d9f83cbad5458cf6c039659b4d677984e1cbd0b3079ede745" }, { "panels": "j", "type_code": "F", "interpretation_zh": "缺乏典型鉴定特征，无法确定具体种属。", "interpretation_en": "Lacks diagnostic features; the genus and species are unidentified.", "uncertainty": "未定类。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "无法确定具体种属。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0409d447a37bb12d9f83cbad5458cf6c039659b4d677984e1cbd0b3079ede745" } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.599029+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN043", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图2 查海遗址石器上发现的残留物（Ⅰ）。a—e、g—h，A类淀粉粒；f，E类淀粉粒；i，B类淀粉粒；j，F类；k—l，C类淀粉粒。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "查海", "quote": "2015 年第3 期\n\n\n 辽宁阜新查海遗址生业经济初步分析：\n 来自石器淀粉粒分析结果的指示*\n\n 吴文婉\n\n\n\n\n 摘要：查海遗址石器残留物分析发现了禾本科、豆科、块根块茎类等植物的淀粉粒，其中禾本科植物淀\n\n 粉粒可能包括粟、黍、狗尾草属、黍属和小麦族等。上述植物遗存反映了查海遗址具有较广谱的植物性食物\n\n 来源。从各类植物淀粉粒的数量比例和历时发展来看，禾本科植物是最重要的，其中粟、黍植物淀粉粒的大\n\n 量出现证实了当时聚落中存在植物栽培和驯化，与大遗存等分析的信息相符。此外，小麦族和块根", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "86a97d5f5950c2ed59c6e6552d9799a065472a028033f256bfd6fc713165e4be" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S121_86a97d5f5950_S121-F03", "paper_key": "S121_86a97d5f5950", "paper_id": "S121", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 查海遗址石器上发现的残留物（Ⅱ）。a—c，D类淀粉粒；d，矿物颗粒。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。d为矿物颗粒，不能作为淀粉粒计入或用于植物鉴定。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7944435bfca9b4e68c049738feb81e5218f37d776b9ebcb4fe3ca8de87f0d2ae", "image_bytes": 686563, "sites": [ "CN043" ], "caption_zh": "图3 查海遗址石器上发现的残留物（Ⅱ）。\na—c，D类淀粉粒，小麦族；d，矿物颗粒。\n", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Residues found on stone tools from the Chahai site (II). a–c, starch grains of type D; d, mineral particles.\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\na–c (D): Tentatively assigned to Triticeae; individual genera and species cannot be distinguished. (PDF pp. 4).\nd (非淀粉／矿物颗粒): Labelled as a mineral particle in the source; an extinction cross does not make it a starch grain. (PDF pp. 4).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "查海石器残留物中的淀粉粒及矿物颗粒（Ⅱ）", "title_zh": "查海石器残留物中的淀粉粒及矿物颗粒（Ⅱ）", "title_en": "Residues found on stone tools from the Chahai site (II)", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/7944435bfca9b4e68c049738.png", "image_url": "media/S121_86a97d5f5950_S121-F03.png?v=7944435bfca9", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "a–c", "type_code": "D", "interpretation_zh": "暂定为小麦族（Triticeae），不能区分该族内具体属种。", "interpretation_en": "Tentatively assigned to Triticeae; individual genera and species cannot be distinguished.", "uncertainty": "族级暂定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "因此将此类淀粉暂定为小麦族（AHT族）。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "7944435bfca9b4e68c049738feb81e5218f37d776b9ebcb4fe3ca8de87f0d2ae" }, { "panels": "d", "type_code": "非淀粉／矿物颗粒", "interpretation_zh": "原图注标为矿物颗粒，不能因具有十字消光而纳入淀粉粒类型。", "interpretation_en": "Labelled as a mineral particle in the source; an extinction cross does not make it a starch grain.", "uncertainty": "排除非淀粉颗粒。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "a-c.D类淀粉粒；d.矿物颗粒" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "7944435bfca9b4e68c049738feb81e5218f37d776b9ebcb4fe3ca8de87f0d2ae" } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.658685+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN043", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图3 查海遗址石器上发现的残留物（Ⅱ）。a—c，D类淀粉粒；d，矿物颗粒。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "查海", "quote": "2015 年第3 期\n\n\n 辽宁阜新查海遗址生业经济初步分析：\n 来自石器淀粉粒分析结果的指示*\n\n 吴文婉\n\n\n\n\n 摘要：查海遗址石器残留物分析发现了禾本科、豆科、块根块茎类等植物的淀粉粒，其中禾本科植物淀\n\n 粉粒可能包括粟、黍、狗尾草属、黍属和小麦族等。上述植物遗存反映了查海遗址具有较广谱的植物性食物\n\n 来源。从各类植物淀粉粒的数量比例和历时发展来看，禾本科植物是最重要的，其中粟、黍植物淀粉粒的大\n\n 量出现证实了当时聚落中存在植物栽培和驯化，与大遗存等分析的信息相符。此外，小麦族和块根", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "86a97d5f5950c2ed59c6e6552d9799a065472a028033f256bfd6fc713165e4be" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S123_f012c7fa3aec_S123-F02", "paper_key": "S123_f012c7fa3aec", "paper_id": "S123", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2    午台遗址人牙结石提取到的淀粉粒（比例尺：20μm）\nFig.2 Starch grains extracted from human dental calculus from the Wutai site (Scale bar: 20μm)\nA 类：（a、a’、b、b’）；B 类：（c、c’、d、d’）；C 类：（e、e’、f、f’）；D 类：（g、g’）；E 类：（h、h’）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9ac48b64b190a52560cfcac6206ed1965abc0a08a11886cc90f174ed0d6d3168", "image_bytes": 3657324, "sites": [ "CN164" ], "caption_zh": "图2    午台遗址人牙结石提取到的淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）\nA 类：（a、a′、b、b′），粟类淀粉粒；B 类：（c、c′、d、d′），小麦族淀粉粒；C 类：（e、e′、f、f′），橡子；D 类：（g、g′），块根块茎类；E 类：（h、h′），豆科", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Starch grains extracted from human dental calculus from the Wutai site (Scale bar: 20 μm) \nA type: (a, a′, b, b′); B type: (c, c′, d, d′); C type: (e, e′, f, f′); D type: (g, g′); E type: (h, h′)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "午台遗址人牙结石淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from human dental calculus at the Wutai site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/9ac48b64b190a52560cfcac6.png", "image_url": "media/S123_f012c7fa3aec_S123-F02.png?v=9ac48b64b190", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "mays L.)等 [17-19]。另外,荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)、燕麦(Avena sativa L.) 和山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida)等的淀粉粒的二维形状也是多边形,但是稻、燕麦、荞麦和 山楂等植物的的淀粉粒的平均粒径要小于该类淀粉粒 [17];玉米在16 世纪初才传入中国 [23]; 高粱的淀粉粒与粟、黍的淀粉粒在粒径和形态上有部分的重合,但高粱的淀粉粒表面裂隙 多呈放射状,消光臂则呈现弯曲特点且多有层纹 [17]。该类淀粉粒表面较光滑或有“ 一” 字 形或“Y” 字形裂隙,消光臂清晰且多为相互垂直,因而不应来自高粱,很可能来自粟、黍 或者薏苡。根据相关的研究 [21,24-25] ,粟的淀粉粒粒径范围为6.23~19.35μm,平均粒径为9.32μm, 脐点居中,其中粒径较大的颗粒有穿过脐点的裂隙;黍的淀粉粒,平均粒径为8.42μm,粒 径范围为5.96~10.99 μm,大多表面没有裂隙,只有少数淀粉粒具有穿过脐点的微弱裂隙 [24]。 该类淀粉粒中有10 颗粒径大于19 μm 的淀粉粒不应来自粟和黍,它们有横向或“Y” 字形裂 隙,不能排除来自薏苡属的可能,但薏苡属淀粉粒的消光臂呈现“Z” 字形,而该类淀粉粒 的消光臂为十字形,故排除薏苡属的可能 [22]。故综合上述的形态和大小等特征,我们认为 该类淀粉粒为禾本科粟类淀粉粒,但是也不排除粒径较小者有来自黍的可能。 B 类:该类淀粉粒为近圆形或椭圆形,其中大部分淀粉粒聚合在一起,无法准确的 统计其具体数量,其中,轮廓较清楚的淀粉粒数量大约有33 颗,脐点居中,脐点开放, 表面层纹不明显,消光呈“X” 字形,粒径范围在3.27~36.1μm(图2- c、c’、d、d’)。轻 轻敲击盖玻片,淀粉粒发生翻转后侧面呈梭形,类似于凸透镜状,中间有一裂沟。综合以 上的特征,并参考国内外关于小麦族淀粉粒的研究成果 [26-28],我们认为该类淀粉粒来自禾 本科小麦族植物淀粉粒。 C 类:10 粒,该类淀粉粒的特征是卵圆形,少数复粒淀粉,或有“Y” 字形裂隙,消 光呈“X” 字形,无层纹,粒径范围在12.22~24.25μm(图2- e、e’、f、f’)。该类淀粉的 形态与坚果类特征比较一致 [14,19],卵圆形淀粉粒多见于坚果类植物中的栎属、栗属(Castanea spp.)以及银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.) 等,其中银杏淀粉粒以卵圆形为主,兼有三角形和肾 形的变体,脐点居中,层纹不明显,消光臂呈消光呈“X” 字形交叉,且可见有中央指向 边缘的放射线,故排除银杏的可能 [29];而栗属植物如板栗,有层纹,且粒径较小,故不 符合该类淀粉粒的特征 [19]。综上,认为该类淀粉粒应来源于壳斗科栎属类植物,但本次 实验提取到的栎属植物淀粉粒较少,难以进一步鉴定种属。 D 类:2 粒,该类淀粉粒呈椭圆形,脐点居中,消光臂呈“ 十” 字形,脐点开放,表 面层纹不明显,粒径较大,粒径范围在9.52~22.55μm(图2- g、g’)。根据形态特征来看 [16], 可能来自块根块茎类植物。但由于仅发现两粒,缺乏典型鉴定特征,暂存疑。 E 类;1 粒,该类淀粉粒呈肾形,表面有凹坑,层纹较明显,有裂隙,偏光下层纹也 较明显,“X” 字形消光,粒径较大,长径29.μm,短径22.53μm(图2- h、h’)。豆科植 物的淀粉粒大多呈椭圆形、肾形或圆三角形,层纹明显,表面有树枝状、“Y” 字形、线形、 翼状裂隙等 [29]。根据其形态和大小等特征来看,该类淀粉粒应来自于豆科植物。", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.716703+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN164", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图2    午台遗址人牙结石提取到的淀粉粒（比例尺：20μm）\nFig.2 Starch grains extracted from human dental calculus from the Wutai site (Scale bar: 20μm)\nA 类：（a、a’、b、b’）；B 类：（c、c’、d、d’）；C 类：（e、e’、f、f’）；D 类：（g、g’）；E 类：（h、h’）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "wutai", "quote": "源外，还广泛采集一些野生果类和块根块茎类作为食物的补\n\n充。本研究中发现了大遗存中没有发现的壳斗科栎属等，弥补了大遗存研究的不足。\n\n关键词：午台遗址；人牙结石；淀粉粒分析；植物资源\n\n Plant resources utilization at the Wutai site in Yantai county: Ancient starch\n residue evidence from human dental calculus\n\n ZHAO Zhenzhen1, WANG Fuqiang2, CHEN Songtao1, JIN Guiyun 3\n 1. School of History and Culture,Shandong Uninversity,Jinan 250100; 2. Yantai", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f012c7fa3aec2ad21cce748b0071227505663157c3f1b27b6e5393c5cc9aeeb1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S124_a514ba5d6f72_S124-F03", "paper_key": "S124_a514ba5d6f72", "paper_id": "S124", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图３　东赵遗址陶器以及人牙表面提取到的各类型淀粉粒\n（比例尺：２０ｉμｍ）\nａ，ａ′和ｂ，ｂ′：ＴｙｐｅⅠ；ｃ，ｃ′：ＴｙｐｅⅡ；ｄ，ｄ′：ＴｙｐｅⅢ；ｅ，ｅ′和\nｆ，ｆ′：ＴｙｐｅⅣ；ｇ，ｇ′：ＴｙｐｅⅤ；ｈ，ｈ′：ＴｙｐｅⅥ；ｉ，ｉ′和ｊ，ｊ′：ＴｙｐｅⅦ\nＦｉｇ３　Ｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｐｏｔｔｅｒｉｅｓ\nｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＤｏｎｇｚｈａｏｓｉｔｅ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０ｉμｍ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a2655c3dd530d819f27ae0645167b4912ff573abe03bda06624ed400c01ac1a3", "image_bytes": 2112876, "sites": [ "CN127" ], "caption_zh": "图3 东赵遗址陶器以及人牙表面提取到的各类型淀粉粒（比例尺：20iμm）\na，a′和b，b′：TypeⅠ，粟、黍；c，c′：TypeⅡ，薏苡；d，d′：TypeⅢ，小麦族；e，e′和f，f′：TypeⅣ，水稻；g，g′：TypeⅤ，豇豆属；h，h′：TypeⅥ，栎属；i，i′和j，j′：TypeⅦ，莲属植物", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grains recovered from residues on the pottery from the Dongzhao site (scale bar: 20 iμm) a, a′ and b, b′: Type I; c, c′: Type II; d, d′: Type III; e, e′ and f, f′: Type IV; g, g′: Type V; h, h′: Type VI; i, i′ and j, j′: Type VII", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "东赵遗址陶器及人牙表面淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from pottery and human teeth at the Dongzhao site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/a2655c3dd530d819f27ae064.png", "image_url": "media/S124_a514ba5d6f72_S124-F03.png?v=a2655c3dd530", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.788624+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN127", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图３　东赵遗址陶器以及人牙表面提取到的各类型淀粉粒\n（比例尺：２０ｉμｍ）\nａ，ａ′和ｂ，ｂ′：ＴｙｐｅⅠ；ｃ，ｃ′：ＴｙｐｅⅡ；ｄ，ｄ′：ＴｙｐｅⅢ；ｅ，ｅ′和\nｆ，ｆ′：ＴｙｐｅⅣ；ｇ，ｇ′：ＴｙｐｅⅤ；ｈ，ｈ′：ＴｙｐｅⅥ；ｉ，ｉ′和ｊ，ｊ′：ＴｙｐｅⅦ\nＦｉｇ３　Ｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｐｏｔｔｅｒｉｅｓ\nｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＤｏｎｇｚｈａｏｓｉｔｅ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０ｉμｍ）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dongzhao", "quote": "８，３８（２）：４０６－４１９．\n\nＳｕｎＹａｎａｎ，ＹａｎｇＹｕｚｈａｎｇ，ＺｈａｎｇＪｉａｑｉａｎｇ，ｅｔａｌ．ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｒｅｖｅａｌｓｈｕｍａｎｓｐｌａｎｔｆｏｏｄｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｐｏｔｔｅｒｙｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｔＤｏｎｇｚｈａｏｓｉｔｅｉｎ\n\nＺｈｅｎｇｚｈｏｕＣｉｔｙ，ＨｅｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ［Ｊ］．ＱｕａｔｅｒｎａｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２０１８，３８（２）：４０６－４１９．\n\n\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１８．０２．１２ 文章编号：１００１－７４１０（２０１８）０２－４０６－１４\n\n 郑州地区东赵先民植物性食物结构\n 及遗址出土部分陶器功能分析：\n 来自植物淀粉粒的证据\n\n 孙亚男 １，杨玉璋", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a514ba5d6f7271836544a04652763ecaf77605d0d64f581b6aa70a1d3ab7e4d4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S124_a514ba5d6f72_S124-F04", "paper_key": "S124_a514ba5d6f72", "paper_id": "S124", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图４　与本次实验所提取古代淀粉粒相关的\n现代植物淀粉粒（比例尺：２０ｉμｍ）\nａ，ａ′：粟（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ）；ｂ，ｂ′：薏苡（Ｃｏｉｃｌａｃｒｙｍａｊ\nｏｂｉ）；ｃ，ｃ′：小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ\nａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）；ｄ，ｄ′：水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ）；ｅ，ｅ′：红小豆（Ｖｉｇｎａａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ）；\nｆ，ｆ′：麻栎（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓａｃｕｔｉｓｓｉｍａ）；ｇ，ｇ′和ｈ，ｈ′：莲藕（Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａ）\nＦｉｇ４　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｏｍｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｐｌａｎｔｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａｒｅｌａｔｅ\nｔｏｔｈｅｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０ｉμｍ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1057a025554d1f57ac10ace005ae74b005a9e36316addd84821ba9d3845d2b8c", "image_bytes": 2132276, "sites": [ "CN127" ], "caption_zh": "图4 与本次实验所提取古代淀粉粒相关的现代植物淀粉粒（比例尺：20iμm）\na，a′：粟（Setaria italica）；b，b′：薏苡（Coiclacryma-jobi）；c，c′：小麦（Triticum aestivum）；d，d′：水稻（Oryza sativa）；e，e′：红小豆（Vigna angularis）；f，f′：麻栎（Quercus acutissima）；g，g′和h，h′：莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Starch grains from some modern plant species in China related to the identification of ancient starch grains (scale bar: 20 μm) a, a′: foxtail millet (Setaria italica); b, b′: Job’s tears (Coicla cryma-jobii); c, c′: wheat (Triticum aestivum); d, d′: rice (Oryza sativa); e, e′: red adzuki bean (Vigna angularis); f, f′: oak (sawtooth oak, Quercus acutissima); g, g′ and h, h′: lotus rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉粒与古代淀粉粒鉴定相关", "title_en": "Starch grains from modern plant species in China related to the identification of ancient starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/1057a025554d1f57ac10ace0.png", "image_url": "media/S124_a514ba5d6f72_S124-F04.png?v=1057a025554d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.851911+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN127", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图４　与本次实验所提取古代淀粉粒相关的\n现代植物淀粉粒（比例尺：２０ｉμｍ）\nａ，ａ′：粟（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ）；ｂ，ｂ′：薏苡（Ｃｏｉｃｌａｃｒｙｍａｊ\nｏｂｉ）；ｃ，ｃ′：小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ\nａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）；ｄ，ｄ′：水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ）；ｅ，ｅ′：红小豆（Ｖｉｇｎａａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ）；\nｆ，ｆ′：麻栎（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓａｃｕｔｉｓｓｉｍａ）；ｇ，ｇ′和ｈ，ｈ′：莲藕（Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａ）\nＦｉｇ４　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｏｍｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｐｌａｎｔｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａｒｅｌａｔｅ\nｔｏｔｈｅｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｎｃｉｅｎｔｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎ（ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：２０ｉμｍ）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dongzhao", "quote": "８，３８（２）：４０６－４１９．\n\nＳｕｎＹａｎａｎ，ＹａｎｇＹｕｚｈａｎｇ，ＺｈａｎｇＪｉａｑｉａｎｇ，ｅｔａｌ．ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｒｅｖｅａｌｓｈｕｍａｎｓｐｌａｎｔｆｏｏｄｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｐｏｔｔｅｒｙｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｔＤｏｎｇｚｈａｏｓｉｔｅｉｎ\n\nＺｈｅｎｇｚｈｏｕＣｉｔｙ，ＨｅｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ［Ｊ］．ＱｕａｔｅｒｎａｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２０１８，３８（２）：４０６－４１９．\n\n\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１８．０２．１２ 文章编号：１００１－７４１０（２０１８）０２－４０６－１４\n\n 郑州地区东赵先民植物性食物结构\n 及遗址出土部分陶器功能分析：\n 来自植物淀粉粒的证据\n\n 孙亚男 １，杨玉璋", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a514ba5d6f7271836544a04652763ecaf77605d0d64f581b6aa70a1d3ab7e4d4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S125_1366ecf9b2b8_S125-F02", "paper_key": "S125_1366ecf9b2b8", "paper_id": "S125", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图２　部分现代植物淀粉粒图谱\n（ａ）、（ｂ）、（ｆ）、（ｇ）标尺为２０μｍ；其余为１０μｍ；薏苡数据来自参考文献［１４］\n（ａ）黍（Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍｍｉｌｉａｃｅｕｍ），淀粉粒粒径范围５９６～１０９９μｍ，平均粒径８４２μｍ（ｎ＝４６）；（ｂ）粟（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ），淀粉粒粒径范围６２３～\n１９３５μｍ，平均粒径９３２μｍ（ｎ＝５５）；（ｃ）高粱（Ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ），淀粉粒粒径范围９３７～２９５２μｍ，平均粒径１８１μｍ（ｎ＝４６）；（ｄ～ｅ）薏\n苡（Ｃｏｉｘｌａｃｒｙｍａｊｏｂｉ），淀粉粒粒径范围５４８～２５４４μｍ，平均粒径１３５μｍ（ｎ＝２４０）；（ｆ）小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ），淀粉粒粒径范围５７７～\n３１２４μｍ，平均粒径１４９８μｍ（ｎ＝８２）；（ｇ）大麦（Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍｖｕｌｇａｒｅ），淀粉粒粒径范围１１２９～３０３３μｍ，平均粒径２１８２μｍ（ｎ＝４９）；（ｈ）麻\n栎（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓａｃｕｔｉｓｓｉｍａ），淀粉粒粒径范围６９０～２０２１μｍ，平均粒径１１１３μｍ（ｎ＝６２）；（ｉ）绿豆（Ｖｉｇｎａｒａｄｉａｔａ（Ｌ．）Ｗｉｌｃｚｅｋ），淀粉粒粒径\n范围１１９～５２０μｍ，平均粒径２７７μｍ（ｎ＝１８８）；（ｊ）红小豆（Ｖｉｇｎａａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ（Ｗｉｌｌｄ）ＯｈｗｉｅｔＯｈａｓｈｉ），淀粉粒粒径范围２４６～７１０μｍ，\n平均粒径４８０３μｍ（ｎ＝１１４）\nＦｉｇ２　Ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｓｏｍｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｐｌａｎｔｓ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Foxtail millet → broomcorn millet（Panicum miliaceum）。\n按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Broomcorn millet → foxtail millet（Setaria italica）。\n按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：Sweet oak → sawtooth oak（Quercus acutissima）。", "pdf_pages": [ 2 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "df6e4b12a0ccf5d04148e4d516462276cb434751c6c11e4ad4914ab744150ce7", "image_bytes": 8269690, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 部分现代植物淀粉粒图谱\n（a）、（b）、（f）、（g）标尺为20 μm；其余为10 μm；薏苡数据来自参考文献[14]\n（a）黍（Panicum miliaceum），淀粉粒粒径范围5.96~10.99 μm，平均粒径8.42 μm（n=46）；（b）粟（Setaria italica），淀粉粒粒径范围6.23~19.35 μm，平均粒径9.32 μm（n=55）；（c）高粱（Sorghumbicolor），淀粉粒粒径范围9.37~29.52 μm，平均粒径18.1 μm（n=46）；（d~e）薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi），淀粉粒粒径范围5.48~25.44 μm，平均粒径13.5 μm（n=240）；（f）小麦（Triticum aestivum），淀粉粒粒径范围5.77~31.24 μm，平均粒径14.98 μm（n=82）；（g）大麦（Hordeum vulgare），淀粉粒粒径范围11.29~30.33 μm，平均粒径21.82 μm（n=49）；（h）麻栎（Quercus acutissima），淀粉粒粒径范围6.90~20.21 μm，平均粒径11.13 μm（n=62）；（i）绿豆（Vigna radiata（L.）Wilczek），淀粉粒粒径范围11.9~52.0 μm，平均粒径27.7 μm（n=188）；（j）红小豆（Vigna angularis（Willd）hwietOhashi），淀粉粒粒径范围24.6~71.0 μm，平均粒径48.03 μm（n=114）", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Starch grains from some modern plants\n(a), (b), (f), (g) scale bars are 20 μm; the rest are 10 μm; Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) data from reference [14]\n(a) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), starch grain diameter range 5.96–10.99 μm, mean diameter 8.42 μm (n = 46); (b) foxtail millet (Setaria italica), starch grain diameter range 6.23–19.35 μm, mean diameter 9.32 μm (n = 55); (c) Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), starch grain diameter range 9.37–29.52 μm, mean diameter 18.1 μm (n = 46); (d–e) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), starch grain diameter range 5.48–25.44 μm, mean diameter 13.5 μm (n = 240); (f) Wheat (Triticum aestivum), starch grain diameter range 5.77–31.24 μm, mean diameter 14.98 μm (n = 82); (g) Barley (Hordeum vulgare), starch grain diameter range 11.29–30.33 μm, mean diameter 21.82 μm (n = 49); (h) sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima), starch grain diameter range 6.90–20.21 μm, mean diameter 11.13 μm (n = 62); (i) Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), starch grain diameter range 11.9–52.0 μm, mean diameter 27.7 μm (n = 188); (j) Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis (Willd) Ohwi et Ohashi), starch grain diameter range 24.6–71.0 μm, mean diameter 48.03 μm (n = 114)\n", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "部分现代植物淀粉粒图谱", "title_en": "Starch grains from some modern plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/df6e4b12a0ccf5d04148e4d5.png", "image_url": "media/S125_1366ecf9b2b8_S125-F02.png?v=df6e4b12a0cc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.926872+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S125_1366ecf9b2b8_S125-F03", "paper_key": "S125_1366ecf9b2b8", "paper_id": "S125", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图３　望京楼遗址石臼、石杵的使用部位提取到的残留淀粉粒（标尺：１０μｍ）（ａ～ｄ）第１类，粟黍类淀粉粒（Ｔｙｐｅ１，ＳｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａａｎｄＰａｎｉｃｕｍｍｉｌｉａｃｅｕｍ）；（ｅ～ｈ）第２类，小麦族淀粉粒（Ｔｙｐｅ２，Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｅａｅ）；（ｉ～ｌ）第３类，薏苡属淀粉粒（Ｔｙｐｅ３，Ｃｏｉｘｓｐ）；（ｍ～ｐ）第４类，栎属淀粉粒（Ｔｙｐｅ４，Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓｓｐ）；（ｑ～ｔ）第５类，豆科淀粉粒（Ｔｙｐｅ５，Ｆａｂａｃｅａｅ）Ｆｉｇ３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｕｓｅｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｒｔａｒａｎｄｐｅｓｔｌｅｓｆｒｏｍＷａｎｇｊｉｎｇｌｏｕｓｉｔｅ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：１０μｍ", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "03eb65e5cbf80a0a5f6aa0281cb19967b317832c64b482f6bc582c8b74f58fe8", "image_bytes": 4162838, "sites": [ "CN122" ], "caption_zh": "图3 望京楼遗址石臼、石杵的使用部位提取到的残留淀粉粒（标尺：10 μm）（a~d）第1类，粟黍类淀粉粒（Type1，Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum）；（e~h）第2类，小麦族淀粉粒（Type2，Triticeae）；（i~l）第3类，薏苡属淀粉粒（Type3，Coixsp）；（m~p）第4类，栎属淀粉粒（Type4，Quercussp）；（q~t）第5类，豆科淀粉粒（Type5，Fabaceae）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grains from the used surfaces of the mortar and pestle from Wangjinglou site. Scale bar: 10 μm (a–d) Type 1, foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (foxtail/broomcorn millet group); (e–h) Type 2, wheat tribe (Triticeae) (wheat tribe); (i–l) Type 3, Job’s tears (Coix sp.) (Job’s tears); (m–p) Type 4, oaks (Quercus sp.) (oak genus); (q–t) Type 5, legume family (Fabaceae) (legume family)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "望京楼遗址石臼石杵使用部位残留淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from used surfaces of mortar and pestle at Wangjinglou site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/03eb65e5cbf80a0a5f6aa028.png", "image_url": "media/S125_1366ecf9b2b8_S125-F03.png?v=03eb65e5cbf8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:25.993071+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN122", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图３　望京楼遗址石臼、石杵的使用部位提取到的残留淀粉粒（标尺：１０μｍ）（ａ～ｄ）第１类，粟黍类淀粉粒（Ｔｙｐｅ１，ＳｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａａｎｄＰａｎｉｃｕｍｍｉｌｉａｃｅｕｍ）；（ｅ～ｈ）第２类，小麦族淀粉粒（Ｔｙｐｅ２，Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｅａｅ）；（ｉ～ｌ）第３类，薏苡属淀粉粒（Ｔｙｐｅ３，Ｃｏｉｘｓｐ）；（ｍ～ｐ）第４类，栎属淀粉粒（Ｔｙｐｅ４，Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓｓｐ）；（ｑ～ｔ）第５类，豆科淀粉粒（Ｔｙｐｅ５，Ｆａｂａｃｅａｅ）Ｆｉｇ３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｕｓｅｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｒｔａｒａｎｄｐｅｓｔｌｅｓｆｒｏｍＷａｎｇｊｉｎｇｌｏｕｓｉｔｅ．Ｓｃａｌｅｂａｒ：１０μｍ", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "望京楼", "quote": "Ｍａｒｃｈ，２０１６\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．１１９２８／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１６．０２．０５ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１６）０２－２９４－０８\n\n 郑州望京楼遗址二里头文化时期植物资源的利用\n\n ———来自石器残留淀粉粒的证据\n\n 陶大卫 ①　吴　倩 ②　崔天兴 ①　赵珍珍 ①\n\n （①郑州大学历史文化遗产保护研究中心，郑州　４５０００１；②郑州市文物考古研究院，郑州　４５０００５）\n\n\n 摘要　　通过对郑州望京楼遗址出土的二里头文化时期石杵和石臼进行淀粉粒分析，发现了５类可鉴定的不同形\n\n 态淀粉粒，主要为粟黍类、小麦族（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｅａｅ）、薏苡属（Ｃｏｉｘ）、栎属（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ）和豆科（Ｆａｂａｃｅａｅ）等，", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1366ecf9b2b850122d1c7a23b300662e7478c043bdd21eebaf0558c22bb98a66" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S126_ad83484d7ea0_S126-F04", "paper_key": "S126_ad83484d7ea0", "paper_id": "S126", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四大地湾遗址陶器残留中的淀粉粒（标尺皆为10μm）1、2.Ⅲ型小麦族，表面凹坑、深沟、轮纹变得显著3.Ⅰ型黍亚科，中心凹陷4.Ⅱ型薏苡5.Ⅳ型栎属，边缘破损6、7.Ⅴ型栝楼根8.Ⅵ型姜属9.损伤类型，酶类侵蚀造成的颗粒中心部分缺失，仅余边缘10.损伤类型，糊化造成的颗粒膨胀变形、消光十字模糊11.损伤类型，酶类侵蚀和糊化造成的颗粒中心部分缺失、膨胀变形和消光十字模糊12.损伤类型，糊化造成的颗粒中部变空，仅余边缘部分", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ebeb5cae0c6c08b54c57111f6ef2950f142aefe1700478b766f4eb6bead82e14", "image_bytes": 1192156, "sites": [ "CN034" ], "caption_zh": "图四 大地湾遗址陶器残留中的淀粉粒（标尺皆为10 μm）\n1、2.Ⅲ型小麦族，表面凹坑、深沟、轮纹变得显著3.Ⅰ型黍亚科，中心凹陷4.Ⅱ型薏苡5.Ⅳ型栎属，边缘破损6、7.Ⅴ型栝楼根8.Ⅵ型姜属9.损伤类型，酶类侵蚀造成的颗粒中心部分缺失，仅余边缘10.损伤类型，糊化造成的颗粒膨胀变形、消光十字模糊11.损伤类型，酶类侵蚀和糊化造成的颗粒中心部分缺失、膨胀变形和消光十字模糊12.损伤类型，糊化造成的颗粒中部变空，仅余边缘部分", "caption_en": "Figure four starch grains from pottery residues at the Dadiwan site (all scales are 10 μm) 1, 2. Type III wheat tribe (Triticeae), with prominent surface pits, deep grooves, and wheel patterns; 3. Type I panicoid grasses (Panicoideae), with central depression; 4. Type II Job’s tears; 5. Type IV oaks (Quercus), with edge damage; 6, 7. Type V snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root; 8. Type VI ginger family (Zingiberaceae); 9. Damage type, central loss due to enzymatic erosion, leaving only the periphery; 10. Damage type, gelatinization-induced particle swelling and loss of luster with blurred cross-hairs; 11. Damage type, central loss, swelling, and loss of luster due to both enzymatic erosion and gelatinization; 12. Damage type, gelatinization-induced central voiding, leaving only the peripheral portion", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "大地湾遗址陶器残留中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from pottery residues at the Dadiwan site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ebeb5cae0c6c08b54c57111f.png", "image_url": "media/S126_ad83484d7ea0_S126-F04.png?v=ebeb5cae0c6c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:26.053329+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图四大地湾遗址陶器残留中的淀粉粒（标尺皆为10μm）1、2.Ⅲ型小麦族，表面凹坑、深沟、轮纹变得显著3.Ⅰ型黍亚科，中心凹陷4.Ⅱ型薏苡5.Ⅳ型栎属，边缘破损6、7.Ⅴ型栝楼根8.Ⅵ型姜属9.损伤类型，酶类侵蚀造成的颗粒中心部分缺失，仅余边缘10.损伤类型，糊化造成的颗粒膨胀变形、消光十字模糊11.损伤类型，酶类侵蚀和糊化造成的颗粒中心部分缺失、膨胀变形和消光十字模糊12.损伤类型，糊化造成的颗粒中部变空，仅余边缘部分", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dadiwan", "quote": "ingdiping amphora huresidue analysis on and painted pottery pot from the Dadiwan\nsite, Qin’an, expanding the study area to eastern Gansu. Microfossil assemblage (including starch granules,\nphytoliths, yeasts and molds) related to brewing process are detected in all three vessel types, indicate that", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ad83484d7ea0da122982f5e491a8e3fd92fa3b0fb7519554921beacc911d013b" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S126_ad83484d7ea0_S126-F05", "paper_key": "S126_ad83484d7ea0", "paper_id": "S126", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五现代植物淀粉粒的对比标本（标尺皆为10μm）1. 大麦，发芽后表面出现凹坑、深沟、轮纹变得显著2. 黍，发芽后出现中心凹陷、表面深沟3. 薏苡4. 栎属5. 栝楼根6. 姜属7. 发酵后的小麦族淀粉粒，中心部分缺失、整体变形8. 发酵后的小麦族淀粉粒，整体膨胀变形、消光十字模糊", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f993e3157b9b9a7bc1daf6036bd3e30fdd045205733e590e09b9cc5fc1464c1c", "image_bytes": 905964, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图五 现代植物淀粉粒的对比标本（标尺皆为10 μm）\n1. 大麦，发芽后表面出现凹坑、深沟、轮纹变得显著2. 黍，发芽后出现中心凹陷、表面深沟3. 薏苡4. 栎属5. 栝楼根6. 姜属7. 发酵后的小麦族淀粉粒，中心部分缺失、整体变形8. 发酵后的小麦族淀粉粒，整体膨胀变形、消光十字模糊", "caption_en": "Figure five: Comparative specimens of modern plant starch grains (scale bars are all 10 μm) 1. Barley, after germination, surface shows pits, deep grooves, and prominent lamellae; 2. Broomcorn millet, after germination, shows central depression and deep surface grooves; 3. Job’s tears; 4. oaks (Quercus); 5. snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root; 6. ginger genus (Zingiber); 7. Fermented wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch grains, with central loss and overall deformation; 8. Fermented wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch grains, overall swelling and deformation, with blurred cross-hairs and loss of luster", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉粒对比标本", "title_en": "Comparative specimens of modern plant starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f993e3157b9b9a7bc1daf603.png", "image_url": "media/S126_ad83484d7ea0_S126-F05.png?v=f993e3157b9b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:26.111118+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S126_ad83484d7ea0_S126-F06", "paper_key": "S126_ad83484d7ea0", "paper_id": "S126", "number": "6", "caption_original": "图六大地湾遗址陶器残留物中的植硅体（标尺：1-3.10μm；4-10.20μm）1. 哑铃型2. 十字型3. 帽型4. 毛细胞5、6. η型黍颖壳7. Ω型粟颖壳8.长方形圆齿状纹饰型9. 绞合状树枝型10. 不透明穿孔片状", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "91bbad714eeb8ae637b0161337d7eba1f5f7a1523afbd65b360f9cd2dd7f74b4", "image_bytes": 1105647, "sites": [ "CN034" ], "caption_zh": "图六 大地湾遗址陶器残留物中的植硅体（标尺：1-3.10 μm；4-10.20 μm）\n1. 哑铃型2. 十字型3. 帽型4. 毛细胞5、6. η型黍颖壳7. Ω型粟颖壳8.长方形圆齿状纹饰型9. 绞合状树枝型10. 不透明穿孔片状", "caption_en": "Figure six phytoliths from ceramic residues at the Dadiwan site (scale bars: 1–3.10 μm; 4–10.20 μm) 1. dumbbell-shaped 2. cross-shaped 3. hat-shaped 4. hair cell 5, 6. η-shaped broomcorn millet husk 7. Ω-shaped foxtail millet husk 8. rectangular rounded toothed patterned 9. interlaced branched-shaped 10. opaque perforated lamellar", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "大地湾遗址陶器残留物中的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from ceramic residues at the Dadiwan site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/91bbad714eeb8ae637b01613.png", "image_url": "media/S126_ad83484d7ea0_S126-F06.png?v=91bbad714eeb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:26.167680+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "图六大地湾遗址陶器残留物中的植硅体（标尺：1-3.10μm；4-10.20μm）1. 哑铃型2. 十字型3. 帽型4. 毛细胞5、6. η型黍颖壳7. Ω型粟颖壳8.长方形圆齿状纹饰型9. 绞合状树枝型10. 不透明穿孔片状", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dadiwan", "quote": "ingdiping amphora huresidue analysis on and painted pottery pot from the Dadiwan\nsite, Qin’an, expanding the study area to eastern Gansu. Microfossil assemblage (including starch granules,\nphytoliths, yeasts and molds) related to brewing process are detected in all three vessel types, indicate that", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ad83484d7ea0da122982f5e491a8e3fd92fa3b0fb7519554921beacc911d013b" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S127_411ab0b9f33c_S127-F02", "paper_key": "S127_411ab0b9f33c", "paper_id": "S127", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2\n陕西旬邑西头遗址M90 殉人牙结石中提取的淀粉粒类型( 标尺: 20 μm)\n( a) ～( d) A 类: 粟类( Type A: millet) ; ( e) ～( h) B 类: 小麦族( Type B: Triticeae) ; ( i) ～( l) C 类: 块根块茎类( Type C: roots and tubers) ;\n( m，n) D 类: 食用豆类( Type D: edible beans) ; ( o) ～( r) E 类: 坚果类( Type E: nuts)\nFig. 2\nThe starch grains extracted from the human sacrifice's dental calculus of M90 at Xitou site，Xunyi County，\nShaanxi Province( scale bar: 20 μm)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a57fa1f46fd8f7bdf7280ba41be8e66a65953c5e50ed594277888cd7240eea5e", "image_bytes": 3314857, "sites": [ "CN173" ], "caption_zh": "图2 陕西旬邑西头遗址M90 殉人牙结石中提取的淀粉粒类型（ 标尺： 20 μm）\n（ a） ~（ d） A 类： 粟类（ Type A: millet） ； （ e） ~（ h） B 类： 小麦族（ Type B: 小麦族（Triticeae）） ； （ i） ~（ l） C 类： 块根块茎类（ Type C: roots and tubers） ；\n（ m，n） D 类： 食用豆类（ Type D: edible beans） ； （ o） ~（ r） E 类： 坚果类（ Type E: nuts）", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 The starch grains extracted from the human sacrifice's dental calculus of M90 at Xitou site, Xunyi County, Shaanxi Province (scale bar: 20 μm) (a)–(d) Type A: millet; (e)–(h) Type B: wheat tribe (Triticeae); (i)–(l) Type C: roots and tubers; (m, n) Type D: edible beans; (o)–(r) Type E: nuts", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西头遗址M90殉人牙结石中淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from human sacrifice's dental calculus of M90 at Xitou site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/a57fa1f46fd8f7bdf7280ba4.png", "image_url": "media/S127_411ab0b9f33c_S127-F02.png?v=a57fa1f46fd8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "树枝状纵贯裂隙( 图2m 和2n) ,粒径范围为17. 9~ 32. 2 μm。D 类淀粉粒的特征与食用豆类淀粉粒十 分相似( 图3m 和3n) [30],可确定其来自食用豆类。", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "( a) ~( d) A 类: 粟类( Type A: millet) ; ( e) ~( h) B 类: 小麦族( Type B: Triticeae) ; ( i) ~( l) C 类: 块根块茎类( Type C: roots and tubers) ;", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:26.345139+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN173", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图2\n陕西旬邑西头遗址M90 殉人牙结石中提取的淀粉粒类型( 标尺: 20 μm)\n( a) ～( d) A 类: 粟类( Type A: millet) ; ( e) ～( h) B 类: 小麦族( Type B: Triticeae) ; ( i) ～( l) C 类: 块根块茎类( Type C: roots and tubers) ;\n( m，n) D 类: 食用豆类( Type D: edible beans) ; ( o) ～( r) E 类: 坚果类( Type E: nuts)\nFig. 2\nThe starch grains extracted from the human sacrifice's dental calculus of M90 at Xitou site，Xunyi County，\nShaanxi Province( scale bar: 20 μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xitou", "quote": "自牙结石中的淀粉粒和植硅体证据［J］．第四纪研究，2023，\n43( 1) : 242－255.\nSONG Aqian，DOU Haifeng．Analysis of plant food composition of human sacrifices in Xitou site，Xunyi County，Shaanxi Province during the late Shang\nand early Zhou periods: Evidence from starch grains and phytoliths in dental calculus［J］．Quaternary Sciences，2023，43( 1) : 242－255.\n\n\n\ndoi: 10．11928/j．issn．1001-7410．2023．01．20 文章编号", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "411ab0b9f33c7c90340120a435d9882d2c02e148ba17efaba3974c8fe03500c5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S127_411ab0b9f33c_S127-F03", "paper_key": "S127_411ab0b9f33c", "paper_id": "S127", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3\n与本次实验提取到的古代淀粉粒相关的现代植物淀粉粒( 标尺: 20 μm)\n( a，b) 粟( Setaria italica) ; ( c，d) 薏苡( Coix Lacryma-jobi) ; ( e，f) 小麦( Triticum aestivum) ; ( g，h) 大麦( Hordeum vulgare) ; ( i，j) 山药( Dioscorea\npolystachya) ; ( k，l) 莲藕( Nelumbo nucifera) ; ( m，n) 芸豆( Phaseolus vulgaris) ; ( o，p) 蒙古栎( Quercus mongolica) ; ( q，r) 板栗( Castanea mollissima)\nFig. 3\nStarch grains from modern plant species in China relate to the identification of ancient starch grain( scale bar: 20 μm)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "bc5ec88f5308fda86c81b4f777d7897132e7638e3df189b35adaefa208d860b7", "image_bytes": 5983084, "sites": [ "CN173" ], "caption_zh": "图3 与本次实验提取到的古代淀粉粒相关的现代植物淀粉粒（ 标尺： 20 μm）\n（ a，b） 粟（ Setaria italica） ； （ c，d） 薏苡（ Coix lacryma-jobi） ； （ e，f） 小麦（ Triticum aestivum） ； （ g，h） 大麦（ Hordeum vulgare） ； （ i，j） 山药（ Dioscorea polystachya） ； （ k，l） 莲藕（ Nelumbo nucifera） ； （ m，n） 芸豆（ Phaseolus vulgaris） ； （ o，p） 蒙古栎（ Quercus mongolica） ； （ q，r） 板栗（ Castanea mollissima）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grains from modern plant species in China relate to the identification of ancient starch grain (scale bar: 20 μm) (a, b) Foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (c, d) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (e, f) wheat (Triticum aestivum); (g, h) barley (Hordeum vulgare); (i, j) yam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea polystachya); (k, l) lotus rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera); (m, n) kidney bean (common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris); (o, p) Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica); (q, r) Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉粒与古代淀粉粒鉴定相关", "title_en": "Starch grains from modern plant species in China relate to the identification of ancient starch grain", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/bc5ec88f5308fda86c81b4f7.png", "image_url": "media/S127_411ab0b9f33c_S127-F03.png?v=bc5ec88f5308", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "树枝状纵贯裂隙( 图2m 和2n) ,粒径范围为17. 9~ 32. 2 μm。D 类淀粉粒的特征与食用豆类淀粉粒十 分相似( 图3m 和3n) [30],可确定其来自食用豆类。", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "较大,其外部形态多与小麦属( Triticum) 、大麦属 ( Hordeum ) 、冰草属( Agropyron ) 、山羊草属 ( Aegilops) 等类似( 图3e ~3h) [27],结合Yang 和 Perry [27]对小麦族淀粉粒建立的鉴定标准,我们认", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "( a) ~( d) A 类: 粟类( Type A: millet) ; ( e) ~( h) B 类: 小麦族( Type B: Triticeae) ; ( i) ~( l) C 类: 块根块茎类( Type C: roots and tubers) ;", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:26.409137+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN173", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图3\n与本次实验提取到的古代淀粉粒相关的现代植物淀粉粒( 标尺: 20 μm)\n( a，b) 粟( Setaria italica) ; ( c，d) 薏苡( Coix Lacryma-jobi) ; ( e，f) 小麦( Triticum aestivum) ; ( g，h) 大麦( Hordeum vulgare) ; ( i，j) 山药( Dioscorea\npolystachya) ; ( k，l) 莲藕( Nelumbo nucifera) ; ( m，n) 芸豆( Phaseolus vulgaris) ; ( o，p) 蒙古栎( Quercus mongolica) ; ( q，r) 板栗( Castanea mollissima)\nFig. 3\nStarch grains from modern plant species in China relate to the identification of ancient starch grain( scale bar: 20 μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xitou", "quote": "自牙结石中的淀粉粒和植硅体证据［J］．第四纪研究，2023，\n43( 1) : 242－255.\nSONG Aqian，DOU Haifeng．Analysis of plant food composition of human sacrifices in Xitou site，Xunyi County，Shaanxi Province during the late Shang\nand early Zhou periods: Evidence from starch grains and phytoliths in dental calculus［J］．Quaternary Sciences，2023，43( 1) : 242－255.\n\n\n\ndoi: 10．11928/j．issn．1001-7410．2023．01．20 文章编号", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "411ab0b9f33c7c90340120a435d9882d2c02e148ba17efaba3974c8fe03500c5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S127_411ab0b9f33c_S127-F04", "paper_key": "S127_411ab0b9f33c", "paper_id": "S127", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4\n陕西旬邑西头遗址M90 殉人牙结石中提取的损伤淀粉粒( a～l) 与现代模拟实验的损伤淀粉粒( m～r) ( 标尺: 20 μm)\n( a，b) 由边缘向内产生裂隙，中心透明化; ( c，d) 扭曲变形，中心透明化; ( e，f) 外围膨胀，中心透明化; ( g，h) 中心及边缘均出现透明区域;\n( i) 膨胀，扭曲变形; ( j) 完全透明化; ( k，l) 由中心向外裂隙加剧，中心开始透明; ( m) ～( o) 黍蒸5 min、15 min、25 min 时损伤淀粉粒;\n( p) ～( r) 黍煮5 min、10 min、15 min 时损伤淀粉粒\nFig. 4\nThe damaged starch grains extracted from the human sacrifice's dental calculus of M90 at Xitou site，Xunyi County，Shaanxi\nProvince( a～l) and modern simulation experiments( m～r) ( scale bar: 20 μm) ．( a，b) Cleavage from the edges inward and transparency\nin the center; ( c，d) Distortion and deformation，central transparency; ( e，f) Inflation of the periphery，transparency of the center;\n( g，h) Transparent areas appear in the center and edge; ( i) Expansion，distortion and deformation; ( j) Complete transparency;\n( k，l) The fissure intensifies and the center begins to be transparent; ( m) ～( o) Damaged starch grains of broomcorn millet at 5 min，\n15 min and 25 min of steaming; ( p) ～( r) Damaged starch grains of broomcorn millet at 5 min，10 min and 15 min of boiling", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9caddd61c0d4b803e0cd2d2d2aa4e8b516a677554a87e87512ef6108f72327e5", "image_bytes": 11118800, "sites": [ "CN173" ], "caption_zh": "图4 陕西旬邑西头遗址M90 殉人牙结石中提取的损伤淀粉粒（ a~l） 与现代模拟实验的损伤淀粉粒（ m~r） （ 标尺： 20 μm）\n（ a，b） 由边缘向内产生裂隙，中心透明化； （ c，d） 扭曲变形，中心透明化； （ e，f） 外围膨胀，中心透明化； （ g，h） 中心及边缘均出现透明区域；（ i） 膨胀，扭曲变形； （ j） 完全透明化； （ k，l） 由中心向外裂隙加剧，中心开始透明； （ m） ~（ o） 黍蒸5 min、15 min、25 min 时损伤淀粉粒；（ p） ~（ r） 黍煮5 min、10 min、15 min 时损伤淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 The damaged starch grains extracted from the human sacrifice's dental calculus of M90 at Xitou site, Xunyi County, Shaanxi Province (a~l) and modern simulation experiments (m~r) (scale bar: 20 μm). (a, b) Cleavage from the edges inward and transparency in the center; (c, d) Distortion and deformation, central transparency; (e, f) Inflation of the periphery, transparency of the center; (g, h) Transparent areas appear in the center and edge; (i) Expansion, distortion and deformation; (j) Complete transparency; (k, l) The fissure intensifies and the center begins to be transparent; (m) ~(o) Damaged starch grains of broomcorn millet at 5 min, 15 min and 25 min of steaming; (p) ~(r) Damaged starch grains of broomcorn millet at 5 min, 10 min and 15 min of boiling", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "陕西旬邑西头遗址M90殉人牙结石中提取的损伤淀粉粒( a～l) 与现代模拟实验的损伤淀粉粒( m～r)", "title_en": "The damaged starch grains extracted from the human sacrifice's dental calculus of M90 at Xitou site, Xunyi County, Shaanxi Province (a～l) and modern simulation experiments (m～r)", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/9caddd61c0d4b803e0cd2d2d.png", "image_url": "media/S127_411ab0b9f33c_S127-F04.png?v=9caddd61c0d4", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "树枝状纵贯裂隙( 图2m 和2n) ,粒径范围为17. 9~ 32. 2 μm。D 类淀粉粒的特征与食用豆类淀粉粒十 分相似( 图3m 和3n) [30],可确定其来自食用豆类。", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "( a) ~( d) A 类: 粟类( Type A: millet) ; ( e) ~( h) B 类: 小麦族( Type B: Triticeae) ; ( i) ~( l) C 类: 块根块茎类( Type C: roots and tubers) ;", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:26.464370+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN173", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图4\n陕西旬邑西头遗址M90 殉人牙结石中提取的损伤淀粉粒( a～l) 与现代模拟实验的损伤淀粉粒( m～r) ( 标尺: 20 μm)\n( a，b) 由边缘向内产生裂隙，中心透明化; ( c，d) 扭曲变形，中心透明化; ( e，f) 外围膨胀，中心透明化; ( g，h) 中心及边缘均出现透明区域;\n( i) 膨胀，扭曲变形; ( j) 完全透明化; ( k，l) 由中心向外裂隙加剧，中心开始透明; ( m) ～( o) 黍蒸5 min、15 min、25 min 时损伤淀粉粒;\n( p) ～( r) 黍煮5 min、10 min、15 min 时损伤淀粉粒\nFig. 4\nThe damaged starch grains extracted from the human sacrifice's dental calculus of M90 at Xitou site，Xunyi County，Shaanxi\nProvince( a～l) and modern simulation experiments( m～r) ( scale bar: 20 μm) ．( a，b) Cleavage from the edges inward and transparency\nin the center; ( c，d) Distortion and deformation，central transparency; ( e，f) Inflation of the periphery，transparency of the center;\n( g，h) Transparent areas appear in the center and edge; ( i) Expansion，distortion and deformation; ( j) Complete transparency;\n( k，l) The fissure intensifies and the center begins to be transparent; ( m) ～( o) Damaged starch grains of broomcorn millet at 5 min，\n15 min and 25 min of steaming; ( p) ～( r) Damaged starch grains of broomcorn millet at 5 min，10 min and 15 min of boiling", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xitou", "quote": "自牙结石中的淀粉粒和植硅体证据［J］．第四纪研究，2023，\n43( 1) : 242－255.\nSONG Aqian，DOU Haifeng．Analysis of plant food composition of human sacrifices in Xitou site，Xunyi County，Shaanxi Province during the late Shang\nand early Zhou periods: Evidence from starch grains and phytoliths in dental calculus［J］．Quaternary Sciences，2023，43( 1) : 242－255.\n\n\n\ndoi: 10．11928/j．issn．1001-7410．2023．01．20 文章编号", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "411ab0b9f33c7c90340120a435d9882d2c02e148ba17efaba3974c8fe03500c5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S127_411ab0b9f33c_S127-F05", "paper_key": "S127_411ab0b9f33c", "paper_id": "S127", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图5\n陕西旬邑西头遗址M90 殉人牙结石中提取的植硅体类型( 标尺: 20 μm)\n( a) 哑铃型( bilobate) ; ( b) 多铃型( polylobe) ; ( c，d) 帽型( turriform) ; ( e) 长鞍型( long saddle) ; ( f) 十字型( cross) ; ( g) 方型( square) ;\n( h) 长方型( rectangle) ; ( i) 齿型( trapezoid) ; ( j) 平滑棒型( smooth-elongate) ; ( k) 刺棒型( sinuate-elongate) ; ( l) 三棱柱型( triangular\nprism) ; ( m) 尖型( pointed) ; ( n) 普通扇型( bulliform) ; ( o) 表皮细胞( epidermal cell) ; ( p，q) 禾草类稃壳( grain husk types of Poceae) ;\n( r) 粟稃壳Ω 型( Ω type from husks of foxtail millet)\nFig. 5\nThe phytoliths extracted from the human sacrifice's dental calculus of M90 at Xitou site，Xunyi County，Shaanxi Province\n( scale bar: 20 μm)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ba1c0dc322b0ecd952c3c49c820ed728e6cda7b93d2f2c728fa9cb3a1bf23a75", "image_bytes": 11023863, "sites": [ "CN173" ], "caption_zh": "图5 陕西旬邑西头遗址M90 殉人牙结石中提取的植硅体类型（ 标尺： 20 μm）\n（ a） 哑铃型（ bilobate） ； （ b） 多铃型（ polylobe） ； （ c，d） 帽型（turriform） ； （ e） 长鞍型（ long saddle） ； （ f） 十字型（ cross） ； （ g） 方型（ square） ；（ h） 长方型（ rectangle） ； （ i） 齿型（ trapezoid） ； （ j） 平滑棒型（ smooth-elongate） ； （ k） 刺棒型（ sinuate-elongate） ； （ l） 三棱柱型（ triangularprism） ； （ m） 尖型（ pointed） ； （ n） 普通扇型（ bulliform） ； （ o） 表皮细胞（ epidermal cell） ； （ p，q） 禾草类稃壳（ grain husk types of Poceae） ；（ r） 粟稃壳Ω 型（ Ω type from husks of foxtail millet）", "caption_en": "Fig. 5 The phytoliths extracted from the human sacrifice's dental calculus of M90 at Xitou site, Xunyi County, Shaanxi Province ( scale bar: 20 μm) ( a) bilobate; ( b) polylobe; ( c, d) turriform; ( e) long saddle; ( f) cross; ( g) square; ( h) rectangle; ( i) trapezoid; ( j) smooth-elongate; ( k) sinuate-elongate; ( l) triangular prism; ( m) pointed; ( n) bulliform; ( o) epidermal cell; ( p, q) grain husk types of Poceae; ( r) Ω type from husks of foxtail millet", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "陕西旬邑西头遗址M90殉人牙结石中提取的植硅体类型", "title_en": "The phytoliths extracted from the human sacrifice's dental calculus of M90 at Xitou site, Xunyi County, Shaanxi Province", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/ba1c0dc322b0ecd952c3c49c.png", "image_url": "media/S127_411ab0b9f33c_S127-F05.png?v=ba1c0dc322b0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "树枝状纵贯裂隙( 图2m 和2n) ,粒径范围为17. 9~ 32. 2 μm。D 类淀粉粒的特征与食用豆类淀粉粒十 分相似( 图3m 和3n) [30],可确定其来自食用豆类。", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "( a) ~( d) A 类: 粟类( Type A: millet) ; ( e) ~( h) B 类: 小麦族( Type B: Triticeae) ; ( i) ~( l) C 类: 块根块茎类( Type C: roots and tubers) ;", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:26.522050+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN173", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "图5\n陕西旬邑西头遗址M90 殉人牙结石中提取的植硅体类型( 标尺: 20 μm)\n( a) 哑铃型( bilobate) ; ( b) 多铃型( polylobe) ; ( c，d) 帽型( turriform) ; ( e) 长鞍型( long saddle) ; ( f) 十字型( cross) ; ( g) 方型( square) ;\n( h) 长方型( rectangle) ; ( i) 齿型( trapezoid) ; ( j) 平滑棒型( smooth-elongate) ; ( k) 刺棒型( sinuate-elongate) ; ( l) 三棱柱型( triangular\nprism) ; ( m) 尖型( pointed) ; ( n) 普通扇型( bulliform) ; ( o) 表皮细胞( epidermal cell) ; ( p，q) 禾草类稃壳( grain husk types of Poceae) ;\n( r) 粟稃壳Ω 型( Ω type from husks of foxtail millet)\nFig. 5\nThe phytoliths extracted from the human sacrifice's dental calculus of M90 at Xitou site，Xunyi County，Shaanxi Province\n( scale bar: 20 μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xitou", "quote": "自牙结石中的淀粉粒和植硅体证据［J］．第四纪研究，2023，\n43( 1) : 242－255.\nSONG Aqian，DOU Haifeng．Analysis of plant food composition of human sacrifices in Xitou site，Xunyi County，Shaanxi Province during the late Shang\nand early Zhou periods: Evidence from starch grains and phytoliths in dental calculus［J］．Quaternary Sciences，2023，43( 1) : 242－255.\n\n\n\ndoi: 10．11928/j．issn．1001-7410．2023．01．20 文章编号", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "411ab0b9f33c7c90340120a435d9882d2c02e148ba17efaba3974c8fe03500c5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S128_2eb4221e01b9_S128-F02", "paper_key": "S128_2eb4221e01b9", "paper_id": "S128", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二  石峁遗址皇城台陶器标本残留物中的淀粉粒（比例：20μm）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e4fa660b789fb53d1d0afffd5c8ac077ec43cc11f76f8f5672a50be6d6c9b276", "image_bytes": 8581171, "sites": [ "CN123" ], "caption_zh": "图二  石峁遗址皇城台陶器标本残留物中的淀粉粒（比例：20 μm）a,粟和黍，b,小麦族，c,水稻，d，百合，e-g,栝楼，h，生姜，l,i,芡实，j,豌豆。", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Starch grains from ceramic residue samples at the Shimao Site's Hall of the City Platform (scale: 20 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石峁遗址皇城台陶器标本残留物中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from ceramic residue samples at the Shimao Site's Hall of the City Platform", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/e4fa660b789fb53d1d0afffd.png", "image_url": "media/S128_2eb4221e01b9_S128-F02.png?v=e4fa660b789f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:26.587886+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN123", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图二  石峁遗址皇城台陶器标本残留物中的淀粉粒（比例：20μm）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shimao", "quote": "Yellow River region. In this study, by\nanalyzing microfossil residues on ten pitchers, two cups, three lids, and one urn from the Shimao site, one of the earliest\nurban centers in late Neolithic north China, we recovered remains of alcoholic beverages, which were brewed by using the\nmalting method and the qu starter. The main ingredients include millet, Triticeae, rice, lily, snake gourd root,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2eb4221e01b93fe3f8257120f3410fe4a45525dee9fa0eac9dbb4e8090f2611b" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S128_2eb4221e01b9_S128-F03", "paper_key": "S128_2eb4221e01b9", "paper_id": "S128", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三  陶器残留物中植硅体形态特征及炭化植物遗存(a～p)与现代标本对比(q～t)", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "42685913f6fc5769bc8d884f97cef6c45ce903447341e2749e8b405725f3a150", "image_bytes": 10315813, "sites": [ "CN123" ], "caption_zh": "图三  陶器残留物中植硅体形态特征及炭化植物遗存（a~p）与现代标本对比（q~t）\na,黍稃壳植硅体，b,早熟禾亚科盈科，c,水稻双峰，d,e,黍族，l,小麦方形粉刺纹饰型，h,i,盾型，n,刺状，j,k不透明穿孔状型，q~t, 菊科植物，或者藜科，麻黄，藏红花。", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Morphological characteristics of phytoliths from ceramic residues (a–p) and comparison with modern specimens (q–t)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "陶器残留物中植硅体形态特征及炭化植物遗存(a～p)与现代标本对比(q～t)", "title_en": "Morphological characteristics of phytoliths from ceramic residues (a–p) and comparison with modern specimens (q–t)", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/42685913f6fc5769bc8d884f.png", "image_url": "media/S128_2eb4221e01b9_S128-F03.png?v=42685913f6fc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:26.646935+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN123", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图三  陶器残留物中植硅体形态特征及炭化植物遗存(a～p)与现代标本对比(q～t)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shimao", "quote": "Yellow River region. In this study, by\nanalyzing microfossil residues on ten pitchers, two cups, three lids, and one urn from the Shimao site, one of the earliest\nurban centers in late Neolithic north China, we recovered remains of alcoholic beverages, which were brewed by using the\nmalting method and the qu starter. The main ingredients include millet, Triticeae, rice, lily, snake gourd root,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2eb4221e01b93fe3f8257120f3410fe4a45525dee9fa0eac9dbb4e8090f2611b" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S129_d00f4536ebaf_S129-F03", "paper_key": "S129_d00f4536ebaf", "paper_id": "S129", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3 大堡子墓地的植硅体类型\n(a)粟稃壳Ω(M30:3); (b)小麦稃壳(M90:5); (c)黍稃壳η(M68:69); (d)平滑棒型(M68:7); (e)刺状棒型(M30:2-2); (f)竖排哑铃型(M68:81); (g)齿型\n(M68:67-2); (h)帽型(M95:4); (i)尖型(M68:87-2); (j)哑铃型(M68:90); (k)鞍型(M68:4); (l)扇型(M68:86); (m)方型(M90:4); (n)芦苇盾型(M77:9-1); (o)水\n稻扇型(M68:88); (p)早熟禾小穗树枝型刺棒(M68:54); (q) (r)不规则多边疣粒板型(M68:56); (s)不规则多边平滑板型(M95:6); 标尺: 10 μm\nFig. 3 Phytolith types identified at the Dabuzi Cemetery\n(a) Interdigitating Ω-type (M30:3); (b) Wheat (M90:5); (c) Interdigitatingη-type (M68:69); (d) Elongate entire (M68:7); (e) Elongate dentate (M30:2-\n2); (f) Vertical bilobate (M68:81); (g) Crenate (M68:67-2); (h) Rondel (M95:4); (i) Acute bulbosus (M68:87-2); (j) Bilobate (M68:90); (k) Saddle (M68:4);\n(l) Bulliform flabellate (M68:86); (m) Blocky (M90:4); (n) Reed bulliform (M77:9-1); (o) Rice bulliform (M68:88); (p) Elongate dendritic (M68:54); (q) (r)\nTabular sinuate verrucate (M68:56); (s) Tabular sinuate psilate (M95:6); scale bars: 10 μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对照原始PDF校正中英植物名、图注项目对应及遗漏；保留原始题录和原文底稿。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ecfb3571306e6e7804859de2404a1f3e82631e4910cdf2a72a00ae51fc0e6af0", "image_bytes": 11252891, "sites": [ "CN075" ], "caption_zh": " 图3 大堡子墓地的植硅体类型\n（a）粟稃壳Ω（M30:3）； （b）小麦稃壳（M90:5）； （c）黍稃壳η（M68:69）； （d）平滑棒型（M68:7）； （e）刺状棒型（M30:2-2）； （f）竖排哑铃型（M68:81）； （g）齿型（M68:67-2）； （h）帽型（M95:4）； （i）尖型（M68:87-2）； （j）哑铃型（M68:90）； （k）鞍型（M68:4）； （l）扇型（M68:86）； （m）方型（M90:4）； （n）芦苇盾型（M77:9-1）； （o）水稻扇型（M68:88）； （p）早熟禾小穗树枝型刺棒（M68:54）； （q） （r）不规则多边疣粒板型（M68:56）； （s）不规则多边平滑板型（M95:6）； 标尺： 10 μm", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Phytolith types identified at the Dabuzi Cemetery (a) Foxtail millet husk, interdigitating Ω-type (M30:3); (b) Wheat (M90:5); (c) Broomcorn millet husk, interdigitating η-type (M68:69); (d) Elongate entire (M68:7); (e) Elongate dentate (M30:2-2); (f) Vertical bilobate (M68:81); (g) Crenate (M68:67-2); (h) Rondel (M95:4); (i) Acute bulbosus (M68:87-2); (j) Bilobate (M68:90); (k) Saddle (M68:4); (l) Bulliform flabellate (M68:86); (m) Blocky (M90:4); (n) Reed bulliform (M77:9-1); (o) Rice bulliform (M68:88); (p) Elongate dendritic (M68:54); (q) (r) Tabular sinuate verrucate (M68:56); (s) Tabular sinuate psilate (M95:6); scale bars: 10 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "大堡子墓地的植硅体类型", "title_en": "Phytolith types identified at the Dabuzi Cemetery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/ecfb3571306e6e7804859de2.png", "image_url": "media/S129_d00f4536ebaf_S129-F03.png?v=ecfb3571306e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "M68:55和M77:9, 黍稃壳在M30:1、M30:2、M30:3、 M30:5和M68:69有发现。根据树枝状纹饰、乳突直 径和凹点数量等鉴定指标(Tubb et al., 1993; Ball et al., 1999), M90:5麦类稃壳植硅体极有可能来自小 麦。目前仅在七份样品中发现作为水稻茎叶指标的 水稻扇型植硅体, 暂未发现稻壳双峰型植硅体。此 外在M68:56、南III区M95:6样品中发现密集的不规 则多边疣粒板型、不规则多边平滑板型、导管型、 双层嵌套板型的植硅体类型(图3-q−s), 属于大麻 内果皮部位的典型植硅体类型(王聪等, 2022)。而 其他样品的不规则多边疣粒板型较少且分散, 未 发现有拼合而成的片状平面拼图形结构, 难以进一 步判断。选取M68:56与M95:6样品的500个不规则多 边疣粒板型的植硅体进行测量, 长度分别为 15.24±2.83 μm、15.08±2.60 μm, 宽度分别为9.56± 2.00 μm、9.92±2.18 μm, 与现代大麻样品平均数值 相比(长度15.4±2.3 μm、宽度10.8±1.7 μm)较小。 2.3 淀粉粒 通过对41份样品进行实验分析, 仅在20件陶 仓中提取出99颗淀粉粒。91颗淀粉粒按可鉴定的形 态可以分为3(A-C)大类; 其余3颗淀粉粒由于形态 不具备明显鉴定特征, 无法鉴定, 而归为D类; 5颗 淀粉粒受到一定程度损伤, 归为E类(图6)。 A类: 58颗, 占据淀粉粒总数的58.6%。多面体 形, 脐点居中, 大部分有裂隙, 裂隙多为横断性, 偏光下十字消光臂多相互垂直。A类淀粉粒长度范 围在2.65~18.91 μm, 平均粒径为13.20±3.85 μm。在 现代淀粉粒数据库中, 多面体型的淀粉粒大多来 自禾本科植物种子, 如粟、黍、狗尾草、水稻等, 但 水稻的淀粉粒长度范围在2.71~8.26 μm, 粒径远小 于本次实验提取到的A类淀粉粒。结合已有研究和 植硅体分析, A类淀粉粒应来自粟、黍等粟类植物。 A类淀粉粒在陶仓的出现概率为80%(16/20)。 B类: 27颗。呈凸透镜状, 脐点居中, 平面光滑, 侧面有纵向裂隙, 在偏光下观察其十字消光臂呈 狭长“X”型, 且从内向外加宽。B类淀粉粒长度范 围在2.34~30.71 μm, 平均粒径为9.82±8.45 μm。根 据现代植物淀粉粒图谱, 同时参照小麦族淀粉粒 的研究(Yang & Perry, 2013), 认为该类淀粉粒应来 源于禾本科普通小麦族植物。M68:56淀粉粒样品 在观察、鉴定中发现了小麦稃壳, 所以其5颗淀粉 粒很有可能是小麦; 同时结合麦类植硅体的发现, M68:6淀粉粒粒群也可能来自小麦。B类淀粉粒在 陶仓的出现概率为25%(5/20)。 C类: 6颗, 均来自M68:82样品中。多呈椭圆形", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "和圆三角形, 脐点可见, 偏于一侧, 表面光滑有 “一”字形裂隙, 轮纹清晰, 在偏光下消光强烈, 消 光臂弯曲。C类淀粉粒长度范围在9.75~16.15 μm, 平均粒径为13.87±2.37 μm。根据这些鉴定特征, 现 代淀粉粒数据库中块根块茎类淀粉粒的形态特征 与C类相似, 而且可能来自薯蓣科植物。C类淀粉 粒在陶仓的出现概率为5%(1/20)。 D类: 3颗。由于形状不具备鉴定特征, 暂无法 对比确定。 E类: 5颗。该类淀粉粒因受一定程度损伤而无 法进一步鉴定。主要表现为淀粉粒由边缘向内产生 裂隙, 消光区域的扩大, 推测是碾磨加工所造成 的损伤(葛威, 2010; Ma et al., 2019)。", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "(a)(b) Type A: Millet (a-M30:1, b-M68:89); (c) Type B: Triticeae (M68:6); (d) Type C: Roots and tubers (M68:82); (e) Type D: Unidentified (M68:93-", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "关中地区出土人骨的稳定同位素来看, 先民食物 结构中以C4类食物为主, C3类食物比重逐渐增加, 可能先民以粟作农业为主, 兼营稻、麦或豆等其他 C3作物(张国文等, 2013)。在同时期的河南内黄三 杨庄遗址中, 出土旋转磨、石臼、石碓的淀粉粒分 析结果显示粉食粟是当时农户重要的消费方式(赵 昊和刘海旺, 2020)。综上可推, 西汉以粟为主的多 作物种植的农业体系对北方旱作农业依然有深远 的影响, 而东汉时期C3类农作物的种植和利用可 能较西汉时期有所增加。 关中地区农业体系的发展离不开作物自然特 质、地理环境、种植政策推广、古人粮食选择等多 种因素, 而它们彼此之间还会相互影响。秦汉时期, 关中地区是王畿所在, 当时的农业政策在关中农 业发展发挥了更为明显的作用。例如, 汉初晁错上 书将粟种植与提高农业生产、政治地位、军事作用 相联系(《汉书》, 中华书局, 1964), 对汉代关中地 区“尊粟”的种植传统产生了深远的影响。黍与粟种 植环境相似, 依据不同黏性可以当作日常口粮、制 作成糕或黏饭、酿酒等, 还能与桑混作(石声汉, 1956), 所以谷物种植比例虽低于粟, 却常高于其 他作物。 麦具有接绝继乏、防灾救灾、产量高的特点, 但关中百姓在西汉早中期“俗不好种麦”, 至武帝 时董仲舒上书劝种(《汉书》, 中华书局, 1964)。麦 类种植在西汉中期至晚期呈现出增长趋势, 例如, 西安西汉晚期的9座汉墓出土植物遗存中(赵志军,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:26.774633+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN075", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图3 大堡子墓地的植硅体类型\n(a)粟稃壳Ω(M30:3); (b)小麦稃壳(M90:5); (c)黍稃壳η(M68:69); (d)平滑棒型(M68:7); (e)刺状棒型(M30:2-2); (f)竖排哑铃型(M68:81); (g)齿型\n(M68:67-2); (h)帽型(M95:4); (i)尖型(M68:87-2); (j)哑铃型(M68:90); (k)鞍型(M68:4); (l)扇型(M68:86); (m)方型(M90:4); (n)芦苇盾型(M77:9-1); (o)水\n稻扇型(M68:88); (p)早熟禾小穗树枝型刺棒(M68:54); (q) (r)不规则多边疣粒板型(M68:56); (s)不规则多边平滑板型(M95:6); 标尺: 10 μm\nFig. 3 Phytolith types identified at the Dabuzi Cemetery\n(a) Interdigitating Ω-type (M30:3); (b) Wheat (M90:5); (c) Interdigitatingη-type (M68:69); (d) Elongate entire (M68:7); (e) Elongate dentate (M30:2-\n2); (f) Vertical bilobate (M68:81); (g) Crenate (M68:67-2); (h) Rondel (M95:4); (i) Acute bulbosus (M68:87-2); (j) Bilobate (M68:90); (k) Saddle (M68:4);\n(l) Bulliform flabellate (M68:86); (m) Blocky (M90:4); (n) Reed bulliform (M77:9-1); (o) Rice bulliform (M68:88); (p) Elongate dendritic (M68:54); (q) (r)\nTabular sinuate verrucate (M68:56); (s) Tabular sinuate psilate (M95:6); scale bars: 10 μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "大堡子汉墓", "quote": "微体古生物学报(中英文) 2024年12月; 41(4): 384–397\nActa Micropalaeontologica Sinica 41(4): 384–397; December, 2024\n\n\n 陕西泾阳大堡子汉墓出土植物遗存分析*\n\n 曹家凤1, 2) 朱瑛培3) 田 多1, 2)** 邵 晶3) 李静波4) 马志坤1, 2)\n\n 1) 西北大学文化遗产学院, 中国-中亚人类与环境“一带一路”联合实验室, 西安 710127, 中国\n\n 2) 西北大学文化遗产学院, 文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室, 西安 710127, 中国", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d00f4536ebaf5d8ee5772bbcd448c47d62ca944b310c92a0230991bc257e1324" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S129_d00f4536ebaf_S129-P0007-B003", "paper_key": "S129_d00f4536ebaf", "paper_id": "S129", "number": "未编号2", "caption_original": "图6 大堡子墓地淀粉粒类型 (a)(b) A类: 粟类(a-M30:1, b-M68:89); (c) B类: 小麦族(M68:6); (d) C类: 块根块茎类(M68:82); (e) D类: 无法鉴定(M68:93-2); (f) E类: 损伤(M68:56); 标尺: 10 μm Fig. 6 Starch grains from the Dabuzi Cemetery (a)(b) Type A: Millet (a-M30:1, b-M68:89); (c) Type B: Triticeae (M68:6); (d) Type C: Roots and tubers (M68:82); (e) Type D: Unidentified (M68:93-2); (f) Type E: Damaged (M68:56); scale bars: 10 μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "44c8312074672dc73b04981d92298908141e2086fa8c09f251b0607440cbfafc", "image_bytes": 18020728, "sites": [ "CN075" ], "caption_zh": " 图6 大堡子墓地淀粉粒类型 \n（a）（b） A类： 粟类（a-M30:1， b-M68:89）； （c） B类： 小麦族（M68:6）； （d） C类： 块根块茎类（M68:82）； （e） D类： 无法鉴定（M68:93-2）； （f） E类： 损伤（M68:56）； 标尺：10 μm ", "caption_en": "Fig. 6 Starch grains from the Dabuzi Cemetery (a)(b) Type A: Millet (a-M30:1, b-M68:89); (c) Type B: wheat tribe (Triticeae) (M68:6); (d) Type C: Roots and tubers (M68:82); (e) Type D: Unidentified (M68:93-2); (f) Type E: Damaged (M68:56); scale bars: 10 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "大堡子墓地淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grains from the Dabuzi Cemetery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/44c8312074672dc73b04981d.png", "image_url": "media/S129_d00f4536ebaf_S129-P0007-B003.png?v=44c831207467", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "M68:55和M77:9, 黍稃壳在M30:1、M30:2、M30:3、 M30:5和M68:69有发现。根据树枝状纹饰、乳突直 径和凹点数量等鉴定指标(Tubb et al., 1993; Ball et al., 1999), M90:5麦类稃壳植硅体极有可能来自小 麦。目前仅在七份样品中发现作为水稻茎叶指标的 水稻扇型植硅体, 暂未发现稻壳双峰型植硅体。此 外在M68:56、南III区M95:6样品中发现密集的不规 则多边疣粒板型、不规则多边平滑板型、导管型、 双层嵌套板型的植硅体类型(图3-q−s), 属于大麻 内果皮部位的典型植硅体类型(王聪等, 2022)。而 其他样品的不规则多边疣粒板型较少且分散, 未 发现有拼合而成的片状平面拼图形结构, 难以进一 步判断。选取M68:56与M95:6样品的500个不规则多 边疣粒板型的植硅体进行测量, 长度分别为 15.24±2.83 μm、15.08±2.60 μm, 宽度分别为9.56± 2.00 μm、9.92±2.18 μm, 与现代大麻样品平均数值 相比(长度15.4±2.3 μm、宽度10.8±1.7 μm)较小。 2.3 淀粉粒 通过对41份样品进行实验分析, 仅在20件陶 仓中提取出99颗淀粉粒。91颗淀粉粒按可鉴定的形 态可以分为3(A-C)大类; 其余3颗淀粉粒由于形态 不具备明显鉴定特征, 无法鉴定, 而归为D类; 5颗 淀粉粒受到一定程度损伤, 归为E类(图6)。 A类: 58颗, 占据淀粉粒总数的58.6%。多面体 形, 脐点居中, 大部分有裂隙, 裂隙多为横断性, 偏光下十字消光臂多相互垂直。A类淀粉粒长度范 围在2.65~18.91 μm, 平均粒径为13.20±3.85 μm。在 现代淀粉粒数据库中, 多面体型的淀粉粒大多来 自禾本科植物种子, 如粟、黍、狗尾草、水稻等, 但 水稻的淀粉粒长度范围在2.71~8.26 μm, 粒径远小 于本次实验提取到的A类淀粉粒。结合已有研究和 植硅体分析, A类淀粉粒应来自粟、黍等粟类植物。 A类淀粉粒在陶仓的出现概率为80%(16/20)。 B类: 27颗。呈凸透镜状, 脐点居中, 平面光滑, 侧面有纵向裂隙, 在偏光下观察其十字消光臂呈 狭长“X”型, 且从内向外加宽。B类淀粉粒长度范 围在2.34~30.71 μm, 平均粒径为9.82±8.45 μm。根 据现代植物淀粉粒图谱, 同时参照小麦族淀粉粒 的研究(Yang & Perry, 2013), 认为该类淀粉粒应来 源于禾本科普通小麦族植物。M68:56淀粉粒样品 在观察、鉴定中发现了小麦稃壳, 所以其5颗淀粉 粒很有可能是小麦; 同时结合麦类植硅体的发现, M68:6淀粉粒粒群也可能来自小麦。B类淀粉粒在 陶仓的出现概率为25%(5/20)。 C类: 6颗, 均来自M68:82样品中。多呈椭圆形", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "和圆三角形, 脐点可见, 偏于一侧, 表面光滑有 “一”字形裂隙, 轮纹清晰, 在偏光下消光强烈, 消 光臂弯曲。C类淀粉粒长度范围在9.75~16.15 μm, 平均粒径为13.87±2.37 μm。根据这些鉴定特征, 现 代淀粉粒数据库中块根块茎类淀粉粒的形态特征 与C类相似, 而且可能来自薯蓣科植物。C类淀粉 粒在陶仓的出现概率为5%(1/20)。 D类: 3颗。由于形状不具备鉴定特征, 暂无法 对比确定。 E类: 5颗。该类淀粉粒因受一定程度损伤而无 法进一步鉴定。主要表现为淀粉粒由边缘向内产生 裂隙, 消光区域的扩大, 推测是碾磨加工所造成 的损伤(葛威, 2010; Ma et al., 2019)。", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "(a)(b) Type A: Millet (a-M30:1, b-M68:89); (c) Type B: Triticeae (M68:6); (d) Type C: Roots and tubers (M68:82); (e) Type D: Unidentified (M68:93-", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "关中地区出土人骨的稳定同位素来看, 先民食物 结构中以C4类食物为主, C3类食物比重逐渐增加, 可能先民以粟作农业为主, 兼营稻、麦或豆等其他 C3作物(张国文等, 2013)。在同时期的河南内黄三 杨庄遗址中, 出土旋转磨、石臼、石碓的淀粉粒分 析结果显示粉食粟是当时农户重要的消费方式(赵 昊和刘海旺, 2020)。综上可推, 西汉以粟为主的多 作物种植的农业体系对北方旱作农业依然有深远 的影响, 而东汉时期C3类农作物的种植和利用可 能较西汉时期有所增加。 关中地区农业体系的发展离不开作物自然特 质、地理环境、种植政策推广、古人粮食选择等多 种因素, 而它们彼此之间还会相互影响。秦汉时期, 关中地区是王畿所在, 当时的农业政策在关中农 业发展发挥了更为明显的作用。例如, 汉初晁错上 书将粟种植与提高农业生产、政治地位、军事作用 相联系(《汉书》, 中华书局, 1964), 对汉代关中地 区“尊粟”的种植传统产生了深远的影响。黍与粟种 植环境相似, 依据不同黏性可以当作日常口粮、制 作成糕或黏饭、酿酒等, 还能与桑混作(石声汉, 1956), 所以谷物种植比例虽低于粟, 却常高于其 他作物。 麦具有接绝继乏、防灾救灾、产量高的特点, 但关中百姓在西汉早中期“俗不好种麦”, 至武帝 时董仲舒上书劝种(《汉书》, 中华书局, 1964)。麦 类种植在西汉中期至晚期呈现出增长趋势, 例如, 西安西汉晚期的9座汉墓出土植物遗存中(赵志军,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:26.850016+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN075", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "图6 大堡子墓地淀粉粒类型 (a)(b) A类: 粟类(a-M30:1, b-M68:89); (c) B类: 小麦族(M68:6); (d) C类: 块根块茎类(M68:82); (e) D类: 无法鉴定(M68:93-2); (f) E类: 损伤(M68:56); 标尺: 10 μm Fig. 6 Starch grains from the Dabuzi Cemetery (a)(b) Type A: Millet (a-M30:1, b-M68:89); (c) Type B: Triticeae (M68:6); (d) Type C: Roots and tubers (M68:82); (e) Type D: Unidentified (M68:93-2); (f) Type E: Damaged (M68:56); scale bars: 10 μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "大堡子汉墓", "quote": "微体古生物学报(中英文) 2024年12月; 41(4): 384–397\nActa Micropalaeontologica Sinica 41(4): 384–397; December, 2024\n\n\n 陕西泾阳大堡子汉墓出土植物遗存分析*\n\n 曹家凤1, 2) 朱瑛培3) 田 多1, 2)** 邵 晶3) 李静波4) 马志坤1, 2)\n\n 1) 西北大学文化遗产学院, 中国-中亚人类与环境“一带一路”联合实验室, 西安 710127, 中国\n\n 2) 西北大学文化遗产学院, 文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室, 西安 710127, 中国", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d00f4536ebaf5d8ee5772bbcd448c47d62ca944b310c92a0230991bc257e1324" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S130_fadefcfe702d_S130-F02", "paper_key": "S130_fadefcfe702d", "paper_id": "S130", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图2\n新街仰韶陶器上的淀粉粒型态及部分现代对比标本1、2.I型：黍，薏苡；3.II型：小麦族；4.VI型：百合；5、6.IV型：栝楼根；7.III型：水稻；8.V型：芡实；9.现代水稻；10.现代芡实", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6823692dbc73e14ade9ccabff3f776451e04e6aeffcff9d9167365b0bdcd1055", "image_bytes": 984853, "sites": [ "CN141" ], "caption_zh": "图2 新街仰韶陶器上的淀粉粒型态及部分现代对比标本\n1、2.I型：黍，薏苡；3.II型：小麦族；4.VI型：百合；5、6.IV型：栝楼根；7.III型：水稻；8.V型：芡实；9.现代水稻；10.现代芡实", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Starch grain morphotypes from Xinjie Yangshao pottery and selected modern comparative specimens: 1, 2. Type I: broomcorn millet, Job’s tears; 3. Type II: wheat tribe (Triticeae); 4. Type VI: lily; 5, 6. Type IV: snake gourds (Trichosanthes) root; 7. Type III: rice; 8. Type V: fox nut; 9. Modern rice; 10. Modern fox nut.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "新街仰韶陶器淀粉粒型态及现代对比", "title_en": "Starch grain morphotypes from Xinjie Yangshao pottery and modern comparative specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6823692dbc73e14ade9ccabf.png", "image_url": "media/S130_fadefcfe702d_S130-F02.png?v=6823692dbc73", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:26.934920+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN141", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图2\n新街仰韶陶器上的淀粉粒型态及部分现代对比标本1、2.I型：黍，薏苡；3.II型：小麦族；4.VI型：百合；5、6.IV型：栝楼根；7.III型：水稻；8.V型：芡实；9.现代水稻；10.现代芡实", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xinjie", "quote": "粒；植硅体；黍；稻；薏苡\n 中图分类号：K875 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-2335（2018）01-0007-09\n\n\n Analysis on Pottery Residue of the Late Yangshao Culture in Xinjie Site of Lantian,\n Lantian: New Evidence of Guya Beer Brewing\n Liu Li, Wang Jiajing, Zhao Hao, Shao Jing, Di Nan, Feng Suofei\n\n Abstract:In order to further explore the sociopolitical and economic development during the late Y", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fadefcfe702d990662f489df982340180a4fcefdafd75eb5517aaef9d7896b51" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S130_fadefcfe702d_S130-F03", "paper_key": "S130_fadefcfe702d", "paper_id": "S130", "number": "3", "caption_original": "1.黍亚科，中心凹陷、深沟及微型凹坑；2.中心凹陷；3.小麦族，深沟及微型凹坑、中心及部分边缘缺失；4.酶侵蚀和加热糖化造成的中心部分缺失和糊化，仅保存边缘部分并在偏光镜下显示双折射光泽；5.块根，部分缺失；6.块根，糊化造成粒型增大变形、消光十字部分消失；7～8. 经刚果红染色的糊化淀粉粒（尖底瓶I和II），在DIC下显示为红色（左），在偏光镜下显示有红、橘红或金黄色光泽（右）图3新街仰韶陶器上的损伤与糊化淀粉粒及部分现代对比标本（每颗淀粉粒显示DIC和偏光影像", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d7de94891bfe2ada60f475e891b146d6187201d5687e5436ba3123295b75a96b", "image_bytes": 640913, "sites": [ "CN141" ], "caption_zh": "图3 新街仰韶陶器上的损伤与糊化淀粉粒及部分现代对比标本（每颗淀粉粒显示DIC和偏光影像）\n1.黍亚科，中心凹陷、深沟及微型凹坑；2.中心凹陷；3.小麦族，深沟及微型凹坑、中心及部分边缘缺失；4.酶侵蚀和加热糖化造成的中心部分缺失和糊化，仅保存边缘部分并在偏光镜下显示双折射光泽；5.块根，部分缺失；6.块根，糊化造成粒型增大变形、消光十字部分消失；7~8. 经刚果红染色的糊化淀粉粒（尖底瓶I和II），在DIC下显示为红色（左），在偏光镜下显示有红、橘红或金黄色光泽（右）", "caption_en": "1. panicoid grasses (Panicoideae), central depression, deep grooves and micro-pits; 2. central depression; 3. wheat tribe (Triticeae), deep grooves and micro-pits, central and partial edge loss; 4. central loss and gelatinization caused by enzymatic erosion and heating saccharification, only the edges preserved, showing birefringence under polarized light; 5. tuber, partial loss; 6. tuber, gelatinized starch grains showing enlarged and deformed morphology, loss of extinguished cross; 7–8. Gelatinized starch grains stained with Congo red (from jar I and II), appearing red under DIC (left), and showing red, orange-red or golden-yellow birefringence under polarized light (right). Figure 3. Damage on Xinjie Yangshao ceramic vessels and gelatinized starch grains with partial modern reference specimens (each starch grain shows DIC and polarized light images)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "新街仰韶陶器上的损伤与糊化淀粉粒及部分现代对比标本", "title_en": "Damage on Xinjie Yangshao ceramic vessels and gelatinized starch grains with partial modern reference specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d7de94891bfe2ada60f475e8.png", "image_url": "media/S130_fadefcfe702d_S130-F03.png?v=d7de94891bfe", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.001441+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN141", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "1.黍亚科，中心凹陷、深沟及微型凹坑；2.中心凹陷；3.小麦族，深沟及微型凹坑、中心及部分边缘缺失；4.酶侵蚀和加热糖化造成的中心部分缺失和糊化，仅保存边缘部分并在偏光镜下显示双折射光泽；5.块根，部分缺失；6.块根，糊化造成粒型增大变形、消光十字部分消失；7～8. 经刚果红染色的糊化淀粉粒（尖底瓶I和II），在DIC下显示为红色（左），在偏光镜下显示有红、橘红或金黄色光泽（右）图3新街仰韶陶器上的损伤与糊化淀粉粒及部分现代对比标本（每颗淀粉粒显示DIC和偏光影像", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xinjie", "quote": "粒；植硅体；黍；稻；薏苡\n 中图分类号：K875 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-2335（2018）01-0007-09\n\n\n Analysis on Pottery Residue of the Late Yangshao Culture in Xinjie Site of Lantian,\n Lantian: New Evidence of Guya Beer Brewing\n Liu Li, Wang Jiajing, Zhao Hao, Shao Jing, Di Nan, Feng Suofei\n\n Abstract:In order to further explore the sociopolitical and economic development during the late Y", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fadefcfe702d990662f489df982340180a4fcefdafd75eb5517aaef9d7896b51" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S130_fadefcfe702d_S130-F04", "paper_key": "S130_fadefcfe702d", "paper_id": "S130", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4\n新街仰韶陶器上的植硅体1.薏苡十字型（长度和宽度均超过19微米）；2.哑铃型；3.十字型；4.多铃型；5.鞍型；6～7.水稻双峰型；8.水稻扇型；9.毛细胞；10.植物纤维；11.针晶体；12.黍颖壳η型；13.绞合状树枝型", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "bb08b9fb794a646171c2afa6cdf26cc55ddb3cd727ee8c8a88c56f98022ea30f", "image_bytes": 986984, "sites": [ "CN141" ], "caption_zh": "图4 新街仰韶陶器上的植硅体\n1.薏苡十字型（长度和宽度均超过19微米）；2.哑铃型；3.十字型；4.多铃型；5.鞍型；6~7.水稻双峰型；8.水稻扇型；9.毛细胞；10.植物纤维；11.针晶体；12.黍颖壳η型；13.绞合状树枝型", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Phytoliths from Yangshao pottery at Xinjie: 1. Job's tears cross-type (length and width both exceeding 19 micrometers); 2. dumbbell-type; 3. cross-type; 4. multi-ring type; 5. saddle-type; 6–7. rice bimodal type; 8. rice fan-type; 9. trichocyte; 10. plant fiber; 11. needle crystal; 12. broomcorn millet husk η-type; 13. twisted branched type", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "新街仰韶陶器上的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from Yangshao pottery at Xinjie", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/bb08b9fb794a646171c2afa6.png", "image_url": "media/S130_fadefcfe702d_S130-F04.png?v=bb08b9fb794a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.065097+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN141", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图4\n新街仰韶陶器上的植硅体1.薏苡十字型（长度和宽度均超过19微米）；2.哑铃型；3.十字型；4.多铃型；5.鞍型；6～7.水稻双峰型；8.水稻扇型；9.毛细胞；10.植物纤维；11.针晶体；12.黍颖壳η型；13.绞合状树枝型", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xinjie", "quote": "粒；植硅体；黍；稻；薏苡\n 中图分类号：K875 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-2335（2018）01-0007-09\n\n\n Analysis on Pottery Residue of the Late Yangshao Culture in Xinjie Site of Lantian,\n Lantian: New Evidence of Guya Beer Brewing\n Liu Li, Wang Jiajing, Zhao Hao, Shao Jing, Di Nan, Feng Suofei\n\n Abstract:In order to further explore the sociopolitical and economic development during the late Y", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fadefcfe702d990662f489df982340180a4fcefdafd75eb5517aaef9d7896b51" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S131_d85967801c98_S131-F01", "paper_key": "S131_d85967801c98", "paper_id": "S131", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图一\nF19∶1（正交偏光\u001e1000×\u001e染色）\n图二\nF15∶29（正交偏光\u001e1000×\u001e染色）\n·94（总862）·", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "aedb3f8e66cc6473695ee1135ec330c0d0218acdc20b2bc6c84aa733c94ab31b", "image_bytes": 206877, "sites": [ "CN124" ], "caption_zh": "图一，F19∶1；图二，F15∶29。正交偏光，1000×，染色。", "caption_en": "Figure 1, F19:1; Figure 2, F15:29. Cross-polarized light, 1000×, stained.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "translation_reviewed", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "雕龙碑F19∶1与F15∶29器物上的残留淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch residues on Diaolongbei vessels F19:1 and F15:29", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/aedb3f8e66cc6473695ee113.png", "image_url": "media/S131_d85967801c98_S131-F01.png?v=aedb3f8e66cc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.131760+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN124", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图一\nF19∶1（正交偏光\u001e1000×\u001e染色）\n图二\nF15∶29（正交偏光\u001e1000×\u001e染色）\n·94（总862）·", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "diaolongbei", "quote": "器物残留淀粉粒分析 ∗\n\n 陶大卫 杨益民 黄卫东 吴妍 吴耀利 王昌燧\n\n\n 刚果红染色法 雕龙碑遗址 陶研磨棒 刻槽盆 关键词：淀粉粒\n KEY WORDS:starch grain Congo red staining Diaolongbei site pottery roller grooved\n basin\n ABSTRACT:Congo red staining can be used to detect effectively the remains of starch grain pro-\ncessing so some pottery objects and stone implements unearthed from the Diaolongbei site were tested", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d85967801c98b9d173ce4026418d823f827bc55e8191763acb176907c32e2042" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S131_d85967801c98_S131-F03", "paper_key": "S131_d85967801c98", "paper_id": "S131", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三\nH55∶5（正交偏光\u001e1000×\u001e染色）\n图六\nF15∶46（正交偏光\u001e1000×\u001e染色）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5457b65fc0068ff8d23f4ce6147400219ebadf58529d5c4e56e491a0ade9c2f1", "image_bytes": 172543, "sites": [ "CN124" ], "caption_zh": "图三，H55∶5；图6，F15∶46。正交偏光，1000×，染色。", "caption_en": "Figure 3, H55:5; Figure 6, F15:46. Cross-polarized light, 1000×, stained.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "translation_reviewed", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "雕龙碑H55∶5与F15∶46器物上的残留淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch residues on Diaolongbei vessels H55:5 and F15:46", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/5457b65fc0068ff8d23f4ce6.png", "image_url": "media/S131_d85967801c98_S131-F03.png?v=5457b65fc006", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.187609+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN124", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图三\nH55∶5（正交偏光\u001e1000×\u001e染色）\n图六\nF15∶46（正交偏光\u001e1000×\u001e染色）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "diaolongbei", "quote": "器物残留淀粉粒分析 ∗\n\n 陶大卫 杨益民 黄卫东 吴妍 吴耀利 王昌燧\n\n\n 刚果红染色法 雕龙碑遗址 陶研磨棒 刻槽盆 关键词：淀粉粒\n KEY WORDS:starch grain Congo red staining Diaolongbei site pottery roller grooved\n basin\n ABSTRACT:Congo red staining can be used to detect effectively the remains of starch grain pro-\ncessing so some pottery objects and stone implements unearthed from the Diaolongbei site were tested", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d85967801c98b9d173ce4026418d823f827bc55e8191763acb176907c32e2042" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S131_d85967801c98_S131-F04", "paper_key": "S131_d85967801c98", "paper_id": "S131", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四\nT2213②B∶3（正交偏光\u001e1000×\u001e染色）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1e3cccbd2333117765367caba9017c8f51bfbc9c814b1920ba885e74b9b314c3", "image_bytes": 189167, "sites": [ "CN124" ], "caption_zh": "图4，T2213②B∶3。正交偏光，1000×，染色。", "caption_en": "Figure 4, T2213②B:3. Cross-polarized light, 1000×, stained.", "caption_zh_origin": "translation_reviewed", "caption_en_origin": "translation_reviewed", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "雕龙碑T2213②B∶3器物上的残留淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch residues on Diaolongbei vessel T2213②B:3", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/1e3cccbd2333117765367cab.png", "image_url": "media/S131_d85967801c98_S131-F04.png?v=1e3cccbd2333", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.244875+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN124", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图四\nT2213②B∶3（正交偏光\u001e1000×\u001e染色）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "diaolongbei", "quote": "器物残留淀粉粒分析 ∗\n\n 陶大卫 杨益民 黄卫东 吴妍 吴耀利 王昌燧\n\n\n 刚果红染色法 雕龙碑遗址 陶研磨棒 刻槽盆 关键词：淀粉粒\n KEY WORDS:starch grain Congo red staining Diaolongbei site pottery roller grooved\n basin\n ABSTRACT:Congo red staining can be used to detect effectively the remains of starch grain pro-\ncessing so some pottery objects and stone implements unearthed from the Diaolongbei site were tested", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d85967801c98b9d173ce4026418d823f827bc55e8191763acb176907c32e2042" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S131_d85967801c98_S131-F05", "paper_key": "S131_d85967801c98", "paper_id": "S131", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五\nF15∶46（正交偏光\u001e1000×\u001e染色）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "66990caaadb9242c661f0b2904765b36e65f46d1fa61a332db3c613db597635f", "image_bytes": 198481, "sites": [ "CN124" ], "caption_zh": "图五，F15∶46。正交偏光，1000×，染色。", "caption_en": "Figure 5, F15:46. Cross-polarized light, 1000×, stained.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "translation_reviewed", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "雕龙碑F15∶46器物上的残留淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch residues on Diaolongbei vessel F15:46", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/66990caaadb9242c661f0b29.png", "image_url": "media/S131_d85967801c98_S131-F05.png?v=66990caaadb9", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.315700+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN124", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图五\nF15∶46（正交偏光\u001e1000×\u001e染色）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "diaolongbei", "quote": "器物残留淀粉粒分析 ∗\n\n 陶大卫 杨益民 黄卫东 吴妍 吴耀利 王昌燧\n\n\n 刚果红染色法 雕龙碑遗址 陶研磨棒 刻槽盆 关键词：淀粉粒\n KEY WORDS:starch grain Congo red staining Diaolongbei site pottery roller grooved\n basin\n ABSTRACT:Congo red staining can be used to detect effectively the remains of starch grain pro-\ncessing so some pottery objects and stone implements unearthed from the Diaolongbei site were tested", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d85967801c98b9d173ce4026418d823f827bc55e8191763acb176907c32e2042" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S132_ffee927bafd8_S132-F03", "paper_key": "S132_ffee927bafd8", "paper_id": "S132", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3\n磨盘和磨棒表层残留物提取的淀粉粒图（a,b）A类淀粉粒；（c,d）B类淀粉粒；（e,f）C类淀粉粒；（g,h）D类淀粉粒；（i）；E类淀粉粒；（j,k）表面破损及消光特征变弱淀粉粒。比例尺20μm", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a981840d20eb96bbeece11aa147f9a6b846bd6c31e9ef2b1e9368a3e9e776bf9", "image_bytes": 778452, "sites": [ "CN190" ], "caption_zh": "图3磨盘和磨棒表层残留物提取的淀粉粒图\n（a，b）A类淀粉粒，粟类植物；（c，d）B类淀粉粒，小麦族；（e，f）C类淀粉粒，块根块茎；（g，h）D类淀粉粒，豆科；（i）；E类淀粉粒，无法鉴定；（j，k）表面破损及消光特征变弱淀粉粒。比例尺20 μm", "caption_en": "Starch grains extracted from the surface residues of grinding stones and grinding rods (a,b) A-type starch grains; (c,d) B-type starch grains; (e,f) C-type starch grains; (g,h) D-type starch grains; (i) E-type starch grains; (j,k) starch grains with weakened surface damage and luster features. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "磨盘磨棒残留物淀粉粒图", "title_en": "Starch grains from grinding stone and rod surface residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/a981840d20eb96bbeece11aa.png", "image_url": "media/S132_ffee927bafd8_S132-F03.png?v=a981840d20eb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.375543+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN190", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图3\n磨盘和磨棒表层残留物提取的淀粉粒图（a,b）A类淀粉粒；（c,d）B类淀粉粒；（e,f）C类淀粉粒；（g,h）D类淀粉粒；（i）；E类淀粉粒；（j,k）表面破损及消光特征变弱淀粉粒。比例尺20μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "拉乙亥", "quote": "2017 年第4 期\n\n\n 青海中石器拉乙亥遗址磨盘及\n磨棒淀粉粒分析及其揭示的植物利用情况*\n\n 侯光良 马志坤 马永超\n\n\n\n\n 摘要：青藏高原海拔高，气候干燥，降雨量少，先民对其适应策略引起了广泛关注。目前，学者对高原植\n\n 物资源的利用和开发的情况尚缺乏全面的了解。距今约7.6ka BP拉乙亥遗址是一处位于青藏高原东北缘的\n\n 新旧石器过渡时期遗址，出土了高原早期文化遗存鲜见的石磨盘和石磨棒。本文对拉乙亥遗址一件磨盘和\n\n 一件磨棒表面残留物进行淀粉粒和植硅体分析，结果表明：黍族淀粉粒含量较", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ffee927bafd8931860fbcdad94e6846ff6cdb0a42c3167c760eff18336d156bc" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S132_ffee927bafd8_S132-F04", "paper_key": "S132_ffee927bafd8", "paper_id": "S132", "number": "4", "caption_original": "(a)哑铃型；(b)竖排哑铃型；(c)平滑棒型；(d)方型；(e)粟稃片Ω型。比例尺20μm图4表层残留物提取的植硅体图", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "74d2bff89eb04958b9a2a51eeb2afd04a05f3bedf55b3a658f064e86fe6bf745", "image_bytes": 996662, "sites": [ "CN190" ], "caption_zh": "图4 表层残留物提取的植硅体图\n（a）哑铃型；（b）竖排哑铃型；（c）平滑棒型；（d）方型；（e）粟稃片Ω型。比例尺20μm", "caption_en": "(a) dumbbell-shaped; (b) vertically arranged dumbbell-shaped; (c) smooth rod-shaped; (d) square-shaped; (e) outer稃 of foxtail millet Ω-shaped. Scale bar: 20 μm. Figure 4. Phytoliths extracted from surface residues", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "表层残留物提取的植硅体图", "title_en": "Phytoliths extracted from surface residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/74d2bff89eb04958b9a2a51e.png", "image_url": "media/S132_ffee927bafd8_S132-F04.png?v=74d2bff89eb0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.440542+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN190", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "(a)哑铃型；(b)竖排哑铃型；(c)平滑棒型；(d)方型；(e)粟稃片Ω型。比例尺20μm图4表层残留物提取的植硅体图", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "拉乙亥", "quote": "2017 年第4 期\n\n\n 青海中石器拉乙亥遗址磨盘及\n磨棒淀粉粒分析及其揭示的植物利用情况*\n\n 侯光良 马志坤 马永超\n\n\n\n\n 摘要：青藏高原海拔高，气候干燥，降雨量少，先民对其适应策略引起了广泛关注。目前，学者对高原植\n\n 物资源的利用和开发的情况尚缺乏全面的了解。距今约7.6ka BP拉乙亥遗址是一处位于青藏高原东北缘的\n\n 新旧石器过渡时期遗址，出土了高原早期文化遗存鲜见的石磨盘和石磨棒。本文对拉乙亥遗址一件磨盘和\n\n 一件磨棒表面残留物进行淀粉粒和植硅体分析，结果表明：黍族淀粉粒含量较", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ffee927bafd8931860fbcdad94e6846ff6cdb0a42c3167c760eff18336d156bc" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S133_8dea5d9a8922_S133-F02", "paper_key": "S133_8dea5d9a8922", "paper_id": "S133", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图２　现代部分植物淀粉粒特征\n（ａ）小麦淀粉粒，采自青海，淀粉粒平均粒径１８７±８．８μｍ（ｎ＝１１２）　（ｂ）大麦淀粉粒，采自甘肃，淀粉粒平均粒径１７．４±４．７μｍ（ｎ＝１０９）　（ｃ）高\n粱淀粉粒，采自北京，淀粉粒平均粒径１６７±５．５μｍ（ｎ＝１６０）　（ｄ）粟（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ）淀粉粒，采自甘肃，淀粉粒平均粒径１０．３±２．２μｍ（ｎ＝１００）\n（ｅ）红小豆（Ｖｉｇｎａｕｍｂｅｌｌａｔａ）淀粉粒，采自甘肃，淀粉粒平均粒径３３．４±１０．０μｍ（ｎ＝１１８）　（ｆ）绿豆（Ｖｉｇｎａｒａｄｉａｔａ）淀粉粒，采自甘肃，５μｍ以上淀\n粉粒平均粒径１７４±６３μｍ（ｎ＝１１１）　（ｇ）豌豆（Ｐｉｓｕｍｓａｔｉｖｕｍ）淀粉粒，采自甘肃，淀粉粒平均粒径２０９±９．０μｍ（ｎ＝１３７）（ｈ）回回豆（Ｃｉｃｅｒ\nａｒｉｅｔｉｎｕｍ）淀粉粒，采自甘肃，淀粉粒平均粒径１５．８±５．８μｍ（ｎ＝１３６）　（ｉ）兰州百合（Ｌｉｌｉｕｍｄａｖｉｄｉｉｖａｒ．ｗｉｌｌｍｏｔｔｉａｅ）淀粉粒，采自兰州，淀粉粒\n平均粒径２７９±１５．０μｍ（ｎ＝１１１）\nＦｉｇ２　Ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｏｆｓｏｍｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ\n（ａ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｏｆｗｈｅａｔ，ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＱｉｎｇｈａｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ，ｍｅａｎｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒ：１８７±８．８μｍ（ｎ＝１１２）；（ｂ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｏｆｂａｒｌｅｙ，ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ\nｆｒｏｍＧａｎｓｕＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ，ｍｅａｎｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒ：１７．４±４．７μｍ（ｎ＝１０９）；（ｃ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｏｆｓｏｒｇｈｕｍ，ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＢｅｉｊｉｎｇ，ｍｅａｎｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒ：\n１６７±５５μｍ（ｎ＝１６０）；（ｄ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｏｆｆｏｘｔａｉｌｍｉｌｌｅｔ（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ），ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＧａｎｓｕＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ，ｍｅａｎｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒ：１０．３±２．２μｍ\n（ｎ＝１００）；（ｅ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｏｆｒｅｄｂｅａｎ（Ｖｉｇｎａｕｍｂｅｌｌａｔａ），ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＧａｎｓｕＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ，ｍｅａｎｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒ：３３．４±１０．０μｍ（ｎ＝１１８）；\n（ｆ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｏｆｍｕｎｇｂｅａｎ（Ｖｉｇｎａｒａｄｉａｔａ），ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＧａｎｓｕＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ，ｍｅａｎｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒｏｆｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｌａｒｇｅｒｔｈａｎ５μｍ：１７４±\n６．３μｍ（ｎ＝１１１）；（ｇ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｏｆｐｅａ（Ｐｉｓｕｍｓａｔｉｖｕｍ），ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＧａｎｓｕＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ，ｍｅａｎｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒ：２０９±９．０μｍ（ｎ＝１３７）；\n（ｈ）ｓｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｏｆｃｈｉｃｋｐｅａ（Ｃｉｃｅｒａｒｉｅｔｉｎｕｍ），ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＧａｎｓｕＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ，ｍｅａｎｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒ：１５．８±５．８μｍ（ｎ＝１３６）；（ｉ）ｓｔａｒｃｈ\nｇｒａｉｎｓｏｆｌｉｌｙ（Ｌｉｌｉｕｍｄａｖｉｄｉｉｖａｒ．ｗｉｌｌｍｏｔｔｉａｅ），ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＬａｎｚｈｏｕ，ＧａｎｓｕＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ，ｍｅａｎｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒ：２７９±１５０μｍ（ｎ＝１１１）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文“赤小豆／红豆”等中文样品名与所列Vigna umbellata并用；英文依据所列学名写rice bean，中文原称保留。这里不据图注裁定作者样品是否误鉴定。\n2026-10-21复核：原文e样品中文写“红小豆”，学名为Vigna umbellata（通常对应饭豆）；保留原文样品名与学名并提示名实对应待核，不擅自改为Vigna angularis。", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8c483fdcf450e4d4362819aa63d537469ddd7f7132129ac8f17f09e2b08c828c", "image_bytes": 5997118, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 现代部分植物淀粉粒特征\n（a）小麦淀粉粒，采自青海，淀粉粒平均粒径18.7±8.8 μm（n=112） （b）大麦淀粉粒，采自甘肃，淀粉粒平均粒径17.4±4.7 μm（n=109） （c）高粱淀粉粒，采自北京，淀粉粒平均粒径16.7±5.5 μm（n=160） （d）粟（Setaria italica）淀粉粒，采自甘肃，淀粉粒平均粒径10.3±2.2 μm（n=100）\n（e）红小豆（Vigna umbellata）淀粉粒，采自甘肃，淀粉粒平均粒径33.4±10.0 μm（n=118） （f）绿豆（Vigna radiata）淀粉粒，采自甘肃，5μm以上淀粉粒平均粒径17.4±6.3 μm（n=111） （g）豌豆（Pisum sativum）淀粉粒，采自甘肃，淀粉粒平均粒径20.9±9.0 μm（n=137）（h）回回豆（Cicer arietinum）淀粉粒，采自甘肃，淀粉粒平均粒径15.8±5.8 μm（n=136） （i）兰州百合（Liliumdavidiivar.willmottiae）淀粉粒，采自兰州，淀粉粒平均粒径27.9±15.0 μm（n=111）", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Starch grains of some modern species (a) wheat starch grains, collected from Qinghai, mean grain diameter: 18.7±8.8 μm (n=112); (b) barley starch grains, collected from Gansu, mean grain diameter: 17.4±4.7 μm (n=109); (c) Sorghum starch grains, collected from Beijing, mean grain diameter: 16.7±5.5 μm (n=160); (d) foxtail millet (Setaria italica) starch grains, collected from Gansu, mean grain diameter: 10.3±2.2 μm (n=100); (e) red bean (rice bean, Vigna umbellata) starch grains, collected from Gansu, mean grain diameter: 33.4±10.0 μm (n=118); (f) mung bean (Vigna radiata) starch grains, collected from Gansu, mean grain diameter of starch grains larger than 5 μm: 17.4±6.3 μm (n=111); (g) pea (Pisum sativum) starch grains, collected from Gansu, mean grain diameter: 20.9±9.0 μm (n=137); (h) chick pea (chickpea, Cicer arietinum) starch grains, collected from Gansu, mean grain diameter: 15.8±5.8 μm (n=136); (i) lily (David’s lily, Lilium davidii var. willmottae) starch grains, collected from Lanzhou, Gansu Province, mean grain diameter: 27.9±15.0 μm (n=111)\n\nEditorial source-check note:\nThe source calls specimen e “red small bean” but gives Vigna umbellata (rice bean). Both original labels are retained; the actual specimen requires confirmation, and its scientific name is not silently changed to Vigna angularis.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代部分植物淀粉粒特征", "title_en": "Starch grains of some modern species", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/8c483fdcf450e4d4362819aa.png", "image_url": "media/S133_8dea5d9a8922_S133-F02.png?v=8c483fdcf450", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.511601+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S133_8dea5d9a8922_S133-F03", "paper_key": "S133_8dea5d9a8922", "paper_id": "S133", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图３　青海丰台遗址灰坑中提取的淀粉粒\n（ａ，ｂ）第一类淀粉粒　（ｃ，ｄ）第二类淀粉粒　（ｅ，ｆ）第三类淀粉粒　（ｇ）第四类淀粉粒　（ｈ）第五类淀粉粒　（ｉ）第六类淀粉粒\nＦｉｇ３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｐｉｔｓｏｆｔｈｅＦｅｎｇｔａｉＳｉｔｅｉｎＱｉｎｇｈａｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．\nＴｈｅｙｃａｎｂｅｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏ６ｇｒｏｕｐｓ．Ｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｇｒｏｕｐ：（ａ）ａｎｄ（ｂ）；ｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄ：（ｃ）ａｎｄ（ｄ）；ｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄ：（ｅ）ａｎｄ（ｆ）；\nｔｈｅｆｏｕｒｔｈ：（ｇ）；ｔｈｅｆｉｆｔｈ：（ｈ）；ａｎｄｔｈｅｓｉｘｔｈ：（ｉ）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c2785feff9df063fc34c654dbb50f40989ea9bfec95f30e0d7355da521805593", "image_bytes": 8526520, "sites": [ "CN042" ], "caption_zh": "图3 青海丰台遗址灰坑中提取的淀粉粒\n（a，b）第一类淀粉粒，小麦族，（c，d）第二类淀粉粒，可能是粟或高粱， （e，f）第三类淀粉粒，豇豆属或豌豆属， （g）第四类淀粉粒，块根块茎类植物， （h）第五类淀粉粒，百合科，（i）第六类淀粉粒，不能鉴定。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grains from pits of the Fengtai Site in Qinghai Province. They can be divided into 6 groups. The first group: (a) and (b); the second: (c) and (d); the third: (e) and (f); the fourth: (g); the fifth: (h); and the sixth: (i).\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\na–b (第一类): One or more Triticeae taxa; wheat and barley are not individually distinguished. (PDF pp. 2).\nc–d (第二类): Possibly foxtail millet and/or sorghum in the authors’ interpretation; sorghum requires further evidence and is not a confirmed cultivated crop here. (PDF pp. 2).\ne–f (第三类): Legumes: some compare with Vigna or Pisum, another with Cicer; not all identified as mung bean or adzuki bean. (PDF pp. 2, 2).\ng (第四类): Possibly a root or tuber, without a precise taxonomic assignment. (PDF pp. 2, 3).\nh (第五类): Similar to lily starch; the authors suggest Liliaceae, not a particular lily species. (PDF pp. 3).\ni (第六类): A large grain whose plant origin remains unidentified in the source. (PDF pp. 3).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "青海丰台遗址灰坑淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from pits of the Fengtai Site in Qinghai Province", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/c2785feff9df063fc34c654d.png", "image_url": "media/S133_8dea5d9a8922_S133-F03.png?v=c2785feff9df", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "a–b", "type_code": "第一类", "interpretation_zh": "小麦族若干属的一种或几种植物，不能进一步区分小麦与大麦。", "interpretation_en": "One or more Triticeae taxa; wheat and barley are not individually distinguished.", "uncertainty": "族级。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "确定该类淀粉粒来源于上述几个属的一种或几种植物。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c2785feff9df063fc34c654dbb50f40989ea9bfec95f30e0d7355da521805593" }, { "panels": "c–d", "type_code": "第二类", "interpretation_zh": "作者认为可能包括粟与高粱；高粱归属需其他证据，不能写成已确认栽培高粱。", "interpretation_en": "Possibly foxtail millet and/or sorghum in the authors’ interpretation; sorghum requires further evidence and is not a confirmed cultivated crop here.", "uncertainty": "可能性与证据限制。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "该类淀粉粒可能既有来源于粟，又有来源于高粱淀粉粒。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c2785feff9df063fc34c654dbb50f40989ea9bfec95f30e0d7355da521805593" }, { "panels": "e–f", "type_code": "第三类", "interpretation_zh": "豆科植物；部分与豇豆属或豌豆属相似，另一颗与鹰嘴豆属相似，不能全部指定为绿豆或小豆。", "interpretation_en": "Legumes: some compare with Vigna or Pisum, another with Cicer; not all identified as mung bean or adzuki bean.", "uncertainty": "多种比较对象。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "可能来源于豇豆属，或者豌豆属某种植物。" }, { "page": 2, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "可能来源于鹰嘴豆属植物。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c2785feff9df063fc34c654dbb50f40989ea9bfec95f30e0d7355da521805593" }, { "panels": "g", "type_code": "第四类", "interpretation_zh": "可能来自某种块根块茎类植物，具体种属未定。", "interpretation_en": "Possibly a root or tuber, without a precise taxonomic assignment.", "uncertainty": "未定根茎类。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 2, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "因此该类淀粉粒可能来自某" }, { "page": 3, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "种块根块茎类植物。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c2785feff9df063fc34c654dbb50f40989ea9bfec95f30e0d7355da521805593" }, { "panels": "h", "type_code": "第五类", "interpretation_zh": "与百合淀粉相似，作者仅推测来自百合科，不鉴定到兰州百合或其他具体种。", "interpretation_en": "Similar to lily starch; the authors suggest Liliaceae, not a particular lily species.", "uncertainty": "不扩大现代参照种名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "该粒淀粉可能来自于百合科植物。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c2785feff9df063fc34c654dbb50f40989ea9bfec95f30e0d7355da521805593" }, { "panels": "i", "type_code": "第六类", "interpretation_zh": "大型颗粒，原文暂不能确定植物来源。", "interpretation_en": "A large grain whose plant origin remains unidentified in the source.", "uncertainty": "未定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "暂不能确定。" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c2785feff9df063fc34c654dbb50f40989ea9bfec95f30e0d7355da521805593" } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.568399+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN042", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图３　青海丰台遗址灰坑中提取的淀粉粒\n（ａ，ｂ）第一类淀粉粒　（ｃ，ｄ）第二类淀粉粒　（ｅ，ｆ）第三类淀粉粒　（ｇ）第四类淀粉粒　（ｈ）第五类淀粉粒　（ｉ）第六类淀粉粒\nＦｉｇ３　ＳｔａｒｃｈｇｒａｉｎｓｆｒｏｍｐｉｔｓｏｆｔｈｅＦｅｎｇｔａｉＳｉｔｅｉｎＱｉｎｇｈａｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．\nＴｈｅｙｃａｎｂｅｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏ６ｇｒｏｕｐｓ．Ｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｇｒｏｕｐ：（ａ）ａｎｄ（ｂ）；ｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄ：（ｃ）ａｎｄ（ｄ）；ｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄ：（ｅ）ａｎｄ（ｆ）；\nｔｈｅｆｏｕｒｔｈ：（ｇ）；ｔｈｅｆｉｆｔｈ：（ｈ）；ａｎｄｔｈｅｓｉｘｔｈ：（ｉ）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "丰台", "quote": "Ｍａｒｃｈ，２０１０\n\n\nｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１７４１０．２０１０．０２．１４ 文章编号　　１００１－７４１０（２０１０）０２－３７２－０５\n\n\n 青海卡约文化丰台遗址灰坑古代淀粉粒\n 揭示的植物利用情况 \n\n 李明启 ①②　葛全胜 ①　王　强 ①　蔡林海 ③　任晓燕 ③\n\n （①中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京　１００１０１；②中国科学院研究生院，北京　１０００４９；\n\n ③青海省文物考古研究所，西宁　８１０００７）\n\n\n 摘要　　青海丰台遗址是一处卡约文化遗址，约３２００～２８００ａＢＰ．。通过对其灰坑中提取的淀粉粒分析了该区域\n\n 当时先民们对植物利用情况。灰坑中包含", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8dea5d9a89220443cec2cc3f36287e99f7686088c767e7c86b857ae767c44b67" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0004-B001", "paper_key": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9", "paper_id": "S134", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "图2 青海民和喇家遗址石刀表层残留物中提取的淀粉粒图 (a)~(e) Ⅰ类淀粉; (f)~(k) Ⅱ类淀粉; (l)~(m) Ⅲ类淀粉; (n), (o) Ⅳ类淀粉; (p) Ⅴ类淀粉", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0c1b653b30db52455ca24bef2e89961355c8a725ebeec5bb8fb4b39404f9c637", "image_bytes": 4617810, "sites": [ "CN119" ], "caption_zh": "图2 青海民和喇家遗址石刀表层残留物中提取的淀粉粒图 （a）~（e） Ⅰ类淀粉，粟、黍及其茎秆； （f）~（k） Ⅱ类淀粉，小麦族淀粉粒，大麦属； （l）~（m） Ⅲ类淀粉，食用豆类； （n）， （o） Ⅳ类淀粉，块根块茎植物； （p） Ⅴ类淀粉，破损淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Starch grains extracted from the surface residue of stone knives at the Lajia site, Qinghai Minhe. (a)~(e) Starch type I; (f)~(k) Starch type II; (l)~(m) Starch type III; (n), (o) Starch type IV; (p) Starch type V\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\na / b: Millet type; stem versus seed source discussed separately (PDF p. 3).\nc: Very likely from wheat/barley-type plant stems (PDF p. 3).\nd / e: At least from foxtail millet stems (PDF p. 3).\nf / g: barley (Hordeum) (PDF p. 3).\nh / i / j: Includes wheat (Triticum); not all grains assigned individually (PDF p. 3).\nk: Side view of biconvex starch; subtype not specified here (PDF p. 3).\nl / m: Edible legumes, not a single genus or species (PDF p. 3).\nn / o: Root / tuber comparison; lily is a reference, not a firm identification (PDF p. 3).\np: Damaged or lacking diagnostic features (PDF p. 3).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "青海民和喇家遗址石刀表层残留物淀粉粒图", "title_en": "Starch grains from surface residue of stone knives at the Lajia site, Qinghai Minhe", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/0c1b653b30db52455ca24bef.png", "image_url": "media/S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0004-B001.png?v=0c1b653b30db", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "a / b", "type_code": "Ⅰ-1", "interpretation_zh": "原文初判粟、黍；全文还讨论茎秆来源，勿简化为种子证据", "interpretation_en": "Millet type; stem versus seed source discussed separately", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "Ⅰ-1 类的171 颗淀粉粒应当来源于粟和黍2 种植物." } ], "figure_id": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0004-B001", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0c1b653b30db52455ca24bef2e89961355c8a725ebeec5bb8fb4b39404f9c637" }, { "panels": "c", "type_code": "Ⅰ-2", "interpretation_zh": "很可能来自麦类植物茎秆", "interpretation_en": "Very likely from wheat/barley-type plant stems", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "很可能来源于麦类植物茎秆." } ], "figure_id": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0004-B001", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0c1b653b30db52455ca24bef2e89961355c8a725ebeec5bb8fb4b39404f9c637" }, { "panels": "d / e", "type_code": "Ⅰ-3", "interpretation_zh": "至少来自粟的茎秆", "interpretation_en": "At least from foxtail millet stems", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "Ⅰ-3 类淀粉粒至少来自粟的茎秆." } ], "figure_id": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0004-B001", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0c1b653b30db52455ca24bef2e89961355c8a725ebeec5bb8fb4b39404f9c637" }, { "panels": "f / g", "type_code": "Ⅱ-1", "interpretation_zh": "大麦属（Hordeum）", "interpretation_en": "barley (Hordeum)", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "Ⅱ-1 类淀粉粒应来自大麦属(Hordeum)植物." } ], "figure_id": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0004-B001", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0c1b653b30db52455ca24bef2e89961355c8a725ebeec5bb8fb4b39404f9c637" }, { "panels": "h / i / j", "type_code": "Ⅱ-2", "interpretation_zh": "至少包含小麦属（Triticum），不是每颗均定为小麦", "interpretation_en": "Includes wheat (Triticum); not all grains assigned individually", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "Ⅱ-2 类淀粉粒至少包含了应来自小麦属(Triticum)的植物." } ], "figure_id": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0004-B001", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0c1b653b30db52455ca24bef2e89961355c8a725ebeec5bb8fb4b39404f9c637" }, { "panels": "k", "type_code": "Ⅱ类侧视", "interpretation_zh": "双凸透镜状颗粒的侧视；正文未在此处指定Ⅱ-1或Ⅱ-2亚类", "interpretation_en": "Side view of biconvex starch; subtype not specified here", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "侧面呈细长椭球形, 中间有一纵向凹痕(图2(k))." } ], "figure_id": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0004-B001", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0c1b653b30db52455ca24bef2e89961355c8a725ebeec5bb8fb4b39404f9c637" }, { "panels": "l / m", "type_code": "Ⅲ", "interpretation_zh": "食用豆类；比较木豆、鹰嘴豆和菜豆属，未定到单一属种", "interpretation_en": "Edible legumes, not a single genus or species", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "Ⅲ类可确定为食用豆类植物." } ], "figure_id": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0004-B001", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0c1b653b30db52455ca24bef2e89961355c8a725ebeec5bb8fb4b39404f9c637" }, { "panels": "n / o", "type_code": "Ⅳ", "interpretation_zh": "块根块茎类比较；百合是参照例子，不是确定鉴定", "interpretation_en": "Root / tuber comparison; lily is a reference, not a firm identification", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "现代标本库中, 块根块茎类作物一般粒径大, 脐点偏于一端" } ], "figure_id": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0004-B001", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0c1b653b30db52455ca24bef2e89961355c8a725ebeec5bb8fb4b39404f9c637" }, { "panels": "p", "type_code": "Ⅴ", "interpretation_zh": "残损或不具鉴定特征，不能指定植物类型", "interpretation_en": "Damaged or lacking diagnostic features", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "由于已经残损或者不具有鉴定特征而归为Ⅴ类." } ], "figure_id": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0004-B001", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "0c1b653b30db52455ca24bef2e89961355c8a725ebeec5bb8fb4b39404f9c637" } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "source_checked_mapping", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.634707+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图2 青海民和喇家遗址石刀表层残留物中提取的淀粉粒图 (a)~(e) Ⅰ类淀粉; (f)~(k) Ⅱ类淀粉; (l)~(m) Ⅲ类淀粉; (n), (o) Ⅳ类淀粉; (p) Ⅴ类淀粉", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "–1248\n 英文版见: Ma Z K, Li Q, Huan X J, et al. Plant microremains provide direct evidence for the functions of stone knives from the Lajia site, northwestern\n China. Chin Sci Bull, 2014, 59: 1151–1158, doi: 10.1007/s11434-014-0174-0", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6ca5edd1a7c9953ea4f91acbcedb9dba3fd74381f9f63a3306c60420530819aa" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0005-B001", "paper_key": "S134_6ca5edd1a7c9", "paper_id": "S134", "number": "未编号2", "caption_original": "图3 青海民和喇家遗址石刀表层残留物中提取的植硅体图 (a), (b) 哑铃型; (c) 刺棒型; (d) 平滑棒型; (e) 方型; (f) 尖型; (g) 帽型; (h) 塔形; (i), (j) 黍子稃片η 型; (k) 粟稃片Ω型; (l) 可能来自禾草类植物麸片", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "49928ee95a819bb63a824f61e924bd283bf139bfaa02d461a82fb2730e82e07d", "image_bytes": 4329996, "sites": [ "CN119" ], "caption_zh": "图3 青海民和喇家遗址石刀表层残留物中提取的植硅体图 \n（a）， （b） 哑铃型； （c） 刺棒型； （d） 平滑棒型； （e） 方型； （f） 尖型； （g） 帽型； （h） 塔形； （i）， （j） 黍子稃片η 型； （k） 粟稃片Ω型； （l） 可能来自禾草类植物麸片", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Phytoliths extracted from the surface residue of stone knives at the Lajia site, Qinghai Minhe. (a), (b) dumbbell-shaped; (c) spiky rod-shaped; (d) smooth rod-shaped; (e) square-shaped; (f) pointed-shaped; (g) cap-shaped; (h) tower-shaped; (i), (j) husk fragment η-type of foxtail millet; (k) husk fragment Ω-type of foxtail millet; (l) possibly from grassy plant lemma fragments", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "青海民和喇家遗址石刀表层残留物植硅体图", "title_en": "Phytoliths from surface residue of stone knives at the Lajia site, Qinghai Minhe", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/49928ee95a819bb63a824f61.png", "image_url": "media/S134_6ca5edd1a7c9_S134-P0005-B001.png?v=49928ee95a81", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.697795+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图3 青海民和喇家遗址石刀表层残留物中提取的植硅体图 (a), (b) 哑铃型; (c) 刺棒型; (d) 平滑棒型; (e) 方型; (f) 尖型; (g) 帽型; (h) 塔形; (i), (j) 黍子稃片η 型; (k) 粟稃片Ω型; (l) 可能来自禾草类植物麸片", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "–1248\n 英文版见: Ma Z K, Li Q, Huan X J, et al. Plant microremains provide direct evidence for the functions of stone knives from the Lajia site, northwestern\n China. Chin Sci Bull, 2014, 59: 1151–1158, doi: 10.1007/s11434-014-0174-0", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6ca5edd1a7c9953ea4f91acbcedb9dba3fd74381f9f63a3306c60420530819aa" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F01", "paper_key": "S135_931c7d097e29", "paper_id": "S135", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图一 未加工的现代淀粉粒样品。每组中左为DIC下影像，右为偏振光下影像。图中比例尺为10微米。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。植物与编号对应关系据图内标注补入。", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "fafac7be1c153d3bd3a774425e89dc0739fd3742b5a66994c8268a8a93b78e27", "image_bytes": 286605, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图一 未加工的现代淀粉粒样品。1，小麦；2，薏苡；3，粟；4，黍。每组中左为微分干涉（DIC）图像，右为偏振光图像。比例尺为10 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 1. Unprocessed modern starch references. 1, wheat; 2, Job’s tears; 3, foxtail millet; 4, broomcorn millet. In each group, the left image is under differential interference contrast (DIC) and the right under polarized light. Scale bar: 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "未加工现代植物的淀粉粒形态", "title_zh": "未加工现代植物的淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Unprocessed modern starch grain samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/fafac7be1c153d3bd3a77442.png", "image_url": "media/S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F01.png?v=fafac7be1c15", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图一 未加工的现代淀粉粒样品。1. 小麦；2. 薏苡；3. 粟；4. 黍。每组中左为DIC下影像，右为偏振光下影像。图中比例尺为10微米。", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.747827+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F02", "paper_key": "S135_931c7d097e29", "paper_id": "S135", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二 臼捣及碾磨后的淀粉粒。1，臼捣后的小麦淀粉粒（箭头示开裂）；2，碾磨后断裂的小麦淀粉粒；3，碾磨后断裂的粟淀粉粒；4—6，碾磨后的小麦淀粉粒（5中箭头示消光区域的扩大）；7，碾磨后的粟淀粉粒（a中箭头示裂隙，b中箭头示消光臂宽度的增加）；8，碾磨后的黍淀粉粒（a中箭头示裂隙，b中箭头示消光臂宽度的增加）。每组中左为DIC下影像，右为偏振光下影像。图中1—6比例尺为20微米，7、8比例尺为10微米。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "86ca3d41f0e39b679967274b1703d102592f335929a80f297257694ecc00ebe9", "image_bytes": 3097896, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图二 臼捣及碾磨后的淀粉粒。\n1，臼捣后的小麦淀粉粒，箭头示开裂；2，碾磨后断裂的小麦淀粉粒；3，碾磨后断裂的粟淀粉粒；4—6，碾磨后的小麦淀粉粒，5中箭头示消光区域扩大；7，碾磨后的粟淀粉粒，a中箭头示裂隙，b中箭头示消光臂宽度增加；8，碾磨后的黍淀粉粒，a中箭头示裂隙，b中箭头示消光臂宽度增加。每组中左为DIC图像，右为偏振光图像。比例尺：1—6为20 μm，7、8为10 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Starch grains after pounding and grinding. 1, wheat starch grains after pounding (arrow indicates cracking); 2, fractured wheat starch grains after grinding; 3, fractured foxtail millet starch grains after grinding; 4–6, wheat starch grains after grinding (arrow in 5 indicates expansion of the extinction area); 7, foxtail millet starch grains after grinding (arrow a indicates fissure, arrow b indicates increased width of extinction arm); 8, broomcorn millet starch grains after grinding (arrow a indicates fissure, arrow b indicates increased width of extinction arm). Left images in each group are DIC images, right images are polarized light images. Scale bars 1–6 are 20 μm, scale bars 7 and 8 are 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "臼捣和碾磨造成的淀粉粒损伤", "title_zh": "臼捣和碾磨造成的淀粉粒损伤", "title_en": "Starch grains after pounding and grinding", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/86ca3d41f0e39b679967274b.png", "image_url": "media/S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F02.png?v=86ca3d41f0e3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.804846+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F03", "paper_key": "S135_931c7d097e29", "paper_id": "S135", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三 水煮后的淀粉粒。1—3，水煮后淀粉粒产生的裂隙（每组中左为DIC下影像，右为偏振光下影像。1为水煮1分钟的粟淀粉粒，2、3为水煮1分钟的小麦淀粉粒）；3—5，水煮后淀粉粒轮纹的清晰化现象（3为水煮1分钟的小麦淀粉粒，4为水煮1分钟的薏苡淀粉粒，5为水煮5分钟的粟淀粉粒）；6，水煮5分钟后变形的粟淀粉粒；7，水煮10分钟后膨胀的小麦淀粉粒；8、9，水煮30分钟后胶体化的淀粉（8为粟，9为小麦）。图中比例尺为20微米。", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。按PDF恢复此前缺失的7号说明。中文整理稿将“轮纹”统一作“层纹”，“胶体化”统一作“糊化”；原图注转录仍保留原词。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "812adf6eee1ac1d4c0e4d7a88deecea67bb234ba6f37de282d60ce9d92ba7c8d", "image_bytes": 3165459, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图三 水煮后的淀粉粒。\n1—3，水煮后产生裂隙的淀粉粒，每组左为DIC图像，右为偏振光图像；其中1为水煮1分钟的粟淀粉粒，2、3为水煮1分钟的小麦淀粉粒。3—5，水煮后层纹变清晰的淀粉粒，其中3为水煮1分钟的小麦淀粉粒，4为水煮1分钟的薏苡淀粉粒，5为水煮5分钟的粟淀粉粒。6，水煮5分钟后变形的粟淀粉粒；7，水煮10分钟后膨胀的小麦淀粉粒；8、9，水煮30分钟后糊化的淀粉，8为粟，9为小麦。比例尺为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Starch grains after boiling. 1–3, cracks formed in starch grains after boiling (in each group, the left image is under DIC, the right under polarized light; 1 is foxtail millet starch grains boiled for 1 minute, 2 and 3 are wheat starch grains boiled for 1 minute); 3–5, more clearly visible starch-grain lamellae (3 is wheat starch grains boiled for 1 minute, 4 is Job’s tears starch grains boiled for 1 minute, 5 is foxtail millet starch grains boiled for 5 minutes); 6, deformed foxtail millet starch grains after 5 minutes of boiling; 7, swollen wheat starch grains after 10 minutes of boiling; 8–9, gelatinized starch after 30 minutes of boiling (8 is foxtail millet, 9 is wheat). Scale bar is 20 micrometers.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "水煮造成的淀粉粒形态变化", "title_zh": "水煮造成的淀粉粒形态变化", "title_en": "Morphological changes of starch grains after boiling", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/812adf6eee1ac1d4c0e4d7a8.png", "image_url": "media/S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F03.png?v=812adf6eee1a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.855461+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F04", "paper_key": "S135_931c7d097e29", "paper_id": "S135", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四\n焙烤和蒸馏后的小麦淀粉粒\n1∙焙烤后的小麦（原料为面包$箭头示极个别未糊化的淀粉粒）\n2∙蒸馏后的小\n麦（原料为馒头）（左为DIC 下影像$右为偏振光下影像。图中比例尺为20微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "72eff5d723f3361ddcf7a1dc7786cb3f50e28f6627e5d7c7c98f752eff643e54", "image_bytes": 1157638, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图四 焙烤和蒸馏后的小麦淀粉粒\n1∙焙烤后的小麦（原料为面包$箭头示极个别未糊化的淀粉粒）\n2∙蒸馏后的小麦（原料为馒头）（左为DIC 下影像$右为偏振光下影像。图中比例尺为20微米）", "caption_en": "Figure four. Starch grains of wheat after roasting and steaming. 1. Roasted wheat (raw material from bread; arrows indicate a few individual non-gelatinized starch grains); 2. Steamed wheat (raw material from buns) (left: DIC image; right: polarized light image; scale bar is 20 micrometers).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "焙烤和蒸馏后的小麦淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains of wheat after roasting and steaming", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/72eff5d723f3361ddcf7a1dc.png", "image_url": "media/S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F04.png?v=72eff5d723f3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.901738+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F05", "paper_key": "S135_931c7d097e29", "paper_id": "S135", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五\n不同原料制作的面条水煮后的淀粉粒\n1∙小麦面条\n2、3∙粟麦混合面条\n4～6∙粟黍麦混合面条（图中1～3比例尺为20微米$4～6比例尺为10微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "249f3a58701b752c713e91fff5e60dfb0f06025e504d71b9ab805f6d4c894e7c", "image_bytes": 2984975, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图五不同原料制作的面条水煮后的淀粉粒\n1∙小麦面条 2、3∙粟麦混合面条 4~6∙粟黍麦混合面条（图中1~3比例尺为20微米$4~6比例尺为10微米）", "caption_en": "Figure 5. Starch grains from noodles made from different raw materials after boiling water treatment. 1·wheat noodles; 2, 3·mixed noodles of foxtail millet and wheat; 4–6·mixed noodles of foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and wheat (scale bars 1–3: 20 μm; scale bars 4–6: 10 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "不同原料制作的面条水煮后的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from noodles made from different raw materials after boiling water treatment", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/249f3a58701b752c713e91ff.png", "image_url": "media/S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F05.png?v=249f3a58701b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.946611+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F06", "paper_key": "S135_931c7d097e29", "paper_id": "S135", "number": "6", "caption_original": "图六\n西山遗址陶器上发现的损伤淀粉粒\n1～3∙西山遗址陶器上发现的损伤小麦淀粉粒（1、2中箭头示碾磨特征$3中箭头示碾磨和加热特征。左为DIC\n下影像$右为偏振光下影像）\n4∙西山遗址陶豆盘上发现的淀粉粒聚集体\n5∙煮过的现代粟淀粉粒\n6∙煮过\n的现代黍淀粉粒（图中比例尺为10微米）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1f0ff312b34f73fc0a36110a517d9ee71c25565ed1c919380abfc996425abb7a", "image_bytes": 1206918, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图六 西山遗址陶器上发现的损伤淀粉粒\n1~3∙西山遗址陶器上发现的损伤小麦淀粉粒（1、2中箭头示碾磨特征$3中箭头示碾磨和加热特征。左为DIC下影像$右为偏振光下影像）\n4∙西山遗址陶豆盘上发现的淀粉粒聚集体\n5∙煮过的现代粟淀粉粒6∙煮过的现代黍淀粉粒（图中比例尺为10微米）", "caption_en": "Figure 6. Starch grains recovered from pottery at the Xishan site\n1–3. Damaged wheat starch grains from pottery at the Xishan site (arrows in 1 and 2 indicate grinding features; arrows in 3 indicate grinding and heating features. Left: DIC image; right: polarized light image)\n4. Starch grain aggregates recovered from a pottery dish at the Xishan site\n5. Modern foxtail millet starch grains after boiling\n6. Modern broomcorn millet starch grains after boiling (scale bar in the figure is 10 micrometers)\n", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西山遗址陶器上发现的损伤淀粉粒", "title_en": "Damaged starch grains from pottery at the Xishan site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/1f0ff312b34f73fc0a36110a.png", "image_url": "media/S135_931c7d097e29_S135-F06.png?v=1f0ff312b34f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:27.992204+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S136_4278225ec231_S136-F03", "paper_key": "S136_4278225ec231", "paper_id": "S136", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三灰嘴带流罐上发现的淀粉粒与现代小米酒淀粉粒比较灰嘴带流壶：1. 粟黍淀粉粒2. 薏米淀粉粒3. 损伤粟黍淀粉粒，中心凹陷、深沟、边缘部分缺失（与5比较）4. 糊化淀粉粒（与6比较）现代小米酒：5. 损伤黍淀粉粒6. 糊化淀粉粒（标尺：4、6：20μm；1-3、5：10μm）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对照原始PDF校正中英植物名、图注项目对应及遗漏；保留原始题录和原文底稿。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5e2529acd4c3b9ffac9d78b127e4d42d5ba8e992456e9f87ac0f11d743be20c2", "image_bytes": 2141880, "sites": [ "CN142" ], "caption_zh": "图三 灰嘴带流罐上发现的淀粉粒与现代小米酒淀粉粒比较\n灰嘴带流壶：1. 粟黍淀粉粒2. 薏米淀粉粒3. 损伤粟黍淀粉粒，中心凹陷、深沟、边缘部分缺失（与5比较）4. 糊化淀粉粒（与6比较）现代小米酒：5. 损伤黍淀粉粒6. 糊化淀粉粒（标尺：4、6:20 μm；1-3、5:10 μm）", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Starch from the Huizui spouted vessel compared with modern millet-beer starch. Huizui: 1. Millet starch; 2. Job’s tears starch; 3. Damaged millet starch with central pitting, deep channels and partial loss of edges, compared with 5; 4. Gelatinized starch, compared with 6. Modern millet beer: 5. Damaged broomcorn millet starch; 6. Gelatinized starch. Scale bars: 4, 6, 20 μm; 1–3, 5, 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "灰嘴带流罐淀粉粒与现代小米酒淀粉粒比较", "title_en": "Starch grains from Huizui stream jar compared with starch grains from modern foxtail millet wine", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5e2529acd4c3b9ffac9d78b1.png", "image_url": "media/S136_4278225ec231_S136-F03.png?v=5e2529acd4c3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.058176+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN142", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图三灰嘴带流罐上发现的淀粉粒与现代小米酒淀粉粒比较灰嘴带流壶：1. 粟黍淀粉粒2. 薏米淀粉粒3. 损伤粟黍淀粉粒，中心凹陷、深沟、边缘部分缺失（与5比较）4. 糊化淀粉粒（与6比较）现代小米酒：5. 损伤黍淀粉粒6. 糊化淀粉粒（标尺：4、6：20μm；1-3、5：10μm）", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "huizui", "quote": "Abstract：Three pottery strainers, characterized by multiple holes in the closed spout, were unearthed at\nDahecun in Zhengzhou, Huizui in Yanshi and Yangshaocun in Mianchi, all in Henan province, dating to the\nLate Yangshao and Early Longshan periods. Based on the analysis of starch granules and phytoliths in the\nresidues from the Huizui strainer, we argue that this vessel was used to filter", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4278225ec231ff4668193c1175cfd4c0b971851c3be1f3b1056d036a88f90695" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S136_4278225ec231_S136-F04", "paper_key": "S136_4278225ec231", "paper_id": "S136", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四\n灰嘴带流壶上的植硅体举例\n1. 水稻双峰形\n2. 黍颖壳η型\n3. 圆齿状硅化骨架\n4. 棒形\n5、6. 哑铃形\n［14］。至今尚未对大汶口的盉进\n7. 毛细胞\n8. 扇形\n（标尺：3：10μm，5：50μm，1、2、4、6-8：20μm）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "去掉串入图注的右栏正文“[14]至今尚未对大汶口的盉进…”；黍颖壳纠正为broomcorn millet husk。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "92ba8658fad7566d476640a2b43060cec2b33439ecb64a76e80337bb365efc80", "image_bytes": 4224862, "sites": [ "CN142" ], "caption_zh": "图四 灰嘴带流壶上的植硅体举例。\n1.水稻双峰形；2.黍颖壳η型；3.圆齿状硅化骨架；4.棒形；5、6.哑铃形；7.毛细胞；8.扇形。比例尺：3为10 μm；5为50 μm；1、2、4、6–8为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Phytolith examples from the Huizui spouted vessel. 1. Rice double-peaked type; 2. Broomcorn millet husk, η-type; 3. Crenate silicified skeleton; 4. Elongate; 5, 6. Bilobate; 7. Hair cell; 8. Bulliform. Scale bars: 3, 10 μm; 5, 50 μm; 1, 2, 4, 6–8, 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "灰嘴带流壶上的植硅体举例", "title_en": "Examples of phytoliths from the Huizui type stream vessel", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/92ba8658fad7566d476640a2.png", "image_url": "media/S136_4278225ec231_S136-F04.png?v=92ba8658fad7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图四 灰嘴带流壶上的植硅体举例。1.水稻双峰形；2.黍颖壳η型；3.圆齿状硅化骨架；4.棒形；5、6.哑铃形；7.毛细胞；8.扇形。比例尺：3为10 μm；5为50 μm；1、2、4、6–8为20 μm。", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.116089+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN142", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图四 灰嘴带流壶上的植硅体举例。1.水稻双峰形；2.黍颖壳η型；3.圆齿状硅化骨架；4.棒形；5、6.哑铃形；7.毛细胞；8.扇形。比例尺：3为10 μm；5为50 μm；1、2、4、6–8为20 μm。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "huizui", "quote": "Abstract：Three pottery strainers, characterized by multiple holes in the closed spout, were unearthed at\nDahecun in Zhengzhou, Huizui in Yanshi and Yangshaocun in Mianchi, all in Henan province, dating to the\nLate Yangshao and Early Longshan periods. Based on the analysis of starch granules and phytoliths in the\nresidues from the Huizui strainer, we argue that this vessel was used to filter", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4278225ec231ff4668193c1175cfd4c0b971851c3be1f3b1056d036a88f90695" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F02", "paper_key": "S137_ba7ff285d337", "paper_id": "S137", "number": "12", "caption_original": "图一二二百户磨盘上发现的V型淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原始PDF图号纠正显示编号；稳定ID不变\nV型是类型编号，不是V形形态；纠正原英文V-shaped morphology误译。\n原文复核说明：图11标题V型与正文IV型有冲突。分图说明保留“大黄类对比”；类型编号注明原文冲突，不能连带改图12。", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c6431a3a2b41f5c6005e34929eba8d8fa662fd2ea578b3154f51c95e50908dfe", "image_bytes": 1218395, "sites": [ "CN118" ], "caption_zh": "图12 二百户磨盘上发现的V型淀粉粒，根茎类地下储藏器官。", "caption_en": "Figure 12. Type V starch found on an Erbaihu grinding slab.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "户磨盘上发现的V型淀粉粒", "title_en": "Type V starch from an Erbaihu grinding slab", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/c6431a3a2b41f5c6005e3492.png", "image_url": "media/S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F02.png?v=c6431a3a2b41", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.286810+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN118", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 14 ], "quote": "图一二二百户磨盘上发现的V型淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "二百户", "quote": "黑龙江二百户双区石磨盘功能分析及\n 相关问题研究\n\n\n 葛 威 １ 刘 莉 ２ 倪春野 ３\n\n （ １ ．厦门大学人文学院 ； ２ ．斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 ；\n\n ３ ．穆棱市文物管理所 ）\n\n\n\n\n\n 一", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ba7ff285d33763a32147abacaee54e38f1eb1abb660d20fe80fa8c103674da6d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F03", "paper_key": "S137_ba7ff285d337", "paper_id": "S137", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图三二百户磨盘上发现的Ｉ型淀粉粒ａ．近圆形ｂ．梭形", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文复核说明：图11标题V型与正文IV型有冲突。分图说明保留“大黄类对比”；类型编号注明原文冲突，不能连带改图12。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0d2eeec7871b9d204bb55ed78386be595a38b8dff2f611783bc62ecb3631a112", "image_bytes": 1354529, "sites": [ "CN118" ], "caption_zh": "图三 二百户磨盘上发现的I型淀粉粒 a.近圆形b.梭形 小麦族淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure three: Starch grains of type I found on the grinding stone at Erbaihu a. nearly circular b. spindle-shaped", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "二百户磨盘上发现的I型淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains of type I found on the grinding stone at Erbaihu", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/0d2eeec7871b9d204bb55ed7.png", "image_url": "media/S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F03.png?v=0d2eeec7871b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.351816+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN118", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图三二百户磨盘上发现的Ｉ型淀粉粒ａ．近圆形ｂ．梭形", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "二百户", "quote": "黑龙江二百户双区石磨盘功能分析及\n 相关问题研究\n\n\n 葛 威 １ 刘 莉 ２ 倪春野 ３\n\n （ １ ．厦门大学人文学院 ； ２ ．斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 ；\n\n ３ ．穆棱市文物管理所 ）\n\n\n\n\n\n 一", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ba7ff285d33763a32147abacaee54e38f1eb1abb660d20fe80fa8c103674da6d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F04", "paper_key": "S137_ba7ff285d337", "paper_id": "S137", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图四二百户磨盘上发现的以聚集态存在的I型淀粉粒\na. 2A-127 b.4B-36 c. 4B-58 d.4B-78", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文复核说明：图11标题V型与正文IV型有冲突。分图说明保留“大黄类对比”；类型编号注明原文冲突，不能连带改图12。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "99882646dc931f52baccee5b0639738568b3b8803281e7cdb0d06d08fe4cef71", "image_bytes": 3761920, "sites": [ "CN118" ], "caption_zh": "图四二百户磨盘上发现的以聚集态存在的I型淀粉粒\na. 2A-127 b.4B-36 c. 4B-58 d.4B-78 小麦属，大麦属，黑麦属，山羊草属及冰草属。", "caption_en": "Figure four: Starch grains of type I found in aggregated state on the grinding stone at Erbaihu a. 2A-127 b. 4B-36 c. 4B-58 d. 4B-78", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "二百户磨盘上发现的以聚集态存在的I型淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains of type I found in aggregated state on the grinding stone at Erbaihu", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/99882646dc931f52baccee5b.png", "image_url": "media/S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F04.png?v=99882646dc93", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.421869+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN118", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "图四二百户磨盘上发现的以聚集态存在的I型淀粉粒\na. 2A-127 b.4B-36 c. 4B-58 d.4B-78", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "二百户", "quote": "黑龙江二百户双区石磨盘功能分析及\n 相关问题研究\n\n\n 葛 威 １ 刘 莉 ２ 倪春野 ３\n\n （ １ ．厦门大学人文学院 ； ２ ．斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 ；\n\n ３ ．穆棱市文物管理所 ）\n\n\n\n\n\n 一", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ba7ff285d33763a32147abacaee54e38f1eb1abb660d20fe80fa8c103674da6d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F05", "paper_key": "S137_ba7ff285d337", "paper_id": "S137", "number": "5", "caption_original": "图五\n几种小麦族种子的淀粉粒\n（右为偏光下图像\n）\nａ\n．大麦\nｂ\n．黑麦\nｃ\n．三芒山羊草", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原图c为三芒山羊草；纠正错误的Tripsacum tripartitum译名。\n原文复核说明：图11标题V型与正文IV型有冲突。分图说明保留“大黄类对比”；类型编号注明原文冲突，不能连带改图12。", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1d815e7c566be925cc58738a3781a69fc758ed9e263cf993720527d8c0eba2d3", "image_bytes": 2324622, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图五 几种小麦族种子的淀粉粒\n（右为偏光下图像）\na.大麦 b.黑麦 c.三芒山羊草", "caption_en": "Figure 5. Starch from seeds of several wheat tribe (Triticeae) plants (polarized-light images on the right). a. Barley; b. Rye; c. Barbed goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "几种小麦族种子的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from seeds of Triticeae", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/1d815e7c566be925cc58738a.png", "image_url": "media/S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F05.png?v=1d815e7c566b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.474932+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F06", "paper_key": "S137_ba7ff285d337", "paper_id": "S137", "number": "6", "caption_original": "图六二百户磨盘上发现的呈现损伤特征的ｉ型淀粉粒ａ．呈现断裂损伤特征的淀粉粒ｂ．表面呈现裂隙特征的淀粉粒ｃ？ｄ．呈现局部轮纹清晰化特征的淀粉粒，箭头示清晰化的轮纹ｅ．呈现冻伤特征的淀粉粒，箭头示冷冻造成的空洞", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文复核说明：图11标题V型与正文IV型有冲突。分图说明保留“大黄类对比”；类型编号注明原文冲突，不能连带改图12。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2ee1db8112a6fd04438d6a83e67014ee5781eed7aa379f09071a349cd993ab3d", "image_bytes": 3041251, "sites": [ "CN118" ], "caption_zh": "图六二百户磨盘上发现的呈现损伤特征的i型淀粉粒 \na.呈现断裂损伤特征的淀粉粒b.表面呈现裂隙特征的淀粉粒c?d.呈现局部轮纹清晰化特征的淀粉粒，箭头示 清晰化的轮纹e.呈现冻伤特征的淀粉粒，箭头示冷冻造成的空洞 ", "caption_en": "Figure six: Starch grains with damage features found on the grinding stone at Erbaihu a. Starch grains showing fracture damage b. Starch grains showing fissure features on surface c–d. Starch grains showing clearification of local lamination features, arrows indicate the clarified lamination e. Starch grains showing frost damage, arrows indicate cavities caused by freezing", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "二百户磨盘上发现的呈现损伤特征的i型淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains with damage features found on the grinding stone at Erbaihu", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2ee1db8112a6fd04438d6a83.png", "image_url": "media/S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F06.png?v=2ee1db8112a6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.542152+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN118", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "图六二百户磨盘上发现的呈现损伤特征的ｉ型淀粉粒ａ．呈现断裂损伤特征的淀粉粒ｂ．表面呈现裂隙特征的淀粉粒ｃ？ｄ．呈现局部轮纹清晰化特征的淀粉粒，箭头示清晰化的轮纹ｅ．呈现冻伤特征的淀粉粒，箭头示冷冻造成的空洞", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "二百户", "quote": "黑龙江二百户双区石磨盘功能分析及\n 相关问题研究\n\n\n 葛 威 １ 刘 莉 ２ 倪春野 ３\n\n （ １ ．厦门大学人文学院 ； ２ ．斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 ；\n\n ３ ．穆棱市文物管理所 ）\n\n\n\n\n\n 一", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ba7ff285d33763a32147abacaee54e38f1eb1abb660d20fe80fa8c103674da6d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F07", "paper_key": "S137_ba7ff285d337", "paper_id": "S137", "number": "7", "caption_original": "图七二百户磨盘上发现的被鉴定为薏米的聚集态I型淀粉粒\n(箭头表示Z形弯折的消光臂)\na.4b-17 b.4b-31", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "逐图核对PDF第10页：II型被OCR漏为I型；薏米的英文应为Job’s tears，不是foxtail millet。\n原文复核说明：图11标题V型与正文IV型有冲突。分图说明保留“大黄类对比”；类型编号注明原文冲突，不能连带改图12。", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "94d0ad19c8be74175a87b4b2f7bf362b30dc1fb31a2d7159824d4da11a2b0cb6", "image_bytes": 4114451, "sites": [ "CN118" ], "caption_zh": "图7 二百户磨盘上被鉴定为薏苡的聚集态II型淀粉粒。箭头示Z形弯折的消光臂。\n a: 4b-17； b: 4b-31", "caption_en": "Figure 7. Aggregated Type II starch identified as Job’s tears on the Erbaihu grinding slab. Arrows indicate Z-shaped extinction arms. a: 4b-17; b: 4b-31.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "二百户聚集态II型薏苡类淀粉粒", "title_en": "Aggregated Type II Job’s tears starch from Erbaihu", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/94d0ad19c8be74175a87b4b2.png", "image_url": "media/S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F07.png?v=94d0ad19c8be", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图7 二百户磨盘上被鉴定为薏苡的聚集态II型淀粉粒。箭头示Z形弯折的消光臂。 a: 4b-17; b: 4b-31", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.598340+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN118", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "图7 二百户磨盘上被鉴定为薏苡的聚集态II型淀粉粒。箭头示Z形弯折的消光臂。 a: 4b-17; b: 4b-31", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "二百户", "quote": "黑龙江二百户双区石磨盘功能分析及\n 相关问题研究\n\n\n 葛 威 １ 刘 莉 ２ 倪春野 ３\n\n （ １ ．厦门大学人文学院 ； ２ ．斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 ；\n\n ３ ．穆棱市文物管理所 ）\n\n\n\n\n\n 一", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ba7ff285d33763a32147abacaee54e38f1eb1abb660d20fe80fa8c103674da6d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F08", "paper_key": "S137_ba7ff285d337", "paper_id": "S137", "number": "8", "caption_original": "图八二百户磨盘上发现的被鉴定为粟的聚集态I型淀粉粒\n(虚线区域表示被压扁的淀粉粒)\na.4b-64 b.4b-5b-01", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "逐图核对PDF第11页：II型被OCR漏为I型；薏米的英文应为Job’s tears，不是foxtail millet。\n原文复核说明：图11标题V型与正文IV型有冲突。分图说明保留“大黄类对比”；类型编号注明原文冲突，不能连带改图12。", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "90e9048a1a349e2d0fcf075a83d0c4ed749a06ee04ad7529ba03f49b994d0f3b", "image_bytes": 3653311, "sites": [ "CN118" ], "caption_zh": "图8 二百户磨盘上被鉴定为粟的聚集态II型淀粉粒。虚线区域示压扁的淀粉粒。\n a: 4b-64； b: 4b-5b-01", "caption_en": "Figure 8. Aggregated Type II starch identified as foxtail millet on the Erbaihu grinding slab. Dashed outlines indicate flattened starch grains. a: 4b-64; b: 4b-5b-01.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "二百户聚集态II型粟类淀粉粒", "title_en": "Aggregated Type II foxtail millet starch from Erbaihu", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/90e9048a1a349e2d0fcf075a.png", "image_url": "media/S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F08.png?v=90e9048a1a34", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "图8 二百户磨盘上被鉴定为粟的聚集态II型淀粉粒。虚线区域示压扁的淀粉粒。 a: 4b-64; b: 4b-5b-01", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.658145+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN118", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "图8 二百户磨盘上被鉴定为粟的聚集态II型淀粉粒。虚线区域示压扁的淀粉粒。 a: 4b-64; b: 4b-5b-01", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "二百户", "quote": "黑龙江二百户双区石磨盘功能分析及\n 相关问题研究\n\n\n 葛 威 １ 刘 莉 ２ 倪春野 ３\n\n （ １ ．厦门大学人文学院 ； ２ ．斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 ；\n\n ３ ．穆棱市文物管理所 ）\n\n\n\n\n\n 一", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ba7ff285d33763a32147abacaee54e38f1eb1abb660d20fe80fa8c103674da6d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F09", "paper_key": "S137_ba7ff285d337", "paper_id": "S137", "number": "9", "caption_original": "图九\n二百户磨盘上发现的被鉴定为黍的聚集态Ⅱ型淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文复核说明：图11标题V型与正文IV型有冲突。分图说明保留“大黄类对比”；类型编号注明原文冲突，不能连带改图12。", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3f66633b2e2cb91f88604215113b72c801f4469757d26dd22476d881625583dd", "image_bytes": 1692990, "sites": [ "CN118" ], "caption_zh": "图九 二百户磨盘上发现的被鉴定为黍的聚集态Ⅱ型淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure nine: Starch grains identified as type II from broomcorn millet found on the Erbaihu millstone", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "二百户磨盘上发现的被鉴定为黍的聚集态Ⅱ型淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains identified as type II from broomcorn millet found on the Erbaihu millstone", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/3f66633b2e2cb91f88604215.png", "image_url": "media/S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F09.png?v=3f66633b2e2c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.724026+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN118", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 12 ], "quote": "图九\n二百户磨盘上发现的被鉴定为黍的聚集态Ⅱ型淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "二百户", "quote": "黑龙江二百户双区石磨盘功能分析及\n 相关问题研究\n\n\n 葛 威 １ 刘 莉 ２ 倪春野 ３\n\n （ １ ．厦门大学人文学院 ； ２ ．斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 ；\n\n ３ ．穆棱市文物管理所 ）\n\n\n\n\n\n 一", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ba7ff285d33763a32147abacaee54e38f1eb1abb660d20fe80fa8c103674da6d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F200-P0013", "paper_key": "S137_ba7ff285d337", "paper_id": "S137", "number": "10", "caption_original": "图一〇二百户磨盘上发现的Ⅲ型淀粉粒与几种现代稻族淀粉粒形态对比\na.Ⅲ型淀粉粒b.稻（Oryza sativa）c.普通野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）d.菰（Zizania latifolia）", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原始PDF图号纠正显示编号；稳定ID不变\n按原图中文名及所列学名纠正英文常用名：water caltrop → Manchurian wild rice（Zizania latifolia）。\n按原图题“一〇”恢复图号10，修正OCR编号200。\n原文复核说明：图11标题V型与正文IV型有冲突。分图说明保留“大黄类对比”；类型编号注明原文冲突，不能连带改图12。", "pdf_pages": [ 13 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e537a6825653544398ef3304d822b6a77a2ebef51ec118cf96ad57161619623f", "image_bytes": 3849886, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图一〇 二百户磨盘上发现的Ⅲ型淀粉粒与几种现代稻族淀粉粒形态对比\na.Ⅲ型淀粉粒b.稻（Oryza sativa）c.普通野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）d.菰（Zizania latifolia）", "caption_en": "Figure 10. Comparison of Type III starch grains found on the Erbaihu millstone with starch grains from several modern members of the rice tribe (Oryzeae). a. Type III starch grains; b. rice (Oryza sativa); c. common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon); d. Manchurian wild rice (Zizania latifolia)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "二百户磨盘上发现的Ⅲ型淀粉粒与几种现代稻族淀粉粒形态对比", "title_en": "Comparison of Type III starch grains found on the Erbaihu millstone with starch grains from several modern members of the Oryza tribe", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/e537a6825653544398ef3304.png", "image_url": "media/S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-F200-P0013.png?v=e537a6825653", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.172867+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-P0014-B000", "paper_key": "S137_ba7ff285d337", "paper_id": "S137", "number": "11", "caption_original": "a.与现代掌叶大黄淀粉粒b.形态对比\n图一一二百户磨盘上发现的大黄淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "纠正漏掉的图号11及错误的Rheum rhabarbarum译名；按图内现代参照和正文恢复Rheum palmatum，考古颗粒仍保留比较层级。\n原文复核说明：图11标题V型与正文IV型有冲突。分图说明保留“大黄类对比”；类型编号注明原文冲突，不能连带改图12。", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "489e6f958db0eb6dd459c95a01beaeef8887a4318056828ebed5c058f0b5b286", "image_bytes": 2547291, "sites": [ "CN118" ], "caption_zh": "图一一 二百户古代大黄类淀粉粒\n（a）与现代掌叶大黄淀粉粒（b）的形态对比。", "caption_en": "Figure 11. Morphological comparison of ancient rhubarb-type starch from Erbaihu (a) with modern Chinese rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) starch (b). The source figure title labels these as Type V, whereas the body text places the group in Type IV; the numbering is inconsistent in the source.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "二百户古代淀粉粒与掌叶大黄参照", "title_en": "Ancient Erbaihu starch compared with Chinese rhubarb", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/489e6f958db0eb6dd459c95a.png", "image_url": "media/S137_ba7ff285d337_S137-P0014-B000.png?v=489e6f958db0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.231778+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN118", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 14 ], "quote": "a.与现代掌叶大黄淀粉粒b.形态对比\n图一一二百户磨盘上发现的大黄淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "二百户", "quote": "黑龙江二百户双区石磨盘功能分析及\n 相关问题研究\n\n\n 葛 威 １ 刘 莉 ２ 倪春野 ３\n\n （ １ ．厦门大学人文学院 ； ２ ．斯坦福大学东亚语言与文化系 ；\n\n ３ ．穆棱市文物管理所 ）\n\n\n\n\n\n 一", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ba7ff285d33763a32147abacaee54e38f1eb1abb660d20fe80fa8c103674da6d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S138_8449a81ceaad_S138-F02-P0022", "paper_key": "S138_8449a81ceaad", "paper_id": "S138", "number": "2", "caption_original": "龙山文化陶器中的淀粉粒类型及损伤特征\n1、2.I型，泰亚科3.Ⅱ型，发酵意苡，中心凹坑4.ⅢI型，发酵稻米单粒，中空\n5.II型，发酵稻米淀粉粒群，消光十字全无6.IV型，橡子7.V型，山药 8.V型，发酵百合，部分糊化9.联结呈网状的糊化淀粉粒群，消光十字全无\n10.糊化淀粉粒，呈团状", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "纠正黍/泰、薏/意和II/III/VI等OCR错识\n同图其他保留版本：S138_8449a81ceaad_S138-F02。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 22 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "62ce6c7fbdb1c3fe3c89940c73a11589dce29011816d0f09b1b346ae547ded88", "image_bytes": 4843682, "sites": [ "CN152", "CN153" ], "caption_zh": "龙山文化陶器中的淀粉粒类型及损伤特征。\n1、2.I型，黍亚科；3.II型，发酵薏苡，中心凹坑；4.III型，发酵稻米单粒，中空；5.III型，发酵稻米淀粉粒群，消光十字全无；6.IV型，橡子；7.V型，山药；8.VI型，发酵百合，部分糊化；9.联结呈网状的糊化淀粉粒群，消光十字全无；10.糊化淀粉粒，呈团状。", "caption_en": "Starch types and damage characteristics in Longshan pottery. 1, 2. Type I, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae); 3. Type II, fermented Job’s tears, with central pitting; 4. Type III, a fermented single rice starch grain, hollowed; 5. Type III, fermented rice starch cluster, with all extinction crosses lost; 6. Type IV, acorn; 7. Type V, yam; 8. Type VI, fermented lily, partly gelatinized; 9. Interconnected net-like gelatinized starch cluster, with all extinction crosses lost; 10. Gelatinized starch mass.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "龙山文化陶器中的淀粉粒类型及损伤特征", "title_en": "Starch grain types and damage features in pottery from the Longshan culture", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/62ce6c7fbdb1c3fe3c89940c.png", "image_url": "media/S138_8449a81ceaad_S138-F02-P0022.png?v=62ce6c7fbdb1", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "龙山文化陶器中的淀粉粒类型及损伤特征。1、2.I型，黍亚科；3.II型，发酵薏苡，中心凹坑；4.III型，发酵稻米单粒，中空；5.III型，发酵稻米淀粉粒群，消光十字全无；6.IV型，橡子；7.V型，山药；8.VI型，发酵百合，部分糊化；9.联结呈网状的糊化淀粉粒群，消光十字全无；10.糊化淀粉粒，呈团状。", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.804232+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN152", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 22 ], "quote": "龙山文化陶器中的淀粉粒类型及损伤特征。1、2.I型，黍亚科；3.II型，发酵薏苡，中心凹坑；4.III型，发酵稻米单粒，中空；5.III型，发酵稻米淀粉粒群，消光十字全无；6.IV型，橡子；7.V型，山药；8.VI型，发酵百合，部分糊化；9.联结呈网状的糊化淀粉粒群，消光十字全无；10.糊化淀粉粒，呈团状。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "西朱封", "quote": "－王城２０ １２年发掘结果 ， 出土于灰坑Ｈ３０和Ｈ２６ ？ ； ③ＸＺＦ １杯 ， 为山东临朐西朱封大\n墓Ｍ２０２中的随葬品 ？ ；＠ＹＨ － １益 ， 安徽蚌埠禹会村 ， 出土于祭祀坑Ｋ２第二层的堆\n积 ？ 。这几件陶器的年代大致为距今４５００ ？４０００年。 山东出土的四件器物制作精美 ，陶\n\n质硬度高 ， 器表面光滑 ， 残留物牢固附着在器表 ， 显示出长期使用的痕迹 。 安徽禹\n\n会的红陶盡制作较粗糙 ， 陶质软 ， 残留物很容易从器表剥离 ， 似乎并没有长期使用\n\n（表 一 ； 图 一 ； 图版 一 ）。 这几件器物都保存在中国社会科学院考古研究所山东曲阜考", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8449a81ceaadf295e3182fcb4f18ecab168e64eed1f71102ab698ab44e175bd4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN153", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 22 ], "quote": "龙山文化陶器中的淀粉粒类型及损伤特征。1、2.I型，黍亚科；3.II型，发酵薏苡，中心凹坑；4.III型，发酵稻米单粒，中空；5.III型，发酵稻米淀粉粒群，消光十字全无；6.IV型，橡子；7.V型，山药；8.VI型，发酵百合，部分糊化；9.联结呈网状的糊化淀粉粒群，消光十字全无；10.糊化淀粉粒，呈团状。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "禹会村", "quote": "－王城２０ １２年发掘结果 ， 出土于灰坑Ｈ３０和Ｈ２６ ？ ； ③ＸＺＦ １杯 ， 为山东临朐西朱封大\n墓Ｍ２０２中的随葬品 ？ ；＠ＹＨ － １益 ， 安徽蚌埠禹会村 ， 出土于祭祀坑Ｋ２第二层的堆\n积 ？ 。这几件陶器的年代大致为距今４５００ ？４０００年。 山东出土的四件器物制作精美 ，陶\n\n质硬度高 ， 器表面光滑 ， 残留物牢固附着在器表 ， 显示出长期使用的痕迹 。 安徽禹\n\n会的红陶盡制作较粗糙 ， 陶质软 ， 残留物很容易从器表剥离 ， 似乎并没有长期使用\n\n（表 一 ； 图 一 ； 图版 一 ）。 这几件器物都保存在中国社会科学院考古研究所山东曲阜考\n\n古工作站的库房里 。\n\n\n\n\n① ＭｃＧｏｖｅｒｎ ，Ｐａｔｒ", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8449a81ceaadf295e3182fcb4f18ecab168e64eed1f71102ab698ab44e175bd4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S138_8449a81ceaad_S138-F04-P0024", "paper_key": "S138_8449a81ceaad", "paper_id": "S138", "number": "4", "caption_original": "龙山陶器植硅体类型\n1、2.意苡十字形3.十字形4.哑铃形5.多铃形6.水稻扇形7.水稻双峰形 8.水稻并排哑铃形组合体9.稻亚科函铃形10.帽形11.芦革盾形12.毛细胞 13.扇形14.毛状体15.气孔细胞片状硅化骨架16.长方形柱状纹饰硅化骨架\n17.长方形圆齿状18.十字形19.长方形曲波状硅化骨架", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "按原图纠正薏苡、水稻、稻亚科、哑铃、芦苇等OCR字形。\n同图其他保留版本：S138_8449a81ceaad_S138-F04。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 24 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f306c6d5332029d1b2874037c4466b0b9cbbe87390af95d39fe8328caef15c2f", "image_bytes": 6493640, "sites": [ "CN152", "CN153" ], "caption_zh": "龙山陶器植硅体类型。\n1、2.薏苡十字形；3.十字形；4.哑铃形；5.多铃形；6.水稻扇形；7.水稻双峰形；8.水稻并排哑铃形组合体；9.稻亚科哑铃形；10.帽形；11.芦苇盾形；12.毛细胞；13.扇形；14.毛状体；15.气孔细胞片状硅化骨架；16.长方形柱状纹饰硅化骨架；17.长方形圆齿状；18.十字形；19.长方形曲波状硅化骨架。", "caption_en": "Phytolith types from Longshan pottery. 1, 2. Job’s tears cross type; 3. Cross; 4. Bilobate; 5. Polylobate; 6. Rice bulliform; 7. Rice double-peaked; 8. Rice parallel-bilobate cluster; 9. Rice-subfamily bilobate; 10. Rondel; 11. Reed shield type; 12. Hair cell; 13. Bulliform; 14. Trichome; 15. Sheet-like silicified skeleton containing stomata; 16. Rectangular columnar-patterned silicified skeleton; 17. Rectangular crenate type; 18. Cross; 19. Rectangular sinuate-patterned silicified skeleton.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "龙山陶器植硅体类型", "title_en": "Phytolith types from Longshan pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f306c6d5332029d1b2874037.png", "image_url": "media/S138_8449a81ceaad_S138-F04-P0024.png?v=f306c6d53320", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "龙山陶器植硅体类型。1、2.薏苡十字形；3.十字形；4.哑铃形；5.多铃形；6.水稻扇形；7.水稻双峰形；8.水稻并排哑铃形组合体；9.稻亚科哑铃形；10.帽形；11.芦苇盾形；12.毛细胞；13.扇形；14.毛状体；15.气孔细胞片状硅化骨架；16.长方形柱状纹饰硅化骨架；17.长方形圆齿状；18.十字形；19.长方形曲波状硅化骨架。", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:28.883186+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN152", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 24 ], "quote": "龙山陶器植硅体类型。1、2.薏苡十字形；3.十字形；4.哑铃形；5.多铃形；6.水稻扇形；7.水稻双峰形；8.水稻并排哑铃形组合体；9.稻亚科哑铃形；10.帽形；11.芦苇盾形；12.毛细胞；13.扇形；14.毛状体；15.气孔细胞片状硅化骨架；16.长方形柱状纹饰硅化骨架；17.长方形圆齿状；18.十字形；19.长方形曲波状硅化骨架。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "西朱封", "quote": "－王城２０ １２年发掘结果 ， 出土于灰坑Ｈ３０和Ｈ２６ ？ ； ③ＸＺＦ １杯 ， 为山东临朐西朱封大\n墓Ｍ２０２中的随葬品 ？ ；＠ＹＨ － １益 ， 安徽蚌埠禹会村 ， 出土于祭祀坑Ｋ２第二层的堆\n积 ？ 。这几件陶器的年代大致为距今４５００ ？４０００年。 山东出土的四件器物制作精美 ，陶\n\n质硬度高 ， 器表面光滑 ， 残留物牢固附着在器表 ， 显示出长期使用的痕迹 。 安徽禹\n\n会的红陶盡制作较粗糙 ， 陶质软 ， 残留物很容易从器表剥离 ， 似乎并没有长期使用\n\n（表 一 ； 图 一 ； 图版 一 ）。 这几件器物都保存在中国社会科学院考古研究所山东曲阜考", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8449a81ceaadf295e3182fcb4f18ecab168e64eed1f71102ab698ab44e175bd4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN153", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 24 ], "quote": "龙山陶器植硅体类型。1、2.薏苡十字形；3.十字形；4.哑铃形；5.多铃形；6.水稻扇形；7.水稻双峰形；8.水稻并排哑铃形组合体；9.稻亚科哑铃形；10.帽形；11.芦苇盾形；12.毛细胞；13.扇形；14.毛状体；15.气孔细胞片状硅化骨架；16.长方形柱状纹饰硅化骨架；17.长方形圆齿状；18.十字形；19.长方形曲波状硅化骨架。", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "禹会村", "quote": "－王城２０ １２年发掘结果 ， 出土于灰坑Ｈ３０和Ｈ２６ ？ ； ③ＸＺＦ １杯 ， 为山东临朐西朱封大\n墓Ｍ２０２中的随葬品 ？ ；＠ＹＨ － １益 ， 安徽蚌埠禹会村 ， 出土于祭祀坑Ｋ２第二层的堆\n积 ？ 。这几件陶器的年代大致为距今４５００ ？４０００年。 山东出土的四件器物制作精美 ，陶\n\n质硬度高 ， 器表面光滑 ， 残留物牢固附着在器表 ， 显示出长期使用的痕迹 。 安徽禹\n\n会的红陶盡制作较粗糙 ， 陶质软 ， 残留物很容易从器表剥离 ， 似乎并没有长期使用\n\n（表 一 ； 图 一 ； 图版 一 ）。 这几件器物都保存在中国社会科学院考古研究所山东曲阜考\n\n古工作站的库房里 。\n\n\n\n\n① ＭｃＧｏｖｅｒｎ ，Ｐａｔｒ", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8449a81ceaadf295e3182fcb4f18ecab168e64eed1f71102ab698ab44e175bd4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S138_8449a81ceaad_S138-P0023-B000", "paper_key": "S138_8449a81ceaad", "paper_id": "S138", "number": "未编号7", "caption_original": "现代淀粉粒对比标本\n1.泰2.稗子3.经发酵薏苡4.经发酵大米单颗淀粉粒，中心缺失 5.经发酵大米淀粉粒群，消光十字消失6.橡子（构栋Quercusserrada）\n7.山药（Dioscoreapolystanchya）8.经发酵百合，边缘缺失9.小米浑酒中的网状淀粉粒群\n10.小米浑酒中的糊化淀粉粒11.大麦糊化淀粉粒，煮8分钟", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "纠正“黍／泰”“稗子／子”“枹栎／构栋”等OCR。原图注Quercus serrada及Dioscorea polystanchya的拼写在校录中保留，展示图注采用规范拼写serrata、polystachya。\n同图其他保留版本：S138_8449a81ceaad_S138-F03。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 23 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "04ebb37a3671137bba08f0c3a8048bd30461436782c0c252b5116ba06b9443af", "image_bytes": 5213121, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "现代淀粉粒对比标本。\n1.黍；2.稗子；3.经发酵薏苡；4.经发酵大米单颗淀粉粒，中心缺失；5.经发酵大米淀粉粒群，消光十字消失；6.橡子（枹栎，Quercus serrata）；7.山药（Dioscorea polystachya）；8.经发酵百合，边缘缺失；9.小米浑酒中的网状淀粉粒群；10.小米浑酒中的糊化淀粉粒；11.大麦糊化淀粉粒，煮8分钟。", "caption_en": "Modern starch references. 1. Broomcorn millet; 2. Barnyard grass; 3. Fermented Job’s tears; 4. A fermented single rice starch grain with the centre missing; 5. A fermented rice starch cluster with extinction crosses lost; 6. Acorn of konara oak (Quercus serrata); 7. Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya); 8. Fermented lily with edges missing; 9. Net-like starch clusters in millet beer; 10. Gelatinized starch in millet beer; 11. Barley starch gelatinized by boiling for 8 minutes.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒对比标本", "title_en": "Modern starch grains comparison specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/04ebb37a3671137bba08f0c3.png", "image_url": "media/S138_8449a81ceaad_S138-P0023-B000.png?v=04ebb37a3671", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "caption_source_corrected": "现代淀粉粒对比标本。1.黍；2.稗子；3.经发酵薏苡；4.经发酵大米单颗淀粉粒，中心缺失；5.经发酵大米淀粉粒群，消光十字消失；6.橡子（枹栎，Quercus serrada）；7.山药（Dioscorea polystanchya）；8.经发酵百合，边缘缺失；9.小米浑酒中的网状淀粉粒群；10.小米浑酒中的糊化淀粉粒；11.大麦糊化淀粉粒，煮8分钟。", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:29.024851+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S139_b771f8bcc5df_S139-F01", "paper_key": "S139_b771f8bcc5df", "paper_id": "S139", "number": "1", "caption_original": "Figure 1 | Late Neolithic noodles from China. a, Noodles dating to 4,000 years ago, shown here on top \nof an in-filled sediment cone and revealed after the inverted earthenware bowl containing them was\nremoved. Scale bar, 1 cm. b, Dendriform-1 husk phytoliths (left) from the noodle sample compared\nwith husks from the modern millet Panicum miliaceum (right). c, Dendriform-2 husk phytoliths \nfrom the noodles (left) compared with husks from the modern millet Setaria italica (right); the\ndendriform-2 type mostly occurred at the lemma end of S. italica. d, Polarized-light (left) and \nlight micrographs (right) of starch grains from the prehistoric noodles. Although the lamellae\ncharacteristics of noodle starch were mostly lost as a result of gelatinization during cooking, their size\nand cross-shaped birefringence under polarized light are similar to those of starch from the millets\nS. italica and P. miliaceum. Scale bar, 20 \u0004m for b, c, and d.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 1 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5c52d0d8e95fe9dd15cf479caba27c272e86cd20df22005a0856c849234772a8", "image_bytes": 859168, "sites": [ "CN119" ], "caption_zh": "图1 中国新石器时代晚期的面条。\na，距今4000年的面条，现位于填塞的沉积锥顶部，是在移除包含它们的倒置陶碗后暴露出来的。比例尺，1 cm。b，面条样品中的树状-1外稃植硅体（左）与现代黍（Panicum miliaceum）的外稃植硅体（右）对比。c，面条中的树状-2外稃植硅体（左）与现代粟（Setaria italica）的外稃植硅体（右）对比；树状-2类型主要出现在粟（Setaria italica）的稃片端部。d，面条淀粉粒的偏光显微图（左）与明场显微图（右）。尽管煮制过程中面条淀粉的层纹特征因糊化而大部分消失，但其大小和十字形双折射在偏光下与粟（Setaria italica）和黍（Panicum miliaceum）的淀粉粒相似。比例尺，b、c、d均为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 1 | Late Neolithic noodles from China. a, Noodles dating to 4,000 years ago, shown here on top \nof an in-filled sediment cone and revealed after the inverted earthenware bowl containing them was\nremoved. Scale bar, 1 cm. b, Dendriform-1 husk phytoliths (left) from the noodle sample compared\nwith husks from the modern millet broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (right). c, Dendriform-2 husk phytoliths \nfrom the noodles (left) compared with husks from the modern millet foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (right); the\ndendriform-2 type mostly occurred at the lemma end of foxtail millet (Setaria italica). d, Polarized-light (left) and \nlight micrographs (right) of starch grains from the prehistoric noodles. Although the lamellae\ncharacteristics of noodle starch were mostly lost as a result of gelatinization during cooking, their size\nand cross-shaped birefringence under polarized light are similar to those of starch from the millets\nfoxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum). Scale bar, 20 μm for b, c, and d.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "中国新石器时代晚期面条", "title_en": "Late Neolithic Noodles from China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/5c52d0d8e95fe9dd15cf479c.png", "image_url": "media/S139_b771f8bcc5df_S139-F01.png?v=5c52d0d8e95f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 1, "quote": "We examined six phytolith samples from the sediment that had filled the bowl, and used them to diagnose their plant of origin. Three samples from the noodle layer near the bottom of the bowl contained abundant husk phyto- liths of the types known as dendriform-1 (Fig. 1b) and dendriform-2 (Fig. 1c) at con- centrations of 9.81\u0003104 and 4.36\u0003104 grains per gram, respectively. Their shape and pat- terning allowed us to diagnose them as millets, and they were identified as belonging to Pan- icum miliaceum and Setaria italica, respec- tively (see supplementary information). The starch grains found in the noodle sample (Fig. 1d) closely resemble those of millets, based on our comparison with modern refer- ence samples from different cereal grains.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:29.158610+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 1 ], "quote": "Figure 1 | Late Neolithic noodles from China. a, Noodles dating to 4,000 years ago, shown here on top \nof an in-filled sediment cone and revealed after the inverted earthenware bowl containing them was\nremoved. Scale bar, 1 cm. b, Dendriform-1 husk phytoliths (left) from the noodle sample compared\nwith husks from the modern millet Panicum miliaceum (right). c, Dendriform-2 husk phytoliths \nfrom the noodles (left) compared with husks from the modern millet Setaria italica (right); the\ndendriform-2 type mostly occurred at the lemma end of S. italica. d, Polarized-light (left) and \nlight micrographs (right) of starch grains from the prehistoric noodles. Although the lamellae\ncharacteristics of noodle starch were mostly lost as a result of gelatinization during cooking, their size\nand cross-shaped birefringence under polarized light are similar to those of starch from the millets\nS. italica and P. miliaceum. Scale bar, 20 \u0004m for b, c, and d.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "ple of noodles contained in a well preserved,\nsealed earthenware bowl discovered in the\nLate Neolithic2–4 archaeological site of Lajia in\nnorthwestern China. We identify millet as the\nsource of the abundant seed-husk phytoliths\nand starch grains present in the vessel. This\n c\nshows that the", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b771f8bcc5dfa7398619e9330903f718b6de25cc8478bcef5d8f34fd855a3f44" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S140_b2a00ea15079_S140-F02", "paper_key": "S140_b2a00ea15079", "paper_id": "S140", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2.\nScanning microscopic interferometer photographs. (A and B) Phytoliths from CS-I storage pit (A), compared with modern \u0001-I type husk phytoliths from\nP. miliaceum (B). (C and D) Phytoliths from CS-II storage pit (C), compared with modern \u0001-II type husk phytoliths from P. miliaceum (D). (E and F) Phytoliths from\nBWG (E), compared with modern \u0001-III type husk phytoliths from P. miliaceum (F). (G and H) Phytoliths from CS-II storage pit (G), compared with modern \u0006-II type\nhusk phytoliths from S. italica (H). (I) Bivariate biplot showing coordinates of the 3,303 measurements from epidermal long cells of P. miliaceum and 2,774\nmeasurements from those of S. italica, plotted along axis W (width of endings interdigitation of dendriform epidermal long cells) and axis R (ratios of W to\nundulations amplitude of dendriform epidermal long cells), and their classification into 2 groups corresponding to 2 species (P. miliaceum and S. italica) (13).\nAlso plotted are the fossil samples of husk phytoliths from CS-I-V and BWG, interpreted to be of P. miliaceum origin, dated between ca. 10,300 and ca. 7,500\nyr BP. The CS-II, V, and BWG samples contained 0.4–2.83% \u0006-type husk phytoliths, interpreted to be of S. italica origin, dated to less than ca. 8,700 yr BP.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原页核实：控制字符应为η与Ω，不是α、γ；Panicum miliaceum为黍，Setaria italica为粟。现有裁切不含I，图注不再描述缺失的统计面板。", "pdf_pages": [ 2 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a166e15c4144fbf17f33a7c93f79e3440c7dced0515f43ae8312baf64232e381", "image_bytes": 1990341, "sites": [ "CN024" ], "caption_zh": "图2 磁山遗址颖壳植硅体与现代参照的显微图像。（A、B）CS-I储藏坑样品（A）与现代黍（Panicum miliaceum）η-I型颖壳植硅体（B）；（C、D）CS-II样品（C）与现代黍η-II型（D）；（E、F）BWG样品（E）与现代黍η-III型（F）；（G、H）CS-II样品（G）与现代粟（Setaria italica）Ω-II型（H）。各分图标尺均为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 2A–H. Scanning microscopic interferometer images of husk phytoliths from Cishan and modern references. A/B: CS-I storage-pit sample (A) compared with modern broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), η-I husk type (B); C/D: CS-II sample (C) compared with modern broomcorn millet, η-II (D); E/F: BWG sample (E) compared with modern broomcorn millet, η-III (F); G/H: CS-II sample (G) compared with modern foxtail millet (Setaria italica), Ω-II (H). Scale bars in all panels: 20 μm. Only the original micrographs A–H are reproduced; statistical panel I and its data and chronology discussion remain in the source paper.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "磁山黍粟颖壳植硅体显微照片（原图2A–H）", "title_en": "Cishan millet husk phytolith micrographs (Fig. 2A–H)", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a166e15c4144fbf17f33a7c9.png", "image_url": "media/S140_b2a00ea15079_S140-F02.png?v=a166e15c4144", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "tons that are distinguishable from those in Panicum bisulcatum, Setaria viridis, and Setaria plicata, which have no such demon- strable patterns (13). To determine the taxa of foxtail millet and common millet, we analyzed the phytoliths of 46 grain crop samples stored in 5 newly excavated storage pits (CS-I to CS-V) at the Cishan site, and 1 sample (BWG) preserved in a storage bottle from the Culture Museum of Cishan. These grain crop samples are dated between ca. 10,300 and ca. 7,500 cal yr BP based on new 14C dating measurements (Fig. 3, Table S1). All 47 archaeological samples we analyzed contained abun- dant diagnostic husk phytoliths that can be divided into 2 groups according to their phytolith assemblages and 14C dating results. The first group, including 27 samples from CS-I, III, and IV, is dated between ca. 10,300 and ca. 8,700 cal yr BP. All of the husk phytoliths present are diagnostic of common millet based on their shapes, \u0001 patterns (Fig. 2 A, C, and E), and average R value (\u00010.7) (Fig. 2I). The second group, including 20 samples from CS-II, V, and BWG, is dated between ca. 8700 and ca. 7,500 cal yr BP. More than 97% of the husk phytoliths are also diagnostic of the common millet (97.2% for CS- II, n \u0007 1,273; 97.5% for CS-V, n \u0007 1,000; 99.6% for BWG, n \u0007 1,000), but a small quantity (0.4–2.8%) of the husk phytoliths in the second group can be attributed to S. italica (Fig. 2 G and I). Fig. 4 shows that the CS-I storage pit contains \u00031.5-m-thick grain crop remains composed of 3 prominent layers of lemma and palea from common millets alternating with 3 glume pl", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 2.\nScanning microscopic interferometer photographs. (A and B) Phytoliths from CS-I storage pit (A), compared with modern η-I type husk phytoliths from\nP. miliaceum (B). (C and D) Phytoliths from CS-II storage pit (C), compared with modern η-II type husk phytoliths from P. miliaceum (D). (E and F) Phytoliths from\nBWG (E), compared with modern η-III type husk phytoliths from P. miliaceum (F). (G and H) Phytoliths from CS-II storage pit (G), compared with modern Ω-II type\nhusk phytoliths from S. italica (H). (I) Bivariate biplot showing coordinates of the 3,303 measurements from epidermal long cells of P. miliaceum and 2,774\nmeasurements from those of S. italica, plotted along axis W (width of endings interdigitation of dendriform epidermal long cells) and axis R (ratios of W to\nundulations amplitude of dendriform epidermal long cells), and their classification into 2 groups corresponding to 2 species (P. miliaceum and S. italica) (13).\nAlso plotted are the fossil samples of husk phytoliths from CS-I-V and BWG, interpreted to be of P. miliaceum origin, dated between ca. 10,300 and ca. 7,500\nyr BP. The CS-II, V, and BWG samples contained 0.4–2.83% Ω-type husk phytoliths, interpreted to be of S. italica origin, dated to less than ca. 8,700 yr BP.", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:29.233647+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN024", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 2 ], "quote": "Fig. 2.\nScanning microscopic interferometer photographs. (A and B) Phytoliths from CS-I storage pit (A), compared with modern η-I type husk phytoliths from\nP. miliaceum (B). (C and D) Phytoliths from CS-II storage pit (C), compared with modern η-II type husk phytoliths from P. miliaceum (D). (E and F) Phytoliths from\nBWG (E), compared with modern η-III type husk phytoliths from P. miliaceum (F). (G and H) Phytoliths from CS-II storage pit (G), compared with modern Ω-II type\nhusk phytoliths from S. italica (H). (I) Bivariate biplot showing coordinates of the 3,303 measurements from epidermal long cells of P. miliaceum and 2,774\nmeasurements from those of S. italica, plotted along axis W (width of endings interdigitation of dendriform epidermal long cells) and axis R (ratios of W to\nundulations amplitude of dendriform epidermal long cells), and their classification into 2 groups corresponding to 2 species (P. miliaceum and S. italica) (13).\nAlso plotted are the fossil samples of husk phytoliths from CS-I-V and BWG, interpreted to be of P. miliaceum origin, dated between ca. 10,300 and ca. 7,500\nyr BP. The CS-II, V, and BWG samples contained 0.4–2.83% Ω-type husk phytoliths, interpreted to be of S. italica origin, dated to less than ca. 8,700 yr BP.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "cishan", "quote": ", Beijing 100049, China; dInstitute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, China; eCulture Museum of Cishan, Wuan,\nHebei Province, 036302, China; and fInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China\n\nEdited by Dolores R. Piperno, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and National Museum of Natura", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b2a00ea150793f5c0c55e2b011fbb45399f89e7c85f827dcbd2835fd2c3b050c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S141_eff2ba01e216_S141-F02", "paper_key": "S141_eff2ba01e216", "paper_id": "S141", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Figure 2 Starch grains from some modern species in North China. (a) Starch grains from green foxtail grass (Setaria viridis), collected from Hebei Pro- \nvince, wrinkled surface, mean diameters of starch grains larger than 5 μm is 7.91±1.36 μm (n=100); (b) starch grains from foxtail millet (Setaria italica), \ncollected from Hebei Province, smooth surface with deep fissures, mean diameters of starch grains larger than 5 μm is 10.32±2.15 μm (n=100); (c) starch \ngrains from foxtail millet, collected from Inner Mongolia, mean diameter of starch grains larger than 5 μm is 11.74±1.66 μm (n=100); (d) starch grains \nfrom foxtail millet, collected from Henan Province, mean diameter of starch grains larger than 5 μm is 9.68±2.16 μm (n=100); (e) starch grains from \nbroomcorn millet (Panicum miliaseum), collected from Hebei Province, mean diameter of starch grains larger than 5 μm is 7.55±1.40 μm (n=100); (f) \nstarch grains from chestnut (Castanea mollisima); (g) starch grains from oriental white oak (Quercus aliena); (h) starch grains from sawtooth oak (Quercus \nacutissima); (i) and (j) starch grains from red bean (Vigna angularis); (k) starch grains from Potentilla anserina; (l) starch grains from buckwheat \n(Fagopyrum esculentum).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "551bbd11adbf4695d504e25d6bc5208b4caddab95dec161fbe675ef0da04fb29", "image_bytes": 1113680, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 北方一些现代物种的淀粉粒。 （a） 从河北省采集的狗尾草属（Setaria viridis）的淀粉粒，表面皱缩，粒径大于5 μm的淀粉粒平均直径为7.91±1.36 μm（n=100）； （b） 从河北省采集的粟（Setaria italica）的淀粉粒，表面光滑且有深裂纹，粒径大于5 μm的淀粉粒平均直径为10.32±2.15 μm（n=100）； （c） 从内蒙古采集的粟的淀粉粒，粒径大于5 μm的淀粉粒平均直径为11.74±1.66 μm（n=100）； （d） 从河南省采集的粟的淀粉粒，粒径大于5 μm的淀粉粒平均直径为9.68±2.16 μm（n=100）； （e） 从河北省采集的黍（Panicum miliaceum）的淀粉粒，粒径大于5 μm的淀粉粒平均直径为7.55±1.40 μm（n=100）； （f） 从板栗（Castanea mollissima）采集的淀粉粒； （g） 从东方白 oak（槲栎，Quercus aliena）采集的淀粉粒； （h） 从锯齿 oak（麻栎，Quercus acutissima）采集的淀粉粒； （i） 和 （j） 从红芸豆（Vigna angularis）采集的淀粉粒； （k） 从 蕨麻（Potentilla anserina） 采集的淀粉粒； （l） 从荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum）采集的淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Starch grains from some modern species in North China. (a) Starch grains from green foxtail grass (green foxtail, Setaria viridis), collected from Hebei Pro- \nvince, wrinkled surface, mean diameters of starch grains larger than 5 μm is 7.91±1.36 μm (n=100); (b) starch grains from foxtail millet (Setaria italica), \ncollected from Hebei Province, smooth surface with deep fissures, mean diameters of starch grains larger than 5 μm is 10.32±2.15 μm (n=100); (c) starch \ngrains from foxtail millet, collected from Inner Mongolia, mean diameter of starch grains larger than 5 μm is 11.74±1.66 μm (n=100); (d) starch grains \nfrom foxtail millet, collected from Henan Province, mean diameter of starch grains larger than 5 μm is 9.68±2.16 μm (n=100); (e) starch grains from \nbroomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), collected from Hebei Province, mean diameter of starch grains larger than 5 μm is 7.55±1.40 μm (n=100); (f) \nstarch grains from chestnut (Chinese chestnut, Castanea mollissima); (g) starch grains from oriental white oak (Quercus aliena); (h) starch grains from sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima); (i) and (j) starch grains from red bean (adzuki bean, Vigna angularis); (k) starch grains from silverweed (Potentilla anserina); (l) starch grains from buckwheat \n(Fagopyrum esculentum).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "北方部分现代植物的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from some modern species in North China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/551bbd11adbf4695d504e25d.png", "image_url": "media/S141_eff2ba01e216_S141-F02.png?v=551bbd11adbf", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "lection of over 40 species from 20 families of plants that are common in North China. Genera include the grasses Panicum, Setaria, Lolium and Aegilops, tree seeds of Quercus, Castanea, Corylus and Juglans, as well as beans like Vigna. (Figure 2).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Group A (Figure 3(a)-(c)): nine spherical or po- lygonal starch grains with combinations of attributes that only occur in seeds of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) were recovered from the slab. Seven starch grains had centric and open hila, and no demonstrable lamellae. They often had deeply crossed, winged to Y-shaped, or stellated fissure, surfaces with short lines radiating from the centre to edges, and they measure more than 14 μm in length. These features are highly diagnostic and are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Group B (Figure 3(d)): two ovoid starch grains had centric, open hila, demonstrable lamellae, and a linear or small Y-shaped fissure. The lamellae were clearer under polarized light than under unpolarized light. The sizes of the two grains are 23.19m and 23.95 μm, respectively. Starch grains of this type are unknown in species other than adzuki bean (Vigna angularis).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Group C: four ovoid starch grains were characterized by an X-shaped Maltese extinction cross visible under polarized light. Group C had two subgroups, C1 and C2. Group C1 had two normal oval grains. They had centric and open hila, longitudinal fissures, no lamellae, but dense radiations vertical to the longitudinal fissure on the surface of the grains (Figure 3(e)). The sizes are 15.01 and 16.99 μm, respectively. The features of starch grains in group C1 correspond to those from modern Q. mongolicus[22]. The remaining two starch grains belong to group C2. One is rounded-angular oval; the other is drop-shaped (Figure 3(f)). They had eccentric and closed hila, no lamellae, no fissure, and measured 17.93 and 8.78 μm in size, respectively. These two grains are defi- nitely from seeds of Q .acutissima[22].", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:29.286343+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S141_eff2ba01e216_S141-F03", "paper_key": "S141_eff2ba01e216", "paper_id": "S141", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3 Various starch grains recovered from stone tools ((a)―(r): scale bar, 20 μm; (s)－(t): scale bar, 50 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a3a026414e2ea8724fb4d357af835190142a0147100e5d32e9962834f08b8eb2", "image_bytes": 1240575, "sites": [ "CN023" ], "caption_zh": "图3 从石器表层残留物中提取的各种淀粉粒 （（a）―（r）： 标尺， 20 μm； （s）-（t）： 标尺， 50 μm）。\na-c, 粟、黍及狗尾草，d, 赤豆，e,栎属，f，橡子，i,j, g,h,无法鉴定，m,黍", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Various starch grains recovered from stone tools ((a)―(r): scale bar, 20 μm; (s)-(t): scale bar, 50 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "各种淀粉粒", "title_en": "Various starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a3a026414e2ea8724fb4d357.png", "image_url": "media/S141_eff2ba01e216_S141-F03.png?v=a3a026414e2e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Group A (Figure 3(a)-(c)): nine spherical or po- lygonal starch grains with combinations of attributes that only occur in seeds of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) were recovered from the slab. Seven starch grains had centric and open hila, and no demonstrable lamellae. They often had deeply crossed, winged to Y-shaped, or stellated fissure, surfaces with short lines radiating from the centre to edges, and they measure more than 14 μm in length. These features are highly diagnostic and are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Group B (Figure 3(d)): two ovoid starch grains had centric, open hila, demonstrable lamellae, and a linear or small Y-shaped fissure. The lamellae were clearer under polarized light than under unpolarized light. The sizes of the two grains are 23.19m and 23.95 μm, respectively. Starch grains of this type are unknown in species other than adzuki bean (Vigna angularis).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Group C: four ovoid starch grains were characterized by an X-shaped Maltese extinction cross visible under polarized light. Group C had two subgroups, C1 and C2. Group C1 had two normal oval grains. They had centric and open hila, longitudinal fissures, no lamellae, but dense radiations vertical to the longitudinal fissure on the surface of the grains (Figure 3(e)). The sizes are 15.01 and 16.99 μm, respectively. The features of starch grains in group C1 correspond to those from modern Q. mongolicus[22]. The remaining two starch grains belong to group C2. One is rounded-angular oval; the other is drop-shaped (Figure 3(f)). They had eccentric and closed hila, no lamellae, no fissure, and measured 17.93 and 8.78 μm in size, respectively. These two grains are defi- nitely from seeds of Q .acutissima[22].", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Group D (Figure 3(g), (h)): the slab contained seven rounded starch grains, which had centric, open hila, de- monstrable lamellae, small Y-shaped fissures, and measured 18.11-29.15 μm in size. The grains were characterized by central depressions and ringed edges with dense radiating lines from centre to edge. This group cannot be identified at this time because no starch grains similar to them are currently in worldwide mod- ern comparative collections, including references collec- tions from America and Australia.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:29.338852+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN023", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Figure 3 Various starch grains recovered from stone tools ((a)―(r): scale bar, 20 μm; (s)－(t): scale bar, 50 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shangzhai", "quote": "www.springerlink.com\n Springer\n\n\nStarch grain analysis reveals function of grinding stone\ntools at Shangzhai site, Beijing\n\nYANG XiaoYan1†, YU JinCheng2, LÜ HouYuan3, CUI TianXing4, GUO JingNing2 & GE QuanSheng1\n\n1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;\n2 Beijing Cultural Relics Institute,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "eff2ba01e21669cb25724f170fbf869b55a22a3f6cb4af435be4775794126f1d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S142_46b6c2a0a437_S142-P0012-B000", "paper_key": "S142_46b6c2a0a437", "paper_id": "S142", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "Figure5.Comparativestarch referencematerial tused inthis study:A)watercaltrop (Trapasp.);B)acorn (Quercusaliena): C) acorn (Q: acutissima); D) acorn (Cyclobalanopsis fHeuryi); E) acorn (C. nubium); F) acorn (Lithocarpus glaber); G)acorn (L.fenestratus);H)Chineseyam (DioscoreaoppositaThunb);I)mungbean (wild)(Vignasp.);J)broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum):K) foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (millet starch grains showing polygonal shapes and fissures a) thebilum);L)buckwheat(Fagopyrumsp.)(photographs:J.Fiela)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "233ce82ca88b1d87609bc550133792c135698f5f2ca0da6997e5a671b5e8a8b0", "image_bytes": 960221, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5 本研究使用的现代淀粉粒参照材料。\nA：菱属（Trapa sp.）；B：槲栎（Quercus aliena）橡子；C：麻栎（Quercus acutissima）橡子；D：饭甑青冈（Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi）橡子；E：云山青冈（Cyclobalanopsis nubium）橡子；F：柯（Lithocarpus glaber）坚果；G：柯属植物（Lithocarpus fenestratus）坚果；H：山药（Dioscorea opposita）；I：豇豆属（Vigna sp.，原文称野生绿豆）；J：黍（Panicum miliaceum）；K：粟（Setaria italica），展示多边形粒形及脐点处裂隙；L：荞麦属（Fagopyrum sp.）。", "caption_en": "Figure 5. Modern comparative starch references used in this study. A, water caltrop (Trapa sp.); B, oriental white oak acorn (Quercus aliena); C, sawtooth oak acorn (Quercus acutissima); D, ring-cupped oak acorn (Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi); E, ring-cupped oak acorn (Cyclobalanopsis nubium); F, stone oak nut (Lithocarpus glaber); G, stone oak nut (Lithocarpus fenestratus); H, Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita); I, cowpea relative (Vigna sp., described in the source as wild mung bean); J, broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); K, foxtail millet (Setaria italica), showing polygonal grains and fissures at the hilum; L, buckwheat (Fagopyrum sp.). Photographs: J. Field.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "本研究中使用的比较淀粉参考材料", "title_en": "Comparative starch reference materials used in this study", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/233ce82ca88b1d87609bc550.png", "image_url": "media/S142_46b6c2a0a437_S142-P0012-B000.png?v=233ce82ca88b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:29.390874+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S142_46b6c2a0a437_S142-P0013-B001", "paper_key": "S142_46b6c2a0a437", "paper_id": "S142", "number": "未编号2", "caption_original": "Figure7.StarchgrainsfromShigu:AB)damagedgrainsfromsampleGS28A;C)thesingleroundgrainfromR32A, a shapeandsizethatis commontomanystarchproducingplantspeciesD-F)someofthestarchgrainsfromthesample GS29Bassemblage.Therearefacettedgrains (DE)and iregular shapedgrains (F)with fissures (photographs:J.Field)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 13 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a3ecc1342ade2815b62c80e79a34f7c63d9e753586b087b2c74c2710232da6d6", "image_bytes": 480958, "sites": [ "CN026" ], "caption_zh": "图7. 石固遗址淀粉粒：A）样品GS28A中的受损淀粉粒；C）来自R32A的单个圆形淀粉粒，其形状和大小在许多淀粉产生植物物种中较为常见；D-F）样品GS29B混合物中的部分淀粉粒。存在面状结构的淀粉粒（D-E）和形状不规则、具裂隙的淀粉粒（F）（照片：J. Field）", "caption_en": "Figure7.StarchgrainsfromShigu:AB)damagedgrainsfromsampleGS28A;C)thesingleroundgrainfromR32A, a shapeandsizethatis commontomanystarchproducingplantspeciesD-F)someofthestarchgrainsfromthesample GS29Bassemblage.Therearefacettedgrains (DE)and iregular shapedgrains (F)with fissures (photographs:J.Field)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石固遗址淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Shigu", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a3ecc1342ade2815b62c80e7.png", "image_url": "media/S142_46b6c2a0a437_S142-P0013-B001.png?v=a3ecc1342ade", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:21:16.915423+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN026", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 13 ], "quote": "Figure7.StarchgrainsfromShigu:AB)damagedgrainsfromsampleGS28A;C)thesingleroundgrainfromR32A, a shapeandsizethatis commontomanystarchproducingplantspeciesD-F)someofthestarchgrainsfromthesample GS29Bassemblage.Therearefacettedgrains (DE)and iregular shapedgrains (F)with fissures (photographs:J.Field)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "six grinding stones from two Peiligang culture sites, Shigu and Egou", "method": "原始PDF页面视觉核对", "pdf_sha256": "46b6c2a0a43797a286cb3c1c9c977af2a961f20415717d830268833e62a7cd86" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S142_46b6c2a0a437_S142-P0014-B000", "paper_key": "S142_46b6c2a0a437", "paper_id": "S142", "number": "未编号3", "caption_original": "Figure 8.Starch grains identified on samples collected from grinding stones recovered at the Egou site: A-C) GS31A;D-F) GS31B;G-H)GS36B;1)GS26C;J-L)R25(photographs:J.Fiela)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 14 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "be536d1cfa95be13939f5e8c8549197ed8f00628617da740f678fd265b35bdf1", "image_bytes": 869612, "sites": [ "CN027" ], "caption_zh": "图8. 从莪沟遗址出土的磨石样品中鉴定出的淀粉粒：A-C） GS31A；D-F） GS31B；G-H） GS36B；1） GS26C；J-L） R25（照片：J. Fiela）", "caption_en": "Figure 8.Starch grains identified on samples collected from grinding stones recovered at the Egou site: A-C) GS31A;D-F) GS31B;G-H)GS36B;1)GS26C;J-L)R25(photographs:J.Fiela)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "莪沟遗址磨石样品淀粉粒鉴定", "title_en": "Starch Grains Identified from Grinding Stones at the Egou Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/be536d1cfa95be13939f5e8c.png", "image_url": "media/S142_46b6c2a0a437_S142-P0014-B000.png?v=be536d1cfa95", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-03T13:56:29.500505+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN027", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 14 ], "quote": "Figure 8.Starch grains identified on samples collected from grinding stones recovered at the Egou site: A-C) GS31A;D-F) GS31B;G-H)GS36B;1)GS26C;J-L)R25(photographs:J.Fiela)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "six grinding stones from two Peiligang culture sites, Shigu and Egou", "method": "原始PDF页面视觉核对", "pdf_sha256": "46b6c2a0a43797a286cb3c1c9c977af2a961f20415717d830268833e62a7cd86" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S143_39be4d62a443_S143-F01", "paper_key": "S143_39be4d62a443", "paper_id": "S143", "number": "1", "caption_original": "Figure 1 Morphology of starch grains from some modern plants in China. a, Wild rice (Oryza rufipogon); b, rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica); c, foxtail millet (Setaria italica); d, acorn (Quercus acutissima); e, chestnut (Castanea mollisiima); f, wild water chestnut (Trapa incisa var. guadricaudata); g, yam (Dioscorea opposita); h, i, adzuki bean (Vigna angularis)；j, starch grains from seed of buckeye (Aesculus chinensis), under unpolarized light; k, starch grains from seeds of buckeye, under polarized light; l, lotus root (Nelumbo mucifera); m, acorn (Quercus aliena) n, wildrice (Zizania caduciflora); o, broom- corn millet (Panicum miliaceum); p, short-tailed leaf tanoak (Lithocarpus brevicaudatus); q, job’s-tears (Coix chinensis); r, golden euryale (Euryale ferox) (scale bar: a–p, 20 μm; r,10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 2 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d296cb88fc332fd19da98c7814a8add3db1765d90f1e684eaa347aafb68b14fe", "image_bytes": 1155119, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图1 中国部分现代植物的淀粉粒形态。\na，野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）；b，稻（Oryza sativa ssp. indica）；c，粟（Setaria italica）；d，橡子（Quercus acutissima）；e，栗（Castanea mollissima）；f，野生水栗（Trapa incisa var. guadricaudata）；g，山药（Dioscorea opposita）；h，i，小豆（Vigna angularis）；j，七叶树（Aesculus chinensis）种子中的淀粉粒，未偏光；k，七叶树种子中的淀粉粒，偏光；l，莲根（Nelumbo nucifera）；m，橡子（Quercus aliena）；n，菰（Zizania caduciflora）；o，黍（Panicum miliaceum）；p，短尾叶石栎（Lithocarpus brevicaudatus）；q，薏苡（Coix chinensis）；r，芡实（Euryale ferox）（尺度条：a–p，20 μm；r，10 μm）.", "caption_en": "Figure 1 Morphology of starch grains from some modern plants in China. a, Wild rice (Oryza rufipogon); b, rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica); c, foxtail millet (Setaria italica); d, acorn (sawtooth oak, Quercus acutissima); e, chestnut (Chinese chestnut, Castanea mollissima); f, wild water chestnut (water caltrop, Trapa incisa var. guadricaudata); g, yam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea opposita); h, i, adzuki bean (Vigna angularis);j, starch grains from seed of buckeye (Aesculus chinensis), under unpolarized light; k, starch grains from seeds of buckeye, under polarized light; l, lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera); m, acorn (oriental white oak, Quercus aliena) n, wildrice (Manchurian wild rice, Zizania caduciflora); o, broom- corn millet (broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum); p, short-tailed leaf tanoak (stone oak, Lithocarpus brevicaudatus); q, job’s-tears (Job’s tears, Coix chinensis); r, golden euryale (fox nut, Euryale ferox) (scale bar: a–p, 20 μm; r,10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "中国部分现代植物淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Morphology of starch grains from some modern plants in China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d296cb88fc332fd19da98c78.png", "image_url": "media/S143_39be4d62a443_S143-F01.png?v=d296cb88fc33", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "species from 20 families of plants that are common in China, and descriptions of some of them have been published [12,13]. Genera include the grasses Panicum, Setaria, Oryza, Lolium and Aegilops, tree seeds of Quercus, Casta- nea, Corylus, Aesculus, Fagus and Juglans, hydrophytic plants Trapa, Nelumbo and Euryale, as well as beans such as Vigna, etc. (Figure 1). The Kuahuqiao site lies on the eastern coastal wetland of Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province. It spans an area of 150000 m2, with cultural deposits measuring from 1–3 m thickness, and dates from 8000 to 7000 cal a BP [15]. The Kuahuqiao site is one of the oldest Neolithic sites in the middle-lower Yangtze River and includes remains of build- ings, a dugout canoe, artifacts, and biological remains. Both", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "The charred residues yielded 42 starch grains that can be classified into 8 groups. (1) K1. 21 starch grains were recovered from sample K1. They are classified into 6 groups. Group A: Twelve starch grains had a polygonal shape, centric and open hila, and transverse or stellate fissures. Group A had two subgroups, A1 and A2. The mean size of A1 was bigger than that of A2. There are ten grains in sub- group A1, with a mean size of 19 μm or so. Two grains with sharp angles are classified in group A2 whose mean size was near 12 μm (Figure 3a, b). Group B: Three starch grains had an oval shape. The length of the major axis was about 20 μm, and the minor axis was 11 μm or so (Figure 3c). Group C: Four starch grains had a lenticular form (Figure 3d). They had centric, open hila and no visible lamellae. The sizes ranged from 10 μm to 30 μm. When the grain was rotated, side view was in the form of an oval with a longitu- dinal groove connecting the two distal ends of the major axis (Figure 3e). The shape after rotation was very unstable. Group D: Only one starch grain is classified in this group. The grain was spherical in shape, had an open and centric hilum and a transverse fissure through the hilum (Figure 3f). The size was 17.68 μm. Group E: One oval starch grain with an eccentric hilum falls in this group. The grain was characterized by central depressions and ringed edges on the surface (Figure 3g, h). The major axis was 22.49 μm in length. (2) K2. The sample K2 contained 4 starch grains. Three grains belong to group C of sample K1, and one oval grain with an open, centric hil", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:34.417721+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S143_39be4d62a443_S143-P0004-B007", "paper_key": "S143_39be4d62a443", "paper_id": "S143", "number": "未编号2", "caption_original": "Figure 3 Starch grains recovered from charred residues. a, Group A1; b, group A2; c, group B; d and e, group C; f, group D; g, group E under unpolarized light; h, group E under polarized light; i, group F; j,k and l, group D under unpolarized light; m, n and o, group G under polarized light (scale bar: 20 μm)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "\n2026-10-21复核：原文计数也有内部矛盾：正文总量42颗，分样写K1为21、K2为4、K3为20；K3所列分项又合计19。不能悄然将总量改为某个复算数。另见中文版本S093的相关统计冲突。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c28bcec0b1e884975ca0dd93610eea3bd42d80fa0b789731829474298e8274af", "image_bytes": 1470214, "sites": [ "CN083" ], "caption_zh": "图3 从炭化残留物中提取的淀粉粒。\na，组A1，薏苡类；b，组A2，稻属；c，组B，栎属；d和e，组C，小麦族；f，组D，未知；g，组E在非偏光下，七叶树；h，组E在偏光下，七叶树；i，组F，薏苡；j、k和l，组D在非偏光下，豇豆属；m、n和o，组G在偏光下，小豆类似（尺度条：20 μm）。", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Starch grains recovered from charred residues. a, Group A1; b, group A2; c, group B; d and e, group C; f, group D; g, group E under unpolarized light; h, group E under polarized light; i, group F; j,k and l, group D under unpolarized light; m, n and o, group G under polarized light (scale bar: 20 μm)\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\na (A1): Interpreted by the authors as Job’s-tears-type starch; other modern grass comparators are not additional archaeological identifications. (PDF pp. 5).\nb (A2): Very possibly Oryza; cultivated rice is suggested, but the authors explicitly call the identification tentative. (PDF pp. 5, 5).\nc (B): Compared by the authors with acorn starch from other sites; no particular oak species is assigned here. (PDF pp. 6).\nd–e (C): Lenticular morphology, but the discussion explicitly leaves Group C unidentified; shape alone is not used here to reassign it to Triticeae. (PDF pp. 6).\nf (D): Unidentified in the source; no modern comparator is promoted to a diagnosis. (PDF pp. 6).\ng–h (E): Similar to Chinese horse-chestnut/buckeye (Aesculus chinensis) seed starch; based on one grain and explicitly tentative. (PDF pp. 5).\ni (F): Considered very possibly derived from Job’s tears by the authors. (PDF pp. 5).\nj–o (正文G；原图注j–l误列D): The body assigns j–l (unpolarized) and m–o (polarized) to Group G, compares them with adzuki bean and discusses Vigna. The caption calls j–l Group D, conflicting with the body. (PDF pp. 4, 4, 5).\n\nEditorial source-check note:\nThe source also has inconsistent counts: total 42, but sample totals K1=21, K2=4 and K3=20; the K3 components sum to 19. No revised total is silently substituted. The Chinese version S093 also contains a related discrepancy.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "炭化残留物中淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Starch grains from charred residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c28bcec0b1e884975ca0dd93.png", "image_url": "media/S143_39be4d62a443_S143-P0004-B007.png?v=c28bcec0b1e8", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "a", "type_code": "A1", "interpretation_zh": "作者据形态判断为薏苡类；不将其他现代禾本科比较物种一并视为检出。", "interpretation_en": "Interpreted by the authors as Job’s-tears-type starch; other modern grass comparators are not additional archaeological identifications.", "uncertainty": "沿用来源判断，非独立复鉴。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "we believe that group A1 is from job’s-tears." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c28bcec0b1e884975ca0dd93610eea3bd42d80fa0b789731829474298e8274af" }, { "panels": "b", "type_code": "A2", "interpretation_zh": "很可能为稻属；作者进一步提出可能来自栽培稻，但明确该鉴定仍属暂定。", "interpretation_en": "Very possibly Oryza; cultivated rice is suggested, but the authors explicitly call the identification tentative.", "uncertainty": "稻属与栽培状态推断分开。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "the grains classified in group A2 are very possibly from seeds of the genus Oryza." }, { "page": 5, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "the identification is still tentative." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c28bcec0b1e884975ca0dd93610eea3bd42d80fa0b789731829474298e8274af" }, { "panels": "c", "type_code": "B", "interpretation_zh": "作者与其他遗址的橡子淀粉进行比较；不在此指定栎属具体种。", "interpretation_en": "Compared by the authors with acorn starch from other sites; no particular oak species is assigned here.", "uncertainty": "比较性解释。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "Starch grains like those in group B were from acorns" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c28bcec0b1e884975ca0dd93610eea3bd42d80fa0b789731829474298e8274af" }, { "panels": "d–e", "type_code": "C", "interpretation_zh": "形态为透镜状，但原文讨论明确C类未能鉴定；不能仅凭形态改成小麦族。", "interpretation_en": "Lenticular morphology, but the discussion explicitly leaves Group C unidentified; shape alone is not used here to reassign it to Triticeae.", "uncertainty": "原文未定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "group C and D could not be identified due to the current limitations of the modern reference collection." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c28bcec0b1e884975ca0dd93610eea3bd42d80fa0b789731829474298e8274af" }, { "panels": "f", "type_code": "D", "interpretation_zh": "原文未鉴定，不据其形态补入现代比较种名。", "interpretation_en": "Unidentified in the source; no modern comparator is promoted to a diagnosis.", "uncertainty": "未定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "group C and D could not be identified" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c28bcec0b1e884975ca0dd93610eea3bd42d80fa0b789731829474298e8274af" }, { "panels": "g–h", "type_code": "E", "interpretation_zh": "与七叶树（Aesculus chinensis）种子淀粉相似，仅见一颗，作者明确鉴定暂定。", "interpretation_en": "Similar to Chinese horse-chestnut/buckeye (Aesculus chinensis) seed starch; based on one grain and explicitly tentative.", "uncertainty": "暂定，不能译作美洲山核桃。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "the identification is tentative at this time." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c28bcec0b1e884975ca0dd93610eea3bd42d80fa0b789731829474298e8274af" }, { "panels": "i", "type_code": "F", "interpretation_zh": "作者认为也很可能来自薏苡。", "interpretation_en": "Considered very possibly derived from Job’s tears by the authors.", "uncertainty": "很可能。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "group F is very possibly from job’s-tears also." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c28bcec0b1e884975ca0dd93610eea3bd42d80fa0b789731829474298e8274af" }, { "panels": "j–o", "type_code": "正文G；原图注j–l误列D", "interpretation_zh": "正文将j–l（明场）及m–o（偏光）归为G类，与小豆相似，讨论豇豆属来源；原图注j–l写D，与正文冲突。", "interpretation_en": "The body assigns j–l (unpolarized) and m–o (polarized) to Group G, compares them with adzuki bean and discusses Vigna. The caption calls j–l Group D, conflicting with the body.", "uncertainty": "保留原文编号冲突，不写成确定小豆种级鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "through the hila in some grains (Figure 3j–l)." }, { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "The grains in group G were very large in size." }, { "page": 5, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "When starch grains from group G are compared with those from modern adzuki bean" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "c28bcec0b1e884975ca0dd93610eea3bd42d80fa0b789731829474298e8274af" } ], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "The charred residues yielded 42 starch grains that can be classified into 8 groups. (1) K1. 21 starch grains were recovered from sample K1. They are classified into 6 groups. Group A: Twelve starch grains had a polygonal shape, centric and open hila, and transverse or stellate fissures. Group A had two subgroups, A1 and A2. The mean size of A1 was bigger than that of A2. There are ten grains in sub- group A1, with a mean size of 19 μm or so. Two grains with sharp angles are classified in group A2 whose mean size was near 12 μm (Figure 3a, b). Group B: Three starch grains had an oval shape. The length of the major axis was about 20 μm, and the minor axis was 11 μm or so (Figure 3c). Group C: Four starch grains had a lenticular form (Figure 3d). They had centric, open hila and no visible lamellae. The sizes ranged from 10 μm to 30 μm. When the grain was rotated, side view was in the form of an oval with a longitu- dinal groove connecting the two distal ends of the major axis (Figure 3e). The shape after rotation was very unstable. Group D: Only one starch grain is classified in this group. The grain was spherical in shape, had an open and centric hilum and a transverse fissure through the hilum (Figure 3f). The size was 17.68 μm. Group E: One oval starch grain with an eccentric hilum falls in this group. The grain was characterized by central depressions and ringed edges on the surface (Figure 3g, h). The major axis was 22.49 μm in length. (2) K2. The sample K2 contained 4 starch grains. Three grains belong to group C of sample K1, and one oval grain with an open, centric hil", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "through the hila in some grains (Figure 3j–l). The grains in group G were very large in size. The mean size was almost 40 μm, but the Maltese extinction crosses were not very intact (Figure 3m–o). Besides starch grains, Softwood tracheids with bordered pits were also seen using microscopy1) (Figure 4a, b). Bor- dered pits, like starch grains, appeared to have an extinction cross under polarized light (Figure 4c, d), which often con- fused researchers.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "The grey-yellow sample, in contrast, contained clay miner- als which could be seen using microscopy. There were more damaged starch grains recovered from these charred residues than from the stone tools analyzed from the Shangzhai site [14]. Though the major morpho- logical characteristics of starch grains were still intact, the Maltese extinction crosses were not (Figure 3m–o), proba- bly due to damage from heating. But, as was previously mentioned, because starch grains from different plants have different gelatinization temperatures, and because the pot- tery could have been broken when the food was cooking, starch grains which did not reach the gelatinization tem- peratures could survive and preserve. Modern reference collections show that starch grains with polygonal shapes are almost always derived from seeds", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:21:20.465276+00:00", "revision": 5 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN083", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Figure 3 Starch grains recovered from charred residues. a, Group A1; b, group A2; c, group B; d and e, group C; f, group D; g, group E under unpolarized light; h, group E under polarized light; i, group F; j,k and l, group D under unpolarized light; m, n and o, group G under polarized light (scale bar: 20 μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "kuahuqiao", "quote": "doi: 10.1007/s11434-009-0545-0\n\n\n\nSPECIAL TOPICS:\n\nStarch grain analysis reveals ancient diet at Kuahuqiao site,\nZhejiang Province\n\nYANG XiaoYan1* & JIANG LePing2\n\n1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;\n2 Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hangzhou 310014", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "39be4d62a44307479ecdcca166d28c68c0e8104b5b86d39fec30f94493391401" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S143_39be4d62a443_S143-P0005-B000", "paper_key": "S143_39be4d62a443", "paper_id": "S143", "number": "未编号3", "caption_original": "Figure 4 Bordered pits of tracheid from softwood fibers in charred residues. a and b, Bordered pits of tracheid under unpolarized light; c and d, bordered pits of tracheid under polarized light (scale bar: 50 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "243708942acbc1622b380ef0c795d17bde73edfd6c2e60661b2d82996dc31671", "image_bytes": 975855, "sites": [ "CN083" ], "caption_zh": "图4 硬木纤维中炭化残留物的导管细胞边缘孔。a 和 b，导管细胞边缘孔在非偏光下观察；c 和 d，导管细胞边缘孔在偏光下观察（比例尺：50 μm）。", "caption_en": "Figure 4 Bordered pits of tracheid from softwood fibers in charred residues. a and b, Bordered pits of tracheid under unpolarized light; c and d, bordered pits of tracheid under polarized light (scale bar: 50 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "硬木纤维中导管细胞边缘孔", "title_en": "Bordered Pits of Tracheids in Softwood Fibers", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/243708942acbc1622b380ef0.png", "image_url": "media/S143_39be4d62a443_S143-P0005-B000.png?v=243708942acb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "through the hila in some grains (Figure 3j–l). The grains in group G were very large in size. The mean size was almost 40 μm, but the Maltese extinction crosses were not very intact (Figure 3m–o). Besides starch grains, Softwood tracheids with bordered pits were also seen using microscopy1) (Figure 4a, b). Bor- dered pits, like starch grains, appeared to have an extinction cross under polarized light (Figure 4c, d), which often con- fused researchers.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "The charred residues yielded 42 starch grains that can be classified into 8 groups. (1) K1. 21 starch grains were recovered from sample K1. They are classified into 6 groups. Group A: Twelve starch grains had a polygonal shape, centric and open hila, and transverse or stellate fissures. Group A had two subgroups, A1 and A2. The mean size of A1 was bigger than that of A2. There are ten grains in sub- group A1, with a mean size of 19 μm or so. Two grains with sharp angles are classified in group A2 whose mean size was near 12 μm (Figure 3a, b). Group B: Three starch grains had an oval shape. The length of the major axis was about 20 μm, and the minor axis was 11 μm or so (Figure 3c). Group C: Four starch grains had a lenticular form (Figure 3d). They had centric, open hila and no visible lamellae. The sizes ranged from 10 μm to 30 μm. When the grain was rotated, side view was in the form of an oval with a longitu- dinal groove connecting the two distal ends of the major axis (Figure 3e). The shape after rotation was very unstable. Group D: Only one starch grain is classified in this group. The grain was spherical in shape, had an open and centric hilum and a transverse fissure through the hilum (Figure 3f). The size was 17.68 μm. Group E: One oval starch grain with an eccentric hilum falls in this group. The grain was characterized by central depressions and ringed edges on the surface (Figure 3g, h). The major axis was 22.49 μm in length. (2) K2. The sample K2 contained 4 starch grains. Three grains belong to group C of sample K1, and one oval grain with an open, centric hil", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:34.529493+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN083", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Figure 4 Bordered pits of tracheid from softwood fibers in charred residues. a and b, Bordered pits of tracheid under unpolarized light; c and d, bordered pits of tracheid under polarized light (scale bar: 50 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "kuahuqiao", "quote": "doi: 10.1007/s11434-009-0545-0\n\n\n\nSPECIAL TOPICS:\n\nStarch grain analysis reveals ancient diet at Kuahuqiao site,\nZhejiang Province\n\nYANG XiaoYan1* & JIANG LePing2\n\n1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;\n2 Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hangzhou 310014", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "39be4d62a44307479ecdcca166d28c68c0e8104b5b86d39fec30f94493391401" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S144_453f4de97d05_S144-F05", "paper_key": "S144_453f4de97d05", "paper_id": "S144", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Starch grains from Donghulin grinding stones, showing characteristics similar to acorn samples (AeC from slab, T8M1:2/1; D,E from handstone, T8M1:3/2) A. Lamellae visible on a polygonal grain; B. Fissuring as seen in reference acorn material and damage consistent with grinding; C. Clumping of grains with a damaged grain similar to that in B; D. Grains still enclosed by cell walls; note the fissures at hilum and the presence of faceted grains in the sample; E. Clumps of grains with associated plant tissue from the same population as shown in D; note damaged grain in bottom centre of image. Faceted grains also occur and lamellae are visible (Photos: J. Field).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b8c0ae6fefc8b5272ae1065de544e7e8ea21bd1fade09af8760f548eaf1dd152", "image_bytes": 1414365, "sites": [ "CN021" ], "caption_zh": "图5 东胡林磨制石器上的淀粉粒，具有与橡子参照样品相似的特征。A—C来自石磨盘T8M1:2/1，D、E来自石磨棒T8M1:3/2。A，多角形颗粒上可见层纹；B，可见与橡子参照材料相似的裂隙，以及与研磨相符的损伤；C，颗粒聚集，其中受损颗粒与B相似；D，颗粒仍被细胞壁包裹，可见脐点处裂隙及带刻面的颗粒；E，与D同一组样品中的颗粒团簇，伴有植物组织，图像中央下方可见受损颗粒，也可见带刻面的颗粒和层纹。摄影：J. Field。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Starch grains from Donghulin grinding stones, showing characteristics similar to acorn samples (AeC from slab, T8M1:2/1; D,E from handstone, T8M1:3/2) A. Lamellae visible on a polygonal grain; B. Fissuring as seen in reference acorn material and damage consistent with grinding; C. Clumping of grains with a damaged grain similar to that in B; D. Grains still enclosed by cell walls; note the fissures at hilum and the presence of faceted grains in the sample; E. Clumps of grains with associated plant tissue from the same population as shown in D; note damaged grain in bottom centre of image. Faceted grains also occur and lamellae are visible (Photos: J. Field).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "东胡林石器上的橡子类淀粉粒", "title_zh": "东胡林石器上的橡子类淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch Grain Characteristics from Donghulin Grinding Stones", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b8c0ae6fefc8b5272ae1065d.png", "image_url": "media/S144_453f4de97d05_S144-F05.png?v=b8c0ae6fefc8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "The second sample produced double the number of grains from the first. Most of the starch grains were aggregated in a large clump and some appeared to be enclosed by cell walls (Fig. 5D). This may also account for the incidence of smaller grains measured in the sample as the complete range of starch sizes, as seen in compara- tive reference samples, were present. There were also altered grains consistent with grinding damage (Fig. 5E). The starch from this sample is consistent with Quercus species in both size and morphology (Figs. 4 and 6). It is interesting to note that the morphology of some of the starch grains show similarities to Setaria", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:34.588069+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN021", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Starch grains from Donghulin grinding stones, showing characteristics similar to acorn samples (AeC from slab, T8M1:2/1; D,E from handstone, T8M1:3/2) A. Lamellae visible on a polygonal grain; B. Fissuring as seen in reference acorn material and damage consistent with grinding; C. Clumping of grains with a damaged grain similar to that in B; D. Grains still enclosed by cell walls; note the fissures at hilum and the presence of faceted grains in the sample; E. Clumps of grains with associated plant tissue from the same population as shown in D; note damaged grain in bottom centre of image. Faceted grains also occur and lamellae are visible (Photos: J. Field).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "donghulin", "quote": "journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas\n\n\n\nA functional analysis of grinding stones from an early holocene site at Donghulin,\nNorth China\n\nLi Liu a,*, Judith Field b, Richard Fullagar c, Chaohong Zhao d, Xingcan Chen e, Jincheng Yu f\n\na La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, 3086, Bundoora, VIC, Australia\nb University of Sydney, Australia\nc Scarp Archaeology and University of Wollon", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "453f4de97d0551bac4f50e4380b50beef0ecfd5c15a511b28720efb01bda8dab" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S144_453f4de97d05_S144-F06", "paper_key": "S144_453f4de97d05", "paper_id": "S144", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Comparative reference samples known from the study region. A. foxtail millet (Setaria italica ); B. broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum ); C. acorn (Quercus dentata ); D. acorn (Quercus acutissima ); E. acorn (Lithocarpus glaber ); F. acorn (Cyclobalanopsis nubium ).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3d31d7a035adb993544b271f1a74fe41296ed99ea218c17ddcdb4f7e1e64a9c3", "image_bytes": 1243521, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图6 研究区已知植物的现代比较参照样品。\nA，粟（Setaria italica）；B，黍（Panicum miliaceum）；C，槲树（Quercus dentata）的坚果；D，麻栎（Quercus acutissima）的坚果；E，石栎（Lithocarpus glaber）的坚果；F，云山青冈（Cyclobalanopsis nubium）的坚果。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Comparative reference samples known from the study region. A. foxtail millet (Setaria italica ); B. broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum ); C. acorn (daimyo oak, Quercus dentata ); D. acorn (sawtooth oak, Quercus acutissima ); E. acorn (stone oak, Lithocarpus glaber ); F. acorn (ring-cupped oak, Cyclobalanopsis nubium ).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "东胡林研究所用现代植物淀粉粒参照", "title_zh": "东胡林研究所用现代植物淀粉粒参照", "title_en": "Comparative reference samples from the study region", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/3d31d7a035adb993544b271f.png", "image_url": "media/S144_453f4de97d05_S144-F06.png?v=3d31d7a035ad", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "A minimum of 30 grains from a single population is required before allocation to species can be made. In many instances the recovery of grains is far less than those described here. The grains share distinct similarities with acorns (Fig. 6CeF), and while the median value is higher than the two Quercus species shown here (Fig. 4), it is consistent with some of the Lithocarpus and Cyclobalanopsis material we have documented from southern China (Fig. 6E, F). The starches from Quercus species tend to have a smaller median size than Lithocarpus. Cyclobalanopsis shows marked variation in size range in the two species presented here and cannot be separated from the other genera on this basis alone (Fig. 4).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:34.640234+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S145_8b50f61f6bc4_S145-F02", "paper_key": "S145_8b50f61f6bc4", "paper_id": "S145", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Figure 2 Starch grains from some modern species. (a) Starch grains from foxtail millet (Setaria italica), collected from Hebei Province, mean diameter of \nstarch grains is 10.32±2.15 μm (n=100); (b) starch grains from broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), collected from Gansu Province, mean diameter of \nstarch grains is 7.22±1.60 μm (n=100); (c) and (d) starch grains from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), collected from Beijing, mean diameter of starch grains is \n16.72±5.53 μm (n=160); (e) starch grains from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), collected from Gansu Province, mean diameters of starch grains is \n7.06±1.49 μm (n=330); (f) starch grains from wheat (Triticum aestivum), collected from Qinghai Province, mean diameter of starch grains is 18.68±8.75 μm \n(n=113); (g) starch grains from barley (Hordeum vulgare), collected from Gansu Province, mean diameter of starch grains is 17.41±4.65 μm (n=100); (h) \nstarch grains from red bean (Vigna umbellata), collected from Gansu Province, mean diameter of starch grains is 33.44±10.0 μm (n=118); (i) starch grains \nfrom chick pea (Cicer arietinum), collected from Gansu Province, mean diameter of starch grains is 15.84±5.76 μm (n=136); (j) starch grains from ginkgo \n(Ginkgo biloba), collected from Gansu Province, mean diameter of starch grains is 15.31±4.18 μm (n=108); (k) starch grains from chestnut (Castanea mol-\nlissima), collected from Beijing, mean diameter of starch grains is 11.52±2.61 μm (n=50); (l) starch grains from sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima), col-\nlected from Beijing, mean diameter of starch grains is 10.74±3.34 μm (n=50).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文“赤小豆／红豆”等中文样品名与所列Vigna umbellata并用；英文依据所列学名写rice bean，中文原称保留。这里不据图注裁定作者样品是否误鉴定。", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8c9385c9f5dc2aafbaf8f38ca3bf0593b70ee3c2e36c909414d7187215d0f739", "image_bytes": 1181600, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 一些现代物种的淀粉粒。 \n（a） 来自河北省的粟（Setaria italica）淀粉粒，淀粉粒平均直径为10.32±2.15 μm（n=100）；（b） 来自甘肃省的黍（Panicum miliaceum）淀粉粒，淀粉粒平均直径为7.22±1.60 μm（n=100）；（c） 和 （d） 来自北京的高粱（Sorghum bicolor）淀粉粒，淀粉粒平均直径为16.72±5.53 μm（n=160）；（e） 来自甘肃省的荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum）淀粉粒，淀粉粒平均直径为7.06±1.49 μm（n=330）；（f） 来自青海省的小麦（Triticum aestivum）淀粉粒，淀粉粒平均直径为18.68±8.75 μm（n=113）；（g） 来自甘肃省的大麦（Hordeum vulgare）淀粉粒，淀粉粒平均直径为17.41±4.65 μm（n=100）；（h） 来自甘肃省的红芸豆（Vigna umbellata）淀粉粒，淀粉粒平均直径为33.44±10.0 μm（n=118）；（i） 来自甘肃省的鹰嘴豆（Cicer arietinum）淀粉粒，淀粉粒平均直径为15.84±5.76 μm（n=136）；（j） 来自甘肃省的银杏（Ginkgo biloba）淀粉粒，淀粉粒平均直径为15.31±4.18 μm（n=108）；（k） 来自北京的栗（Castanea mollissima）淀粉粒，淀粉粒平均直径为11.52±2.61 μm（n=50）；（l） 来自北京的锯齿 oak（麻栎，Quercus acutissima）淀粉粒，淀粉粒平均直径为10.74±3.34 μm（n=50）.", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Starch grains from some modern species. (a) Starch grains from foxtail millet (Setaria italica), collected from Hebei Province, mean diameter of \nstarch grains is 10.32±2.15 μm (n=100); (b) starch grains from broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), collected from Gansu Province, mean diameter of \nstarch grains is 7.22±1.60 μm (n=100); (c) and (d) starch grains from Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), collected from Beijing, mean diameter of starch grains is \n16.72±5.53 μm (n=160); (e) starch grains from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), collected from Gansu Province, mean diameters of starch grains is \n7.06±1.49 μm (n=330); (f) starch grains from wheat (Triticum aestivum), collected from Qinghai Province, mean diameter of starch grains is 18.68±8.75 μm \n(n=113); (g) starch grains from barley (Hordeum vulgare), collected from Gansu Province, mean diameter of starch grains is 17.41±4.65 μm (n=100); (h) \nstarch grains from red bean (rice bean, Vigna umbellata), collected from Gansu Province, mean diameter of starch grains is 33.44±10.0 μm (n=118); (i) starch grains \nfrom chick pea (chickpea, Cicer arietinum), collected from Gansu Province, mean diameter of starch grains is 15.84±5.76 μm (n=136); (j) starch grains from ginkgo \n(Ginkgo biloba), collected from Gansu Province, mean diameter of starch grains is 15.31±4.18 μm (n=108); (k) starch grains from chestnut (Chinese chestnut, Castanea mollissima), collected from Beijing, mean diameter of starch grains is 11.52±2.61 μm (n=50); (l) starch grains from sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima), col-\nlected from Beijing, mean diameter of starch grains is 10.74±3.34 μm (n=50).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "一些现代物种的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from some modern species", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/8c9385c9f5dc2aafbaf8f38c.png", "image_url": "media/S145_8b50f61f6bc4_S145-F02.png?v=8c9385c9f5dc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "Therefore, the following protocol was used. (1) Slide and cover containing dental calculus were taken apart by forceps, and placed into beakers. (2) The beakers were shaken in an ultrasonic water bath for 10 min at a power of 500 W×50%. (3) A 5% solution of sodium hexametaphosphate (Calgon) was added to each sample to deflocculate the calculus and ease dispersal, and then rinsed twice by using ultrapure wa- ter. (4) Starch was isolated using a solution of CsCl at a density of 1.3 and 1.8 g/cm3. (5) The recovered residue was mounted on a slide. (6) In addition, we placed tooth T2 into beaker, and then retrieved starch grains repeating (2)–(5) again. A protocol used to tooth T3 was revised partly after summary of aforementioned protocols in order to perfect the protocol and make it more effective. 1) The tooth was brushed with a soft toothbrush in ultrapure water to remove adherent soil and other particles. 2) The tooth was shaken in an ultrasonic water bath for 15 min at a power of 500 W×50%. 3) A 5% solution of Calgon was added to sample to deflocculate the calculus and ease dispersal for 10 hours, and then rinsed it twice in ultrapure water. 4) The calculus was dissolved in a 10% solution of HCl for 12 hours, and then rinsed it twice in ultrapure water. 5) The retrieved re- mains were mounted on a slide. To identify the ancient starch grains, we used a modern reference collection of over 60 species from 20 families of plants that are common in the study area and other area. Genera include the grasses Panicum, Setaria, Lolium, and Aegilops, tree seeds of Quercus, Castanea, ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "[1–8, 19–22]. However, sizes of rice, oat, buckwheat, whitethorn, and others are all smaller than Group 1. The length of sorghum is consistent with Group 1, but most of starch grains from sorghum have a linear or radial fissure, and visible lamellae (Figure 2(d)). Maize originated in America, and was introduced into China in early part of the 16th century [23]. Otherwise, the mean diameter of broom- corn millet is 7 μm, and the largest starch grain is 11.08 μm, and most of the starch grains from broomcorn millet have no fissure. In addition, according to the starch grains from six modern samples of foxtail millet, the mean diameter is 9–12 μm, the largest starch is 19.34 μm in length, and the surface of starch grains is smooth, with visible fissure (Fig- ure 2(a)). The starch grains from foxtail millet are consistent with Group 1 in size and features, and therefore Group 1 was identified as foxtail millet. Group 2 (Figure 3(c), (d)). Five polygonal starch grains", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:34.685489+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S145_8b50f61f6bc4_S145-F03", "paper_key": "S145_8b50f61f6bc4", "paper_id": "S145", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3 Starch grains retrieved from teeth. (a) and (b) Group 1; (c) and (d) Group 2; (e)–(f) Group 3; (j)–(l) Group 4; (m) Group 5; (n) Group 6; (o) Group 7.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a39fbc453715e5b4069fad0783f8afb3f82cac4f375c7835f3f82fe42d258d02", "image_bytes": 945361, "sites": [ "CN039" ], "caption_zh": "图3 从牙齿中提取的淀粉粒。 （a） 和 （b） 第1组，粟类植物；（c） 和 （d） 第2组，荞麦；（e）–（f） 第3组，小麦族；（j）–（l） 第4组，鹰嘴豆；（m） 第5组，白果；（n） 第6组，橡子；（o） 第7组，块根块茎。", "caption_en": "Figure 3 Starch grains retrieved from teeth. (a) and (b) Group 1; (c) and (d) Group 2; (e)–(f) Group 3; (j)–(l) Group 4; (m) Group 5; (n) Group 6; (o) Group 7.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "从牙齿中提取的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains retrieved from teeth", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a39fbc453715e5b4069fad07.png", "image_url": "media/S145_8b50f61f6bc4_S145-F03.png?v=a39fbc453715", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "The three teeth yielded 48 starch grains, 10 of which were from T1, 22 from T2, and 16 from T3. Six of them could not be identified due to damage. The others were classified into seven groups. Group 1 (Figure 3(a), (b)). The group contained six po- lygonal starch grains, and had centric and open hila, no la- mellae, and radial fissures. The length of the major axis is 13.3–18.5 μm, and the minor axis is 12.1–16.4 μm. Modern reference collections show that starch grains with polygonal shapes are usually derived from seeds in the grass family, Poaceae. Plants in our comparative collection include fox- tail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), oat (Avena sativa), and maize (Zea mays). In addition, the morphology of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), whitethorn (Crataegus pinnatifida), and so on are polygonal", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "[1–8, 19–22]. However, sizes of rice, oat, buckwheat, whitethorn, and others are all smaller than Group 1. The length of sorghum is consistent with Group 1, but most of starch grains from sorghum have a linear or radial fissure, and visible lamellae (Figure 2(d)). Maize originated in America, and was introduced into China in early part of the 16th century [23]. Otherwise, the mean diameter of broom- corn millet is 7 μm, and the largest starch grain is 11.08 μm, and most of the starch grains from broomcorn millet have no fissure. In addition, according to the starch grains from six modern samples of foxtail millet, the mean diameter is 9–12 μm, the largest starch is 19.34 μm in length, and the surface of starch grains is smooth, with visible fissure (Fig- ure 2(a)). The starch grains from foxtail millet are consistent with Group 1 in size and features, and therefore Group 1 was identified as foxtail millet. Group 2 (Figure 3(c), (d)). Five polygonal starch grains", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "have centric and open hila, no fissure, and no lamellae. There is a small pit in the middle of starch grain. The range of major axis is 8.2–11.9 μm, and minor axis is 7.7–11.7 μm. Based on modern starch grains, they were identified as buckwheat. Group 3: Twenty-five starch grains had a flat, circular form (Figure 3(e)–(i)). They had centric and close hila. And some of them had visible lamellae, no fissure, but with some craters. In the meantime, most of them were pressed and turned oval with a longitude fissure, but unstable. The sizes of major axis were between 10.4 and 38.9 μm, and the minor axis between 8.8 and 36.4 μm. These starch grains were definitely from the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and/or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Because the starch grains from these two genera are very similar in features and sizes, we cannot distinguish them now. Group 4 (Figure 3(j)–(l)). The three teeth contained two", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "oval starch grains, which had centric and open hila, visible lamellae, and radiating fissure. The length of A axis is 24.9 and 25.5 μm, and B axis is 18.7 and 20.1 μm, respectively (Figure 3(j), (k)). They both were from beans, and may be red bean or mung bean. The teeth also contained one oval starch with no lamellae and fissure, which had a round edge in the brim (Figure 3(l)), and measured 17.6 μm in A axis and 12.4 μm in B axis. The features are similar to starch grains from chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Therefore, it might be from chickpea. Group 5. One starch grain had an oval form (Figure 3(m)). It had a centric, closed hilum, no visible lamellae, and no fissure, but a long dent on the surface, and had a 21.9 μm long major axis and a 15.3 μm long minor axis. Though the grain is very similar to modern Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), because only one starch grain was recovered, we are not sure about it. Group 6. A cucurbit-shaped starch grain had a centric and closed hilum, no lamellae, and smooth surface (Figure 3(n)). But it was rotated, and it has a linear fissure. The length of A axis is 25.9 μm and B axis is 11.3 μm. Based on modern reference collections, it might be from the genus Quercus. Group 7. The shape of the grain was circular, and it had a centric and closed hilum, no lamellae, and a linear dent (Figure 3(o)). If it was rotated, it turned to be ellipse, semi-ball, or sector in shape. When it is ellipse, it has a lon- gitudinal fissure. The size of A axis is 11.4 μm and B axis is 10.1 μm. The features of Group 7 are very similar to the starch grains from modern root", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:34.734020+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN039", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Figure 3 Starch grains retrieved from teeth. (a) and (b) Group 1; (c) and (d) Group 2; (e)–(f) Group 3; (j)–(l) Group 4; (m) Group 5; (n) Group 6; (o) Group 7.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Chenqimogou", "quote": "doi: 10.1007/s11430-010-0052-9\n\n\n\n Starch grains from dental calculus reveal ancient plant foodstuffs\n at Chenqimogou site, Gansu Province\n\n LI MingQi1,2, YANG XiaoYan1, WANG Hui3, WANG Qiang1, JIA Xin4 & GE QuanSheng1*\n\n 1 Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8b50f61f6bc4d9b42adf0a91af190ca89db8ad38ad5f0c7ff813150809ac59cd" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S146_40d31b000b12_S146-F02", "paper_key": "S146_40d31b000b12", "paper_id": "S146", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Figure 2\nUnprocessed starch granules: (1) wheat (T. aestivum); (2) foxtail millet (S. italica); (3) broomcorn millet (P.\nmiliaceum). Viewed under DIC (left) and polarized light (right). Scale bar: 10 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "26dda724347848b050b8d4817a487e13f77c4d840ca8e32c6e2a2f112c54f1e3", "image_bytes": 597121, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 未处理的淀粉颗粒\n（1） 小麦（Triticum aestivum）；（2） 粟（Setaria italica）；（3） 黍（Panicum miliaceum）。在微分干涉（DIC）（左）和偏光（右）下观察。比例尺：10 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 2\nUnprocessed starch granules: (1) wheat (Triticum aestivum); (2) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (3) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum). Viewed under DIC (left) and polarized light (right). Scale bar: 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "未处理淀粉颗粒", "title_en": "Unprocessed starch granules", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Figure 2\nUnprocessed starch granules: (1) wheat (T. aestivum); (2) foxtail millet (S. italica); (3) broomcorn millet (P.\nmiliaceum). Viewed under DIC (left) and polarized light (right). Scale bar: 10 μm.", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/26dda724347848b050b8d481.png", "image_url": "media/S146_40d31b000b12_S146-F02.png?v=26dda7243478", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "We compared starches from unprocessed seeds (Fig. 2) with those from the ground flour of foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and wheat. Since the process of grinding creates pressure on the seeds, the starch granules of cereal flour may show some morphological changes (Babot 2003). We noticed that starches from unprocessed millets tended to cluster into groups, while starches from ground millet flour often appeared as disjoined single grains with the occurrence of some fissures radiating from the hilum (see arrows in Figs 3 (1a) and 3 (2a)). The starch granules from commercial wheat flour showed even more severe alterations on the surface. Incomplete and fractured granules were present (Fig. 3 (6a)), and striations in different directions appeared on the surface of some granules (Fig. 3 (3a)). In other cases, the outline of the granule had become irregular, and the surface rough in texture (Fig. 3 (4a)). The lamellae became unusually distinc- tive in some areas on the granule (see arrow in Fig. 3 (5a)). Meanwhile, these damaged granules also showed alterations in extinction crosses, as the arms became wider and the centre became a large dark circle (see arrows in Figs 3 (1b), 3 (2b), 3 (4b) and 3 (5b)). These alterations reflect damage to the crystal structure. Our observation of these characteristics is consistent with research on maize starch granules after ball-mill treatment, which shows that granules lost flatness and smoothness and became rough on the surface, with a final disruption of starch components (Tamaki et al. 1998). Cooked noodles made from wheat and mixed flou", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:34.778534+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代实验" } }, { "id": "S146_40d31b000b12_S146-F03", "paper_key": "S146_40d31b000b12", "paper_id": "S146", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3\nStarch granules after grinding: (1) foxtail millet; (2) broomcorn millet; (3–6) wheat. Viewed under DIC (left)\nand polarized light (right). (1–2) Radiating fissures and defects in the shape of the extinction cross are marked with\narrows. Scale bars: (1–2) 10 mm; (3–6) 20 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d45d7d0b35e949e8b869432a262a58feaa142bb249b67a8116b4ad630b73901d", "image_bytes": 1065355, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 磨粉后的淀粉粒\n（1） 粟；（2） 黍；（3–6） 小麦。在微分干涉（DIC）（左）和偏光（右）下观察。（1–2） 辐射状裂隙和呈十字消光形状的缺陷用箭头标出。尺度条：（1–2） 10 μm；（3–6） 20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 3\nStarch granules after grinding: (1) foxtail millet; (2) broomcorn millet; (3–6) wheat. Viewed under DIC (left)\nand polarized light (right). (1–2) Radiating fissures and defects in the shape of the extinction cross are marked with\narrows. Scale bars: (1–2) 10 μm; (3–6) 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "pdf_corrected_source", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "磨粉后淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Starch Granules after Grinding", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Figure 3\nStarch granules after grinding: (1) foxtail millet; (2) broomcorn millet; (3–6) wheat. Viewed under DIC (left)\nand polarized light (right). (1–2) Radiating fissures and defects in the shape of the extinction cross are marked with\narrows. Scale bars: (1–2) 10 μm; (3–6) 20 μm.", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/d45d7d0b35e949e8b869432a.png", "image_url": "media/S146_40d31b000b12_S146-F03.png?v=d45d7d0b35e9", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "We compared starches from unprocessed seeds (Fig. 2) with those from the ground flour of foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and wheat. Since the process of grinding creates pressure on the seeds, the starch granules of cereal flour may show some morphological changes (Babot 2003). We noticed that starches from unprocessed millets tended to cluster into groups, while starches from ground millet flour often appeared as disjoined single grains with the occurrence of some fissures radiating from the hilum (see arrows in Figs 3 (1a) and 3 (2a)). The starch granules from commercial wheat flour showed even more severe alterations on the surface. Incomplete and fractured granules were present (Fig. 3 (6a)), and striations in different directions appeared on the surface of some granules (Fig. 3 (3a)). In other cases, the outline of the granule had become irregular, and the surface rough in texture (Fig. 3 (4a)). The lamellae became unusually distinc- tive in some areas on the granule (see arrow in Fig. 3 (5a)). Meanwhile, these damaged granules also showed alterations in extinction crosses, as the arms became wider and the centre became a large dark circle (see arrows in Figs 3 (1b), 3 (2b), 3 (4b) and 3 (5b)). These alterations reflect damage to the crystal structure. Our observation of these characteristics is consistent with research on maize starch granules after ball-mill treatment, which shows that granules lost flatness and smoothness and became rough on the surface, with a final disruption of starch components (Tamaki et al. 1998). Cooked noodles made from wheat and mixed flou", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:34.829193+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代实验" } }, { "id": "S146_40d31b000b12_S146-F04", "paper_key": "S146_40d31b000b12", "paper_id": "S146", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4\nStarch of cooked noodles made from different materials. (1) Wheat noodles. Scale bar: 20 mm. (2–3) Noodles\nof half foxtail millet and half wheat. Scale bar: 20 mm. (4–6) Noodles of 50% wheat, 25% foxtail millet and 25%\nbroomcorn millet. Scale bar: 10 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "717076d69fcf51ee6a53a0c93993ca2e38d55d1e3b0ed60e0ad969c70aef73b0", "image_bytes": 948055, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 不同原料制成的煮熟面条的淀粉。 \n（1） 小麦面条。比例尺：20 μm。 （2–3） 半粟半小麦面条。比例尺：20 μm。 （4–6） 50%小麦、25%粟和25%黍面条。比例尺：10 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 4\nStarch of cooked noodles made from different materials. (1) Wheat noodles. Scale bar: 20 μm. (2–3) Noodles\nof half foxtail millet and half wheat. Scale bar: 20 μm. (4–6) Noodles of 50% wheat, 25% foxtail millet and 25%\nbroomcorn millet. Scale bar: 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "pdf_corrected_source", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "不同原料面条的淀粉", "title_en": "Starch in noodles made from different materials", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Figure 4\nStarch of cooked noodles made from different materials. (1) Wheat noodles. Scale bar: 20 μm. (2–3) Noodles\nof half foxtail millet and half wheat. Scale bar: 20 μm. (4–6) Noodles of 50% wheat, 25% foxtail millet and 25%\nbroomcorn millet. Scale bar: 10 μm.", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/717076d69fcf51ee6a53a0c9.png", "image_url": "media/S146_40d31b000b12_S146-F04.png?v=717076d69fcf", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "We compared starches from unprocessed seeds (Fig. 2) with those from the ground flour of foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and wheat. Since the process of grinding creates pressure on the seeds, the starch granules of cereal flour may show some morphological changes (Babot 2003). We noticed that starches from unprocessed millets tended to cluster into groups, while starches from ground millet flour often appeared as disjoined single grains with the occurrence of some fissures radiating from the hilum (see arrows in Figs 3 (1a) and 3 (2a)). The starch granules from commercial wheat flour showed even more severe alterations on the surface. Incomplete and fractured granules were present (Fig. 3 (6a)), and striations in different directions appeared on the surface of some granules (Fig. 3 (3a)). In other cases, the outline of the granule had become irregular, and the surface rough in texture (Fig. 3 (4a)). The lamellae became unusually distinc- tive in some areas on the granule (see arrow in Fig. 3 (5a)). Meanwhile, these damaged granules also showed alterations in extinction crosses, as the arms became wider and the centre became a large dark circle (see arrows in Figs 3 (1b), 3 (2b), 3 (4b) and 3 (5b)). These alterations reflect damage to the crystal structure. Our observation of these characteristics is consistent with research on maize starch granules after ball-mill treatment, which shows that granules lost flatness and smoothness and became rough on the surface, with a final disruption of starch components (Tamaki et al. 1998). Cooked noodles made from wheat and mixed flou", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:34.885954+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代实验" } }, { "id": "S146_40d31b000b12_S146-F05", "paper_key": "S146_40d31b000b12", "paper_id": "S146", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Figure 5\nMineral granules recovered from a grinding stone from Shizitan in Shanxi, China.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5f2881e29b6ea6f0f6fcda080c2a8868ba203a5da39a65ab40ac6be3777d0453", "image_bytes": 513267, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5 从山西柿子滩一处磨石中提取的矿物颗粒。", "caption_en": "Figure 5\nMineral granules recovered from a grinding stone from Shizitan in Shanxi, China.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "山西柿子滩磨石矿物颗粒", "title_en": "Mineral Grains from Grinding Stone at Shizitan, Shanxi, China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5f2881e29b6ea6f0f6fcda08.png", "image_url": "media/S146_40d31b000b12_S146-F05.png?v=5f2881e29b6e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "widened at the edge of the cross in some cases. Second, the features of these granules, particularly the extinction crosses, are similar to some mineral grains that we have often encountered when examining ancient samples. For example, there are many such grains in the samples we collected from Shizitan in Jixian county, Shanxi province (Fig. 5). They show cross-like bire- fringence under polarized light, and the maximum lengths of the granules are similar to those of millet starches. These grains may easily be mistaken for starches. But when observed under a DIC view, they look very flat on the surface, unlike the three-dimensional characteristics of starch granules. In addition to mineral grains, fungal spores and gypsum spherulites may also be misidentified as starches. Both are common in soils and show extinction crosses under polarized light (Haslam 2006; Loy 2006). In any case, the Lajia noodle ‘starches’ need to be re-examined. In conclusion, our research shows that, first, as determined by the property of millets, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to make pure millet noodles and it is even more unlikely to make noodles from millet with husks. Second, it is unclear from the original report whether the residues from the Lajia noodle remains were actually derived from the noodles themselves. Third, starch morphology after cooking shows distinctive alterations, particularly the loss of the extinction cross, a phenomenon that does not fit with the original interpretation of the granules said to be from the Lajia noodles. Fourth, it is uncertain that the starch-lik", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:34.930203+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代实验" } }, { "id": "S147_17c37be52fa8_S147-F04", "paper_key": "S147_17c37be52fa8", "paper_id": "S147", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from modern and archaeological common millet (Panicum miliaceum). The upper row of photographs showing starch grains under transmitted light; and the\nlower row showing corresponding ones under polarized light. (a) starch grains from modern common millet; (b) starch grains from archaeological common millet with husk in the\nYingpan Tomb; (c) starch grains from archaeological common millet in the Subeixi Cemeteries.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8c7e868a79fc8b3f4a10b1d5382cf7cfb89c2949db06978acab2ad40e081a5e0", "image_bytes": 1550352, "sites": [ "CN129" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 来自现代和考古学上的黍（Panicum miliaceum）的淀粉粒。上排照片显示在透射光下的淀粉粒；下排照片显示相应样品在偏光下的淀粉粒。（a）现代黍的淀粉粒；（b）来自营盘墓的带稃考古黍的淀粉粒；（c）来自苏贝希墓地的考古黍的淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from modern and archaeological common millet (Panicum miliaceum). The upper row of photographs showing starch grains under transmitted light; and the\nlower row showing corresponding ones under polarized light. (a) starch grains from modern common millet; (b) starch grains from archaeological common millet with husk in the\nYingpan Tomb; (c) starch grains from archaeological common millet in the Subeixi Cemeteries.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "普通粟淀粉粒的透射光与偏光图像", "title_en": "Starch grains from common millet under transmitted and polarized light", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/8c7e868a79fc8b3f4a10b1d5.png", "image_url": "media/S147_17c37be52fa8_S147-F04.png?v=8c7e868a79fc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "From our investigations, starch grains of P. miliaceum with husk from the Yingpan Tomb are completely unchanged in morphology resembling modern reference samples (Fig. 4b), which exclude the possibility that starch grains from the Subeixi samples changed with age. Starch grains ground then soaked in water at room temperature hardly changed or changed very little, with a slight swelling of only a few grains. However, varied cooking methods produced some different changes among the starch grains of P. miliaceum. Compared with the uncooked samples, the gelatiniza- tion of the starch grains in the cooked P. miliaceum is very obvious. Heating in the presence of water causes a most remarkable swelling and distortion of the starch grains. When boiled whole, some grains retained their angular shape and extinction crosses for longer than 10 min, becoming fully gelatinized after 20 min. Ground P. miliaceum starch grains, however, tend to be more vulnerable and", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "and Europe (Lu et al., 2009a). Other early charred grains of common millet have been found at Xinglonggou (8000e7500 cal yrs BP) (Zhao, 2008), Yuezhuang (6060e5750 cal yrs BC) (Crawford et al., 2006), Dadiwan (7800e7350 cal yrs BP) (Liu and Kong, 2004), and Shangzhai (7500e7000 cal yrs BP) (Yang et al., 2009). During the Middle and Late Neolithic, foxtail millet (S. italica) surpassed common millet, becoming the most common cereal in North China. However, common millet was still significantly more common in inland areas than in those regions further east (Lee et al., 2007). The historical crop distributions indicate that common millet has a stronger drought resistance, and could grow better in poor soil (Crawford et al., 2005), thus it is no wonder that the common millet predominated over other crops in the extremely arid Turpan District. To date, the earliest P. miliaceum found in Xinjiang was nearly 4000 cal years BP at the Xiaohe Cemeteries (unpublished data), and later 2800 cal years BP at the Yanghai Tomb inTurpan, and it already was the main cereal crop in Turpan (Jiang et al., 2007b). Our research at the Subeixi Cemeteries proves that P. miliaceum was an important crop untill 300 BC. Moreover, it had been ground and made into noodles and cakes as a staple food. Aging can be one possibility for the changes of starch grains in ancient food remains. However, a large number of ancient starch grains are morphologically unaltered in many cases (Piperno et al., 2000, 2004; Pearsall et al., 2004; Fullagar et al., 2006; Yang et al., 2009). Moreover, the starch grains from the", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:34.371544+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN129", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from modern and archaeological common millet (Panicum miliaceum). The upper row of photographs showing starch grains under transmitted light; and the\nlower row showing corresponding ones under polarized light. (a) starch grains from modern common millet; (b) starch grains from archaeological common millet with husk in the\nYingpan Tomb; (c) starch grains from archaeological common millet in the Subeixi Cemeteries.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Subeixi", "quote": "journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas\n\n\n\nInvestigation of ancient noodles, cakes, and millet at the Subeixi Site, Xinjiang,\nChina\n\nYiwen Gong a, Yimin Yang a, David K. Ferguson b, Dawei Tao a, Wenying Li c, Changsui Wang a, Enguo Lü c,\nHongen Jiang a,*\n\na Department of Scientific History and Archaeometry, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuqua", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "17c37be52fa86a31b4ca1347b56c8dc7efc3b206b4199528b3566189eff53bd8" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S147_17c37be52fa8_S147-F05", "paper_key": "S147_17c37be52fa8", "paper_id": "S147", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Starch grains from archaeological noodles and cakes. The upper row of photographs showing starch grains under transmitted light; and the lower row showing corre-\nsponding ones under polarized light. (a) starch grains from noodles; (b) starch grains from cake 1; (c) starch grains from cake 2; (d) starch grains from cake 3.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "af58971419270f155614ef98f6666d87a3da052acf00c6a95885e94d84b882e0", "image_bytes": 1171125, "sites": [ "CN129" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 来自考古面条和糕点的淀粉粒。上排照片显示在透射光下的淀粉粒；下排照片显示相应的偏光下的淀粉粒。（a） 面条中的淀粉粒；（b） 糕点1中的淀粉粒；（c） 糕点2中的淀粉粒；（d） 糕点3中的淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Starch grains from archaeological noodles and cakes. The upper row of photographs showing starch grains under transmitted light; and the lower row showing corre-\nsponding ones under polarized light. (a) starch grains from noodles; (b) starch grains from cake 1; (c) starch grains from cake 2; (d) starch grains from cake 3.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "考古面条和糕点的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from archaeological noodles and cakes", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/af58971419270f155614ef98.png", "image_url": "media/S147_17c37be52fa8_S147-F05.png?v=af5897141927", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:34.988378+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN129", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Starch grains from archaeological noodles and cakes. The upper row of photographs showing starch grains under transmitted light; and the lower row showing corre-\nsponding ones under polarized light. (a) starch grains from noodles; (b) starch grains from cake 1; (c) starch grains from cake 2; (d) starch grains from cake 3.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Subeixi", "quote": "journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas\n\n\n\nInvestigation of ancient noodles, cakes, and millet at the Subeixi Site, Xinjiang,\nChina\n\nYiwen Gong a, Yimin Yang a, David K. Ferguson b, Dawei Tao a, Wenying Li c, Changsui Wang a, Enguo Lü c,\nHongen Jiang a,*\n\na Department of Scientific History and Archaeometry, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuqua", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "17c37be52fa86a31b4ca1347b56c8dc7efc3b206b4199528b3566189eff53bd8" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S147_17c37be52fa8_S147-F06", "paper_key": "S147_17c37be52fa8", "paper_id": "S147", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Phytoliths from modern and archaeological samples. (a) Phytoliths from modern common millet (Panicum miliaceum), the epidermal long cell walls are h-undulated (Photo\nsupplied by Prof. Houyuan Lu); (b) Phytoliths from noodles; (c) Phytoliths from cake 1; (d) Phytoliths from cake 2; (e) Phytoliths from cake 3. Arrows showing the h-undulated\nepidermal long cell walls.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2217419966b769f8741cd5dab9ed402e2ae27a305dda9f2b2711e52ea1f607e5", "image_bytes": 2573775, "sites": [ "CN129" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 来自现代和考古样品的植硅体。 （a） 来自现代黍（Panicum miliaceum）的植硅体，表皮长细胞壁呈h-波状（照片由卢厚元教授提供）；（b） 来自面条的植硅体；（c） 来自饼状食品1的植硅体；（d） 来自饼状食品2的植硅体；（e） 来自饼状食品3的植硅体。箭头指示h-波状的表皮长细胞壁。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Phytoliths from modern and archaeological samples. (a) Phytoliths from modern common millet (Panicum miliaceum), the epidermal long cell walls are h-undulated (Photo\nsupplied by Prof. Houyuan Lu); (b) Phytoliths from noodles; (c) Phytoliths from cake 1; (d) Phytoliths from cake 2; (e) Phytoliths from cake 3. Arrows showing the h-undulated\nepidermal long cell walls.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代与考古样品的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from modern and archaeological samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2217419966b769f8741cd5da.png", "image_url": "media/S147_17c37be52fa8_S147-F06.png?v=2217419966b7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.039539+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN129", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Phytoliths from modern and archaeological samples. (a) Phytoliths from modern common millet (Panicum miliaceum), the epidermal long cell walls are h-undulated (Photo\nsupplied by Prof. Houyuan Lu); (b) Phytoliths from noodles; (c) Phytoliths from cake 1; (d) Phytoliths from cake 2; (e) Phytoliths from cake 3. Arrows showing the h-undulated\nepidermal long cell walls.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Subeixi", "quote": "journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas\n\n\n\nInvestigation of ancient noodles, cakes, and millet at the Subeixi Site, Xinjiang,\nChina\n\nYiwen Gong a, Yimin Yang a, David K. Ferguson b, Dawei Tao a, Wenying Li c, Changsui Wang a, Enguo Lü c,\nHongen Jiang a,*\n\na Department of Scientific History and Archaeometry, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuqua", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "17c37be52fa86a31b4ca1347b56c8dc7efc3b206b4199528b3566189eff53bd8" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S147_17c37be52fa8_S147-F07", "paper_key": "S147_17c37be52fa8", "paper_id": "S147", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig. 7. Modified starch grains from cooked modern samples and archaeological samples. (a) Starch grains from whole-boiled P. miliaceum; (b) Starch grains from ground-boiled P.\nmiliaceum; (c) Starch grains from ground and baked P. miliaceum; (d) Starch grains from ancient caryopsis; (e) Starch grains from ancient noodles; (f) Starch grains from ancient cake\n1; (g) Starch grains from ancient cake 2; (h) Starch grains from ancient cake 3.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "eb5fef03eba6d4d5382e63ca42e64cf632d8f0b58838dba422f4e45b9d4af78f", "image_bytes": 1565878, "sites": [ "CN129" ], "caption_zh": "图7. 来自现代煮制样品和考古样品的改性淀粉粒。 （a） 来自整粒煮沸的黍（Panicum miliaceum）的淀粉粒； （b） 来自研磨煮沸的黍（Panicum miliaceum）的淀粉粒； （c） 来自研磨并烘烤的黍（Panicum miliaceum）的淀粉粒； （d） 来自古代颖果的淀粉粒； （e） 来自古代面条的淀粉粒； （f） 来自古代饼1的淀粉粒； （g） 来自古代饼2的淀粉粒； （h） 来自古代饼3的淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Fig. 7. Modified starch grains from cooked modern samples and archaeological samples. (a) Starch grains from whole-boiled broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); (b) Starch grains from ground-boiled broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); (c) Starch grains from ground and baked broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); (d) Starch grains from ancient caryopsis; (e) Starch grains from ancient noodles; (f) Starch grains from ancient cake\n1; (g) Starch grains from ancient cake 2; (h) Starch grains from ancient cake 3.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代与古代粟样品的淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Starch Grain Morphology from Modern and Ancient Foxtail Millet Samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/eb5fef03eba6d4d5382e63ca.png", "image_url": "media/S147_17c37be52fa8_S147-F07.png?v=eb5fef03eba6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "they were damaged thoroughly after about 10 min. The starch grains of both whole and ground ones collapsed at the centre, producing in the majority of cases fissures radiating from the hilums and a small portion becoming hollow inside (Fig. 7a, b). Longer boiling times caused more extreme swelling and loss of features till all of the grains gelatinized completely. Compared with other cooking methods, baking results in less damage to starch grains. After 20 min of baking many starch grains still remain unchanged with clear or damaged extinction crosses. The most distinct difference of baked P. miliaceum starch grains is that nearly all the grains disintegrated with visible shadows or hollows at the centre, while fissuring is extremely rare (Fig. 7c). Steaming, like boiling, causes extensive swelling and gelatini- zation of the starch grains in a short time. The ground P. miliaceum, kneaded to dough, and then steamed produced starch grains which are almost all completely damaged, although a small portion of the starch grains still retained their characteristic shape and extinction crosses. The partly damaged grains appear to break down from the centre displaying hollows or fissures, with the former pattern being a little more common. Based on cooking experiments, all the grains can be classified into five different morphological categories which are (I) unchanged", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "(III) and a relatively high proportion of damaged grains with fissures (V) (Fig. 7b, e). Ancient caryopses produce more starch grains belonging to Category V, while the proportion of completely damaged grains decreases to a certain extent, resembling the starch grains of whole-boiled P. miliaceum (Fig. 7a, d). The starch grains of all the ancient cakes are characterized by the highest rate of intact grains (I), a relatively low proportion of totally damaged grains (III), rather high percentage of damaged grains with shadows or hollows (IV), and extremely few grains with fissures at the centre (Fig. 7c, feh). In order to clarify the relation of ancient samples and modern cooking-experimental samples, cluster analysis of SPSS was applied to the proportion of five different morphologies from modern and archaeological samples in Table 6. A dendrogram of the five morphologies in 9 samples was constructed (Fig. 9). There were 2 groups when the threshold is about 14. The modern boiled and steamed samples clustered together with ancient noodles and caryopsis samples. Within this group, moreover, the ancient noodles and modern ground-boiled samples composed one small group, while the of ancient caryopses and modern whole-boiled samples were similar. The other group consisted of ancient cakes", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.089636+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN129", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 7. Modified starch grains from cooked modern samples and archaeological samples. (a) Starch grains from whole-boiled P. miliaceum; (b) Starch grains from ground-boiled P.\nmiliaceum; (c) Starch grains from ground and baked P. miliaceum; (d) Starch grains from ancient caryopsis; (e) Starch grains from ancient noodles; (f) Starch grains from ancient cake\n1; (g) Starch grains from ancient cake 2; (h) Starch grains from ancient cake 3.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Subeixi", "quote": "journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas\n\n\n\nInvestigation of ancient noodles, cakes, and millet at the Subeixi Site, Xinjiang,\nChina\n\nYiwen Gong a, Yimin Yang a, David K. Ferguson b, Dawei Tao a, Wenying Li c, Changsui Wang a, Enguo Lü c,\nHongen Jiang a,*\n\na Department of Scientific History and Archaeometry, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuqua", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "17c37be52fa86a31b4ca1347b56c8dc7efc3b206b4199528b3566189eff53bd8" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S147_17c37be52fa8_S147-F08", "paper_key": "S147_17c37be52fa8", "paper_id": "S147", "number": "8", "caption_original": "Fig. 8. Five different morphologies of starch grains from cooked modern samples. The upper row of photographs showing starch grains under transmitted light; and the lower row\nshowing corresponding ones under polarized light. (a) unchanged grains with clear extinction crosses; (b) swollen grains with damaged extinction crosses, (c) completely damaged\ngrains with visible boundaries, extinction crosses were fully damaged and invisible; (d) damaged grains with shadows or hollows, extinction crosses were damaged and unclear; (e)\ndamaged grains with fissures at the centre, extinction crosses were modified.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3f3046baf2b0bda496abd5f08560d6d8a6f83671365b92fa5fb731b046eeb6f5", "image_bytes": 1059752, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图8. 五种不同形态的现代煮熟样品中的淀粉粒。上排照片显示淀粉粒在透射光下的形态；下排显示相应样品在偏光下的形态。（a） 未改变的淀粉粒，具有清晰的消光十字；（b） 膨胀的淀粉粒，消光十字受损；（c） 完全受损的淀粉粒，可见边界，消光十字完全受损且不可见；（d） 受损的淀粉粒带有阴影或空腔，消光十字受损且不清晰；（e） 带有中心裂隙的受损淀粉粒，消光十字被改变。", "caption_en": "Fig. 8. Five different morphologies of starch grains from cooked modern samples. The upper row of photographs showing starch grains under transmitted light; and the lower row\nshowing corresponding ones under polarized light. (a) unchanged grains with clear extinction crosses; (b) swollen grains with damaged extinction crosses, (c) completely damaged\ngrains with visible boundaries, extinction crosses were fully damaged and invisible; (d) damaged grains with shadows or hollows, extinction crosses were damaged and unclear; (e)\ndamaged grains with fissures at the centre, extinction crosses were modified.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代煮熟样品中五种不同形态的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Five different morphologies of starch grains from cooked modern samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/3f3046baf2b0bda496abd5f0.png", "image_url": "media/S147_17c37be52fa8_S147-F08.png?v=3f3046baf2b0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.133149+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S148_093090d2a009_S148-F03", "paper_key": "S148_093090d2a009", "paper_id": "S148", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Shizitan starch examples. Type I (1e4). 1, 2: damaged granules; 3, 4: a cluster of granules (scale bars: 10 mm); Type II (5e8). 5: starch granules bound in sell walls; 6, 7:\na damaged granule with a deep depression and fissures on the hilum, with defects in the shape and integrity of the extinction cross (under DIC and polarizer); 8: a damaged granule\nwith deep fissures and lamellae (scale bars: 10 mm); Type III (9e12). 9: a damaged starch; 11e12: same starch under DIC and polarizer (scale bars: 20 mm); Type IV (13e16). 15e16:\na damaged granule showing defects in the shape of extinction cross and a dark area in the center under polarizer (scale bars: 20 mm); Type V (17e24). 17, 18 and 19, 20: same\ngranules under DIC and polarizer, respectively; 19, 23, 24: damaged granules probably caused by grinding (scale bars: 20 mm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "190c2a9822e2ae18de6fdf17dee3efe1efea667a4f8e8c096913fe8f2dd55d4f", "image_bytes": 2122026, "sites": [ "CN005" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 柿子滩淀粉粒示例。类型I（1e4）。1， 2：损伤的淀粉粒；3， 4：一群淀粉粒（尺度条：10 μm）；类型II（5e8）。5：淀粉粒被包埋在细胞壁内；6， 7：一个损伤的淀粉粒，脐点处有深凹和裂隙，且消光十字形貌和完整性受损（在DIC和偏振器下观察）；8：一个损伤的淀粉粒，伴有深裂隙和层纹（尺度条：10 μm）；类型III（9e12）。9：一个损伤的淀粉粒；11e12：同一淀粉粒在DIC和偏振器下的图像（尺度条：20 μm）；类型IV（13e16）。15e16：一个损伤的淀粉粒，在偏振器下中心出现暗区，且消光十字形貌有缺陷（尺度条：20 μm）；类型V（17e24）。17， 18 和 19， 20：分别在DIC和偏振器下的相同淀粉粒；19， 23， 24：可能由研磨造成的损伤淀粉粒（尺度条：20 μm）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Shizitan starch examples. Type I (1e4). 1, 2: damaged granules; 3, 4: a cluster of granules (scale bars: 10 μm); Type II (5e8). 5: starch granules bound in sell walls; 6, 7:\na damaged granule with a deep depression and fissures on the hilum, with defects in the shape and integrity of the extinction cross (under DIC and polarizer); 8: a damaged granule\nwith deep fissures and lamellae (scale bars: 10 μm); Type III (9e12). 9: a damaged starch; 11e12: same starch under DIC and polarizer (scale bars: 20 μm); Type IV (13e16). 15e16:\na damaged granule showing defects in the shape of extinction cross and a dark area in the center under polarizer (scale bars: 20 μm); Type V (17e24). 17, 18 and 19, 20: same\ngranules under DIC and polarizer, respectively; 19, 23, 24: damaged granules probably caused by grinding (scale bars: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "pdf_corrected_source", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "柿子滩淀粉粒示例", "title_en": "Shizitan starch granule examples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 3. Shizitan starch examples. Type I (1e4). 1, 2: damaged granules; 3, 4: a cluster of granules (scale bars: 10 μm); Type II (5e8). 5: starch granules bound in sell walls; 6, 7:\na damaged granule with a deep depression and fissures on the hilum, with defects in the shape and integrity of the extinction cross (under DIC and polarizer); 8: a damaged granule\nwith deep fissures and lamellae (scale bars: 10 μm); Type III (9e12). 9: a damaged starch; 11e12: same starch under DIC and polarizer (scale bars: 20 μm); Type IV (13e16). 15e16:\na damaged granule showing defects in the shape of extinction cross and a dark area in the center under polarizer (scale bars: 20 μm); Type V (17e24). 17, 18 and 19, 20: same\ngranules under DIC and polarizer, respectively; 19, 23, 24: damaged granules probably caused by grinding (scale bars: 20 μm).", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/190c2a9822e2ae18de6fdf17.png", "image_url": "media/S148_093090d2a009_S148-F03.png?v=190c2a9822e2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Type I starches (n 1⁄4 47) are mostly triangular with round corners or are irregularly oval in shape. The fissure is linear and sometimes appears as a deep depression; the arms of extinction crosses are often bent, lamellae are rare, and the hilum is either centric or eccentric (Fig. 3.1e4). These features clearly resemble several Quercus species (SI Figure 2.1e3), which grow in north China today (Yang et al., 2009b). When size ranges are compared to those in our reference collection, Type I starches (5.45e24.61 mm) show best matches to Quercus variabilis and Quercus fabri (Fig. 4.A). The deep depressions visible in some grains may have been caused by grinding, as similar damage to starch grains was noted in ground acorn flour (Q. variabilis), which was milled with a millstone for 12 min in our experimental study (SI Figure 2.4).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Eighty starch grains are classified to Type II, including 22 indi- vidual granules (4.5e24.09 mm) observed as isolated granules or as small granule clusters. A group of small granules (range 1.71e5.08 mm) bound within a cell wall (n 1⁄4 58 measured) are also included in this tally. The isolated granules are characterized by having facetted shapes with either angular or round edges; the numbers of facets vary from four to six; the hilum is centric, and often appears as a deep depression; pronounced star fissures often radiate toward the periphery; and the arms of extinction crosses are mostly straight. In several cases lamellae are visible on a part of the granule (Fig. 3.5e8).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type III starches (n 1⁄4 5) are characterized by a larger granule size (19.11e38.21 mm), an eccentric hilum, lack of fissures, irregular triangular or oval shapes, and bent extinction crosses (Fig. 3.9e12). These granules show strong similarities in morphology and size with the Chinese shanyao yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) in our reference samples. D. opposita is represented by numerous culti- vated varieties in different regions across China. The wild forms can also be found in mountainous areas. Starch grains from five D. opposita samples (wild and cultivated) in our reference samples show some notable variations in shape within a specimen as well as between specimens, and this is an area of future research. Shizitan Type III starch grains are similar to a yam reference specimen collected from Luoyang, Henan, and referred to as tiegun shanyao by the locals (SI Figure 2.11, 12, Fig. 4.C). Yam starch grains are rare in the Shizitan assemblage. Since tubers do not have to be ground prior to consumption, processing tubers was probably not the main function of these tools.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type IV starches (n 1⁄4 4) are irregularly oval or facetted in shape. Fissures and lamellae are not visible and the extinction cross often has many arms. The center of the cross sometimes appears as a large dark area (Fig. 3.13e16), consistent with bean starch grains damaged by grinding (see Babot, 2003). The extinction cross is an important diagnostic attribute for distinguishing cf. Vigna sp. bean starch from Quercus sp. acorn starch in this study. Both exhibit oval", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.192042+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN005", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Shizitan starch examples. Type I (1e4). 1, 2: damaged granules; 3, 4: a cluster of granules (scale bars: 10 μm); Type II (5e8). 5: starch granules bound in sell walls; 6, 7:\na damaged granule with a deep depression and fissures on the hilum, with defects in the shape and integrity of the extinction cross (under DIC and polarizer); 8: a damaged granule\nwith deep fissures and lamellae (scale bars: 10 μm); Type III (9e12). 9: a damaged starch; 11e12: same starch under DIC and polarizer (scale bars: 20 μm); Type IV (13e16). 15e16:\na damaged granule showing defects in the shape of extinction cross and a dark area in the center under polarizer (scale bars: 20 μm); Type V (17e24). 17, 18 and 19, 20: same\ngranules under DIC and polarizer, respectively; 19, 23, 24: damaged granules probably caused by grinding (scale bars: 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shizitan Locality 9", "quote": ". Archaeological background and data\nrecover evidence for plant use in a huntingegathering population\nat a late Paleolithic site, Shizitan Locality 9 in Jixian, Shanxi (Fig. 1). Shizitan Locality 9 (S9) (N36 02011 00, E110 3204000, 688 5 m in\nThe site covers the transition period from the terminal Pleistocene altitude) is among a series of more than 25 late Paleolithic sites\nto the early Holoce", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "093090d2a009a784e7e5ef86b0aa12035a3208b52bcd4c33179e01026ca599e8" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S149_59f59d396768_S149-F04", "paper_key": "S149_59f59d396768", "paper_id": "S149", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Starch grains extracted from the used surfaces of archaeological groundstone tools from Baiyinchanghan site: AeB) F64A; CeF) F63A; GeI) F30A; JeL) F61A; MeN) F63A.\n(Scale bar: 20 mm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d9a4e49ce407dd6e6096a551e89c83f2db2b1348ffc440e5e1daad0bb89ab7c6", "image_bytes": 1384879, "sites": [ "CN046" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 来自白音长汗遗址考古磨制石器使用面提取的淀粉粒：A-B） F64A，A，黍，B，橡子；C-F） F63A，C，禾本科，像是黍，D，粟，E,F，橡子；G-I） F30A；G,H,粟、黍 ，I，橡子；J-L） F61A；J，黍，K，粟，L，橡子；M-N） F63A，未知类型。（比例尺：20 μm）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Starch grains extracted from the used surfaces of archaeological groundstone tools from Baiyinchanghan site: AeB) F64A; CeF) F63A; GeI) F30A; JeL) F61A; MeN) F63A.\n(Scale bar: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "pdf_corrected_source", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "白音长汗遗址磨制石器使用面淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from used surfaces of groundstone tools at Baiyinchanghan site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 4. Starch grains extracted from the used surfaces of archaeological groundstone tools from Baiyinchanghan site: AeB) F64A; CeF) F63A; GeI) F30A; JeL) F61A; MeN) F63A.\n(Scale bar: 20 μm).", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d9a4e49ce407dd6e6096a551.png", "image_url": "media/S149_59f59d396768_S149-F04.png?v=d9a4e49ce407", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "This handstone is an elongated slab with two use surfaces which were heavily ground; the cross-section is trapeziform and dimen- sions are: 17 cm long, 5.2 cm wide and 5 cm thick (Fig. 2A). It was found on the house floor of House No.64 which belongs to the Xiaohexi Culture (before 6200 BC) (Suo, 2005), west of the hearth (Fig. 3A). The white macroscopic residue can be observed on the use surfaces (Fig. 2A). Samples F64A and F64B yielded nineteen and seven starch grains respectively (Table 3). Three starch grains from F64A were polygonal. Their sizes are 8, 9 and 8 mm respectively. They have circular hila with a smooth surface (Fig. 4A). These starch grains show similarities to Panicum miliaceum (Fig. 5A), but the", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "sample of these type of starch grains is too small to make a convincing identification. One ovoid starch grain from F64A is 18 mm and has a longitudinal fissure that is characteristic of Quercus sp. (Fig. 4B) (compared with Fig. 5CeG, Yang et al., 2009a, 2009b).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "This grinding stone which had a concave use surface is 34 cm long, 18 cm wide and 3e7.4 cm thick (Fig. 2B). It was uncovered from the house floor of No.63 which belongs to the Xinlongwa Culture, southwest of the hearth (Fig. 3C). Samples F63A and F63B yielded 245 and 9 starch grains respectively (Table 3). Forty-seven of the starch grains extracted from F63A are spherical or polygonal (Fig. 4C). The starch grains range in size between 5 and 11 mm. They", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "have smooth surfaces without fissures. These starch grains are from the grass family Poaceae, and most likely from broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (Yang et al., 2009a, 2010a). We also found twenty-four polygonal starch grains from F63A (Fig. 4D). They have centric and open hilum and deep fissures. Seven grains measured more than 14 mm in length. Yang et al. (2009a, 2010a) indicated that this kind of starch grains is possibly from Setaria italica. The size of another ten starch grains are between 11 and 14 mm. Setaria italica and Setaria viridis have starch grains that fall into this size range (Yang et al., 2010a). The ten grains cannot be identified to species but are probably from Setaria. The remaining seven grains had the same morphological features as the other seventeen grains, but range in size between 8 and 11 mm. These grains are also possibly from Setaria. Fifteen ovoid starch grains were also found on the use surface of the groundstone. They range in length between 12 and 21 mm and some have longitudinal fissures (Fig. 4E). The", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:06.045960+00:00", "revision": 5 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN046", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Starch grains extracted from the used surfaces of archaeological groundstone tools from Baiyinchanghan site: AeB) F64A; CeF) F63A; GeI) F30A; JeL) F61A; MeN) F63A.\n(Scale bar: 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Baiyinchanghan", "quote": "journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas\n\n\n\nStarch grain analysis for groundstone tools from Neolithic Baiyinchanghan site:\nimplications for their function in Northeast China\n\nDawei Taoa,b, Yan Wua,b,*, Zhizhong Guoc, David V. Hilld, Changsui Wanga,b\n\na Department of Scientific History and Archaeometry, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "59f59d39676812d237fc0e90c376ca8a74321c2d798ac18d9454018bd2fcdd8d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S149_59f59d396768_S149-F05", "paper_key": "S149_59f59d396768", "paper_id": "S149", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Starch grains from some modern plants. (A) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaseum); (B) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (C) Quercus aliena; (D) Quercus dentata; (E) Quercus\nacutissima; (F) Quercus viriabilis; (G) Quercus mongolicus; (H) Lithocarpus glaber; (I) Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Scale bar: 20 mm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b21e30b1d2b312ac470f6137b583fb13709b6fea31ad83c102c4d99eb37aafbd", "image_bytes": 2473483, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5. 现代植物淀粉粒。 （A） 黍 （Panicum miliaceum）； （B） 粟 （Setaria italica）； （C） 栎属 （Quercus aliena）； （D） 栎属 （Quercus dentata）； （E） 栎属 （Quercus acutissima）； （F） 栎属 （Quercus variabilis）； （G） 栎属 （Quercus mongolica）； （H） 石栎属 （Lithocarpus glaber）； （I） 青冈（Cyclobalanopsis glauca） （尺度条：20 μm）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Starch grains from some modern plants. (A) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); (B) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (C) oriental white oak (Quercus aliena); (D) daimyo oak (Quercus dentata); (E) sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima); (F) Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis); (G) Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica); (H) stone oak (Lithocarpus glaber); (I) ring-cupped oak (Cyclobalanopsis glauca) (Scale bar: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from modern plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 5. Starch grains from some modern plants. (A) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaseum); (B) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (C) Quercus aliena; (D) Quercus dentata; (E) Quercus\nacutissima; (F) Quercus viriabilis; (G) Quercus mongolicus; (H) Lithocarpus glaber; (I) Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Scale bar: 20 μm).", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b21e30b1d2b312ac470f6137.png", "image_url": "media/S149_59f59d396768_S149-F05.png?v=b21e30b1d2b3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "clearly observed on all of four artifacts. Our reference collection includes examples of Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum and different nuts including Quercus, Lithocarpus, Cyclobalanopsis and these are discussed in detail. Starch grains from millets are polyg- onal in shape (Fig. 5A, B). Yang et al. (2010a) has conducted morphological characterization of starch grains from two domes- ticated millets (Setaria italic and Panicum miliaceum) and their wild relatives including green foxtail grass (Setaria viridis), Panicum bisulcatum and Eriochloa villosa in North China. This study showed that starch grains from broomcorn millet have smooth surfaces, mostly without fissures, whereas starch grains of foxtail millet mostly have open hila with characteristic fissures. It is also indi- cated by Yang et al. (2010a) that starch grains whose sizes are smaller than 11 mm might be either of broomcorn millet if they have more than 40% grains without fissures or of Setaria if they have more than 30% of starch grains with fissures. The starch grains from acorns have different morphologies depending on their species. Starch grains from Quercus are mostly oval shaped and some have longitudinal fissures across the hila (Yang et al., 2009b; Fig. 5D). Starch grains from Lithocarpus and Cyclobalanopsis are oval and irregular, bigger than those from Quercus and some have shallow fissures (Table 2; Fig. 5H, I; Liu et al., 2010a, 2010b). Starch grains from Cyclobalanopsis are semi-compound (Fig. 5I).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "This handstone is an elongated slab with two use surfaces which were heavily ground; the cross-section is trapeziform and dimen- sions are: 17 cm long, 5.2 cm wide and 5 cm thick (Fig. 2A). It was found on the house floor of House No.64 which belongs to the Xiaohexi Culture (before 6200 BC) (Suo, 2005), west of the hearth (Fig. 3A). The white macroscopic residue can be observed on the use surfaces (Fig. 2A). Samples F64A and F64B yielded nineteen and seven starch grains respectively (Table 3). Three starch grains from F64A were polygonal. Their sizes are 8, 9 and 8 mm respectively. They have circular hila with a smooth surface (Fig. 4A). These starch grains show similarities to Panicum miliaceum (Fig. 5A), but the", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "sample of these type of starch grains is too small to make a convincing identification. One ovoid starch grain from F64A is 18 mm and has a longitudinal fissure that is characteristic of Quercus sp. (Fig. 4B) (compared with Fig. 5CeG, Yang et al., 2009a, 2009b).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "measurements and features of this starch assemblage are similar to Quercus. One starch grain had eccentric hilum and longitudinal fissure (Fig. 4F). Starch grains with eccentric hila are only found in Quercus acutissima. The morphology and size of this starch grain are very close to starch grains from Quercus acutissima that were identified previously (Fig. 5E; Yang et al., 2009a, 2009b).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.288664+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S150_1515aa4274a2_S150-F02", "paper_key": "S150_1515aa4274a2", "paper_id": "S150", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2. Modern and archaeological starch grains. a–c, S. viridis from Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia. d, S. pumila from Shandong Province; e, S. faberil from Anhui Province; f, S. plicata from Guangdong; g, S. chondrachne from Jiangsu Province; h, S. parviflora from unknown region in South China; i–l, S. italica from Gansu, Hebei (j and k) and Inner Mongolia; m–o, P. miliaceum from Hebei, Gansu and Shaanxi Provinces. p, P. bisulcatum from Beijing. q–t, ancient starch grains from P. miliaceum recovered from the Cishan site. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。e原注拼作S. faberil，通常应作S. faberii；保留原拼写并注明，避免默默改动原文。单位μm已据原PDF恢复。", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ffcdbeccc3c22d9e518dcd35bd4d21abd6a626ee61839b0315b850f619fac0ab", "image_bytes": 3543567, "sites": [ "CN024" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 石器上的淀粉粒残留 a. 来自SDG2T1-6174的淀粉粒 b. 来自SDG2T1-6213的淀粉粒 c. 来自SDG2T1-6029的淀粉粒 d. 来自SDG2T1-6092的淀粉粒 e. 来自SDG2T1-6124的淀粉粒 f. 来自SDG2T1-6299的淀粉粒 g. 来自SDG2T1-5446的淀粉粒 h. 来自SDG2T1-6691的淀粉粒 i. 来自SDG2T1-6579的淀粉粒 j. 来自SDG2T1-6092的淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. The starch grains residues from stone artifacts a. starch grain from SDG2T1-6174 b. starch grain from SDG2T1-6213 c. starch grain from SDG2T1-6029 d. starch grain from\nSDG2T1-6092 e. starch grain from SDG2T1-6124 f. starch grain from SDG2T1-6299 g. starch grain from SDG2T1-5446 h. starch grain from SDG2T1-6691 i. starch grain from SDG2T1-\n6579 j. starch grain from SDG2T1-6092.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "粟、黍及野生近缘植物的淀粉粒", "title_zh": "石器上的淀粉粒残留", "title_en": "Starch grains residues from stone artifacts", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ffcdbeccc3c22d9e518dcd35.png", "image_url": "media/S150_1515aa4274a2_S150-F02.png?v=ffcdbeccc3c2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "All starch grains from wild millets within the genus Setaria have wrinkled surfaces and coarse edges (Fig. 2aeh). Starch grains from green foxtail grass (S. viridis) are the largest in maximum length fol- lowed by those of S. pumila. Starch grains from S. pumila and S. parviflora are mainly spherical in shape with short lines that radiate from the center to the edges of the grains. Grains from S. viridis often have fissures through the hila which vary in form, while those from other species seldom have strongly-defined fissures.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Starch grains from foxtail millets have a basic polyhedral shape with occasional spherical or oval grains, and the surfaces are smooth (Fig. 2iel). These observations are in line with those re- ported previously (Reichert, 1913). The hila of starch grains from foxtail millets are centric, and the majority of grains have hila that are traversed by deep, linear, transverse, Y-shaped or stellate fissures. Radiating lines occur commonly from the center to the edge on the surface of grains. 987 starch grains from 9 samples were measured. The mean maximum length measurements of 9 samples are 9e12 mm with the largest starch grains occurring in the sample collected in Inner Mongolia, and the smallest from the sample collected in Hebei Province. The mean of 987 starch grains is 9.9 \u0004 2.3 mm, 95% CI is 9.7e10.0 mm.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Polyhedral starch grains dominate the sample (Fig. 2meo), an observation that is in line with previous research (Reichert, 1913). The hila of starch grains from broomcorn millets are centric, and almost 70% of the grains are unfissured. The remaining 30% grains have slight fissures through the hila, and a very few starch grains have transverse or Y-shaped fissures. The mean maximum length measurements of 9 samples are 6.5e7.5 mm, and, notably, starch grains that are larger than 10 mm in length make up less than 2% of the population. Only 3 of 923 grains measured more than 10 mm and the largest size is 11.9 mm. The mean maximum length of the 923 starch grains from broomcorn millets is 7.3 \u0004 1.4 mm and the 95% CI is 7.2e7.4 mm.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "The wild ancestor of broomcorn millet is still unknown. Panicum bisulcatum, a wild grass and congeneric species with broomcorn millet, has similar morphological features in its starch grains in both size and surface features. The differences lie in the size classes and fissure patterns. The ration of length to width of wild grass starches measure 1.0e1.7 um larger than those of broomcorn millet (w1.0) (Fig. 2p), and starch grains from P. bisulcatum have fissures even less frequently than the starches of broomcorn millet.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:20:34.096065+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN024", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "Fig. 2. Modern and archaeological starch grains. a–c, S. viridis from Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia. d, S. pumila from Shandong Province; e, S. faberil from Anhui Province; f, S. plicata from Guangdong; g, S. chondrachne from Jiangsu Province; h, S. parviflora from unknown region in South China; i–l, S. italica from Gansu, Hebei (j and k) and Inner Mongolia; m–o, P. miliaceum from Hebei, Gansu and Shaanxi Provinces. p, P. bisulcatum from Beijing. q–t, ancient starch grains from P. miliaceum recovered from the Cishan site. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "cishan", "quote": "om a sample of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum)\n31 August 2011\n excavated from the Cishan site (10.0e7.6 cal yr BP) in the North China Plain were then subjected to the\nAccepted 2 September 2011\n same analyses to determine the differences in morphologies, if any, between modern and ancient", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1515aa4274a2a7cc446fbe2878ea644cee36efa77f6a260c8cab53f778db8632" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S150_1515aa4274a2_S150-F03", "paper_key": "S150_1515aa4274a2", "paper_id": "S150", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch grains from some economically significant plant families in China. a, Vicia Faba, Family Leguminosae, range, 7.4–55.8 μm, mean, 29.3±11.54 μm; b, Quercus dentata, Family Fagaceae, range, 6.0–24.8 μm, mean, 13.2±3.8 μm; c, Fallopia multiflora, Family Polygonaceae, range, 4.2–20.3 μm, mean, 10.9±3.5 μm; d, Fritillaria cirrhosa, Family Liliaceae, range, 8.2–49.0 μm, mean, 33.2±8.2 μm; e, Dioscorea opposite, Family Dioscoreaceae, range, 5.9–43.6 μm, mean, 22.9±7.3 μm; f, Nelumbo nucifera, Family Nymphaeaceae, range, 8.0–72.4 μm, mean, 36.5±15.5 μm; g, Ginkgo biloba, Family Ginkgoaceae, range, 5.9–30.6 μm, mean, 15.3±4.2 μm; h, Stahlianthus involucratus, Family Zingiberaceae, range, 7.1–21.8 μm, mean, 15.4±2.8 μm; i, Typhonium divaricatum, Family Areceae, range, 6.3–19.8 μm, mean, 12.1±2.8 μm. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。±和μm据原PDF图注恢复。Vicia Faba、Dioscorea opposite、Areceae沿用原文拼写；通常分别作Vicia faba、Dioscorea opposita、Araceae。莲的Nymphaeaceae为原文分类，不能据此将其当作现行分类；书稿重绘时可另核为莲科Nelumbonaceae。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "888905626fefe66266a171925ec1c175a4a9d6658d8871c9cad4df9a064e5dbb", "image_bytes": 2642954, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 中国若干具有经济利用价值的植物科中的淀粉粒。\na，蚕豆（Vicia faba），豆科；粒径范围7.4—55.8 μm，平均值29.3±11.54 μm。\nb，槲树（Quercus dentata），壳斗科；粒径范围6.0—24.8 μm，平均值13.2±3.8 μm。c，Fallopia multiflora，蓼科；粒径范围4.2—20.3 μm，平均值10.9±3.5 μm。\nd，川贝母（Fritillaria cirrhosa），百合科；粒径范围8.2—49.0 μm，平均值33.2±8.2 μm。e，山药（Dioscorea opposita），薯蓣科；粒径范围5.9—43.6 μm，平均值22.9±7.3 μm。\nf，莲（Nelumbo nucifera），睡莲科（原文分类）；粒径范围8.0—72.4 μm，平均值36.5±15.5 μm。g，银杏（Ginkgo biloba），银杏科；粒径范围5.9—30.6 μm，平均值15.3±4.2 μm。h，土田七（Stahlianthus involucratus），姜科；粒径范围7.1—21.8 μm，平均值15.4±2.8 μm。i，犁头尖（Typhonium divaricatum），天南星科（原注拼作Areceae）；粒径范围6.3—19.8 μm，平均值12.1±2.8 μm。比例尺为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch grains from some economically significant plant families in China. a, broad bean (Vicia faba), Family legume family (Leguminosae), range, 7.4–55.8 μm, mean, 29.3±11.54 μm; b, daimyo oak (Quercus dentata), Family beech family (Fagaceae), range, 6.0–24.8 μm, mean, 13.2±3.8 μm; c, Fallopia multiflora, Family Polygonaceae, range, 4.2–20.3 μm, mean, 10.9±3.5 μm; d, fritillary (Fritillaria cirrhosa), Family Liliaceae, range, 8.2–49.0 μm, mean, 33.2±8.2 μm; e, Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita), Family yam family (Dioscoreaceae), range, 5.9–43.6 μm, mean, 22.9±7.3 μm; f, lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), Family water-lily family (Nymphaeaceae), range, 8.0–72.4 μm, mean, 36.5±15.5 μm; g, ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Family ginkgo family (Ginkgoaceae), range, 5.9–30.6 μm, mean, 15.3±4.2 μm; h, ginger relative (Stahlianthus involucratus), Family ginger family (Zingiberaceae), range, 7.1–21.8 μm, mean, 15.4±2.8 μm; i, aroid (Typhonium divaricatum), Family Areceae, range, 6.3–19.8 μm, mean, 12.1±2.8 μm. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "不同植物科的淀粉粒形态与粒径", "title_zh": "不同植物科的淀粉粒形态与粒径", "title_en": "Starch grains from some economically significant plant families in China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/888905626fefe66266a17192.png", "image_url": "media/S150_1515aa4274a2_S150-F03.png?v=888905626fef", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "grains have deep Y-shaped and transverse fissures, and the extinction crosses are quite weak (Fig. 3q). The remaining 26 grains range from 4.7 to 15.1 mm, and the mean is 10.5 \u0004 2.8 mm 16 of 26 grains are larger than 10 mm. The grains are polyhedral with centric hila (Fig. 2ret). In a population of 26 intact, undamaged starch grains, only 3 grains (11.5%) have a thin linear fissure transecting the hilum, and the remaining starch grains are unfissured.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.388998+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S150_1515aa4274a2_S150-F04", "paper_key": "S150_1515aa4274a2", "paper_id": "S150", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from various genera within the Family Poaceae. a, Roegneria kamoji. Range, 3.6–16.3 μm, mean, 8.2±2.5 μm; b, Elymus dahuricu. Range, 3.8–18.2 μm, mean, 11.1±3.2 μm; c, Leymus chinensis. Range, 6.5–26.2 μm, mean, 14.0±4.6 μm; d, Agropyron criststum. Range, 3.5–43.0 μm, mean, 24.8±8.5 μm; e, Secale cereale. Range, 4.7–45.2 μm, mean, 28.9±13.3 μm; f, Aegilops tauschi. Range, 5.9–42.9 μm, mean, 17.3±8.0 μm; g, Triticum aestivum. Range, 5.7–39.4 μm, mean, 18.7±8.8 μm; h, Hordeum vulgare var. nudum. Range, 5.2–22.4 μm, mean, 15.4±3.6 μm; i, Coix lacryma-jobi. Range, 5.4–20.4 μm, mean, 12.4±3.0 μm; j, Sorghum bicolor. Range, 6.8–22.2 μm, mean, 14.1±3.7 μm; k, Zizania caduciflora. Range, 3.2–8.2 μm, mean, 5.0±0.7 μm; l, Oryza sativa. Range, 5.0–11.27 μm, mean, 6.5±1.2 μm (starch grains less than 5 μm are excluded); m, Eriochloa villosa. Range, 3.2–6.8 μm, mean, 4.8±0.8 μm; n, Avena nuda. Range, 3.1–7.7 μm, mean, 5.1±1.0 μm; o, Eleusine coracana. Range, 3.3–11.8 μm, mean, 6.8±1.6 μm. Scale bars: k and m, 10 μm; others, 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。数据、±与μm均据原PDF图注核读；保留水稻排除小于5 μm颗粒的统计条件。Elymus dahuricu、Agropyron criststum、Aegilops tauschi等拼写沿用原注；重绘定稿时应另核规范拼写。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "22d52e8efb3c55ebdcb61430dbe6dbb7ffde720620003b4068f4f3f5b76e170a", "image_bytes": 2874247, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 禾本科不同属植物的淀粉粒。\na，鹅观草；粒径范围3.6—16.3 μm，平均值8.2±2.5 μm。b，披碱草（Elymus dahuricus）；粒径范围3.8—18.2 μm，平均值11.1±3.2 μm。c，羊草（Leymus chinensis）；粒径范围6.5—26.2 μm，平均值14.0±4.6 μm。d，冰草（Agropyron cristatum）；粒径范围3.5—43.0 μm，平均值24.8±8.5 μm。e，黑麦（Secale cereale）；粒径范围4.7—45.2 μm，平均值28.9±13.3 μm。f，山羊草属（Aegilops） tauschi；粒径范围5.9—42.9 μm，平均值17.3±8.0 μm。g，普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）；粒径范围5.7—39.4 μm，平均值18.7±8.8 μm。h，大麦（Hordeum vulgare） var. nudum；粒径范围5.2—22.4 μm，平均值15.4±3.6 μm。\ni，薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；粒径范围5.4—20.4 μm，平均值12.4±3.0 μm。\nj，高粱属（Sorghum） bicolor；粒径范围6.8—22.2 μm，平均值14.1±3.7 μm。\nk，菰（Zizania caduciflora）；粒径范围3.2—8.2 μm，平均值5.0±0.7 μm。\nl，水稻（Oryza sativa）；粒径范围5.0—11.27 μm，平均值6.5±1.2 μm。水稻统计排除了小于5 μm的淀粉粒。m，Eriochloa villosa；粒径范围3.2—6.8 μm，平均值4.8±0.8 μm。n，裸燕麦（Avena nuda）；粒径范围3.1—7.7 μm，平均值5.1±1.0 μm。\no，龙爪粟；粒径范围3.3—11.8 μm，平均值6.8±1.6 μm。比例尺：k、m为10 μm，其余为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from various genera within the Family grass family (Poaceae). a, Roegneria kamoji. Range, 3.6–16.3 μm, mean, 8.2±2.5 μm; b, Dahurian wildrye (Elymus dahuricus). Range, 3.8–18.2 μm, mean, 11.1±3.2 μm; c, Chinese wildrye (Leymus chinensis). Range, 6.5–26.2 μm, mean, 14.0±4.6 μm; d, crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum). Range, 3.5–43.0 μm, mean, 24.8±8.5 μm; e, rye (Secale cereale). Range, 4.7–45.2 μm, mean, 28.9±13.3 μm; f, goatgrasses (Aegilops) tauschi. Range, 5.9–42.9 μm, mean, 17.3±8.0 μm; g, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Range, 5.7–39.4 μm, mean, 18.7±8.8 μm; h, barley (Hordeum vulgare) var. nudum. Range, 5.2–22.4 μm, mean, 15.4±3.6 μm; i, Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). Range, 5.4–20.4 μm, mean, 12.4±3.0 μm; j, Sorghum bicolor. Range, 6.8–22.2 μm, mean, 14.1±3.7 μm; k, Manchurian wild rice (Zizania caduciflora). Range, 3.2–8.2 μm, mean, 5.0±0.7 μm; l, rice (Oryza sativa). Range, 5.0–11.27 μm, mean, 6.5±1.2 μm (starch grains less than 5 μm are excluded); m, Eriochloa villosa. Range, 3.2–6.8 μm, mean, 4.8±0.8 μm; n, naked oat (Avena nuda). Range, 3.1–7.7 μm, mean, 5.1±1.0 μm; o, Eleusine coracana. Range, 3.3–11.8 μm, mean, 6.8±1.6 μm. Scale bars: k and m, 10 μm; others, 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "禾本科不同属植物的淀粉粒形态与粒径", "title_zh": "禾本科不同属植物的淀粉粒形态与粒径", "title_en": "Starch grains from various genera within the Family Poaceae", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/22d52e8efb3c55ebdcb61430.png", "image_url": "media/S150_1515aa4274a2_S150-F04.png?v=22d52e8efb3c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "The tribes and genera within the Poaceae are easily distin- guishable from one another using very basic morphological traits and assemblage characteristics (Reichert, 1913; Tateoka, 1962). Fig. 4 shows the starch grains extracted from the seeds of plants within the genera Oryza, Zizania, Sorghum, Coix, Eriochloa, Avena as well as 8 genera from the Tribe Triticeae. Starch grains from the Tribe Triticeae are lenticular, a morphology that is very different from others which are typically dominated by polyhedral shapes.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.432008+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S151_933bccf19e80_S151-F04", "paper_key": "S151_933bccf19e80", "paper_id": "S151", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4. Starch grains from modern plants. The upper row photographs showing starch grains under transmitted light; and the lower row\nshowing corresponding ones under polarized light. (A) starch grains from wheat (Triticum aestivum); (B) starch grains from barley (Hordeum vulgare);\n(C) starch grains from naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste); (D) starch grains from modern common millet (Panicum miliaceum). (Scale bar:\n20 mm).\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045137.g004", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5e48fdfe74f76b1374ed12495b427335e62ec7b00c2def21401c36cdbff0c3b8", "image_bytes": 401311, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 现代植物的淀粉粒。上行照片显示在透射光下的淀粉粒；下行照片显示相应样品在偏光下的淀粉粒。（A） 小麦（Triticum aestivum）的淀粉粒；（B） 大麦（Hordeum vulgare）的淀粉粒；（C） 裸大麦（Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste）的淀粉粒；（D） 现代黍（Panicum miliaceum）的淀粉粒。（比例尺：20 μm）。", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Starch grains from modern plants. The upper row photographs showing starch grains under transmitted light; and the lower row\nshowing corresponding ones under polarized light. (A) starch grains from wheat (Triticum aestivum); (B) starch grains from barley (Hordeum vulgare);\n(C) starch grains from naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste); (D) starch grains from modern common millet (Panicum miliaceum). (Scale bar:\n20 μm).\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045137.g004", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "pdf_corrected_source", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from modern plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Figure 4. Starch grains from modern plants. The upper row photographs showing starch grains under transmitted light; and the lower row\nshowing corresponding ones under polarized light. (A) starch grains from wheat (Triticum aestivum); (B) starch grains from barley (Hordeum vulgare);\n(C) starch grains from naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste); (D) starch grains from modern common millet (Panicum miliaceum). (Scale bar:\n20 μm).\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045137.g004", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5e48fdfe74f76b1374ed1249.png", "image_url": "media/S151_933bccf19e80_S151-F04.png?v=5e48fdfe74f7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch grain analysis The starch grains extracted could be divided into two distinctive types. Type 1 were large simple grains (10–40 mm) (Table 3) (Figs. 4, 5), circular/oval in outline, with centric and faint hilum. When rotated into side view, they assumed a lenticular form. Some had demonstrable lamellae (Fig. 6A, B). All cakes and dumplings possessed this type of starch grain. According to modern reference collections and published references [17,21,24,25] (Fig. 4A–C), this type of starch grain could be interpreted as one of the crops belonging to Triticeae. It is most likely that they were derived from Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, or H. vulgare var. coeleste. Type 2 was smaller (4–10 mm) (Table 3) (Figs. 4, 5), sub-rounded and polygonal overall in shape, with a central and faint hilum, and occasional fissures, with no lamellae. Most of the extinction crosses were bilaterally symmetrical. Starch grains extracted from the ancient porridge fell into this type, which could be identified as belonging to Panicum miliaceum (Fig. 6C) (compared with Fig. 4D, [22,26])", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.487133+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S151_933bccf19e80_S151-F06", "paper_key": "S151_933bccf19e80", "paper_id": "S151", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Figure 6. Microfossils extracted from ancient processed food. (A) starch grains from dumpling. Scale bar = 20 mm; (B) starch grains from\ncakes. Scale bar = 20 mm; (C) starch grains from porridge. Scale bar = 20 mm; (D) silicified epidermis from rice glume. Scale bar = 200 mm; (E) phytoliths\nfrom porridge. Scale bar = 20 mm; (F), (G) phytoliths from dumpling. Scale bar = 20 mm; (H) bran fragments from dumpling. Scale bar = 20 mm; (I) bran\nfragments from cakes. Scale bar = 20 mm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045137.g006", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7df77d21871d05846b977d21186287402e914216da66af2ff2c0591c3210c10e", "image_bytes": 2321863, "sites": [ "CN132" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 从古代加工食品中提取的微化石。 （A） 饺子中的淀粉粒。比例尺 = 20 μm；（B） 饼状食品中的淀粉粒。比例尺 = 20 μm；（C） 粥中的淀粉粒。比例尺 = 20 μm；（D） 水稻颖壳的硅化表皮。比例尺 = 200 μm；（E） 粥中的植硅体。比例尺 = 20 μm；（F）、（G） 饺子中的植硅体。比例尺 = 20 μm；（H） 饺子中的麸皮碎片。比例尺 = 20 μm；（I） 饼状食品中的麸皮碎片。比例尺 = 20 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 6. Microfossils extracted from ancient processed food. (A) starch grains from dumpling. Scale bar = 20 μm; (B) starch grains from\ncakes. Scale bar = 20 μm; (C) starch grains from porridge. Scale bar = 20 μm; (D) silicified epidermis from rice glume. Scale bar = 200 μm; (E) phytoliths\nfrom porridge. Scale bar = 20 μm; (F), (G) phytoliths from dumpling. Scale bar = 20 μm; (H) bran fragments from dumpling. Scale bar = 20 μm; (I) bran\nfragments from cakes. Scale bar = 20 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045137.g006", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "pdf_corrected_source", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "古代加工食品中微化石", "title_en": "Microfossils from Ancient Processed Foods", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Figure 6. Microfossils extracted from ancient processed food. (A) starch grains from dumpling. Scale bar = 20 μm; (B) starch grains from\ncakes. Scale bar = 20 μm; (C) starch grains from porridge. Scale bar = 20 μm; (D) silicified epidermis from rice glume. Scale bar = 200 μm; (E) phytoliths\nfrom porridge. Scale bar = 20 μm; (F), (G) phytoliths from dumpling. Scale bar = 20 μm; (H) bran fragments from dumpling. Scale bar = 20 μm; (I) bran\nfragments from cakes. Scale bar = 20 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045137.g006", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/7df77d21871d05846b977d21.png", "image_url": "media/S151_933bccf19e80_S151-F06.png?v=7df77d21871d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch grain analysis The starch grains extracted could be divided into two distinctive types. Type 1 were large simple grains (10–40 mm) (Table 3) (Figs. 4, 5), circular/oval in outline, with centric and faint hilum. When rotated into side view, they assumed a lenticular form. Some had demonstrable lamellae (Fig. 6A, B). All cakes and dumplings possessed this type of starch grain. According to modern reference collections and published references [17,21,24,25] (Fig. 4A–C), this type of starch grain could be interpreted as one of the crops belonging to Triticeae. It is most likely that they were derived from Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, or H. vulgare var. coeleste. Type 2 was smaller (4–10 mm) (Table 3) (Figs. 4, 5), sub-rounded and polygonal overall in shape, with a central and faint hilum, and occasional fissures, with no lamellae. Most of the extinction crosses were bilaterally symmetrical. Starch grains extracted from the ancient porridge fell into this type, which could be identified as belonging to Panicum miliaceum (Fig. 6C) (compared with Fig. 4D, [22,26])", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Phytolith analysis All husk phytoliths extracted from porridge had smooth surfaces without any papillae; the epidermal long cell walls were g- undulated. Moreover, the ending structures of the epidermal long cells were of the cross-finger type (Fig. 6E). In addition, the average R value (ratio of the width of endings interdigitation to the amplitude of undulations) was 0.82, which is in accordance with that of Panicum miliaceum (0.7960.12) [20] (Table 4). In this case the husk phytoliths extracted from the porridge belonged to Panicum miliaceum. This scenario agrees well with the results of the starch grain analysis. However, the phytolith morphology of the ancient dumpling revealed that the epidermal long cell walls were V-undulated and the ending structures of epidermal long cells were of the cross-wavy type (Fig. 6F). Fifty phytoliths extracted from the dumpling were also measured and statistically analyzed and found to have an average R value of 0.38, which fit quite well with that of S. italica (0.3360.11) [20] (Table 4). The phytoliths from the dumpling were consequently identified to be from S. italica.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.543648+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN132", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Figure 6. Microfossils extracted from ancient processed food. (A) starch grains from dumpling. Scale bar = 20 μm; (B) starch grains from\ncakes. Scale bar = 20 μm; (C) starch grains from porridge. Scale bar = 20 μm; (D) silicified epidermis from rice glume. Scale bar = 200 μm; (E) phytoliths\nfrom porridge. Scale bar = 20 μm; (F), (G) phytoliths from dumpling. Scale bar = 20 μm; (H) bran fragments from dumpling. Scale bar = 20 μm; (I) bran\nfragments from cakes. Scale bar = 20 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045137.g006", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Astana", "quote": "Archaeobotanical Study of Ancient Food and Cereal\nRemains at the Astana Cemeteries, Xinjiang, China\n\nTao Chen1,2, Yan Wu1,2, Yongbing Zhang3, Bo Wang4, Yaowu Hu1,2, Changsui Wang1,2, Hongen Jiang1,2*\n\n1 The Lab of Human Evolution, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Ch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "933bccf19e80da3466d9e867876ec00fe63781dc99101de2283dc6b9e3b47efe" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S152_88d0d7082875_S152-F02", "paper_key": "S152_88d0d7082875", "paper_id": "S152", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2.\nCharacteristic starch grains from seeds of wild and domesticated\nmillets. (A) Setaria plicata from Guangdong Province. (B) Setaria parviflora\nfrom unknown region in South China. (C) Setaria faberil from Anhui Prov-\nince. (D) Setaria chondrachne from Jiangsu Province. (E) Setaria pumila from\nShandong Province. (F) S. viridis from Inner Mongolia. (G) Panicum mil-\niaceum from Shaanxi Provinces. (H) P. bisulcatum from Beijing. (I) S. italica\nfrom Hebei Province. (Scale bar: 20 μm.)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 2 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4a5e0cb91e5e5fa3ba1de16c690e732f58df4242b72e3df82064945add70ec94", "image_bytes": 711434, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 来自野生和栽培粟类种子的特征淀粉粒。（A） 广东省 皱叶狗尾草（Setaria plicata）。（B） 中国南方未知地区 幽狗尾草（Setaria parviflora）。（C） 安徽省 大狗尾草（Setaria faberi）。（D） 江苏省 硬稃狗尾草（Setaria chondrachne）。（E） 山东省 金色狗尾草（Setaria pumila）。（F） 内蒙古 狗尾草（Setaria viridis）。（G） 陕西省 黍（Panicum miliaceum）。（H） 北京 糠稷（Panicum bisulcatum）。（I） 河北省 粟（Setaria italica）。（比例尺：20 μm。）", "caption_en": "Fig. 2.\nCharacteristic starch grains from seeds of wild and domesticated\nmillets. (A) foxtail grass (Setaria plicata) from Guangdong Province. (B) knotroot foxtail (Setaria parviflora)\nfrom unknown region in South China. (C) giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) from Anhui Prov-\nince. (D) foxtail grass (Setaria chondrachne) from Jiangsu Province. (E) yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) from\nShandong Province. (F) green foxtail (Setaria viridis) from Inner Mongolia. (G) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) from Shaanxi Provinces. (H) Japanese panicgrass (Panicum bisulcatum) from Beijing. (I) foxtail millet (Setaria italica)\nfrom Hebei Province. (Scale bar: 20 μm.)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "粟类种子淀粉粒特征", "title_en": "Characteristic starch grains from millet seeds", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4a5e0cb91e5e5fa3ba1de16c.png", "image_url": "media/S152_88d0d7082875_S152-F02.png?v=4a5e0cb91e5e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "Our comparative work with modern specimens indicates that to distinguish domesticated millet starch grains from wild, and foxtail millet from broomcorn millet, there are two key factors to be considered. One factor is morphological and applies to single- starch grains, and the second is an assemblage-based approach. The basic morphological form of all studied wild and domesti- cated millet starches is a polyhedral shape with occasional spherical forms present (Fig. 2). Starch grains from wild millets within the genus Setaria are characterized by wrinkled surfaces and rough edges, and the mean size is typically <10 μm, much smaller than both domesticated foxtail millet and green foxtail grass (17). The starch grains from green foxtail grass are the largest among the wild millets, and their range of sizes (<14 μm) and morphology overlap somewhat with foxtail millet.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.588546+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S152_88d0d7082875_S152-F03", "paper_key": "S152_88d0d7082875", "paper_id": "S152", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3.\nStarch grains recovered from the sites of Nanzhuangtou and Dong-\nhulin. (A and B) Polyhedral and spherical starch grains recovered from the stone\ntools excavated from the Nanzhuangtou site. (C–E) Starch grains recovered\nfrom the stone tools excavated from the Donghulin site. Note wrinkled surface\nand rough edges in E. (F) Starch grain recovered from the carbonized residues\nadhering to the sherd, Donghulin site. (G) Starch grain recovered from the\ncultural deposits, Donghulin site. (H) Starch grain from the tribe Triticeae. (I)\nStarch grain from a geophyte source. (Scale bars: A–G, 10 μm, H and I, 20 μm.)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e6c6697335368ba561d51d639bc8c660e77f339c3dd6894c15840164e657542b", "image_bytes": 895297, "sites": [ "CN020", "CN021" ], "caption_zh": "图3。从南庄头和东胡林遗址中提取的淀粉粒。（A和B） 从南庄头遗址发掘的石器中提取的多面体和球形淀粉粒。野生粟类植物（C–E） 从东胡林遗址发掘的石器中提取的淀粉粒。驯化及野生粟类植物，注意E中的皱缩表面和粗糙边缘。（F） 从东胡林遗址附着在陶片上的碳化残留物中提取的淀粉粒。狗尾草等野生粟类植物（G） 从东胡林遗址文化层中提取的淀粉粒。粟类植物。（H） 来自小麦族的淀粉粒。（I） 来自块根块茎植物来源的淀粉粒。（比例尺：A–G，10 μm，H和I，20 μm。）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3.\nStarch grains recovered from the sites of Nanzhuangtou and Dong-\nhulin. (A and B) Polyhedral and spherical starch grains recovered from the stone\ntools excavated from the Nanzhuangtou site. (C–E) Starch grains recovered\nfrom the stone tools excavated from the Donghulin site. Note wrinkled surface\nand rough edges in E. (F) Starch grain recovered from the carbonized residues\nadhering to the sherd, Donghulin site. (G) Starch grain recovered from the\ncultural deposits, Donghulin site. (H) Starch grain from the tribe wheat tribe (Triticeae). (I)\nStarch grain from a geophyte source. (Scale bars: A–G, 10 μm, H and I, 20 μm.)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "南庄头和东胡林遗址淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Nanzhuangtou and Donghulin sites", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e6c6697335368ba561d51d63.png", "image_url": "media/S152_88d0d7082875_S152-F03.png?v=e6c669733536", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "No starches were recovered from the three control specimens. More than 400 starch grains were recovered from the tools (Table 1), and 255 were identified as starch grains from grasses. Some 205 of the 255 grass starch grains have the polyhedral or spherical shape (Fig. 3) characteristic of millet starches. When the assem- blage is viewed as a whole, starch grains with wrinkled surfaces and rough edges, wild characteristics, comprise at least 38% of the millet starches, and starch grains measuring >14 μm in size, characteristic of domesticated seeds, make up about 46.8% of the millet starches (Fig. 4). Of the remaining starch grains in the as- semblage, the remaining 50 grass starch grains are derived from grasses in the tribe Triticeae, several species of which occur locally, and 13 starch grains are characteristic of geophytes. Studies to identify and interpret these other residues are ongoing.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "No starches were recovered from the four control specimens. More than 793 starch grains were recovered from the tools, carbonized residue, and cultural deposits (Table 1), 742 of which were identified as starch grains from grass seeds. Subsequent analyses and comparative studies have led to the identification of 525 of the 742 grass starches as derived from millets, and the remaining 217 from grasses classified within the tribe Triticeae (Fig. 3). Additionally, 50 starch grains characteristic of geophytes were identified. During the early occupational phase, the starch grains with wrinkled surfaces and rough edges, characteristics of", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "All millet starch grains >14 μm bear morphological features consistent with those of domesticated foxtail millet. The remaining starch grains, which measure <14 μm, vary in mor- phologies. Some have wrinkled surfaces like those from wild millet grass, and some have smooth surfaces that are the same as starch grains from both wild and domesticated foxtail and broomcorn millets (Fig. 3). Because the broomcorn millet phy- toliths were recovered from the late phase occupation at Donghulin, this assemblage of starch grains (<14 μm) bearing smooth surfaces is very likely derived from broomcorn millet. We are not yet comfortable making a secure identification of these starch grains because they also occurred in the early phase occupations at Donghulin and Nanzhuangtou when there is no supporting phytolith evidence, and the starch grains from both wild and domesticated foxtail and broomcorn millets overlap with one another in this size zone (17).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.644167+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN020", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 3.\nStarch grains recovered from the sites of Nanzhuangtou and Dong-\nhulin. (A and B) Polyhedral and spherical starch grains recovered from the stone\ntools excavated from the Nanzhuangtou site. (C–E) Starch grains recovered\nfrom the stone tools excavated from the Donghulin site. Note wrinkled surface\nand rough edges in E. (F) Starch grain recovered from the carbonized residues\nadhering to the sherd, Donghulin site. (G) Starch grain recovered from the\ncultural deposits, Donghulin site. (H) Starch grain from the tribe Triticeae. (I)\nStarch grain from a geophyte source. (Scale bars: A–G, 10 μm, H and I, 20 μm.)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "nanzhuangtou", "quote": "ell as yielded uncalibrated dates ranging from 10.5 to 9.7 kyBP (10)\n grinding stone tools excavated from the sites of Nanzhuangtou (calibrated dates in Table S1). Because the organic silt may pos-\n (11.5–11.0 cal kyBP) and Donghulin (11.0–9.5 cal kyBP) in the North sibly contain old carbon, dates derived from these samples were\n China Plain. Our data extend the rec", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "88d0d7082875b48cc9774a76721eaa24b31658f25b60ce2350c00905e50e2254" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN021", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 3.\nStarch grains recovered from the sites of Nanzhuangtou and Dong-\nhulin. (A and B) Polyhedral and spherical starch grains recovered from the stone\ntools excavated from the Nanzhuangtou site. (C–E) Starch grains recovered\nfrom the stone tools excavated from the Donghulin site. Note wrinkled surface\nand rough edges in E. (F) Starch grain recovered from the carbonized residues\nadhering to the sherd, Donghulin site. (G) Starch grain recovered from the\ncultural deposits, Donghulin site. (H) Starch grain from the tribe Triticeae. (I)\nStarch grain from a geophyte source. (Scale bars: A–G, 10 μm, H and I, 20 μm.)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "donghulin", "quote": "the sites of Nanzhuangtou (calibrated dates in Table S1). Because the organic silt may pos-\n (11.5–11.0 cal kyBP) and Donghulin (11.0–9.5 cal kyBP) in the North sibly contain old carbon, dates derived from these samples were\n China Plain. Our data extend the record of millet use in China by excluded in this paper. Five of the remaining six dates fall between\n nea", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "88d0d7082875b48cc9774a76721eaa24b31658f25b60ce2350c00905e50e2254" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S153_96def24a2369_S153-F01", "paper_key": "S153_96def24a2369", "paper_id": "S153", "number": "1", "caption_original": "Fig. 1. Characteristic starch grains from the studied members of the family Poaceae, 1, Oryza sativa; 2, Oryza rufipogon; 3, Zizania caduciflora; 4, Sorghum bicolor; 5, Eriochloa villosa;\n6, Echinochloa colonum; 7, Panicum miliaceum; 8, Panicum bisulcatum; 9, Setaria italica; 10, Setaria faberil; 11, Setaria viridis; 12, Setaria pumila; 13, Setaria chondrachne; 14, Setaria\nparviflora; 15, Setaria plicata; 16, Digtaria sanguinalis; 17, Coix lacryma-jobi; 18, Elymus dahuricu; 19, Roegneria kamoji; 20, Leymus chinensis; 21, Triticum aestivum; 22, Hordeum\nvulgare; 23, Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste; 24, Aegilops tauschi; 25, Aegilops speltoides; 26, Agropyron criststum; 27, Secale cereal; 28, Bromus japonica; 29, Alopecurus aequalis; 30,\nLolium perenne; 31, Milium effusum; 32, Milium effusum, 33, Melica scabrosa; 34, Poa annua; 35, Poa annua 36, Avena nuda; 37, Eleusine coracana; 38, Eleusine coracana. Scale bar, 1e16\nand 28e38, 10 mm; others, 20 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "544ed0dcb9148042a25e8087d55d491fb233ea5dea0b5ffc8fe7bcc13b45870d", "image_bytes": 7484069, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图1. 从禾本科研究物种中观察到的典型淀粉粒，1，水稻（Oryza sativa）；2，普通野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）；3，菰（Zizania caduciflora）；4，高粱属（Sorghum） bicolor；5，Eriochloa villosa；6，无芒稗（Echinochloa colonum）；7，黍（Panicum miliaceum）；8，糠稷（Panicum bisulcatum）；9，粟（Setaria italica）；10，大狗尾草（Setaria faberi）；11，狗尾草（Setaria viridis）；12，金色狗尾草（Setaria pumila）；13，硬稃狗尾草（Setaria chondrachne）；14，幽狗尾草（Setaria parviflora）；15，皱叶狗尾草（Setaria plicata）；16，Digitaria sanguinalis；17，薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；18，披碱草（Elymus dahuricus）；19，Roegneria kamoji；20，羊草（Leymus chinensis）；21，普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）；22，大麦（Hordeum vulgare）；23，大麦（Hordeum vulgare） var. coeleste；24，山羊草属（Aegilops） tauschi；25，山羊草属植物（Aegilops speltoides）；26，冰草（Agropyron cristatum）；27，黑麦（Secale cereale）；28，雀麦属（Bromus） japonica；29，Alopecurus aequalis；30，黑麦草（Lolium perenne）；31，粟草（Milium effusum）；32，粟草（Milium effusum），33，臭草（Melica scabrosa）；34，早熟禾（Poa annua）；35，早熟禾（Poa annua）；36，裸燕麦（Avena nuda）；37，Eleusine coracana；38，Eleusine coracana。比例尺，1–16号及28–38号，10 μm；其余，20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 1. Characteristic starch grains from the studied members of the family grass family (Poaceae), 1, rice (Oryza sativa); 2, wild rice (Oryza rufipogon); 3, Manchurian wild rice (Zizania caduciflora); 4, Sorghum bicolor; 5, Eriochloa villosa;\n6, jungle rice (Echinochloa colonum); 7, broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); 8, Japanese panicgrass (Panicum bisulcatum); 9, foxtail millet (Setaria italica); 10, giant foxtail (Setaria faberi); 11, green foxtail (Setaria viridis); 12, yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila); 13, foxtail grass (Setaria chondrachne); 14, knotroot foxtail (Setaria parviflora); 15, foxtail grass (Setaria plicata); 16, Digitaria sanguinalis; 17, Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); 18, Dahurian wildrye (Elymus dahuricus); 19, Roegneria kamoji; 20, Chinese wildrye (Leymus chinensis); 21, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum); 22, barley (Hordeum vulgare); 23, barley (Hordeum vulgare) var. coeleste; 24, goatgrasses (Aegilops) tauschi; 25, goatgrass (Aegilops speltoides); 26, crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum); 27, rye (Secale cereale); 28, bromes (Bromus) japonica; 29, Alopecurus aequalis; 30,\nperennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne); 31, wood millet (Milium effusum); 32, wood millet (Milium effusum), 33, melic grass (Melica scabrosa); 34, annual bluegrass (Poa annua); 35, annual bluegrass (Poa annua) 36, naked oat (Avena nuda); 37, Eleusine coracana; 38, Eleusine coracana. Scale bar, 1–16 and 28–38, 10 μm; others, 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "禾本科植物典型淀粉粒特征", "title_en": "Characteristic starch grains from Poaceae plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 1. Characteristic starch grains from the studied members of the family Poaceae, 1, Oryza sativa; 2, Oryza rufipogon; 3, Zizania caduciflora; 4, Sorghum bicolor; 5, Eriochloa villosa;\n6, Echinochloa colonum; 7, Panicum miliaceum; 8, Panicum bisulcatum; 9, Setaria italica; 10, Setaria faberil; 11, Setaria viridis; 12, Setaria pumila; 13, Setaria chondrachne; 14, Setaria\nparviflora; 15, Setaria plicata; 16, Digtaria sanguinalis; 17, Coix lacryma-jobi; 18, Elymus dahuricu; 19, Roegneria kamoji; 20, Leymus chinensis; 21, Triticum aestivum; 22, Hordeum\nvulgare; 23, Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste; 24, Aegilops tauschi; 25, Aegilops speltoides; 26, Agropyron criststum; 27, Secale cereal; 28, Bromus japonica; 29, Alopecurus aequalis; 30,\nLolium perenne; 31, Milium effusum; 32, Milium effusum, 33, Melica scabrosa; 34, Poa annua; 35, Poa annua 36, Avena nuda; 37, Eleusine coracana; 38, Eleusine coracana. Scale bar, 1e16\nand 28e38, 10 μm; others, 20 μm.", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/544ed0dcb9148042a25e8087.png", "image_url": "media/S153_96def24a2369_S153-F01.png?v=544ed0dcb914", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "The starch grains from species within the grass family are typically, but not always, polyhedral (Fig. 1). Of the 38 studied species, 23 are characterized by simple, polyhedral starch grains, e.g. foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (Fig. 1-9), but compound starch grains occur in some species, e.g. naked oat (Avena nuda) (Fig.1-37). Lenticular or discoidal starch grains occur in 11 of the studied species in the tribes Triticeae and Bromeae. The remaining 4 species contained spherical grains. The hila of starch grains from the studied grasses are centric with occasional fissures. The sizes range widely (Table 2), from a few microns to more than 40 mm in maximum length. The mean of starches from seeds of forage grasses are often less than 5 mm, while the mean of starch grains from rye is greater, up to 28.9 \u0002 13.3 mm (Table 2).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "lenticular grains are recovered with regularity, and they possess unique diagnostic characteristics. The identification and differen- tiation of archaeological starches from this group, therefore, will necessarily depend upon the larger, lenticular grains (Piperno et al., 2004; Henry et al., 2011; Perry and Quigg, 2011). For these reasons, the large size class of starches was measured and studied for this investigation while the small class was disregarded. Typical morphological characteristics of the starch grains from the tribe Triticeae are a lenticular or discoid shape, an olivary side view (Fig. 2c) and pressure craters on the surfaces of grains that appear as small depressions (Fig. 1-21e27). The mean maximum length of measurements of 10 species in this group ranges from 12.1 mm to 28.9 mm and the largest starch grain, with a maximum dimension of 45.2 mm, comes from rye. Viewed with a polarizing microscope, the starch grains show strong birefringence, with the extinction crosses appearing strongly black against a bright, white background. Some starch grains from the tribe Triticeae are unique in that the four bright white areas divided by the extinction cross change from brighter at the center of the grain, to dark, then brighter again at the edge (Fig. 2d).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "reticulate pattern (Fig. 1-25). 60.4% of starch grains are larger than 20 mm. The starch grains from the Tausch’s goatgrass, an ancestor of common wheat (T. aestivum), have flattened shapes but no fissures, lamellae, or clear craters on the grains. The surfaces are typically very smooth (Fig. 1-24). Starch grains larger than 20 mm make up 70.3% of the assemblage in this species. Henry et al. (2011) mentioned that the central pleating was a marker of the Aegilops species. This feature was observed on the surfaces of some starch grains from Ae. speltoides, but did not occur on the surfaces of starch grains from Tansch’s goat-grass.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "are sometimes marked with faint, concentric lamellae. Craters occur commonly in reticulate patterns on the surface of the grain (Fig. 1-21), and starch grains that are larger than 20 mm make up 70.4% of the population.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.697677+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S153_96def24a2369_S153-F02", "paper_key": "S153_96def24a2369", "paper_id": "S153", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2. Morphological features of starch grains from the tribe Triticeae, a, bimodal\nassemblage of starch grains from barley; b, bimodal assemblage of starch grains from\nLeymus chinensis; c, side view of starch grains from goat-grass, Aegilops tauschi; d,\ncharacteristic birefringence of starch grains from the Triticeae. Scale bar, 20 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0e31721dd1866517af174fec5e361072708cf7d4a68574d591f6dceeda3ff06a", "image_bytes": 1889978, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2. 小麦族淀粉粒的形态特征，a，大麦淀粉粒的双峰组合；b，羊草（Leymus chinensis）淀粉粒的双峰组合；c， goat-grass（山羊草属，Aegilops tauschi）淀粉粒的侧视图；d，小麦族淀粉粒的典型双折射现象。比例尺，20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2. Morphological features of starch grains from the tribe wheat tribe (Triticeae), a, bimodal\nassemblage of starch grains from barley; b, bimodal assemblage of starch grains from\nChinese wildrye (Leymus chinensis); c, side view of starch grains from goat-grass, goatgrasses (Aegilops) tauschi; d,\ncharacteristic birefringence of starch grains from the wheat tribe (Triticeae). Scale bar, 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "小麦族淀粉粒形态特征", "title_en": "Morphological features of starch grains from the tribe Triticeae", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 2. Morphological features of starch grains from the tribe Triticeae, a, bimodal\nassemblage of starch grains from barley; b, bimodal assemblage of starch grains from\nLeymus chinensis; c, side view of starch grains from goat-grass, Aegilops tauschi; d,\ncharacteristic birefringence of starch grains from the Triticeae. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/0e31721dd1866517af174fec.png", "image_url": "media/S153_96def24a2369_S153-F02.png?v=0e31721dd186", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Starches that occur in the seeds of species within the tribe Tri- ticeae typically have a bimodal assemblage with two distinct size classes, small and large (Lindeboom et al., 2004) (Fig. 2a, b). The small grains tend to be rather uniform in morphology when observed at a magnification of 400\u0003. Previous studies demonstrate that these small grains are difficult to detect via compound light microscopy, are rarely diagnostic to taxa, and occur in many plant tissues (Moss, 1976; Czaja, 1978; Barton, 1991; Loy et al., 1992; Therin et al., 1997; Perry and Quigg, 2011). In contrast, the larger", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "lenticular grains are recovered with regularity, and they possess unique diagnostic characteristics. The identification and differen- tiation of archaeological starches from this group, therefore, will necessarily depend upon the larger, lenticular grains (Piperno et al., 2004; Henry et al., 2011; Perry and Quigg, 2011). For these reasons, the large size class of starches was measured and studied for this investigation while the small class was disregarded. Typical morphological characteristics of the starch grains from the tribe Triticeae are a lenticular or discoid shape, an olivary side view (Fig. 2c) and pressure craters on the surfaces of grains that appear as small depressions (Fig. 1-21e27). The mean maximum length of measurements of 10 species in this group ranges from 12.1 mm to 28.9 mm and the largest starch grain, with a maximum dimension of 45.2 mm, comes from rye. Viewed with a polarizing microscope, the starch grains show strong birefringence, with the extinction crosses appearing strongly black against a bright, white background. Some starch grains from the tribe Triticeae are unique in that the four bright white areas divided by the extinction cross change from brighter at the center of the grain, to dark, then brighter again at the edge (Fig. 2d).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.741167+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S153_96def24a2369_S153-F03", "paper_key": "S153_96def24a2369", "paper_id": "S153", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Damaged starch grains from ground seeds. a, damaged starch grains from bread\nwheat; bec, damaged starch grains from goat-grass (Ae. tauschii) under bright field and\npolarized light; deg, damaged starch grains from barley; h, damaged starch grain\nunder polarized light. Scale bar, 20 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e5065091a4bb275d934e498383a5fe5da00143605ff3415c5b36ed77ef6adab9", "image_bytes": 1020197, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. 来自研磨种子的受损淀粉粒。a，来自面包小麦的受损淀粉粒；b，e，c，来自 山羊草（Ae. tauschii）的受损淀粉粒，明场和偏光下观察；d，e，g，来自大麦的受损淀粉粒；h，受损淀粉粒在偏光下观察。比例尺，20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Damaged starch grains from ground seeds. a, damaged starch grains from bread\nwheat; bec, damaged starch grains from goat-grass (Ae. tauschii) under bright field and\npolarized light; deg, damaged starch grains from barley; h, damaged starch grain\nunder polarized light. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "pdf_corrected_source", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "来自研磨种子的受损淀粉粒", "title_en": "Damaged starch grains from ground seeds", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 3. Damaged starch grains from ground seeds. a, damaged starch grains from bread\nwheat; bec, damaged starch grains from goat-grass (Ae. tauschii) under bright field and\npolarized light; deg, damaged starch grains from barley; h, damaged starch grain\nunder polarized light. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e5065091a4bb275d934e4983.png", "image_url": "media/S153_96def24a2369_S153-F03.png?v=e5065091a4bb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "After pounding and grinding, intact starch grains from bread wheat, barley and goat-grass were observed in the assemblages, but damaged starches with newly visible lamellae were much more common (Fig. 3), and birefringence became reduced or was even absent (Fig. 3c, h). The damaged starch grains from these three species are similar in morphological characteristics to each other, but their large, lenticular shapes still effectively demonstrate that they are from the tribe Triticeae.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.787005+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S153_96def24a2369_S153-F04", "paper_key": "S153_96def24a2369", "paper_id": "S153", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Characteristic starch grains from different species within the Triticeae. a, Secale\ncereal; b and c, Agropyron cristatum; d, Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste; e and f, Leymus\nchinensis; g and h, Elymus dahuricu. Scale bar, 20 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "67735ace900860619998b40adc144784b6c00fa776f03c2adabf0c306263c3ec", "image_bytes": 884018, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 来自小麦族不同物种的特征淀粉粒。\na，黑麦（Secale cereale）；b 和 c，冰草（Agropyron cristatum）；d，大麦（Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste） ；e 和 f，羊草（Leymus chinensis）；g 和 h，披碱草（Elymus dahuricus）。比例尺，20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Characteristic starch grains from different species within the wheat tribe (Triticeae). a, rye (Secale cereale); b and c, crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum); d, barley (Hordeum vulgare) var. coeleste; e and f, Chinese wildrye (Leymus chinensis); g and h, Dahurian wildrye (Elymus dahuricus). Scale bar, 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "小麦族不同物种的特征淀粉粒", "title_en": "Characteristic starch grains from different species within the Triticeae", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 4. Characteristic starch grains from different species within the Triticeae. a, Secale\ncereal; b and c, Agropyron cristatum; d, Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste; e and f, Leymus\nchinensis; g and h, Elymus dahuricu. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/67735ace900860619998b40a.png", "image_url": "media/S153_96def24a2369_S153-F04.png?v=67735ace9008", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "3.4.1. Starch grains from rye (Secale) Starch grains that are larger than 20 mm make up 77.8% of the population. Diagnostic rye starch grains bear Y-shaped or stellate fissures through the hila, and they are sometimes surrounded by very faint concentric lamellae and delicate radiating lines (Fig. 4a). The craters on the surface often appear in reticulate patterns.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "3.4.2. Starch grains from crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) These starches are the second largest in size following rye, and grains larger than 20 mm make up 70.3% of the population. Diag- nostic granules have four to six well-defined concentric, equidis- tant lamellae from hilum to edge (Fig. 4b). Craters often occur scattered on the surface of the grain (Fig. 4c).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "3.4.5. Starch grains from barley and naked barley (Hordeum) Seven species within the genus Hordeum were examined in previous archaeobotanical studies (Piperno et al., 2004; Henry et al., 2011; Perry and Quigg, 2011). Of them, two species, Hor- deum spontaneum and Hordeum bulbsom, are present in China. Starch grains from the previously studied seven species always measure less than 30 mm when lamellae are absent, which is similar to our samples of barley (H. vulgare) and naked barley (H. vulgare var. coeleste), where the largest grain measured 27.4 mm. Starch grains from naked barley are a little larger than barley, and 35.0% of the starch grains are larger than 20 mm; while 57.1% of starch grains from naked barley are larger than 20 mm. The granules from barley and naked barley often present as deformed, lenticular shapes in plan view including ellipses, subcircles, semicircles, rounded- corner triangles and others (Fig. 1-22 and 23, Fig. 4d). Some starches from both samples have faint craters in reticulate patterns on their surfaces. Lamellae are extremely rare to absent.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "3.4.7. Starch grains from wildrye (Elymus) Starches from seeds of 12 species of Elymus native to North America have been previously described (Reichert, 1913; Messner, 2008; Perry and Quigg, 2011). Perry and Quigg (2011) analyzed the crater (depression) patterns on the surfaces of starch grains and were able to use these criteria to identify archaeobotanical samples to species. Since no wildrye remains have been reported from archaeological sites in China, here we chose only two spe- cies, Elymus dahuricus and Elymus kamaoji, to study. The largest starch grain from seeds of these two species measures less than 20 mm. The craters of starch grains from E. dahuricus occur in reticulate patterns throughout the surface (Fig. 4g and h), while the craters on of starch grains from E. kamaoji are rare or absent (Fig. 1-19).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.834335+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S153_96def24a2369_S153-F05", "paper_key": "S153_96def24a2369", "paper_id": "S153", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Archaeological starch grains recovered from stone tools excavated from the Donghulin Site. aee, damaged starch grains; fej, near-intact starch grains. Scale bar, 20 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "cb2f66cd1e4dba18e5ed4fe96ea26695f491d818e7d4d719d25d385733d7a659", "image_bytes": 1606909, "sites": [ "CN020" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 从东胡林遗址发掘的石器中提取的考古淀粉粒。a-e，受损的淀粉粒；f-j，近完整的淀粉粒。比例尺，20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Archaeological starch grains recovered from stone tools excavated from the Donghulin Site. aee, damaged starch grains; fej, near-intact starch grains. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "pdf_corrected_source", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "东胡林遗址石器中提取的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Archaeological Starch Grains from Stone Tools at the Donghulin Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 5. Archaeological starch grains recovered from stone tools excavated from the Donghulin Site. aee, damaged starch grains; fej, near-intact starch grains. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/cb2f66cd1e4dba18e5ed4fe9.png", "image_url": "media/S153_96def24a2369_S153-F05.png?v=cb2f66cd1e4d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "The following factors should be considered in both these and other contexts in which these taxa may occur. 4) Ancient starch residues recovered from grinding stone tools almost always exhibit damage. Our experiments grinding seeds demonstrate that damaged starch grains within three genera, Aegilops, Triticum and Hordeum, are not distinguishable from each other at the genus level. 5) Perry and Quigg (2011) noted that surface craters do not occur on every starch grain from any species of grass in the tribe Triticeae, and secure identifications may require larger assemblages of microfossils. Therefore, depending upon the size of the assem- blage, and whether or not diagnostic grains are present, genus-level identifications may be more secure than species-level IDs. In- vestigators should note when diagnostic forms are present. We applied these principles as we identified starches that were previously recovered from the early occupation (11,150e10,500 cal kyr BP) of the Donghulin site located at the edge of the North China Plain (Yang et al., 2012b). Of the 137 grains initially believed to be derived from grasses in the Triticeae, 78 starch grains from two lithic mullers can now be securely identified as derived from the Tribe Triticeae. Using the data derived from the new modern comparative studies, and with application of the dichotomous key, we are now able to make further identifications. The majority of the residues recovered from the site, 54 of the 78 grains, bore damage consistent with grinding including exposed surface lamellae and weak or fragmentary birefringence (Fi", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:22.945422+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN020", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Archaeological starch grains recovered from stone tools excavated from the Donghulin Site. aee, damaged starch grains; fej, near-intact starch grains. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "nanzhuangtou", "quote": "rs of the been previously recovered as both macrofossil and microfossil\ntribe Triticeae. In our previous study at the sites of Nanzhuangtou plant remains in both Neolithic and historic sites in China (Liu et al.,\n(older than 11,000 cal yr BP) and Donghulin (11.0e9.5 cal yr BP) in 2008; Zhao, 2010). Members of the genera Oryza, Panicum, Setaria,\nthe North China Plain, numbers of identifiable", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "96def24a23695e3d35db8367df1c096995a995f2cffeaa6e13b89c043d4cf3d7" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S154_4e09299726f9_S154-F03", "paper_key": "S154_4e09299726f9", "paper_id": "S154", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Examples of starch grain morphology from modern reference material. a: Starch grains from chickpea (Cicer arietinum), collected from Gansu Province; b: Starch grains from\nmung bean (Vigna radiata), collected from Gansu Province; c: Starch grains from red bean (Vigna umbellata), collected from Gansu Province; d: Starch grains from wheat (Triticum\naestivum), collected from Qinghai Province; e: Starch grains from barley (Hordeum vulgare), collected from Gansu Province; f: Starch grains from foxtail millet (Setaria italica),\ncollected from Hebei Province; g: Starch grains from broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), collected from Gansu Province; h: Starch grains from lily (Lilium davidii var. willmottiae),\ncollected from Lanzhou, Gansu Province; i: Starch grains from bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae (Fritillaria cirrhosa), collected from Sichuan Province.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文“赤小豆／红豆”等中文样品名与所列Vigna umbellata并用；英文依据所列学名写rice bean，中文原称保留。这里不据图注裁定作者样品是否误鉴定。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5537b7c8448a9b2497aee61ad52e902c4e295dd42f457582363ab7d086e3b266", "image_bytes": 3613401, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. 来自现代参考材料的淀粉粒形态示例。a: 从甘肃省采集的鹰嘴豆（Cicer arietinum）淀粉粒；b: 从甘肃省采集的绿豆（Vigna radiata）淀粉粒；c: 从甘肃省采集的红芸豆（Vigna umbellata）淀粉粒；d: 从青海省采集的小麦（Triticum aestivum）淀粉粒；e: 从甘肃省采集的大麦（Hordeum vulgare）淀粉粒；f: 从河北省采集的粟（Setaria italica）淀粉粒；g: 从甘肃省采集的黍（Panicum miliaceum）淀粉粒；h: 从甘肃省兰州市采集的百合（Lilium davidii var. willmottiae）淀粉粒；i: 从四川省采集的鳞茎魏氏贝母（Fritillaria cirrhosa）淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Examples of starch grain morphology from modern reference material. a: Starch grains from chickpea (Cicer arietinum), collected from Gansu Province; b: Starch grains from\nmung bean (Vigna radiata), collected from Gansu Province; c: Starch grains from red bean (rice bean, Vigna umbellata), collected from Gansu Province; d: Starch grains from wheat (Triticum aestivum), collected from Qinghai Province; e: Starch grains from barley (Hordeum vulgare), collected from Gansu Province; f: Starch grains from foxtail millet (Setaria italica),\ncollected from Hebei Province; g: Starch grains from broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), collected from Gansu Province; h: Starch grains from lily (David’s lily, Lilium davidii var. willmottiae),\ncollected from Lanzhou, Gansu Province; i: Starch grains from bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae (fritillary, Fritillaria cirrhosa), collected from Sichuan Province.", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代参考材料中淀粉粒形态示例", "title_en": "Examples of starch grain morphology from modern reference material", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5537b7c8448a9b2497aee61a.png", "image_url": "media/S154_4e09299726f9_S154-F03.png?v=5537b7c8448a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Castanea, Corylus, and Juglans, roots and tubers of Fritillaria, and Lilium, and beans such as Vigna (Fig. 3). Table 1 shows the sizes of starch grains from some modern plants. Furthermore, we consulted and cross-referenced the characteristics, descriptions and photo- graphs published by other authors (Reichert, 1913; Torrence and Barton, 2006; Perry, 2002, 2004; Perry et al., 2007; Piperno and Holst, 1998; Piperno et al., 2000, 2004; Piperno and Dillehay, 2008; Zarrillo et al., 2008; Duncan et al., 2009) to assist in the identification of starch grains recovered from the stone knives.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:35.938186+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S154_4e09299726f9_S154-F04", "paper_key": "S154_4e09299726f9", "paper_id": "S154", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from stone knives excavated at Changning site, Qinghai Province. aec: Group 1; def: Group 2; gei: Group 3; j: Group 4; k and l: Group 5.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d19eec30907a5370f303563bfe1f210493b7e2f1b6913010d11e03011497e6c7", "image_bytes": 3020545, "sites": [ "CN041" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 从青海昌宁遗址出土的石刀中获得的淀粉粒。a-c: 第1组，豇豆属；d-f: 第2组，大麦属；g-i: 第3组，可能粟；j: 第4组，可能黍；k和l: 第5组，块根块茎。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from stone knives excavated at Changning site, Qinghai Province. aec: Group 1; def: Group 2; gei: Group 3; j: Group 4; k and l: Group 5.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "长宁遗址石刀淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch Grains from Stone Knives at Changning Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d19eec30907a5370f303563b.png", "image_url": "media/S154_4e09299726f9_S154-F04.png?v=d19eec30907a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "A total of 153 starch grains were retrieved from the study sample. Of these, only 25 could not be identified at either the genus or the species level. The remaining starch granules were classified into five broad categories, described in detail below. Twenty-two starch grains could not be classified in any way due to post- or pre-depositional damage that had altered the granule morphology. The starch granules were not evenly distributed on all sampled stone knives. The majority was derived from the edges of these artifacts, and a small number were recovered from the back and the adhering sediments (Table 2). Group 1 (Fig. 4aec): This group contained seventy-nine starch grains. Seventy-eight of them had an oval form, with centric hila and no visible lamellae or fissures. The length of the starch grains was between 8.6 and 42.5 mm, and the width (taken at 90\u0002 at the mid-point of the length) was between 7.9 and 24.1 mm. The features are most similar to starch grains from chickpea, Cicer arietinum. One granule with an oval form had a centric hilum and visible lamellae, with a distinct longitudinal fissure. This is believed to be from a species of Vigna, such as the red bean, Vigna umbellate, or the mung bean, Vigna radiata. Group 2: Twenty-five starch grains had a circular to sub-circular shape in plane view (Fig. 4def), a lenticular cross-section, a central hilum (usually marked with a thin line), and distinctive dimples (Henry et al., 2011). The size of the length was between 12.4 and", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "22.8 mm, and the width was between 10.3 and 20.2 mm. When the starch grain was rotated, it had an oblong shape, central hilum and longitudinal fissure. These starch grains were definitely from the Triticeae tribe. Some starch grains had characteristic crater-like dimples that have been noted in a wide number of species within this genus, such as modern bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, and most other wild wheat species, such as Triticum monococcum, Tri- ticum urartu, Triticum vavilovii, and Triticum turgidum (Henry et al., 2011). Other starch granules had several features consistent with those from Hordeum spp. (barley). Group 3 (Fig. 4gei): This group contained twelve polygonal starch grains with centric and open hila, no lamellae, and radial fissures. The length was 8.5e18.3 mm, and the width was 7.6e 16.4 mm. Our modern reference collections show that starch grains with polygonal shapes are often derived from seeds in the grass family, Poaceae. Plants in our comparative collection include foxtail millet, Setaria italica, broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum, rice, Oryza sativa, sorghum, Sorghum bicolor, oat, Avena sativa, buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, whitethorn, Crataegus pinnati- fida, (Torrence and Barton, 2006; Perry, 2002; Perry et al., 2007; Piperno et al., 1985, 2000, 2004; Piperno and Holst, 1998; Piperno and Dillehay, 2008; Zarrillo et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2009; Yang and Jiang, 2010; Li et al., 2010b). There are several likely candi- dates to have produced these starches, including sorghum, broomcorn millet, and foxtail millet. The length of sorghum is 5.7e 2", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Group 5 (Fig. 4kel): The shape of five starch grains was oval, with an eccentric hilum. The starch grains had visible lamellae and a radiating fissure. The length is between 23.4 and 40.4 mm, and the width is between 18.4 and 30 mm. Based on our modern reference collection, these are most likely derived from roots or tubers. The granule shown in Fig. 4k is very similar in size and shape to the starch from the genus Fritillaria. However, because roots and tubers", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:26.362387+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN041", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from stone knives excavated at Changning site, Qinghai Province. aec: Group 1; def: Group 2; gei: Group 3; j: Group 4; k and l: Group 5.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Changning", "quote": "journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas\n\n\n\nStarch grains analysis of stone knives from Changning site, Qinghai\nProvince, Northwest China\n\nMingqi Li a, Xiaoyan Yang a, Quansheng Ge a,*, Xiaoyan Ren b, Zhiwei Wan a\n\na Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China\nb Qinghai Provincial Ins", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4e09299726f95e69ff76e49005e99bb87923bdaf90673db864454c608016e6ca" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S155_c587b9b928cc_S155-F03", "paper_key": "S155_c587b9b928cc", "paper_id": "S155", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3. Ancient starches recovered from residues on the stone tools. a, Caryota sp., range, 12.1–25.8 mm; b, Corypha sp., range, 10.6–\n15.5 mm; c, possibly Arenga sp., 11.0 mm; d–j, starches from Musa; d, e and g, similar to hybrid type, range, 25.1–55.6 mm; f and h, under polarized\nlight. i, cf. M. acuminata, range, 11.7–18.0 mm; j, under polarized light; k, cf. Nelumbo nucifera, range, 28.2–31.8 mm; l, Sagittarria sp., range, 14.2–\n21.8 mm; m, cf. Eleocharis dulcis, 8.8–12.7 mm; n and o, compound starch grains from Angiopteris spp. under brightfield and polarized light,\nrespectively, range, 12.1–32.4 mm; p, Coix spp., range, 9.4–22.5 mm. Scale bar, 20 mm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g003", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1d57364df944278e16c5f61672ebabb319485281f5ca37f8e47da15b9498e906", "image_bytes": 5059603, "sites": [ "CN109" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 从石器表面残留物中提取的古代淀粉粒。a，鱼尾葵属（Caryota sp.），范围，12.1–25.8 μm；b，贝叶棕属（Corypha sp.），范围，10.6–15.5 μm；c，可能为桄榔属（Arenga sp.），11.0 μm；d–j，来自芭蕉属（Musa）的淀粉粒；d、e和g，类似杂交类型，范围，25.1–55.6 μm；f和h，偏光下观察。i，cf. 小果野蕉（Musa acuminata），范围，11.7–18.0 μm；j，偏光下观察；k，cf. 莲（Nelumbo nucifera），范围，28.2–31.8 μm；l，Sagittarria sp.，范围，14.2–21.8 μm；m，cf. 荸荠（Eleocharis dulcis），8.8–12.7 μm；n和o，来自Angiopteris spp.的复合淀粉粒，分别在明场和偏光下观察，范围，12.1–32.4 μm；p，薏苡属（Coix spp.），范围，9.4–22.5 μm。比例尺，20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Ancient starches recovered from residues on the stone tools. a, fishtail palms (Caryota sp.), range, 12.1–25.8 μm; b, palms (Corypha sp.), range, 10.6–\n15.5 μm; c, possibly palms (Arenga sp.), 11.0 μm; d–j, starches from bananas (Musa); d, e and g, similar to hybrid type, range, 25.1–55.6 μm; f and h, under polarized\nlight. i, cf. banana (Musa acuminata), range, 11.7–18.0 μm; j, under polarized light; k, cf. lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), range, 28.2–31.8 μm; l, Sagittarria sp., range, 14.2–\n21.8 μm; m, cf. Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis), 8.8–12.7 μm; n and o, compound starch grains from Angiopteris spp. under brightfield and polarized light,\nrespectively, range, 12.1–32.4 μm; p, Job’s tears (Coix spp.), range, 9.4–22.5 μm. Scale bar, 20 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g003", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石器残留物中古代淀粉粒", "title_en": "Ancient Starches from Stone Tool Residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Figure 3. Ancient starches recovered from residues on the stone tools. a, Caryota sp., range, 12.1–25.8 μm; b, Corypha sp., range, 10.6–\n15.5 μm; c, possibly Arenga sp., 11.0 μm; d–j, starches from Musa; d, e and g, similar to hybrid type, range, 25.1–55.6 μm; f and h, under polarized\nlight. i, cf. M. acuminata, range, 11.7–18.0 μm; j, under polarized light; k, cf. Nelumbo nucifera, range, 28.2–31.8 μm; l, Sagittarria sp., range, 14.2–\n21.8 μm; m, cf. Eleocharis dulcis, 8.8–12.7 μm; n and o, compound starch grains from Angiopteris spp. under brightfield and polarized light,\nrespectively, range, 12.1–32.4 μm; p, Coix spp., range, 9.4–22.5 μm. Scale bar, 20 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g003", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/1d57364df944278e16c5f616.png", "image_url": "media/S155_c587b9b928cc_S155-F03.png?v=1d57364df944", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "(Caryota sp.) were recovered from six stone tools (Table 2). These granules, ranging 12.1–25.8 mm in size, are typically sub-ovate wide shouldered at the hilum, tapering toward the distal end that sometimes contains a conical concavity with a wide or narrow internal channel running from the distal end to the hilum (Figure 3a). Our reference material includes the species of Burmese fishtail palm (C. mitis) (Figure 4a), solitary fishtail palm (C. urens) (Figure 4b) and Philippines fishtail palm (C. cumingii), and there are strong morphological similarities to the first two, though size is closest to solitary fishtail palm. Six starch granules, ranging12.1–25.8 mm in size (Figure 3b), recovered from six stone tools are identical with modern reference talipot palm (Corypha umbraculifera) (Figure 4c). These typically have a sub-spheroid form with characteristic overlapping concentric rings that appear as surface features. A single granule (Figure 3c), 11 mm in size, is narrow at the hilum and elongate with a narrow channel or depression running from the hilum to the distal end (Figure 4d). The physical features are a good match for Arenga undulatifolia from our reference collection, but the lack of other Arenga sp. from our reference material and other archaeological granules necessarily lowers the certainty of this identification. Seventeen starch granules from banana (Musa sp.) were recovered from three tools recovered from ancient living surface", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "one (Table 2). These can be sub-divided into two groups. Seven starch granules (Figure 3d–h), ranging 25.1–55.6 mm in size, with an irregular or triangular ovoid, well defined lamellae and a wrinkled texture, were recovered from two stone tools on the same living surface, and most closely match those found in the hybrid banana type according to Lentfer [12]. Ten starch granules with a sub-circular to sub-triangular shape (Figure 3i–j), 11.7–18 mm in size, similar to the starches from one of domesticated banana’s progenitors, wild seeded banana (M. acuminata) (Figure 4e–f). In total of 48 starch granules from several freshwater roots and tubers were also recovered. Two granules from lotus root (cf. Nelumbo nucifera), 31.8 mm and 28.2 mm in length respectively, are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "distinct elongate ovate with well-defined lamellae and a highly eccentric hilum in the form of a small vacuole (Figure 3k and 4g). Seventeen granules from Chinese arrowhead (Sagittaria sp.), ranging 14.2–18 mm in size, are sub-ovate with a centric or slightly offset hilum that is often stellate (Figure 3l and 4h). Twenty-nine granules from water chestnut (cf. Eleocharis dulcis) are small (ranging 8.8–12 mm in size), in triangular, oval or irregular shape, sometimes with light fissures through the centric hila (Figure 3m, 4i). From tool #8 (Figure 2) 38 starch granules from the terrestrial fern (Angiopteris sp.) were recovered (Figure 3n–o), which includes edible varieties such as Angiopteris yunnanensis [19]. Starch granules from this species are typically irregular compound", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "granules with complex extinction crosses under cross polarised light (Figure 4j–k). Job’s-tear (Coix spp.) also seems to have been a common resource exploited at Xincun (Figure 3p). Fifty three granules of Job’s-tear were recovered, typically spheroid or polyhedral, with two to three flat facets, centric hilum that normally has a T-shaped fissure (Figure 4l). Five starch granules from acorns (Quercus sp.) were also identified (Figure 5). Phytoliths extracted from residues adhering to the stone tools coincide with the starch results at the family level (Figure 6), except for the presence of rice (Oryza) phytoliths. Of the identified 1,950 phytoliths, 56% were globular echinate phytoliths from palm (Aracaceae) (Figure 6a–b and Figure 7). Also recorded were polygonal cones from sedge (Cyperaceae) (Figure 6c), which includes water chestnuts, and elongate triangular prisms from ferns (Figure 6d). About one percent of the phytoliths were identified as belonging to the rice (Oryza) among which some fan-shaped, two- peak glumes and scale decorated bulliforms were recovered (Figure 6e–g and Figure 7).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.046192+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN109", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Figure 3. Ancient starches recovered from residues on the stone tools. a, Caryota sp., range, 12.1–25.8 μm; b, Corypha sp., range, 10.6–\n15.5 μm; c, possibly Arenga sp., 11.0 μm; d–j, starches from Musa; d, e and g, similar to hybrid type, range, 25.1–55.6 μm; f and h, under polarized\nlight. i, cf. M. acuminata, range, 11.7–18.0 μm; j, under polarized light; k, cf. Nelumbo nucifera, range, 28.2–31.8 μm; l, Sagittarria sp., range, 14.2–\n21.8 μm; m, cf. Eleocharis dulcis, 8.8–12.7 μm; n and o, compound starch grains from Angiopteris spp. under brightfield and polarized light,\nrespectively, range, 12.1–32.4 μm; p, Coix spp., range, 9.4–22.5 μm. Scale bar, 20 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g003", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xincun", "quote": "Here we present evidence from starch and phytolith analyses of samples obtained during systematic\n excavations at the site of Xincun on the southern coast of China, demonstrating that during 3,350–2,470 aBC humans\n exploited sago palms, bananas, freshwater roots and tubers, fern roots, acorns, Job’s-tears as well as wild rice. A dominance\n of starches and phytoliths from palms sugges", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c587b9b928cc581ad83bb05460083e1ab176a91e7aea4569efff496efdbb2213" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S155_c587b9b928cc_S155-F04", "paper_key": "S155_c587b9b928cc", "paper_id": "S155", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4. Characteristic starch granules from modern plants. a, Caryota mitis, range, 3.3–10.7 mm; b, Caryota urens, range, 6.6–45.7 mm; c,\nCorypha umbraculifera, range, 11.4–48.7 mm; d, Arenga undulatifolia, range, 3.0–17.8 mm; e–f, Musa acuminata, under brightfield and polarized light,\nrange, 6.2–41.3 mm; g, Nelumbo nucifera (root), range, 8.0–72.4 mm; h, Sagittaria trifolia, range, 9.7–27.6 mm; i, Eleocharis dulcis, range, 4.7–18.7 mm; j–\nk, compound starch grains from Angiopteris yunnanensis under brightfield and polarized light, respectively, range, 9.3–149.4 mm; l, Coix lacryma-jobi,\nrange, 5.4–20.4 mm. Scale bar, 20 mm except a and c, 10 mm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g004", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "dad71cdf48690a36c8fead7fdedad15a7ddee142ee1f93a77b3615b1dab0ce4c", "image_bytes": 8183525, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 现代植物的典型淀粉粒。a，短穗鱼尾葵（Caryota mitis），范围，3.3–10.7 μm；b，鱼尾葵（Caryota urens），范围，6.6–45.7 μm；c，贝叶棕（Corypha umbraculifera），范围，11.4–48.7 μm；d，桄榔属植物（Arenga undulatifolia），范围，3.0–17.8 μm；e–f，小果野蕉（Musa acuminata），明场和偏光下，范围，6.2–41.3 μm；g，莲（Nelumbo nucifera）（根），范围，8.0–72.4 μm；h，慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia），范围，9.7–27.6 μm；i，荸荠（Eleocharis dulcis），范围，4.7–18.7 μm；j–k，Angiopteris yunnanensis的复合淀粉粒，分别在明场和偏光下，范围，9.3–149.4 μm；l，薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi），范围，5.4–20.4 μm。比例尺，除a和c外为20 μm，a和c为10 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Characteristic starch granules from modern plants. a, clustering fishtail palm (Caryota mitis), range, 3.3–10.7 μm; b, fishtail palm (Caryota urens), range, 6.6–45.7 μm; c,\ntalipot palm (Corypha umbraculifera), range, 11.4–48.7 μm; d, Arenga palm (Arenga undulatifolia), range, 3.0–17.8 μm; e–f, banana (Musa acuminata), under brightfield and polarized light,\nrange, 6.2–41.3 μm; g, lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) (root), range, 8.0–72.4 μm; h, arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia), range, 9.7–27.6 μm; i, Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis), range, 4.7–18.7 μm; j–\nk, compound starch grains from Angiopteris yunnanensis under brightfield and polarized light, respectively, range, 9.3–149.4 μm; l, Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi),\nrange, 5.4–20.4 μm. Scale bar, 20 μm except a and c, 10 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g004", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物的典型淀粉粒", "title_en": "Characteristic starch grains from modern plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Figure 4. Characteristic starch granules from modern plants. a, Caryota mitis, range, 3.3–10.7 μm; b, Caryota urens, range, 6.6–45.7 μm; c,\nCorypha umbraculifera, range, 11.4–48.7 μm; d, Arenga undulatifolia, range, 3.0–17.8 μm; e–f, Musa acuminata, under brightfield and polarized light,\nrange, 6.2–41.3 μm; g, Nelumbo nucifera (root), range, 8.0–72.4 μm; h, Sagittaria trifolia, range, 9.7–27.6 μm; i, Eleocharis dulcis, range, 4.7–18.7 μm; j–\nk, compound starch grains from Angiopteris yunnanensis under brightfield and polarized light, respectively, range, 9.3–149.4 μm; l, Coix lacryma-jobi,\nrange, 5.4–20.4 μm. Scale bar, 20 μm except a and c, 10 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g004", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/dad71cdf48690a36c8fead7f.png", "image_url": "media/S155_c587b9b928cc_S155-F04.png?v=dad71cdf4869", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "(Caryota sp.) were recovered from six stone tools (Table 2). These granules, ranging 12.1–25.8 mm in size, are typically sub-ovate wide shouldered at the hilum, tapering toward the distal end that sometimes contains a conical concavity with a wide or narrow internal channel running from the distal end to the hilum (Figure 3a). Our reference material includes the species of Burmese fishtail palm (C. mitis) (Figure 4a), solitary fishtail palm (C. urens) (Figure 4b) and Philippines fishtail palm (C. cumingii), and there are strong morphological similarities to the first two, though size is closest to solitary fishtail palm. Six starch granules, ranging12.1–25.8 mm in size (Figure 3b), recovered from six stone tools are identical with modern reference talipot palm (Corypha umbraculifera) (Figure 4c). These typically have a sub-spheroid form with characteristic overlapping concentric rings that appear as surface features. A single granule (Figure 3c), 11 mm in size, is narrow at the hilum and elongate with a narrow channel or depression running from the hilum to the distal end (Figure 4d). The physical features are a good match for Arenga undulatifolia from our reference collection, but the lack of other Arenga sp. from our reference material and other archaeological granules necessarily lowers the certainty of this identification. Seventeen starch granules from banana (Musa sp.) were recovered from three tools recovered from ancient living surface", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "one (Table 2). These can be sub-divided into two groups. Seven starch granules (Figure 3d–h), ranging 25.1–55.6 mm in size, with an irregular or triangular ovoid, well defined lamellae and a wrinkled texture, were recovered from two stone tools on the same living surface, and most closely match those found in the hybrid banana type according to Lentfer [12]. Ten starch granules with a sub-circular to sub-triangular shape (Figure 3i–j), 11.7–18 mm in size, similar to the starches from one of domesticated banana’s progenitors, wild seeded banana (M. acuminata) (Figure 4e–f). In total of 48 starch granules from several freshwater roots and tubers were also recovered. Two granules from lotus root (cf. Nelumbo nucifera), 31.8 mm and 28.2 mm in length respectively, are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "granules with complex extinction crosses under cross polarised light (Figure 4j–k). Job’s-tear (Coix spp.) also seems to have been a common resource exploited at Xincun (Figure 3p). Fifty three granules of Job’s-tear were recovered, typically spheroid or polyhedral, with two to three flat facets, centric hilum that normally has a T-shaped fissure (Figure 4l). Five starch granules from acorns (Quercus sp.) were also identified (Figure 5). Phytoliths extracted from residues adhering to the stone tools coincide with the starch results at the family level (Figure 6), except for the presence of rice (Oryza) phytoliths. Of the identified 1,950 phytoliths, 56% were globular echinate phytoliths from palm (Aracaceae) (Figure 6a–b and Figure 7). Also recorded were polygonal cones from sedge (Cyperaceae) (Figure 6c), which includes water chestnuts, and elongate triangular prisms from ferns (Figure 6d). About one percent of the phytoliths were identified as belonging to the rice (Oryza) among which some fan-shaped, two- peak glumes and scale decorated bulliforms were recovered (Figure 6e–g and Figure 7).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.090970+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S155_c587b9b928cc_S155-F05", "paper_key": "S155_c587b9b928cc", "paper_id": "S155", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Figure 5. Modern and archaeological starch granules from acorns. The Upper image of each pair shows the starch under brightfield light,\nand the Lower image shows it under cross-polarized light. The first pair is modern acorn starches (Quercus acutissima), range, 5.1–23.7 mm; the\nremaining four pairs are ancient starches identified as Quercus sp., range, 11.8–16.4 mm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g005", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4376c5acecafcc4f9a87bb24405ea76c4eec80cd6fb0a39c27e5ead32db18814", "image_bytes": 4364908, "sites": [ "CN109" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 现代和古代栎实淀粉颗粒。每对图像的上图显示淀粉在明场光下的情况，下图显示在正交偏光下的情况。第一对为现代麻栎淀粉（Quercus acutissima），范围为5.1–23.7 μm；其余四对为鉴定为栎属（Quercus sp.）的古代淀粉，范围为11.8–16.4 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 5. Modern and archaeological starch granules from acorns. The Upper image of each pair shows the starch under brightfield light,\nand the Lower image shows it under cross-polarized light. The first pair is modern acorn starches (sawtooth oak, Quercus acutissima), range, 5.1–23.7 μm; the\nremaining four pairs are ancient starches identified as oaks (Quercus sp.), range, 11.8–16.4 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g005", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代与考古栎实淀粉颗粒", "title_en": "Modern and Archaeological Acorn Starch Granules", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Figure 5. Modern and archaeological starch granules from acorns. The Upper image of each pair shows the starch under brightfield light,\nand the Lower image shows it under cross-polarized light. The first pair is modern acorn starches (Quercus acutissima), range, 5.1–23.7 μm; the\nremaining four pairs are ancient starches identified as Quercus sp., range, 11.8–16.4 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g005", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/4376c5acecafcc4f9a87bb24.png", "image_url": "media/S155_c587b9b928cc_S155-F05.png?v=4376c5acecaf", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "granules with complex extinction crosses under cross polarised light (Figure 4j–k). Job’s-tear (Coix spp.) also seems to have been a common resource exploited at Xincun (Figure 3p). Fifty three granules of Job’s-tear were recovered, typically spheroid or polyhedral, with two to three flat facets, centric hilum that normally has a T-shaped fissure (Figure 4l). Five starch granules from acorns (Quercus sp.) were also identified (Figure 5). Phytoliths extracted from residues adhering to the stone tools coincide with the starch results at the family level (Figure 6), except for the presence of rice (Oryza) phytoliths. Of the identified 1,950 phytoliths, 56% were globular echinate phytoliths from palm (Aracaceae) (Figure 6a–b and Figure 7). Also recorded were polygonal cones from sedge (Cyperaceae) (Figure 6c), which includes water chestnuts, and elongate triangular prisms from ferns (Figure 6d). About one percent of the phytoliths were identified as belonging to the rice (Oryza) among which some fan-shaped, two- peak glumes and scale decorated bulliforms were recovered (Figure 6e–g and Figure 7).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.140308+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN109", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Figure 5. Modern and archaeological starch granules from acorns. The Upper image of each pair shows the starch under brightfield light,\nand the Lower image shows it under cross-polarized light. The first pair is modern acorn starches (Quercus acutissima), range, 5.1–23.7 μm; the\nremaining four pairs are ancient starches identified as Quercus sp., range, 11.8–16.4 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g005", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xincun", "quote": "Here we present evidence from starch and phytolith analyses of samples obtained during systematic\n excavations at the site of Xincun on the southern coast of China, demonstrating that during 3,350–2,470 aBC humans\n exploited sago palms, bananas, freshwater roots and tubers, fern roots, acorns, Job’s-tears as well as wild rice. A dominance\n of starches and phytoliths from palms sugges", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c587b9b928cc581ad83bb05460083e1ab176a91e7aea4569efff496efdbb2213" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S155_c587b9b928cc_S155-F06", "paper_key": "S155_c587b9b928cc", "paper_id": "S155", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Figure 6. Some phytolith types extracted from tools 9#–12#. a\nand b, globular echinate (or ‘spherical crenate’) from Aracaceae; e, scale\ndecorated bulliform from Oryza; f, glume with two peaks from Oryza.\nScale bar, 20 mm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g006", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5a7f0720107fbcadb9b76ba1585ee21acbf253d8b794869d7033d42779342c5d", "image_bytes": 2647996, "sites": [ "CN109" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 从工具9–12中提取的一些植硅体类型。a 和 b，来自棕榈科（Aracaceae）的球形刺状（或‘球形锯齿状’）；e，来自稻属（Oryza）的鳞片状扇型；f，来自稻属（Oryza）的稃片具两个尖峰。比例尺，20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 6. Some phytolith types extracted from tools 9#–12#. a\nand b, globular echinate (or ‘spherical crenate’) from Aracaceae; e, scale\ndecorated bulliform from rice (Oryza); f, glume with two peaks from rice (Oryza).\nScale bar, 20 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g006", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "部分工具中提取的植硅体类型", "title_en": "Some phytolith types extracted from tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Figure 6. Some phytolith types extracted from tools 9#–12#. a\nand b, globular echinate (or ‘spherical crenate’) from Aracaceae; e, scale\ndecorated bulliform from Oryza; f, glume with two peaks from Oryza.\nScale bar, 20 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g006", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5a7f0720107fbcadb9b76ba1.png", "image_url": "media/S155_c587b9b928cc_S155-F06.png?v=5a7f0720107f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "granules with complex extinction crosses under cross polarised light (Figure 4j–k). Job’s-tear (Coix spp.) also seems to have been a common resource exploited at Xincun (Figure 3p). Fifty three granules of Job’s-tear were recovered, typically spheroid or polyhedral, with two to three flat facets, centric hilum that normally has a T-shaped fissure (Figure 4l). Five starch granules from acorns (Quercus sp.) were also identified (Figure 5). Phytoliths extracted from residues adhering to the stone tools coincide with the starch results at the family level (Figure 6), except for the presence of rice (Oryza) phytoliths. Of the identified 1,950 phytoliths, 56% were globular echinate phytoliths from palm (Aracaceae) (Figure 6a–b and Figure 7). Also recorded were polygonal cones from sedge (Cyperaceae) (Figure 6c), which includes water chestnuts, and elongate triangular prisms from ferns (Figure 6d). About one percent of the phytoliths were identified as belonging to the rice (Oryza) among which some fan-shaped, two- peak glumes and scale decorated bulliforms were recovered (Figure 6e–g and Figure 7).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.200270+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN109", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Figure 6. Some phytolith types extracted from tools 9#–12#. a\nand b, globular echinate (or ‘spherical crenate’) from Aracaceae; e, scale\ndecorated bulliform from Oryza; f, glume with two peaks from Oryza.\nScale bar, 20 μm.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063148.g006", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xincun", "quote": "Here we present evidence from starch and phytolith analyses of samples obtained during systematic\n excavations at the site of Xincun on the southern coast of China, demonstrating that during 3,350–2,470 aBC humans\n exploited sago palms, bananas, freshwater roots and tubers, fern roots, acorns, Job’s-tears as well as wild rice. A dominance\n of starches and phytoliths from palms sugges", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c587b9b928cc581ad83bb05460083e1ab176a91e7aea4569efff496efdbb2213" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S156_8f8581a78435_S156-F03", "paper_key": "S156_8f8581a78435", "paper_id": "S156", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch grains uncovered from Shizitan S14, compared with tuber starch grains from Shizitan S9, Shigu, and Egou (under DIC and polarized filters). (1– 4) Type I starch (Triticeae), showing damages ( 3 and 4). (5–8) Type II starch ( Vigna sp.), showing damages (7 and 8). ( 9–14) Type III starch (Paniceae), showing damages. ( 15–18) Type IV starch ( D. opposita ). (19–21) Type V starch ( T. kirilowii ). (22 and 23) Type VI starch ( T. kirilowii ). ( 24 and 25) Type VI starch from Shizitan S9. ( 26–28) Types V and VI starch from Peiligang culture sites at Shigu (26) and Egou (27 and 28). Panels 26–28 are reproduced with permission from ref. 14. (Scales bars: 9–14 and 19–28,10 μm; others, 20 μm.)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。24—28属于其他遗址的比较材料，不能全部标为柿子滩第14地点出土。D. opposita为山药，T. kirilowii为栝楼，属名缩写沿用原图注。", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4f431e53d5c93bb8650f0d4a415009e2b5dd520a8ad567ff975d1f2eca214ea0", "image_bytes": 1014195, "sites": [ "CN004" ], "caption_zh": "图3 柿子滩第14地点出土淀粉粒与柿子滩第9地点、石固和莪沟遗址块茎淀粉粒的比较，展示DIC与偏光图像。1—4，Ⅰ型淀粉粒（小麦族），其中3、4可见损伤；5—8，Ⅱ型淀粉粒（豇豆属Vigna sp.），其中7、8可见损伤；9—14，Ⅲ型淀粉粒（黍族），可见损伤；15—18，Ⅳ型淀粉粒（山药，Dioscorea opposita）；19—21，Ⅴ型淀粉粒（栝楼，Trichosanthes kirilowii）；22、23，Ⅵ型淀粉粒（栝楼，Trichosanthes kirilowii）；24、25，柿子滩第9地点的Ⅵ型淀粉粒；26—28，裴李岗文化石固遗址（26）和莪沟遗址（27、28）的Ⅴ型与Ⅵ型淀粉粒，原论文经许可转载自其参考文献14。比例尺：9—14、19—28为10 μm，其余为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch grains uncovered from Shizitan S14, compared with tuber starch grains from Shizitan S9, Shigu, and Egou (under DIC and polarized filters). (1– 4) Type I starch (wheat tribe, Triticeae), showing damages ( 3 and 4). (5–8) Type II starch ( cowpea relatives, Vigna sp.), showing damages (7 and 8). ( 9–14) Type III starch (panicgrass tribe, Paniceae), showing damages. ( 15–18) Type IV starch ( Chinese yam, Dioscorea opposita ). (19–21) Type V starch ( Chinese snake gourd, Trichosanthes kirilowii ). (22 and 23) Type VI starch ( Chinese snake gourd, Trichosanthes kirilowii ). ( 24 and 25) Type VI starch from Shizitan S9. ( 26–28) Types V and VI starch from Peiligang culture sites at Shigu (26) and Egou (27 and 28). Panels 26–28 are reproduced with permission from ref. 14. (Scales bars: 9–14 and 19–28,10 μm; others, 20 μm.)\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\n1–4 (I): Comparable to several Triticeae genera; the authors explicitly allow more than one genus, not a species diagnosis of crested wheatgrass. (PDF pp. 3).\n5–8 (II): Comparable to Phaseoleae, particularly Vigna; explicitly difficult to identify to species. (PDF pp. 4).\n9–14 (III): Similar to multiple Paniceae genera; the authors propose wild grasses and enlargement through grinding, not a diagnosis of domesticated millet. (PDF pp. 4).\n15–18 (IV): Most comparable to Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita), particularly wild reference samples; this does not establish cultivated yam. (PDF pp. 4).\n19–23 (V、VI): Both morphological types compare most closely with Chinese snake-gourd root (Trichosanthes kirilowii); they are not two separate plant taxa. (PDF pp. 5).\n24–28 (跨遗址比较): 24–25 are from Shizitan S9; 26 from Shigu; 27–28 from Egou. They are comparison images and must not be counted as Shizitan S14 finds. (PDF pp. 3, 3).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "柿子滩第14地点淀粉粒及其他遗址参照", "title_zh": "柿子滩第14地点淀粉粒及其他遗址参照", "title_en": "Starch Grains from Shizitan Compared with Nearby Sites", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4f431e53d5c93bb8650f0d4a.png", "image_url": "media/S156_8f8581a78435_S156-F03.png?v=4f431e53d5c9", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "1–4", "type_code": "I", "interpretation_zh": "与多个小麦族属相似，作者明确可能不止一个属，不能把全组写成冰草种级鉴定。", "interpretation_en": "Comparable to several Triticeae genera; the authors explicitly allow more than one genus, not a species diagnosis of crested wheatgrass.", "uncertainty": "不扩大为现代比较种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "It is possible that type I starches belong to more than one genus in the Triticeae tribe" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "4f431e53d5c93bb8650f0d4a415009e2b5dd520a8ad567ff975d1f2eca214ea0" }, { "panels": "5–8", "type_code": "II", "interpretation_zh": "接近菜豆族，尤其豇豆属（Vigna）；原文明确难以鉴定到种。", "interpretation_en": "Comparable to Phaseoleae, particularly Vigna; explicitly difficult to identify to species.", "uncertainty": "不能确定为小豆、豇豆或绿豆。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "It is difficult to identify type II starch to the level of species." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "4f431e53d5c93bb8650f0d4a415009e2b5dd520a8ad567ff975d1f2eca214ea0" }, { "panels": "9–14", "type_code": "III", "interpretation_zh": "与黍族多属相似；作者提出野生黍族及研磨增大的解释，不是驯化粟黍的诊断证据。", "interpretation_en": "Similar to multiple Paniceae genera; the authors propose wild grasses and enlargement through grinding, not a diagnosis of domesticated millet.", "uncertainty": "野生与栽培分开。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "it is possible that some type III starch granules belong to wild Paniceae grasses" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "4f431e53d5c93bb8650f0d4a415009e2b5dd520a8ad567ff975d1f2eca214ea0" }, { "panels": "15–18", "type_code": "IV", "interpretation_zh": "与山药（Dioscorea opposita）最接近，正文比较更倾向野生山药；保留比较依据，不据此声称发现栽培山药。", "interpretation_en": "Most comparable to Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita), particularly wild reference samples; this does not establish cultivated yam.", "uncertainty": "原文比较判断。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "Type IV starch is more comparable with wild yam in morphology and size" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "4f431e53d5c93bb8650f0d4a415009e2b5dd520a8ad567ff975d1f2eca214ea0" }, { "panels": "19–23", "type_code": "V、VI", "interpretation_zh": "两种形态均与栝楼根（Trichosanthes kirilowii）的现代参照最接近，不是两个不同植物类群。", "interpretation_en": "Both morphological types compare most closely with Chinese snake-gourd root (Trichosanthes kirilowii); they are not two separate plant taxa.", "uncertainty": "形态型不等于植物种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "Types V and VI starch are most comparable in morphology and size with the root of snakegourd" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "4f431e53d5c93bb8650f0d4a415009e2b5dd520a8ad567ff975d1f2eca214ea0" }, { "panels": "24–28", "type_code": "跨遗址比较", "interpretation_zh": "24–25来自柿子滩第9地点，26来自石固，27–28来自莪沟；不能计入柿子滩第14地点的出土样本。", "interpretation_en": "24–25 are from Shizitan S9; 26 from Shigu; 27–28 from Egou. They are comparison images and must not be counted as Shizitan S14 finds.", "uncertainty": "不同遗址样品来源。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "Type VI starch from Shizitan S9." }, { "page": 3, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "Types V and VI starch from Peiligang culture sites at Shigu (26) and Egou (27 and 28)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "4f431e53d5c93bb8650f0d4a415009e2b5dd520a8ad567ff975d1f2eca214ea0" } ], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Type I Starch. Type I starch granules (n = 45; 33% of the total starch) are round or oval in shape and relatively large in size (14.56–39.21 μm). The surface is rather flat, the hilum is centric, lamellae are visible on large granules, and the extinction cross is shaped as either “×” or “+.” Most of the type I granules appear damaged (33; 74%), showing broken edges, deep fissures, pro- nounced lamellae, and/or a dark central area on the extinction cross (Fig. 3, 1–4). These starch granules, in morphology and size, resemble many taxa in the Triticeae tribe of the grass family indigenous to north China and still found in Shanxi today (27). This includes many genera of Agropyron, Elymus, Roegneria, and Leymus in our references, as well as those reported in other studies (ref. 28, figure 4). The characteristics of damaged gran- ules are also consistent with those found in ground Leymus and Agropyron from our references (Fig. 4, 1–4).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Type II Starch. Type II starch granules (n = 20; 15% of the total starch) are irregularly oval or nearly kidney-shaped and relatively large in size (17.31–40.76 μm). Fissures and lamellae are visible in most cases, and the extinction cross often exhibits many arms. Seven granules (35%) are damaged, characterized by broken edges and/or a large dark area at the center (Fig. 3, 5–8), con- sistent with bean starch granules damaged by grinding (23). Type", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "central depression with or without a small circular protrusion in the middle, pronounced fissures, widened extinction cross, and/ or visible lamellae on part of the granule (Fig. 3, 9–14). Type III starch granules are similar in shape to several genera within the Paniceae tribe. Some genera in our reference samples, such as Setaria, Panicum, Echinochloa, Pennisetum, and Digitaria, all exhibit both faceted and spherical granule shapes, the presence of fissures, a centric hilum, and straight cross shape, similar to type III starch granules. However, the damaged type III granules particularly resemble, in morphology, those from green foxtail grass (S. italica ssp. viridis), which is the wild ancestor of do- mesticated foxtail millet (S. italica ssp. italica), and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli) Fig. 4, 9–14).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type IV Starch. Type IV starch granules (n = 24; 18% of the total) are characterized by a large granule size range (19.33–59.05 μm), irregular triangular or oval shapes, an extremely eccentric hilum, the presence of lamellae in most cases, and an extinction cross with bent arms (Fig. 3, 15–18). One granule appears to be damaged, showing broken edges, rough surface, and a dark area in the center of the extinction cross. These starch granules most resemble the D. opposita yam, which has many cultivated and wild variations in north China (Fig. 4, 15 and 16). Among five D. opposita samples we collected from Henan, the domesticated ones show smaller granule size ranges (8.83–33.16 μm, 14.01– 53.16 μm, 11.16–48.22 μm) than those of two wild ones (16.27– 63.08 μm, 22.9–70.62 μm). Type IV starch is more comparable with wild yam in morphology and size (Fig. 5, 4).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.260834+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN004", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch grains uncovered from Shizitan S14, compared with tuber starch grains from Shizitan S9, Shigu, and Egou (under DIC and polarized filters). (1– 4) Type I starch (Triticeae), showing damages ( 3 and 4). (5–8) Type II starch ( Vigna sp.), showing damages (7 and 8). ( 9–14) Type III starch (Paniceae), showing damages. ( 15–18) Type IV starch ( D. opposita ). (19–21) Type V starch ( T. kirilowii ). (22 and 23) Type VI starch ( T. kirilowii ). ( 24 and 25) Type VI starch from Shizitan S9. ( 26–28) Types V and VI starch from Peiligang culture sites at Shigu (26) and Egou (27 and 28). Panels 26–28 are reproduced with permission from ref. 14. (Scales bars: 9–14 and 19–28,10 μm; others, 20 μm.)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shizitan Locality 14", "quote": "ashington DC,\n and approved February 11, 2013 (received for review October 18, 2012)\n\n Three grinding stones from Shizitan Locality 14 (ca. 23,000–19,500 Vigna beans, Dioscorea opposita yam, and Trichosanthes kirilowii\n calendar years before present) in the middle Yellow River region snakegourd roots.\n were subjected to usewear and residue analyses to investigate", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8f8581a784355775b0277518723e6e8bdbcd8ad52004fefc1a99c3643a5c0482" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S156_8f8581a78435_S156-F04", "paper_key": "S156_8f8581a78435", "paper_id": "S156", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4.\nModern starch references (under DIC and polarized filters). (1) Leymus\nsecalinus (ground). (2) A. cristatum (ground). (3 and 4) A. desertorum (ground).\n(5 and 6) V. radiata. (7 and 8) V. unguiculata (ground). (9) S. italica ssp. viridis,\nshowing undamaged granules. (10) P. miliaceum (wild), showing undamaged\ngranules. (11 and 12) S. italica ssp. viridis (ground), showing pronounced fis-\nsures. (13) S. italica ssp. viridis (ground), showing central depression with a\nprotrusion. (14) E. crusgalli (ground), showing central depressions on most\ngranules. (15 and 16) D. opposita (wild). (17–20) T. kirilowii. (Scale bars: 9–14,\n10 μm; others: 20 μm.)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d064f82454e9988dbcd960edd1138ab9d5d5ded3a06b5590d35d186b109a63e6", "image_bytes": 696910, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 现代淀粉参考样本（在偏振光和正交偏振光下）。\n（1） 赖草（Leymus secalinus）（研磨）。（2） 冰草（Agropyron cristatum）（研磨）。（3和4） 沙生冰草（Agropyron desertorum）（研磨）。（5和6） 绿豆（Vigna radiata）。（7和8） 豇豆（Vigna unguiculata）（研磨）。（9） 粟（Setaria italica） ssp. viridis，显示完整淀粉粒。（10） 黍（Panicum miliaceum）（野生），显示完整淀粉粒。（11和12） 粟（Setaria italica） ssp. viridis（研磨），显示明显裂隙。（13） 粟（Setaria italica） ssp. viridis（研磨），显示中央凹陷并有突起。（14） 稗（Echinochloa crus-galli）（研磨），显示大多数淀粉粒具有中央凹陷。（15和16） 山药（Dioscorea opposita）（野生）。（17–20） 栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）。 （比例尺：9–14，10 μm；其余，20 μm。）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4.\nModern starch references (under DIC and polarized filters). (1) wildrye (Leymus secalinus) (ground). (2) crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) (ground). (3 and 4) desert wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum) (ground).\n(5 and 6) mung bean (Vigna radiata). (7 and 8) cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) (ground). (9) foxtail millet (Setaria italica) ssp. viridis,\nshowing undamaged granules. (10) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (wild), showing undamaged\ngranules. (11 and 12) foxtail millet (Setaria italica) ssp. viridis (ground), showing pronounced fis-\nsures. (13) foxtail millet (Setaria italica) ssp. viridis (ground), showing central depression with a\nprotrusion. (14) barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) (ground), showing central depressions on most\ngranules. (15 and 16) Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) (wild). (17–20) Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii). (Scale bars: 9–14,\n10 μm; others: 20 μm.)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉参考样本（偏振光和正交偏振光下）", "title_en": "Modern starch references (under DIC and polarized filters)", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d064f82454e9988dbcd960ed.png", "image_url": "media/S156_8f8581a78435_S156-F04.png?v=d064f82454e9", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Type I Starch. Type I starch granules (n = 45; 33% of the total starch) are round or oval in shape and relatively large in size (14.56–39.21 μm). The surface is rather flat, the hilum is centric, lamellae are visible on large granules, and the extinction cross is shaped as either “×” or “+.” Most of the type I granules appear damaged (33; 74%), showing broken edges, deep fissures, pro- nounced lamellae, and/or a dark central area on the extinction cross (Fig. 3, 1–4). These starch granules, in morphology and size, resemble many taxa in the Triticeae tribe of the grass family indigenous to north China and still found in Shanxi today (27). This includes many genera of Agropyron, Elymus, Roegneria, and Leymus in our references, as well as those reported in other studies (ref. 28, figure 4). The characteristics of damaged gran- ules are also consistent with those found in ground Leymus and Agropyron from our references (Fig. 4, 1–4).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "central depression with or without a small circular protrusion in the middle, pronounced fissures, widened extinction cross, and/ or visible lamellae on part of the granule (Fig. 3, 9–14). Type III starch granules are similar in shape to several genera within the Paniceae tribe. Some genera in our reference samples, such as Setaria, Panicum, Echinochloa, Pennisetum, and Digitaria, all exhibit both faceted and spherical granule shapes, the presence of fissures, a centric hilum, and straight cross shape, similar to type III starch granules. However, the damaged type III granules particularly resemble, in morphology, those from green foxtail grass (S. italica ssp. viridis), which is the wild ancestor of do- mesticated foxtail millet (S. italica ssp. italica), and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli) Fig. 4, 9–14).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type IV Starch. Type IV starch granules (n = 24; 18% of the total) are characterized by a large granule size range (19.33–59.05 μm), irregular triangular or oval shapes, an extremely eccentric hilum, the presence of lamellae in most cases, and an extinction cross with bent arms (Fig. 3, 15–18). One granule appears to be damaged, showing broken edges, rough surface, and a dark area in the center of the extinction cross. These starch granules most resemble the D. opposita yam, which has many cultivated and wild variations in north China (Fig. 4, 15 and 16). Among five D. opposita samples we collected from Henan, the domesticated ones show smaller granule size ranges (8.83–33.16 μm, 14.01– 53.16 μm, 11.16–48.22 μm) than those of two wild ones (16.27– 63.08 μm, 22.9–70.62 μm). Type IV starch is more comparable with wild yam in morphology and size (Fig. 5, 4).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "It is possible that type I starches belong to more than one genus in the Triticeae tribe, although the large granules are particularly similar to Agropyron cristatum and Agropyron desertorum in form (Fig. 4, 2 and 3) and size (Fig. 5, 1).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.321066+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S157_be2b6af74ebd_S157-F02", "paper_key": "S157_be2b6af74ebd", "paper_id": "S157", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2 Starch grains obtained from residues on four stone knives recovered from the Lajia site. a–e type A starch grains; f–k type B starch\ngrains; l, m type C starch grains; n, o type D starch grains; p type E starch grains", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "83b14c6a5561c8df812c1c568e4660f2e0a809d09c506379b491a0d5375cb09a", "image_bytes": 8333002, "sites": [ "CN119" ], "caption_zh": "图2 从喇家遗址出土的四件石刀上获得的淀粉粒。a–e 类A淀粉粒，粟、黍及其茎秆；f–k 类B淀粉粒，小麦族的大麦属；l， m 类C淀粉粒，食用豆类；n， o 类D淀粉粒，块根块茎类植物；p 类E淀粉粒，无法鉴定。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2 Starch grains obtained from residues on four stone knives recovered from the Lajia site. a–e type A starch grains; f–k type B starch\ngrains; l, m type C starch grains; n, o type D starch grains; p type E starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "喇家遗址石刀上淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from stone knives at the Lajia site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/83b14c6a5561c8df812c1c56.png", "image_url": "media/S157_be2b6af74ebd_S157-F02.png?v=83b14c6a5561", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Common features of type A grains (n = 187) are their polyhedral shapes, centric hilum and absence of lamellae. Type A grains can be divided into three subtypes (types A1, A2 and A3) based on differences in size, surface morphology and fissure type. (1) Type A1 starch grains. Type A1 starch grains (n = 171) commonly have deeply crossed, winged to Y-shaped, or stellated fissures, and surfaces with short lines radiating from the centre to the edges (Fig. 2a, b); their mean diameter is 11.7 lm (range 5.2–19.8 lm). According to diagnostic morphological characteristics, the mean diameter of starch grains in modern reference collections, and comparisons of ancient starch grains with those in 31 modern samples of millets derived from the seeds of seven species of the genus Setaria and two species of the genus", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Panicum [32], we determined that the type A1 grains are from foxtail millet and broomcorn millet. (2) Type A2 starch grains. Type A2 starch grains (n = 6) have a mean diameter of 16.3 lm (range 11.8–18.0 lm). The diameters of some type A2 grains overlap with those of type A1 grains, but type A2 grains exhibit a smooth surface and radial fissures, with the lon- gest fissures radiating from the centre to half the diameter of the grain (Fig. 2c). According to a simulation", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type B starch grains (n = 85) are characterized by biconvex shapes and a centric hilum. The starch grains are olivary and possess a longitudinal dent when rotated (Fig. 2k). Type B grains can be divided into two subtypes (types B1 and B2) on the basis of surface morphology and lamellae. Type B1 grains (n = 63) have irregular biconvex shapes, including those that are semicircular (Fig. 2f) and ellipsoidal (Fig. 2g), possess faint craters arranged in reticulate patterns on their surfaces, and lamellae are absent. The mean diameter of type B1 grains is 20.9 lm (range 14.5–25.7 lm); 24 of the 63 grains are larger than 20 lm in diameter. Type B1 grains are similar to the starch grains from Hordeum spp. studied by Yang and Perry [27], and we therefore infer that type B1 grains are from Hordeum spp. Type B2 starch grains (n = 22) are featured with generally round, regular biconvex shapes, a centric hilum, faint lamellae and reticulate patterns craters on the starch grain surface (Fig. 2h–j). The mean diameter of type B2 grains is 28.1 lm (range 8.3–36.2 lm); 8 of the 22 grains are larger than 30 lm in size. According to mor- phology and size, type B2 grains at least contain starch grains from those of Triticum spp., as reported by Yang and Perry [27] and Piperno et al. [33].", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type C grains include three elliptical starch grains char- acterized by a centric hilum. Two starch grains show stellated fissures and no lamellae (Fig. 2l). The third grain shows radiating fissures with demonstrating lamellae (Fig. 2m), especially under polarized light. The lengths of the three starch grains are 45.0, 36.6 and 23.6 lm. Their features are consistent with those of starch grains from the food legumes such as Cajanus spp., Cicer spp. and Phaseolus spp. in our comparative collection. Thus, we infer that type C grains are from food legumes.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.412281+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 2 Starch grains obtained from residues on four stone knives recovered from the Lajia site. a–e type A starch grains; f–k type B starch\ngrains; l, m type C starch grains; n, o type D starch grains; p type E starch grains", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "Geology\n\n\nPlant microremains provide direct evidence for the functions\nof stone knives from the Lajia site, northwestern China\n\n\nZhikun Ma • Quan Li • Xiujia Huan •\nXiaoyan Yang • Jingyun Zheng • Maolin Ye\n\n\n\n\n\nReceived: 13 November 2013 / Accepted: 6 January 2014 / Published online: 22 February 2014\n Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heid", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "be2b6af74ebd10d138d27c04907913dc045f6afcf8828411bff938a0b8163c2c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S157_be2b6af74ebd_S157-F03", "paper_key": "S157_be2b6af74ebd", "paper_id": "S157", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3 Phytoliths obtained from four stone knives recovered from the Lajia site. a, b Bilobate (b, bilobate and characteristic of the tribe\nPanicoideae); c sinuate–elongate; d smooth elongate; e square; f pointed; g rondel-shaped; h tower-shaped; i, j g-type phytoliths from the husks\nof broomcorn millet; k X-type phytoliths from the husks of foxtail millet; l phytoliths that are probably from the husks of herbs", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b5f2612bd8f04f8af0dd36c136b6927a1fd87e21bcba7687c21fce8149cd4b7a", "image_bytes": 6014934, "sites": [ "CN119" ], "caption_zh": "图3 从喇家遗址出土的四件石刀中获得的植硅体。a， b 哑铃型（b，竖排哑铃型，属于黍亚科的特征）；c 刺棒；d 光滑棒型；e 方形；f 尖型；g 帽型；h 塔状；i， j η型植硅体来自黍的颖壳；k Ω型植硅体来自粟的颖壳；l 可能来自禾草类植物颖壳的植硅体", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Phytoliths obtained from four stone knives recovered from the Lajia site. a, b Bilobate (b, bilobate and characteristic of the tribe\npanicoid grasses (Panicoideae)); c sinuate–elongate; d smooth elongate; e square; f pointed; g rondel-shaped; h tower-shaped; i, j g-type phytoliths from the husks\nof broomcorn millet; k X-type phytoliths from the husks of foxtail millet; l phytoliths that are probably from the husks of herbs", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "喇家遗址石刀中获得的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from stone knives at the Lajia site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b5f2612bd8f04f8af0dd36c1.png", "image_url": "media/S157_be2b6af74ebd_S157-F03.png?v=b5f2612bd8f0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "The most common phytoliths in the samples are bilobate in shape and are derived from stems and leaves (n = 180; 47.87 % of the total), including those of the tribe Pani- coideae (Fig. 3b). Sinuate–elongate, smooth elongate, square, pointed, rondel-shaped and tower-shaped are the common shapes of phytoliths from the stems and leaves of the plants [28, 29, 31]. Phytoliths from stems and leaves (65.1 % of the total) indicate that all four stone knives contacted stem and leaf materials during their functional uses. Taking into consideration the g-type phytoliths from the husks of broomcorn millet, the X-type phytoliths from the husks of foxtail millet, and phytoliths that are likely from the husks of herbs, it appears that most of the phy- toliths are from the tribe Panicoideae. The starch grains include those of foxtail millet and broomcorn millet, both of the Panicoideae, and of Horde- um and Triticum of the Pooideae. On the other hand, phytoliths of Hordeum and Triticum are absent. According to the results of a previous simulation experiment [16], the percentage of stem types represented by starch grains larger than 20 lm (obtained from flakes, and which were used for cutting foxtail millet) is 2.1 %; meanwhile, the remaining grains, which are typically polyhedral and smaller than 20 lm, constitute 97.9 % of the assemblage. Among the type A starch grains, 10 type A3 grains are larger than 20 lm, and approximately 94.5 % of type A1 starch grains (n & 170) are from the stems of foxtail millet. However, type A1 grains smaller than 20 lm may not all be derived from stems, as the", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Common features of type A grains (n = 187) are their polyhedral shapes, centric hilum and absence of lamellae. Type A grains can be divided into three subtypes (types A1, A2 and A3) based on differences in size, surface morphology and fissure type. (1) Type A1 starch grains. Type A1 starch grains (n = 171) commonly have deeply crossed, winged to Y-shaped, or stellated fissures, and surfaces with short lines radiating from the centre to the edges (Fig. 2a, b); their mean diameter is 11.7 lm (range 5.2–19.8 lm). According to diagnostic morphological characteristics, the mean diameter of starch grains in modern reference collections, and comparisons of ancient starch grains with those in 31 modern samples of millets derived from the seeds of seven species of the genus Setaria and two species of the genus", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Panicum [32], we determined that the type A1 grains are from foxtail millet and broomcorn millet. (2) Type A2 starch grains. Type A2 starch grains (n = 6) have a mean diameter of 16.3 lm (range 11.8–18.0 lm). The diameters of some type A2 grains overlap with those of type A1 grains, but type A2 grains exhibit a smooth surface and radial fissures, with the lon- gest fissures radiating from the centre to half the diameter of the grain (Fig. 2c). According to a simulation", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "experiment by Yang et al. [16], the characteristics of type A2 starch grains are similar to those from the stems of wheat, suggesting that the type A2 grains in our study have a similar origin in the stems of wheat-related crops. (3) Type A3 starch grains. The mean diameter of type A3 starch grains (n = 10) is 26.7 lm (range 21.3–32.5 lm); all grains are larger than 20 lm in diam- eter. Type A3 starch grains are polyhedral or spheroidal in shape. The hilum is centric, with stellate fissures often", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.467023+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3 Phytoliths obtained from four stone knives recovered from the Lajia site. a, b Bilobate (b, bilobate and characteristic of the tribe\nPanicoideae); c sinuate–elongate; d smooth elongate; e square; f pointed; g rondel-shaped; h tower-shaped; i, j g-type phytoliths from the husks\nof broomcorn millet; k X-type phytoliths from the husks of foxtail millet; l phytoliths that are probably from the husks of herbs", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "Geology\n\n\nPlant microremains provide direct evidence for the functions\nof stone knives from the Lajia site, northwestern China\n\n\nZhikun Ma • Quan Li • Xiujia Huan •\nXiaoyan Yang • Jingyun Zheng • Maolin Ye\n\n\n\n\n\nReceived: 13 November 2013 / Accepted: 6 January 2014 / Published online: 22 February 2014\n Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heid", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "be2b6af74ebd10d138d27c04907913dc045f6afcf8828411bff938a0b8163c2c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S158_3395c60c0069_S158-F04", "paper_key": "S158_3395c60c0069", "paper_id": "S158", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4\nCharacteristic starch grains from plants: (a) starch grains from immature wheat seeds; (b) a Type A starch\ngrain from mature wheat seeds; (c) a Type B starch grain from wheat seeds; (d) a side view of a Type A starch grain; (e–f)\na typical morphotype from wheat stems; (g) typical morphotype from rice seeds; (h) the new type from rice stems; (i)\ntypical morphotype from foxtail millet seeds; (j) the new type from foxtail millet stems. Scale bar 10 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "79eb5b18fde486726bb27911a417f1dce2eef12e480828da11433454261ab0ef", "image_bytes": 1061269, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 现代植物的特征淀粉粒：（a） 来自未成熟小麦种子的淀粉粒；（b） 来自成熟小麦种子的A型淀粉粒；（c） 来自小麦种子的B型淀粉粒；（d） A型淀粉粒的侧视图；（e–f） 来自小麦茎的典型形态类型；（g） 来自水稻种子的典型形态类型；（h） 来自水稻茎的新型形态类型；（i） 来自粟种子的典型形态类型；（j） 来自粟茎的新型形态类型。比例尺10 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 4\nCharacteristic starch grains from plants: (a) starch grains from immature wheat seeds; (b) a Type A starch\ngrain from mature wheat seeds; (c) a Type B starch grain from wheat seeds; (d) a side view of a Type A starch grain; (e–f)\na typical morphotype from wheat stems; (g) typical morphotype from rice seeds; (h) the new type from rice stems; (i)\ntypical morphotype from foxtail millet seeds; (j) the new type from foxtail millet stems. Scale bar 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "pdf_corrected_source", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "植物特征淀粉粒", "title_en": "Characteristic starch grains from plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Figure 4\nCharacteristic starch grains from plants: (a) starch grains from immature wheat seeds; (b) a Type A starch\ngrain from mature wheat seeds; (c) a Type B starch grain from wheat seeds; (d) a side view of a Type A starch grain; (e–f)\na typical morphotype from wheat stems; (g) typical morphotype from rice seeds; (h) the new type from rice stems; (i)\ntypical morphotype from foxtail millet seeds; (j) the new type from foxtail millet stems. Scale bar 10 μm.", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/79eb5b18fde486726bb27911.png", "image_url": "media/S158_3395c60c0069_S158-F04.png?v=79eb5b18fde4", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "The starch grains that occur in wheat seeds are well documented in the literature. Starch grains (diameter < 5 mm) begin to be produced in the parenchyma cells of ovaries the day before flowering (Sheng et al. 2004). By the time the plant has mature seeds, two typical starch morphotypes are present, Types A and B (Evers 1971). Type A starch grains begin to appear 4 days after flowering and their size keeps increasing until 19 days after flowering. These grains are discoidal or lenticular in form and range between 10 and 35 mm in size. Type B starch grains develop 12–14 days after flowering and range between 1 and 10 mm in size. Type B starch grains have a spherical or polyhedral shape (Evers 1973; Dengate and Meredith 1984; Peng et al. 1999; Wilson et al. 2006). Previous studies demonstrate that grains less than 5 mm are difficult to detect via compound light microscopy, are rarely diagnostic for taxa and occur in many plant tissues (Moss 1976; Czaja 1978; Barton 1991; Loy et al. 1992; Therin et al. 1997). Therefore, in this study we define Type A starch grains as lenticular in shape, with a mean size more than 10 mm; and Type B starch grains as spherical or polyhedral in shape, with a mean size ranging from 5 to 10 mm. Thirty-eight starch grains from immature wheat seeds were studied. They have an ovate or spherical shape, and are 3.3 1 0.8 mm in mean size (Fig. 4 (a)). The morphological characteristics on the surfaces of these starches were not clear at a magnification of 400¥. In the mature wheat seeds, a total of 101 starch grains, including 78 Type A (Fig. 4 (b)) and 2", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "One hundred and fifteen starch grains from rice seeds were studied. These have a polyhedral shape, and a few have one curved margin and one concave margin (Fig. 4 (g)), but more detailed morphological characteristics were not visible due to the small size of the starches. The largest grain is 6.9 mm in size (Table 1), though the record for the largest grain can reach 11.27 mm (Yang et al. 2012b). Forty-four starch grains were extracted from mature rice stems, 40 of which are morphologically similar to seed starches, at less than 11.3 mm. The remaining four grains were much larger than the maximum size of those recorded in rice seeds, being between 11.3 and 22.5 mm (Fig. 4 (h)). The percentage of the new type of starch grains in the entire assemblage is 9.1% (Table 1). The Group C flakes, which were used to harvest rice, yielded 282 starch grains of the typical seed morphotype, ranging in size from 4.2 to 11.3 mm. Thirty starch grains from the newly described stem type, ranging from 11.3 to 21.9 mm, were much larger than the seed morphotype, making up 9.6% of the population.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "One hundred and eight starch grains from millets were measured in this study. The morphological features of starch grains from seeds of foxtail millet are in line with those reported previously (Yang et al. 2012b), including a basic polyhedral shape, centric hila and deep, linear, transverse, Y-shaped or stellate fissures (Fig. 4 (i)). The mean size was 11.3 1 1.9 mm, ranging from 7.1 to 17.5 mm (Table 1). Fifty-five starch grains typical of those from seeds were extracted from mature foxtail millet stems, three of which are polyhedral and spherical starch grains, larger than 20 mm in size (Fig. 4 (j)). The largest one was 32.3 mm in maximum length, much larger than has ever been recorded for the morphotype found in foxtail millet seeds (Yang et al. 2012b). The percentage of starch grains larger than 20 mm is 5.5% in this assemblage (Table 1). Three hundred and twenty-seven starch grains of foxtail millet were recovered from flakes of Group D: 320 of these measured less than 20 mm, the size of the largest starch grains from seeds (Yang et al. 2012b), while the remaining seven were larger than 20 mm, making up 2.1% of the assemblage.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "wheat stems, we found 23 Type A, two Type B and two polyhedral starch grains that belong to the new type, with these grains measuring 16.9 and 18.0 mm in size. The previously undescribed stem type of starch grain makes up 9.1% and 7.4% of the starch assemblages from immature and mature stems, respectively (Table 1). No starch grains were recovered from the control samples (A1, B1, C1 and D1), or from the unused edge of the flakes used in the harvesting experiments. In contrast, fairly large numbers of starch grains were recovered from the working edges of all used flakes. Group A flakes, which were used to harvest immature wheat, yielded 71 Type A and 13 Type B starches. The assemblage also included seven polyhedral starch grains from the new stem type, ranging from 12.8 to 23.4 mm (Table 1). Group B flakes yielded 355 Type A and 88 Type B, and 30 of the new type, ranging from 11.3 to 25.2 mm, were recovered (Table 1). The new type makes up 7.7% and 6.3% in the two starch assemblages, respectively.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.513164+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S158_3395c60c0069_S158-F05", "paper_key": "S158_3395c60c0069", "paper_id": "S158", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Figure 5\nStarch grains from a variety of maize (Zea mays), Jundan-20.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d5b20ca24a3ea0b6a82d2c358581595750f962640a8bc82be6dce6259b5979c0", "image_bytes": 2052246, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5 玉米一个品种（Jundan-20）的淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Figure 5\nStarch grains from a variety of maize (Zea mays), Jundan-20.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "玉米淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from maize", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d5b20ca24a3ea0b6a82d2c35.png", "image_url": "media/S158_3395c60c0069_S158-F05.png?v=d5b20ca24a3e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "One hundred and thirteen starch grains from Jundan-20 maize were studied. These starches have both irregular and spherical shapes (Fig. 5). The irregular grains are characterized by rough edges", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "The starch grains that occur in wheat seeds are well documented in the literature. Starch grains (diameter < 5 mm) begin to be produced in the parenchyma cells of ovaries the day before flowering (Sheng et al. 2004). By the time the plant has mature seeds, two typical starch morphotypes are present, Types A and B (Evers 1971). Type A starch grains begin to appear 4 days after flowering and their size keeps increasing until 19 days after flowering. These grains are discoidal or lenticular in form and range between 10 and 35 mm in size. Type B starch grains develop 12–14 days after flowering and range between 1 and 10 mm in size. Type B starch grains have a spherical or polyhedral shape (Evers 1973; Dengate and Meredith 1984; Peng et al. 1999; Wilson et al. 2006). Previous studies demonstrate that grains less than 5 mm are difficult to detect via compound light microscopy, are rarely diagnostic for taxa and occur in many plant tissues (Moss 1976; Czaja 1978; Barton 1991; Loy et al. 1992; Therin et al. 1997). Therefore, in this study we define Type A starch grains as lenticular in shape, with a mean size more than 10 mm; and Type B starch grains as spherical or polyhedral in shape, with a mean size ranging from 5 to 10 mm. Thirty-eight starch grains from immature wheat seeds were studied. They have an ovate or spherical shape, and are 3.3 1 0.8 mm in mean size (Fig. 4 (a)). The morphological characteristics on the surfaces of these starches were not clear at a magnification of 400¥. In the mature wheat seeds, a total of 101 starch grains, including 78 Type A (Fig. 4 (b)) and 2", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "wheat stems, we found 23 Type A, two Type B and two polyhedral starch grains that belong to the new type, with these grains measuring 16.9 and 18.0 mm in size. The previously undescribed stem type of starch grain makes up 9.1% and 7.4% of the starch assemblages from immature and mature stems, respectively (Table 1). No starch grains were recovered from the control samples (A1, B1, C1 and D1), or from the unused edge of the flakes used in the harvesting experiments. In contrast, fairly large numbers of starch grains were recovered from the working edges of all used flakes. Group A flakes, which were used to harvest immature wheat, yielded 71 Type A and 13 Type B starches. The assemblage also included seven polyhedral starch grains from the new stem type, ranging from 12.8 to 23.4 mm (Table 1). Group B flakes yielded 355 Type A and 88 Type B, and 30 of the new type, ranging from 11.3 to 25.2 mm, were recovered (Table 1). The new type makes up 7.7% and 6.3% in the two starch assemblages, respectively.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "One hundred and fifteen starch grains from rice seeds were studied. These have a polyhedral shape, and a few have one curved margin and one concave margin (Fig. 4 (g)), but more detailed morphological characteristics were not visible due to the small size of the starches. The largest grain is 6.9 mm in size (Table 1), though the record for the largest grain can reach 11.27 mm (Yang et al. 2012b). Forty-four starch grains were extracted from mature rice stems, 40 of which are morphologically similar to seed starches, at less than 11.3 mm. The remaining four grains were much larger than the maximum size of those recorded in rice seeds, being between 11.3 and 22.5 mm (Fig. 4 (h)). The percentage of the new type of starch grains in the entire assemblage is 9.1% (Table 1). The Group C flakes, which were used to harvest rice, yielded 282 starch grains of the typical seed morphotype, ranging in size from 4.2 to 11.3 mm. Thirty starch grains from the newly described stem type, ranging from 11.3 to 21.9 mm, were much larger than the seed morphotype, making up 9.6% of the population.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.556066+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S160_d3f1fcddf27b_MAN_4a14c53a5b6f", "paper_key": "S160_d3f1fcddf27b", "paper_id": "S160", "number": "S2", "title_zh": "面条模拟样品中的植硅体与淀粉粒", "title_en": "Phytoliths and starch in simulated noodles", "caption_original": "", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. S2 Phytoliths and starch extant in the simulated noodles. (a) Analog heated-noodles; (b) \nanalog-cooked noodle starch; (c)－(d) analog-cooked noodle phytoliths", "caption_zh": "补充图S2 模拟面条中保存的植硅体和淀粉粒。（a）模拟加热面条；（b）模拟熟面条中的淀粉粒；（c、d）模拟熟面条中的植硅体。", "caption_en": "Fig. S2 Phytoliths and starch extant in the simulated noodles. (a) Analog heated-noodles; (b) \nanalog-cooked noodle starch; (c)-(d) analog-cooked noodle phytoliths", "source_language": "en", "pdf_pages": [ 22 ], "notes": "原PDF复核后恢复的现代参照图版。原人工排除；补充材料已在本地PDF中，恢复备选。原人工筛选记录及PDF均未修改。", "sites": [], "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "aa22fcc5370cb5e5a0181e027103f071b72c0ce4c93334c7ba5b2e7d6e43a2ef", "image_bytes": 550779, "thumbnail": "previews/aa22fcc5370cb5e5a0181e02.png", "image_url": "media/S160_d3f1fcddf27b_MAN_4a14c53a5b6f.png?v=aa22fcc5370c", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S160_d3f1fcddf27b", "page": 22, "bbox_points": [ 111, 389, 344, 584 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "d3f1fcddf27bcedc8c2bf29574212f28de5376a8592db6699ed37684b1df75c4" }, "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.699316+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S160_d3f1fcddf27b_S160-F06", "paper_key": "S160_d3f1fcddf27b", "paper_id": "S160", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6 (Color online) Starchy granules discovered in the noodle sediment strata and in incomplete noodle pieces. a–d The upper half of each\nphotograph is an orthogonal polarization image; e the right half of the photograph is an orthogonal polarization image. Scale bar = 20 lm", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "848d6e7c644d6b497d3b28737c7068f1c6ec15e6fcf46142f61d10c3926dcc10", "image_bytes": 5995608, "sites": [ "CN119" ], "caption_zh": "图6（彩色在线）在面条沉积层及不完整面条碎片中发现的淀粉粒。a–d 每张照片的上半部分为正交偏振图像；e 每张照片的右半部分为正交偏振图像。比例尺 = 20µm", "caption_en": "Fig. 6 (Color online) Starchy granules discovered in the noodle sediment strata and in incomplete noodle pieces. a–d The upper half of each\nphotograph is an orthogonal polarization image; e the right half of the photograph is an orthogonal polarization image. Scale bar = 20 lm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "面条沉积层及碎片中发现的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starchy granules in noodle sediment and incomplete noodle pieces", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/848d6e7c644d6b497d3b2873.png", "image_url": "media/S160_d3f1fcddf27b_S160-F06.png?v=848d6e7c644d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "A wealth of starch grains was found in the prehistoric noodle fragments (Fig. 6b–e) and, furthermore, a consid- erable number of starch grains were extracted from the three samples (serial numbers \u0002, ` and ́) taken from the", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "lower strata within the earthenware bowls (Fig. 6a). No starch grains were extracted from samples taken from other strata. Starch grains found in the noodle sediment strata and within noodle fragments all evince a definite pasted char- acter, partly heavily gelatinized, and displaying a gradually tapering and fading cruciform birefringence shape (Fig. 6d); once the starch forms have been partly gelati- nized, these cruciform structures become not obvious (Fig. 6e). On some of the noodle fragments, however, a great number of rounded or quasi-rounded edges, with umbilical points in the centre, can still be found on the starch granules, and the cruciform birefringence structure remains relatively apparent (Fig. 6b). The starch grains extracted from the noodle sediment strata are typical of a relatively large average grain size. The weights of the complete starch granules found in the sedimentary strata and in noodle fragments were measured and found to be, on average, 8.2 ± 2.8 lm. Comparing this with the size and morphology (Fig. 7) of starch granules taken from modern plants grown in northwest China (Table S1), the archaeological noodle samples had starch granules which, in size, appeared smaller than those of barley", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 13, "quote": "by gelatinization. Nonetheless, the residual starch grains still possessed clear outlines. The morphology of some of the starch grains within the noodle fragments was apparent, and some of the starch grains extracted from the noodle sediment strata had relatively clear cruciform extensions. Millet starch surficial radiation patterns could also be seen often on the surface of some starch grains (Fig. 6c). In addition to using a polarizing microscope to observe and identify these starches, Congo Red dyeing, fluores- cence microscopy and many other simple iodine dyeing methods can be employed [40–42]. These allow the starch grains within the noodle fragments, as opposed to other mineral grains, to be easily determined. There is no need to use any analytical methods [such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)] to infer whether or not grains are minerals. Some scholars consider that both ‘‘gypsum sphaerocrystal’’and ‘‘fungal spores’’ have cruciform extinction [43]; in fact, gypsum crystals are monoclinic and cannot form sphaero- crystal. Out of all the minerals found naturally, these can be grouped into three major crystal categories, seven major crystal systems and 32 crystal types; none of these can form sphaerocrystal. Even isometric crystal minerals, there was no comprehensive crossextinction. The so-called gypsum sphaerocrystal exists nowhere in the natural world. The sphaerocrystal that is found either in starch or in polymers (e.g. polyvinyl chloride polymers) is crystalline in form, so, of course, PVC molecular particles will not ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.612576+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 6 (Color online) Starchy granules discovered in the noodle sediment strata and in incomplete noodle pieces. a–d The upper half of each\nphotograph is an orthogonal polarization image; e the right half of the photograph is an orthogonal polarization image. Scale bar = 20 lm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "Geology\n\n\nComponent and simulation of the 4,000-year-old noodles\nexcavated from the archaeological site of Lajia in Qinghai, China\n\n\nHouyuan Lu¨ • Yumei Li • Jianping Zhang •\nXiaoyan Yang • Maolin Ye • Quan Li •\nCan Wang • Naiqin Wu\n\n\n\n\n\nReceived: 14 June 2014 / Accepted: 15 September 2014 / Published online: 29 October 2014\n Science China Press and Springer-Ve", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d3f1fcddf27bcedc8c2bf29574212f28de5376a8592db6699ed37684b1df75c4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S160_d3f1fcddf27b_S160-F07", "paper_key": "S160_d3f1fcddf27b", "paper_id": "S160", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig. 7 (Color online) Polarized and optimal micrographs of starchy grains extracted from parts of modern cultivated plants. a Barley, b highland\nbarley, c foxtail millet, d green foxtail, e sorghum, f potato, g broomcorn millet, h corn, i wheat. a–e The upper half of each photograph is the\npolarized image; f–i the left half of each photograph is the polarized image. Scale bar = 20 lm", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f0dbf2bd70c0a11bf50bfa66935dc6df0445d56e2843c2557f644e2bf2e1e0d8", "image_bytes": 6307454, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图7（彩色在线）从现代栽培植物各部分提取的淀粉粒的偏振与最佳显微照片。a 大麦，b 高原大麦，c 粟，d 狗尾草，e 高粱，f 马铃薯，g 黍，h 玉米，i 小麦。a–e 每张照片的上半部分为偏振图像；f–i 每张照片的左半部分为偏振图像。比例尺 = 20 lm", "caption_en": "Fig. 7 (Color online) Polarized and optimal micrographs of starchy grains extracted from parts of modern cultivated plants. a Barley, b highland\nbarley, c foxtail millet, d green foxtail, e Sorghum, f potato, g broomcorn millet, h corn, i wheat. a–e The upper half of each photograph is the\npolarized image; f–i the left half of each photograph is the polarized image. Scale bar = 20 lm", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代栽培植物淀粉粒偏振显微照片", "title_en": "Polarized Micrographs of Starchy Grains from Modern Cultivated Plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f0dbf2bd70c0a11bf50bfa66.png", "image_url": "media/S160_d3f1fcddf27b_S160-F07.png?v=f0dbf2bd70c0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "lower strata within the earthenware bowls (Fig. 6a). No starch grains were extracted from samples taken from other strata. Starch grains found in the noodle sediment strata and within noodle fragments all evince a definite pasted char- acter, partly heavily gelatinized, and displaying a gradually tapering and fading cruciform birefringence shape (Fig. 6d); once the starch forms have been partly gelati- nized, these cruciform structures become not obvious (Fig. 6e). On some of the noodle fragments, however, a great number of rounded or quasi-rounded edges, with umbilical points in the centre, can still be found on the starch granules, and the cruciform birefringence structure remains relatively apparent (Fig. 6b). The starch grains extracted from the noodle sediment strata are typical of a relatively large average grain size. The weights of the complete starch granules found in the sedimentary strata and in noodle fragments were measured and found to be, on average, 8.2 ± 2.8 lm. Comparing this with the size and morphology (Fig. 7) of starch granules taken from modern plants grown in northwest China (Table S1), the archaeological noodle samples had starch granules which, in size, appeared smaller than those of barley", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.657578+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S160_d3f1fcddf27b_S160-P0007-B000", "paper_key": "S160_d3f1fcddf27b", "paper_id": "S160", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "Fig. 5 (Color online) Husk phytoliths in the noodle sediment strata alongside modern plant husk phytoliths. a, d, g Separated, are the X-, p- andg-shaped phytoliths found in noodle fragments or in noodle strata; b, e separated, are X- and p-shaped phytoliths in modern foxtail millet; h is g-shaped phytoliths from modern broomcorn millet; c, f, i separated, are husk phytoliths from modern wheat, barley and sorghum. Scale bar = 20lm", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c50b79da5cc7ea925950516190f9a5cd06541f68bd94fbdb050efacdb7bef84e", "image_bytes": 6082833, "sites": [ "CN119" ], "caption_zh": "图5（彩色在线）面条沉积层中的外皮植硅体及其与现代植物外皮植硅体的对比。a， d， g 分别为在面条碎片或面条层中发现的Ω形、ηⅢ形和η形植硅体；b， e 分别为现代粟中的Ω形和η形植硅体；h 为现代黍中的η形植硅体；c， f， i 分别为来自现代小麦、大麦和高粱的外皮植硅体。比例尺 = 20 µm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5 (Color online) Husk phytoliths in the noodle sediment strata alongside modern plant husk phytoliths. a, d, g Separated, are the X-, p- andg-shaped phytoliths found in noodle fragments or in noodle strata; b, e separated, are X- and p-shaped phytoliths in modern foxtail millet; h is g-shaped phytoliths from modern broomcorn millet; c, f, i separated, are husk phytoliths from modern wheat, barley and Sorghum. Scale bar = 20lm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "面条沉积层中外皮植硅体及其现代植物对比", "title_en": "Husk Phytoliths in Noodle Sediment Strata Alongside Modern Plant Husk Phytoliths", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c50b79da5cc7ea9259505161.png", "image_url": "media/S160_d3f1fcddf27b_S160-P0007-B000.png?v=c50b79da5cc7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "We investigated six samples extracted from the sediment found within the inverted earthenware bowls (Fig. 4; serial numbers \u0002– ) and compared these with a soil sample taken from a cross section at the excavation site (Fig. 4). Many phytolith types were found in all the samples, with Poaceae of subfamily level, such as Panicoid type, Chlo- ridoid type and Festucoid type, identified amongst these (Fig. 4). Remarkably, close to the bottom of a bowl (in the upper sediment frustum) of three samples (Nos. \u0002, ` and ́), three types of husk phytolith were found. Based upon their shapes and patterns, and comparing them with modern crops phytolithic husks (Fig. 5) and referencing them to previously published research findings from investigations of phytoliths found in crops and wild plants [22, 23, 37, 38], we discovered three types of phytolith: X-shape (Setaria-X), the epidermal long cell walls are X-undulated (undulations rounded, wider towards the apex and narrower at the base) from the foxtail millet (S. italica); p-shape", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.755836+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 5 (Color online) Husk phytoliths in the noodle sediment strata alongside modern plant husk phytoliths. a, d, g Separated, are the X-, p- andg-shaped phytoliths found in noodle fragments or in noodle strata; b, e separated, are X- and p-shaped phytoliths in modern foxtail millet; h is g-shaped phytoliths from modern broomcorn millet; c, f, i separated, are husk phytoliths from modern wheat, barley and sorghum. Scale bar = 20lm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "Geology\n\n\nComponent and simulation of the 4,000-year-old noodles\nexcavated from the archaeological site of Lajia in Qinghai, China\n\n\nHouyuan Lu¨ • Yumei Li • Jianping Zhang •\nXiaoyan Yang • Maolin Ye • Quan Li •\nCan Wang • Naiqin Wu\n\n\n\n\n\nReceived: 14 June 2014 / Accepted: 15 September 2014 / Published online: 29 October 2014\n Science China Press and Springer-Ve", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d3f1fcddf27bcedc8c2bf29574212f28de5376a8592db6699ed37684b1df75c4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S161_694298188b6b_S161-F01", "paper_key": "S161_694298188b6b", "paper_id": "S161", "number": "1", "caption_original": "Fig. 1. Starch granules from modern reference and morphometric attributes used in the analysis. 1: Job's tears (domesticated, Hebei); 2: Job's tears (Yunnan, wild); 3: foxtail millet;\n4: broomcorn millet; 5: size measurements; 6: eccentricity measurements; 7 & 8: Z-shaped arm (pointed with arrow without stem) and curved arm (pointed with stemmed arrow)\non the extinction cross (5e8 from Job's tears; scale 1,2: 20 mm; 3,4:10 mm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5f616beb3c38228e3bd7443fb5abf862b2549b83a39898c27ee4ea076a090e9c", "image_bytes": 3896282, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图1. 用于分析的现代参考样本的淀粉颗粒及其形态学特征。1：薏苡（栽培，河北）；2：薏苡（云南，野生）；3：粟；4：黍；5：尺寸测量；6：偏心率测量；7 & 8：消光十字上的Z形臂（无箭杆箭头所指）和弯曲臂（带箭杆箭头所指）（5–8来自薏苡；比例尺1，2:20 μm；3，4:10 μm）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 1. Starch granules from modern reference and morphometric attributes used in the analysis. 1: Job's tears (domesticated, Hebei); 2: Job's tears (Yunnan, wild); 3: foxtail millet;\n4: broomcorn millet; 5: size measurements; 6: eccentricity measurements; 7 & 8: Z-shaped arm (pointed with arrow without stem) and curved arm (pointed with stemmed arrow)\non the extinction cross (5–8 from Job's tears; scale 1,2: 20 μm; 3,4:10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "淀粉颗粒形态学特征", "title_en": "Morphometric attributes of starch granules", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 1. Starch granules from modern reference and morphometric attributes used in the analysis. 1: Job's tears (domesticated, Hebei); 2: Job's tears (Yunnan, wild); 3: foxtail millet;\n4: broomcorn millet; 5: size measurements; 6: eccentricity measurements; 7 & 8: Z-shaped arm (pointed with arrow without stem) and curved arm (pointed with stemmed arrow)\non the extinction cross (5–8 from Job's tears; scale 1,2: 20 μm; 3,4:10 μm).", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5f616beb3c38228e3bd7443f.png", "image_url": "media/S161_694298188b6b_S161-F01.png?v=5f616beb3c38", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "Starch granules from Job's tears and millets are generally small in size; facetted, round, or oval in shape; and exhibit linear-, V-, Y- shaped or radiated fissures (Fig. 1). We selected four predictor variables that are potentially diagnostic for identification. These variables include: (1) size of the granule (SG), meaning the maximum length of a starch granule measured through the hilum; (2) eccentricity of the hilum (EH), meaning the ratio of the linear distance between the hilum and the edge of the granule on both sides (long arm/short arm); (3) presence or absence of a Z-shaped arm (ZA) on the extinction cross, meaning that under the polarized filter, a clearly defined angular and double-curved shape is present on one (or more) of the four arms; and (4) presence or absence of curved arm(s) (CA) on the extinction cross, which differs from the Z-shaped arm in that only one curve is present on an arm (Fig.1; see also Supplementary fig. 1 for more detailed illustration). These variables on each granule were measured and recorded in Excel, and then transferred to SPSS for statistical analysis.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.800461+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S162_092ae247e07c_S162-F06", "paper_key": "S162_092ae247e07c", "paper_id": "S162", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Common phytoliths and sporomorphs types in cow pies. (A)e(E) Cuneiform bulliform, (A)e(B) scutiform-bulliform. Scale bar, (A)e(D) ¼ 50 mm; (E) ¼ 30 mm. (F) Rondel. Scale\nbar ¼ 50 mm. (G) Bilobate. Scale bar ¼ 10 mm. (H) Short-saddle. Scale bar ¼ 10 mm. (I) Rectangular. Scale bar ¼ 50 mm. (J) Acicular hair cell. Scale bar ¼ 20 mm. (K) Dendritic. Scale\nbar ¼ 50 mm. (L) Elongate echinate. Scale bar ¼ 30 mm. (M) Elongate psilate. Scale bar ¼ 50 mm. (N) Polyhedral aggregate. Scale bar ¼ 50 mm. (O) Sponge spicule. Scale bar ¼ 50 mm.\n(P) Poaceae. Scale bar ¼ 20 mm. (Q) Aster-type Asteraceae. Scale bar ¼ 20 mm. (R) Typha. Scale bar ¼ 20 mm. (S) Chenopodiaceae. Scale bar ¼ 20 mm. (T) Plantago. Scale bar ¼ 20 mm.\n(U) Artemisia. Scale bar ¼ 20 mm. (V) Trilete spore. Scale bar ¼ 20 mm. (W) Monolete spore. Scale bar ¼ 50 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f11aa1eb2819dca5237a9b3d26fcf2d6a5599be0374ce97d0c0589bdc3be021d", "image_bytes": 6774473, "sites": [ "CN198" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 牛粪中常见的植硅体和孢子形态类型。（A）（E） 盾型，（A）（B） 扇型型。比例尺，（A）（D） = 50 μm；（E） = 30 μm。（F） 帽型。比例尺 = 50 μm。（G） 哑铃型。比例尺 = 10 μm。（H） 短鞍型。比例尺 = 10 μm。（I） 方型。比例尺 = 50 μm。（J） 尖型。比例尺 = 20 μm。（K） 分枝状。比例尺 = 50 μm。（L） 刺棒。比例尺 = 30 μm。（M） 平滑棒 。比例尺 = 50 μm。（N） 多面体聚集体。比例尺 = 50 μm。（O） 蜂巢状刺。比例尺 = 50 μm。（P） 禾本科。比例尺 = 20 μm。（Q） 菊科菊型。比例尺 = 20 μm。（R） 香蒲。比例尺 = 20 μm。（S） 藜科。比例尺 = 20 μm。（T） 蒲公英。比例尺 = 20 μm。（U） 蒿属。比例尺 = 20 μm。（V） 三缝孢。比例尺 = 20 μm。（W） 单缝孢。比例尺 = 50 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Common phytoliths and sporomorphs types in cow pies. (A)e(E) Cuneiform bulliform, (A)e(B) scutiform-bulliform. Scale bar, (A)e(D) = 50 μm; (E) = 30 μm. (F) Rondel. Scale\nbar = 50 μm. (G) Bilobate. Scale bar = 10 μm. (H) Short-saddle. Scale bar = 10 μm. (I) Rectangular. Scale bar = 50 μm. (J) Acicular hair cell. Scale bar = 20 μm. (K) Dendritic. Scale\nbar = 50 μm. (L) Elongate echinate. Scale bar = 30 μm. (M) Elongate psilate. Scale bar = 50 μm. (N) Polyhedral aggregate. Scale bar = 50 μm. (O) Sponge spicule. Scale bar = 50 μm.\n(P) grass family (Poaceae). Scale bar = 20 μm. (Q) Aster-type Asteraceae. Scale bar = 20 μm. (R) Typha. Scale bar = 20 μm. (S) Chenopodiaceae. Scale bar = 20 μm. (T) Plantago. Scale bar = 20 μm.\n(U) Artemisia. Scale bar = 20 μm. (V) Trilete spore. Scale bar = 20 μm. (W) Monolete spore. Scale bar = 50 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "牛粪中常见的植硅体和孢子形态", "title_en": "Common phytoliths and sporomorphs in cow pies", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 6. Common phytoliths and sporomorphs types in cow pies. (A)e(E) Cuneiform bulliform, (A)e(B) scutiform-bulliform. Scale bar, (A)e(D) = 50 μm; (E) = 30 μm. (F) Rondel. Scale\nbar = 50 μm. (G) Bilobate. Scale bar = 10 μm. (H) Short-saddle. Scale bar = 10 μm. (I) Rectangular. Scale bar = 50 μm. (J) Acicular hair cell. Scale bar = 20 μm. (K) Dendritic. Scale\nbar = 50 μm. (L) Elongate echinate. Scale bar = 30 μm. (M) Elongate psilate. Scale bar = 50 μm. (N) Polyhedral aggregate. Scale bar = 50 μm. (O) Sponge spicule. Scale bar = 50 μm.\n(P) Poaceae. Scale bar = 20 μm. (Q) Aster-type Asteraceae. Scale bar = 20 μm. (R) Typha. Scale bar = 20 μm. (S) Chenopodiaceae. Scale bar = 20 μm. (T) Plantago. Scale bar = 20 μm.\n(U) Artemisia. Scale bar = 20 μm. (V) Trilete spore. Scale bar = 20 μm. (W) Monolete spore. Scale bar = 50 μm.", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/f11aa1eb2819dca5237a9b3d.png", "image_url": "media/S162_092ae247e07c_S162-F06.png?v=f11aa1eb2819", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.849707+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN198", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Common phytoliths and sporomorphs types in cow pies. (A)e(E) Cuneiform bulliform, (A)e(B) scutiform-bulliform. Scale bar, (A)e(D) = 50 μm; (E) = 30 μm. (F) Rondel. Scale\nbar = 50 μm. (G) Bilobate. Scale bar = 10 μm. (H) Short-saddle. Scale bar = 10 μm. (I) Rectangular. Scale bar = 50 μm. (J) Acicular hair cell. Scale bar = 20 μm. (K) Dendritic. Scale\nbar = 50 μm. (L) Elongate echinate. Scale bar = 30 μm. (M) Elongate psilate. Scale bar = 50 μm. (N) Polyhedral aggregate. Scale bar = 50 μm. (O) Sponge spicule. Scale bar = 50 μm.\n(P) Poaceae. Scale bar = 20 μm. (Q) Aster-type Asteraceae. Scale bar = 20 μm. (R) Typha. Scale bar = 20 μm. (S) Chenopodiaceae. Scale bar = 20 μm. (T) Plantago. Scale bar = 20 μm.\n(U) Artemisia. Scale bar = 20 μm. (V) Trilete spore. Scale bar = 20 μm. (W) Monolete spore. Scale bar = 50 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Xiaohe", "quote": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint\n\n\n\nPaleo-environment and paleo-diet inferred from Early Bronze Age cow\ndung at Xiaohe Cemetery, Xinjiang, NW China\n\nZhenwei Qiu a,b, Yimin Yang b,a, Xue Shang b,a, Wenying Li c, Yidilisi Abuduresule c,\nXingjun Hu c, Yan Pan d, David K. Ferguson e, Yaowu Hu b,a, Changsui Wang b,a,\nHongen Jiang b,a,*\n\na Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "092ae247e07cfbab5871f1ce13acfed7e975fc373e3257ed23a43fbd63b739b5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S163_1a810ebc3756_S163-F04", "paper_key": "S163_1a810ebc3756", "paper_id": "S163", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. The starch grains residues from stone artifacts a. starch grain from SDG2T1-6174 b. starch grain from SDG2T1-6213 c. starch grain from SDG2T1-6029 d. starch grain from\nSDG2T1-6092 e. starch grain from SDG2T1-6124 f. starch grain from SDG2T1-6299 g. starch grain from SDG2T1-5446 h. starch grain from SDG2T1-6691 i. starch grain from SDG2T1-\n6579 j. starch grain from SDG2T1-6092.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "dccae09ae262ae0f985dc877d6e7c030e0330ba8dee4f59b88fe43f6e30a5d58", "image_bytes": 2591596, "sites": [ "CN009" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 石器上的淀粉粒残留 a. 来自SDG2T1-6174的淀粉粒，小麦族植物，可能来自大麦属、小麦属或黑麦属 b. 来自SDG2T1-6213的淀粉粒，块根块茎类植物，可能来自山药、睡莲等 c. 来自SDG2T1-6029的淀粉粒，香蒲 d. 来自SDG2T1-6092的淀粉粒，高粱属或者薏苡属 e. 来自SDG2T1-6124的淀粉粒 f. 来自SDG2T1-6299的淀粉粒 ，未知g. 来自SDG2T1-5446的淀粉粒，豆科 h. 来自SDG2T1-6691的淀粉粒，栗属与栎属 i. 来自SDG2T1-6579的淀粉粒，未知 j. 来自SDG2T1-6092的淀粉粒，小麦族", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. The starch grains residues from stone artifacts a. starch grain from SDG2T1-6174 b. starch grain from SDG2T1-6213 c. starch grain from SDG2T1-6029 d. starch grain from\nSDG2T1-6092 e. starch grain from SDG2T1-6124 f. starch grain from SDG2T1-6299 g. starch grain from SDG2T1-5446 h. starch grain from SDG2T1-6691 i. starch grain from SDG2T1-\n6579 j. starch grain from SDG2T1-6092.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石器上的淀粉粒残留", "title_en": "Starch grains residues from stone artifacts", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/dccae09ae262ae0f985dc877.png", "image_url": "media/S163_1a810ebc3756_S163-F04.png?v=dccae09ae262", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "The starch grains can be divided into 10 morphotypes based on their morphological features. The terms come from Torrence (2006) and Reichert (1913) (Fig. 4):", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.901197+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN009", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. The starch grains residues from stone artifacts a. starch grain from SDG2T1-6174 b. starch grain from SDG2T1-6213 c. starch grain from SDG2T1-6029 d. starch grain from\nSDG2T1-6092 e. starch grain from SDG2T1-6124 f. starch grain from SDG2T1-6299 g. starch grain from SDG2T1-5446 h. starch grain from SDG2T1-6691 i. starch grain from SDG2T1-\n6579 j. starch grain from SDG2T1-6092.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "SDG2", "quote": "ls beside an ancient river bed. SDG locality 2 (subsequently\nprocess of human evolution before the emergence of agriculture. In SDG 2), from which specimens were sampled for residue analysis,\nthis paper, we address these topics by discussing plant use activities contains seven anthropogenic layers, which are referred to as cul-\nat Shuidonggou (SDG), an Upper Paleolithic site in Northwes", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1a810ebc375669c6e2d1e96c30f955d51b9d141a17cf8c0151ac1ffd819adba2" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S163_1a810ebc3756_S163-F05", "paper_key": "S163_1a810ebc3756", "paper_id": "S163", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Phytoliths and non-diagnostic plant tissue residue from stone artifacts aeb. phytolith from SDG 2T1-6180 ced. phytolith from SDG 2T1-6092 e. phytolith from SDG 2T1-6174\nf. phytolith from SDG 2T1-6039 g. tracheid from SDG 2T1-6175 h. fiber from SDG 2T1-6197 i. tissue fragment from SDG 2T1-6325 j. tracheid from SDG 2T1-6331 k. tissue fragment\nfrom SDG 2T1-6482 l. wooden fiber from SDG 2T1-6579.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7d2e1dfb1d97d58b78d8ca25d2b02c50b1f6efcfc66818fe8d30e8bb32f463bd", "image_bytes": 1957810, "sites": [ "CN009" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 来自石器的植硅体和非诊断性植物组织残留 a，b. 来自SDG 2T1-6180的植硅体，表皮细胞 c，d. 来自SDG 2T1-6092的植硅体,未知 e. 来自SDG 2T1-6174的植硅体,哑铃型 f. 来自SDG 2T1-6039的植硅体 g. 来自SDG 2T1-6175的导管 h. 来自SDG 2T1-6197的纤维 i. 来自SDG 2T1-6325的组织碎片 j. 来自SDG 2T1-6331的导管 k. 来自SDG 2T1-6482的组织碎片 l. 来自SDG 2T1-6579的木质纤维", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Phytoliths and non-diagnostic plant tissue residue from stone artifacts aeb. phytolith from SDG 2T1-6180 ced. phytolith from SDG 2T1-6092 e. phytolith from SDG 2T1-6174\nf. phytolith from SDG 2T1-6039 g. tracheid from SDG 2T1-6175 h. fiber from SDG 2T1-6197 i. tissue fragment from SDG 2T1-6325 j. tracheid from SDG 2T1-6331 k. tissue fragment\nfrom SDG 2T1-6482 l. wooden fiber from SDG 2T1-6579.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石器中植硅体及植物组织残留", "title_en": "Phytoliths and Plant Tissue Residues from Stone Artifacts", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/7d2e1dfb1d97d58b78d8ca25.png", "image_url": "media/S163_1a810ebc3756_S163-F05.png?v=7d2e1dfb1d97", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:36.960278+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN009", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Phytoliths and non-diagnostic plant tissue residue from stone artifacts aeb. phytolith from SDG 2T1-6180 ced. phytolith from SDG 2T1-6092 e. phytolith from SDG 2T1-6174\nf. phytolith from SDG 2T1-6039 g. tracheid from SDG 2T1-6175 h. fiber from SDG 2T1-6197 i. tissue fragment from SDG 2T1-6325 j. tracheid from SDG 2T1-6331 k. tissue fragment\nfrom SDG 2T1-6482 l. wooden fiber from SDG 2T1-6579.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "SDG2", "quote": "ls beside an ancient river bed. SDG locality 2 (subsequently\nprocess of human evolution before the emergence of agriculture. In SDG 2), from which specimens were sampled for residue analysis,\nthis paper, we address these topics by discussing plant use activities contains seven anthropogenic layers, which are referred to as cul-\nat Shuidonggou (SDG), an Upper Paleolithic site in Northwes", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1a810ebc375669c6e2d1e96c30f955d51b9d141a17cf8c0151ac1ffd819adba2" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S163_1a810ebc3756_S163-F06", "paper_key": "S163_1a810ebc3756", "paper_id": "S163", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Comparative starch samples a. domesticated rye (Secale cereale) b. domesticated 6-row barley (Hordeum) c. domesticated 2-row barley (Hordeum) d. domesticated wheat\n(triticum aestivum) e. domesticated mung bean (Vigna radiata) f. domesticated common bean (Phaseolus) g. lily bulb (lilium sp.) h. domesticated Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita\nThunb.).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f0360313afbf66d11fb5791abddfb75dc344b3d480fd57665bc21f32263c0b72", "image_bytes": 2615336, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图6. 淀粉样品比较 a. 驯化黑麦（Secale cereale） b. 人工驯化的六棱大麦（Hordeum） c. 人工驯化的二棱大麦（Hordeum） d. 人工驯化的普通小麦（Triticum aestivum） e. 人工驯化的绿豆（Vigna radiata） f. 人工驯化的普通豆（Phaseolus） g. 百合鳞茎（Lilium sp.） h. 人工驯化的中国薯蓣（Dioscorea opposita Thunb.）", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Comparative starch samples a. domesticated rye (Secale cereale) b. domesticated 6-row barley (Hordeum) c. domesticated 2-row barley (Hordeum) d. domesticated wheat\n(Triticum aestivum) e. domesticated mung bean (Vigna radiata) f. domesticated common bean (beans, Phaseolus) g. lily bulb (lilies, Lilium sp.) h. domesticated Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita\nThunb.).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "淀粉样品比较图", "title_en": "Comparative starch samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/f0360313afbf66d11fb5791a.png", "image_url": "media/S163_1a810ebc3756_S163-F06.png?v=f0360313afbf", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Morphotype 1: The round lenticular starch grain resembles starch from Triticeae, a tribe in the Poaceae (Reichert, 1913; Piperno et al., 2004; Li et al., 2010). According to the compara- tive collections, barley (Hordeum), wheat (Triticum), and rye (Secale) starch are all lenticular with straight distinct extinction crosses and visible lamellae (Fig. 6). Because the modern col- lections comprise only domesticated species, the size of the starch may differ compared to the wild species. Additionally, the age of the granule and the nutritional status of the plant will", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "influence starch size (Oliveira et al., 1994; Gott et al., 2006). Additionally, the artifact residues were buried for more than 20 ka and then went through the extraction procedures, which may have changed the original size of the starch grains. Thus, we did not apply the size parameter for identification. In addition to Hordeum, Secale and Triticum, the genera Aegilops and Agropyron also belong to the Triticeae. The wild species of these plants have a broad distribution in Ningxia and Northwest China (Dong and Zheng, 2006; Ma et al., 2007; Li et al., 2009). We conclude that morphotype 1 starch may be from the seeds of a wild species in the Triticeae. Morphotype 2: The ovate grain resembles starch from under- ground storage organs of Dioscorea, Maranta, Lilium, and Fritil- laria (Reichert, 1913; Emiola and Delarossa, 1981; Erdman, 1986; Moorthy, 1994; Gebre-Mariam and Schmidt, 1998; Hoover, 2001; Pérez and Lares, 2005; Chandler-Ezell et al., 2006; Full- agar et al., 2006; Yang and Jiang, 2010). Based on the compar- ative collections, the starch from the residue samples is more like modern Dioscorea, Lilium and Fritillaria starch concerning the ovate shape, relatively large size (diameter: 44e56 m), bent extinction cross and visible lamellae (Fig. 6: g, h). Lilium and Fritillaria species, as well as other genera in the Liliaceae, are broadly distributed in Ningxia, including wild and cultivated species, which are still consumed by locals (Ma et al., 2007). There is only one wild species of Dioscrea in Ningxia currently and no wild Maranta. However, because of the favorable e", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "(Phaseolus vulgaris) in our comparative collections all present similar elliptical morphology and forms of extinction cross (Fig. 6). Starch from wild species, such as Lotus and Vicia (Reichert, 1913), also have similar features. Wild Fabaceae are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.003575+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S164_e1fdb06601bd_S164-F03", "paper_key": "S164_e1fdb06601bd", "paper_id": "S164", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3.  Starch types from Shihushan (under DIC and polarized filters for each granule). (1 and 2) Type I, spherical and regular oval, showing \ndamaged granule (2); (3) Type II, bell-shaped; (4–6) Type III, cluster of granules in twins, triplets, and quadruples (Types I–III: Trichosanthes kirilowii \nsnakegourd root); (7–9) Type IV, oval and triangular shaped with very eccentric cross (Lilium bulb and/or Dioscorea yam), showing damaged \ngranule (8); (10–12) Type V, compound and individual spherical and oval (Typha sp.); (13) Type VI, triangular shaped with round corners (Quercus \nacorn); (14) Type VII, polygonal with centric extinction cross (Panicum millet); and (15) Type VIII, regular oval with centric X-shaped cross \n(Triticeae grass) (scale bar 8 and 9: 20 µm; others: 10 µm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7fa63cc95f78efc5063f19cc1604aeed6446411962de054ba0e77bcb7031762f", "image_bytes": 1216277, "sites": [ "CN053", "CN054" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 从石虎山遗址提取的淀粉类型（在DIC和偏振滤光片下观察每个淀粉粒）。（1和2） 类型I，球形和规则椭圆形，显示受损淀粉粒（2）；（3） 类型II，铃形；（4–6） 类型III，成对、三联和四联的淀粉粒簇（类型I–III：栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii） 栝楼根）；（7–9） 类型IV，椭圆形和三角形，具有非常偏心的十字消光（百合鳞茎和/或 薯蓣根），显示受损淀粉粒（8）；（10–12） 类型V，复合和单个球形及椭圆形（Typha sp.）；（13） 类型VI，三角形且角为圆形（栎属坚果）；（14） 类型VII，多边形且具有中心十字消光（黍属（Panicum）植物）；（15） 类型VIII，规则椭圆形且具有中心X形十字（小麦族草本植物）（8和9号标尺：20 μm；其余：10 μm）。\n", "caption_en": "Figure 3.  Starch types from Shihushan (under DIC and polarized filters for each granule). (1 and 2) Type I, spherical and regular oval, showing \ndamaged granule (2); (3) Type II, bell-shaped; (4–6) Type III, cluster of granules in twins, triplets, and quadruples (Types I–III: Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) \nsnakegourd root); (7–9) Type IV, oval and triangular shaped with very eccentric cross (lilies, Lilium bulb and/or yams (Dioscorea) yam), showing damaged \ngranule (8); (10–12) Type V, compound and individual spherical and oval (Typha sp.); (13) Type VI, triangular shaped with round corners (oaks, Quercus \nacorn); (14) Type VII, polygonal with centric extinction cross (panicgrasses, Panicum millet); and (15) Type VIII, regular oval with centric X-shaped cross \n(Triticeae grass) (scale bar 8 and 9: 20 μm; others: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石虎山淀粉类型", "title_en": "Starch Types from Shihushan", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/7fa63cc95f78efc5063f19cc.png", "image_url": "media/S164_e1fdb06601bd_S164-F03.png?v=7fa63cc95f78", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Type I starch grains (N = 82) are spherical or regular oval in shape, Type II (N = 11) is characterized by a bell or semi-sphere shape, and Type III (N = 13) consists of compound grains of twins, triplets, and quadruples (Figure 3 and Table 3). Types I–III starch grains are most comparable in morphology and size with the root of snakegourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii in the Cucurbita- ceae family) in our reference data. The starch grains from this plant are varied in shape, and include spherical, oval, semi-spher- ical, bell-shaped, and polygonal morphologies. Compound starch is composed of various numbers of grains, mostly between two and four. The hilum is eccentric in most cases, fissures in various forms are sometimes present, lamellae are visible on some large grains, and the extinction cross often has bent arms (Figure 4). When sizes are compared, Types I–III also closely resemble the range of ground T. kirilowii dry root (Figure 5). Types I–III grains together, therefore, are identifiable as T. kirilowii root, accounting for 22% of the starch assemblage (N = 106).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "eccentric hilum on large granules (Figure 3 and Table 3). These starch grains resemble those from Lilium sp. bulb and Dioscorea opposita yam (Figure 4). These plants have both wild and culti- vated variations in North China. In Inner Mongolia today, only cultivated D. opposita grows in Wulanchabu, but five wild spe- cies of Lilium are widely distributed (Ma, 1985), and at least two species (L. concolor var. and L. pumilum) are found in the Daihai area (Ma, 1985; Xiao et al., 2004). When compared with our ref- erence data, Type IV starch grains best match, in morphology and size, L. pumilum and L. tigrinum samples collected from Shaanxi. Some of the large triangular-shaped Type IV grains also resemble wild D. opposita samples, thus we cannot rule out the possibility that some Type IV starch grains also belong to D. opposita. We therefore identify Type IV starch as Lilium sp. and/or D. opposita (lily/yam).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type V starch grains (N = 107, 22% of the total) are spherical, oval, or slightly faceted in shape. The grains appear either as com- pound or as individual. The compound grains are often blurry, but when the surface morphology is visible on some grains, it is con- sistent with those of individual ones (Figure 3 and Table 3). Type V starch grains best match those of the rhizome of Typha spp. in our reference data, which contains both compound and individual grains (Figure 4). The size range of Type V also falls into the ranges of two modern Typha species (T. orientalis, 4.52–19.09", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Four grains (1% of the total) are classified as Type VI starch, which are either triangular or irregularly oval in shape (Figure 3 and Table 3). These features mostly resemble several Quercus species (Figure 4), such as Q. variabilis, Q. liaotungensis, and Q. mongolica, which grow in North China today (Yang et al., 2009b). When sizes are compared, Type V starches show best matches to a ground Q. variabilis in our reference collection (Figure 5).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.289262+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN053", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Figure 3.  Starch types from Shihushan (under DIC and polarized filters for each granule). (1 and 2) Type I, spherical and regular oval, showing \ndamaged granule (2); (3) Type II, bell-shaped; (4–6) Type III, cluster of granules in twins, triplets, and quadruples (Types I–III: Trichosanthes kirilowii \nsnakegourd root); (7–9) Type IV, oval and triangular shaped with very eccentric cross (Lilium bulb and/or Dioscorea yam), showing damaged \ngranule (8); (10–12) Type V, compound and individual spherical and oval (Typha sp.); (13) Type VI, triangular shaped with round corners (Quercus \nacorn); (14) Type VII, polygonal with centric extinction cross (Panicum millet); and (15) Type VIII, regular oval with centric X-shaped cross \n(Triticeae grass) (scale bar 8 and 9: 20 µm; others: 10 µm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shihushan I", "quote": "millet farming. By examining residue remains and usewear patterns on sandstone grinding\n stone tools unearthed from the Shihushan I and Shihushan II sites, dating to the mid-5th millennium bc, we show that the earliest Neolithic settlers in\n Daihai appear to have enjoyed a way of life making use, and possibly management, of a wide range of plants, including various underground s", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "e1fdb06601bd7c26691e56b811dc5288381a3f3dbcb11f7a1789ebeeac8727a1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN054", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Figure 3.  Starch types from Shihushan (under DIC and polarized filters for each granule). (1 and 2) Type I, spherical and regular oval, showing \ndamaged granule (2); (3) Type II, bell-shaped; (4–6) Type III, cluster of granules in twins, triplets, and quadruples (Types I–III: Trichosanthes kirilowii \nsnakegourd root); (7–9) Type IV, oval and triangular shaped with very eccentric cross (Lilium bulb and/or Dioscorea yam), showing damaged \ngranule (8); (10–12) Type V, compound and individual spherical and oval (Typha sp.); (13) Type VI, triangular shaped with round corners (Quercus \nacorn); (14) Type VII, polygonal with centric extinction cross (Panicum millet); and (15) Type VIII, regular oval with centric X-shaped cross \n(Triticeae grass) (scale bar 8 and 9: 20 µm; others: 10 µm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shihushan II", "quote": "By examining residue remains and usewear patterns on sandstone grinding\n stone tools unearthed from the Shihushan I and Shihushan II sites, dating to the mid-5th millennium bc, we show that the earliest Neolithic settlers in\n Daihai appear to have enjoyed a way of life making use, and possibly management, of a wide range of plants, including various underground storage organs", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "e1fdb06601bd7c26691e56b811dc5288381a3f3dbcb11f7a1789ebeeac8727a1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S164_e1fdb06601bd_S164-F04", "paper_key": "S164_e1fdb06601bd", "paper_id": "S164", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4.  Starch references relevant to this study (under DIC and polarized filters). (1–3) Trichosanthes kirilowii (Henan, Shanxi), showing \nvarious starch morphology and compounds, for example, (1) spherical, semi-spherical, bell-shaped; (2) twins; (3) triplets; (4) Lilium pumilum \n(Yan’an, Shaanxi); (5) wild Dioscorea opposita (Yanshi, Henan); (6) Setaria italica ground (Shanxi); (7) Agropyron cristatum, ground (Inner Mongolia); \nand (8) Typha orientalis (Australia; scale bar 2, 3, and 6: 10 µm; others: 20 µm).\nDIC: differential interference contrast.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5776f7b1a727cf0efac008c5cf2ab1a575befbad261e6552361948bd1aa97ff7", "image_bytes": 1489295, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 与本研究相关的现代淀粉粒参照标本，展示微分干涉（DIC）和偏光图像。（1–3）栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii，河南、山西），展示不同形态及复粒：（1）球形、半球形和钟形；（2）双粒；（3）三粒；（4）山丹（Lilium pumilum，陕西延安）；（5）野生山药（Dioscorea opposita，河南偃师）；（6）经过研磨的粟（Setaria italica，山西）；（7）经过研磨的冰草（Agropyron cristatum，内蒙古）；（8）香蒲（Typha orientalis，澳大利亚）。比例尺：2、3、6为10 μm，其余为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 4.  Starch references relevant to this study (under DIC and polarized filters). (1–3) Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) (Henan, Shanxi), showing \nvarious starch morphology and compounds, for example, (1) spherical, semi-spherical, bell-shaped; (2) twins; (3) triplets; (4) coral lily (Lilium pumilum) \n(Yan’an, Shaanxi); (5) wild Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) (Yanshi, Henan); (6) foxtail millet (Setaria italica) ground (Shanxi); (7) crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), ground (Inner Mongolia); \nand (8) bulrush (Typha orientalis) (Australia; scale bar 2, 3, and 6: 10 μm; others: 20 μm).\nDIC: differential interference contrast.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "本研究相关淀粉参考样本", "title_en": "Starch References Relevant to This Study", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/5776f7b1a727cf0efac008c5.png", "image_url": "media/S164_e1fdb06601bd_S164-F04.png?v=5776f7b1a727", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Type I starch grains (N = 82) are spherical or regular oval in shape, Type II (N = 11) is characterized by a bell or semi-sphere shape, and Type III (N = 13) consists of compound grains of twins, triplets, and quadruples (Figure 3 and Table 3). Types I–III starch grains are most comparable in morphology and size with the root of snakegourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii in the Cucurbita- ceae family) in our reference data. The starch grains from this plant are varied in shape, and include spherical, oval, semi-spher- ical, bell-shaped, and polygonal morphologies. Compound starch is composed of various numbers of grains, mostly between two and four. The hilum is eccentric in most cases, fissures in various forms are sometimes present, lamellae are visible on some large grains, and the extinction cross often has bent arms (Figure 4). When sizes are compared, Types I–III also closely resemble the range of ground T. kirilowii dry root (Figure 5). Types I–III grains together, therefore, are identifiable as T. kirilowii root, accounting for 22% of the starch assemblage (N = 106).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "eccentric hilum on large granules (Figure 3 and Table 3). These starch grains resemble those from Lilium sp. bulb and Dioscorea opposita yam (Figure 4). These plants have both wild and culti- vated variations in North China. In Inner Mongolia today, only cultivated D. opposita grows in Wulanchabu, but five wild spe- cies of Lilium are widely distributed (Ma, 1985), and at least two species (L. concolor var. and L. pumilum) are found in the Daihai area (Ma, 1985; Xiao et al., 2004). When compared with our ref- erence data, Type IV starch grains best match, in morphology and size, L. pumilum and L. tigrinum samples collected from Shaanxi. Some of the large triangular-shaped Type IV grains also resemble wild D. opposita samples, thus we cannot rule out the possibility that some Type IV starch grains also belong to D. opposita. We therefore identify Type IV starch as Lilium sp. and/or D. opposita (lily/yam).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type V starch grains (N = 107, 22% of the total) are spherical, oval, or slightly faceted in shape. The grains appear either as com- pound or as individual. The compound grains are often blurry, but when the surface morphology is visible on some grains, it is con- sistent with those of individual ones (Figure 3 and Table 3). Type V starch grains best match those of the rhizome of Typha spp. in our reference data, which contains both compound and individual grains (Figure 4). The size range of Type V also falls into the ranges of two modern Typha species (T. orientalis, 4.52–19.09", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Four grains (1% of the total) are classified as Type VI starch, which are either triangular or irregularly oval in shape (Figure 3 and Table 3). These features mostly resemble several Quercus species (Figure 4), such as Q. variabilis, Q. liaotungensis, and Q. mongolica, which grow in North China today (Yang et al., 2009b). When sizes are compared, Type V starches show best matches to a ground Q. variabilis in our reference collection (Figure 5).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.049566+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S164_e1fdb06601bd_S164-F06", "paper_key": "S164_e1fdb06601bd", "paper_id": "S164", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Figure 6.  Phytoliths and other microfossil remains recovered from Shihushan grinding stones. (a) SHSII-R3 armed hair cell 60 µm (400×) \nenlarged, (b) SHSII-R3 hair cell 125 µm (400×), (c) SHSII-R4 hair cell 150 µm (400×), (d) SHSII-R3 UNID tissue (200×), (e) SHSI-GS2 tracheid \n(400×) enlarged, (f) SHSI-R5 epidermal long cells 90 µm (400×), (g) SHSII-R3 fibers (200×), (h) SHSII-GS3b seed (?) epidermis (2; 400×), (i) \nSHSII-R3 Brassica-type pollen 15 μm (400×) enlarged, (j) SHSI-GS1 lichen-type spore (cf. Alternaria sp.; 400×), (k) SHSII-GS4 mushroom-type \nspore (cf. Agaricus sp.; 400×) enlarged, and (l) SHSII-R3 raphide 125 µm (400×).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1f7aea7c18c24be06c87c7888089d1a92da296ac90d551605b18f9284cd983e0", "image_bytes": 2550005, "sites": [ "CN053", "CN054" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 从石虎山遗址石磨盘磨棒中提取的植硅体及其他微化石遗存。 （a） SHSII-R3 带刺毛细胞 60 μm （400×） 放大，（b） SHSII-R3 毛细胞 125 μm （400×），（c） SHSII-R4 毛细胞 150 μm （400×），（d） SHSII-R3 UNID组织 （200×），（e） SHSI-GS2 导管 （400×） 放大，（f） SHSI-R5 表皮长细胞 90 μm （400×），（g） SHSII-R3 纤维 （200×），（h） SHSII-GS3b 种子 （?） 表皮 （2； 400×），（i） SHSII-R3 十字花科型花粉 15 μm （400×） 放大，（j） SHSI-GS1 藻类型孢子 （cf. Alternaria sp.； 400×），（k） SHSII-GS4 菌类型孢子 （cf. Agaricus sp.； 400×） 放大，和 （l） SHSII-R3 芦笋状结构 125 μm （400×）。", "caption_en": "Figure 6.  Phytoliths and other microfossil remains recovered from Shihushan grinding stones. (a) SHSII-R3 armed hair cell 60 μm (400×) \nenlarged, (b) SHSII-R3 hair cell 125 μm (400×), (c) SHSII-R4 hair cell 150 μm (400×), (d) SHSII-R3 UNID tissue (200×), (e) SHSI-GS2 tracheid \n(400×) enlarged, (f) SHSI-R5 epidermal long cells 90 μm (400×), (g) SHSII-R3 fibers (200×), (h) SHSII-GS3b seed (?) epidermis (2; 400×), (i) \nSHSII-R3 Brassica-type pollen 15 μm (400×) enlarged, (j) SHSI-GS1 lichen-type spore (cf. Alternaria sp.; 400×), (k) SHSII-GS4 mushroom-type \nspore (cf. Agaricus sp.; 400×) enlarged, and (l) SHSII-R3 raphide 125 μm (400×).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石虎山研磨石中植硅体及其他微化石遗存", "title_en": "Phytoliths and other microfossil remains from Shihushan grinding stones", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/1f7aea7c18c24be06c87c788.png", "image_url": "media/S164_e1fdb06601bd_S164-F06.png?v=1f7aea7c18c2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "The phytolith counts for most of the artifacts were quite low (<30 per sample). In most cases, the phytoliths were not diagnostic. The dominant phytolith type was the hair cell, in several different forms (Table 4 and Figure 6a–c). Hair cells were most common on the SHSII artifacts, specifically GS4, R3, and R4, but SHSI- GS2 had a comparable number. R3 also had a few more diagnos- tic hair cells (‘armed hair cells’) that in some cases are consistent with the Trichosanthes sp. identifications based on the starch grains (Kealhofer and Piperno, 1998); however, armed hair cells are present in a variety of other taxa (also present in the regional pollen profiles). Both R3 and R4 had hair base phytoliths that also are consistent with Cucurbitaceae types, but occur in other taxa as well (e.g. Kealhofer and Piperno, 1998; Morris et al., 2009: Plate 1; Piperno, 2006). Small pieces of unidentified tissue were also", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "common on several of the artifacts. The remaining phytolith types included smooth spheres, tissue fragments (Figure 6d), tracheids, and long cells (Figure 6f). While, in general, tracheids are not particularly diagnostic, those found on GS2 are very similar to Typha sp. tracheids (Guo et al., 2012). Very few grass-related phytoliths (particularly from glumes) were identified. The plant ‘fibers’ present are not specifically diagnostic (Fig- ure 6g; https://fril.osu.edu/index.cfm, Fiber Reference Image Library); however, their distribution is strongly patterned. Their morphology, in most cases, is consistent with root hairs (e.g. Typha sp., see Acharya et al., 2013), while others are similar to fungal hyphae. Comparisons with reference material from Typha, Trichosanthes, Lilium, and Dioscorea, all of which produce fibers, indicate that all but Lilium are likely sources of the archeo- logical fibers. However, other sources cannot be ruled out. Fibers are present on all of the SHSI artifacts, but most abundant on GS2. They are also present on all SHSII artifacts, but clearly dominant on R3. A few broken raphides were found in association with the grinding stones. Both Dioscorea yam and Typha rhizome produce abundant raphides. The presence of both root hairs and raphides, likely in association, support the processing of USOs on these grinding stones. In terms of intensity, GS2 and R3 reveal the most evidence for USO processing.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "In addition to phytoliths and starch, a variety of other types of microfossils are present on tools, particularly pollen, lichen types, and other spores. The pollen assemblage includes one Pinaceae grain, a few grass pollen grains (Poaceae), and a high frequency of 3C3P type pollen (Figure 6i). Several different types of spores are common on nearly all of the grinding stones from both sites (Table 4). Given the long-term storage of these artifacts in a field station near the site before being moved to the museum, it seems likely that most of these are not related to their mid-Holocene use.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type I starch grains (N = 82) are spherical or regular oval in shape, Type II (N = 11) is characterized by a bell or semi-sphere shape, and Type III (N = 13) consists of compound grains of twins, triplets, and quadruples (Figure 3 and Table 3). Types I–III starch grains are most comparable in morphology and size with the root of snakegourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii in the Cucurbita- ceae family) in our reference data. The starch grains from this plant are varied in shape, and include spherical, oval, semi-spher- ical, bell-shaped, and polygonal morphologies. Compound starch is composed of various numbers of grains, mostly between two and four. The hilum is eccentric in most cases, fissures in various forms are sometimes present, lamellae are visible on some large grains, and the extinction cross often has bent arms (Figure 4). When sizes are compared, Types I–III also closely resemble the range of ground T. kirilowii dry root (Figure 5). Types I–III grains together, therefore, are identifiable as T. kirilowii root, accounting for 22% of the starch assemblage (N = 106).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.362353+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN053", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "Figure 6.  Phytoliths and other microfossil remains recovered from Shihushan grinding stones. (a) SHSII-R3 armed hair cell 60 µm (400×) \nenlarged, (b) SHSII-R3 hair cell 125 µm (400×), (c) SHSII-R4 hair cell 150 µm (400×), (d) SHSII-R3 UNID tissue (200×), (e) SHSI-GS2 tracheid \n(400×) enlarged, (f) SHSI-R5 epidermal long cells 90 µm (400×), (g) SHSII-R3 fibers (200×), (h) SHSII-GS3b seed (?) epidermis (2; 400×), (i) \nSHSII-R3 Brassica-type pollen 15 μm (400×) enlarged, (j) SHSI-GS1 lichen-type spore (cf. Alternaria sp.; 400×), (k) SHSII-GS4 mushroom-type \nspore (cf. Agaricus sp.; 400×) enlarged, and (l) SHSII-R3 raphide 125 µm (400×).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shihushan I", "quote": "millet farming. By examining residue remains and usewear patterns on sandstone grinding\n stone tools unearthed from the Shihushan I and Shihushan II sites, dating to the mid-5th millennium bc, we show that the earliest Neolithic settlers in\n Daihai appear to have enjoyed a way of life making use, and possibly management, of a wide range of plants, including various underground s", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "e1fdb06601bd7c26691e56b811dc5288381a3f3dbcb11f7a1789ebeeac8727a1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN054", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "Figure 6.  Phytoliths and other microfossil remains recovered from Shihushan grinding stones. (a) SHSII-R3 armed hair cell 60 µm (400×) \nenlarged, (b) SHSII-R3 hair cell 125 µm (400×), (c) SHSII-R4 hair cell 150 µm (400×), (d) SHSII-R3 UNID tissue (200×), (e) SHSI-GS2 tracheid \n(400×) enlarged, (f) SHSI-R5 epidermal long cells 90 µm (400×), (g) SHSII-R3 fibers (200×), (h) SHSII-GS3b seed (?) epidermis (2; 400×), (i) \nSHSII-R3 Brassica-type pollen 15 μm (400×) enlarged, (j) SHSI-GS1 lichen-type spore (cf. Alternaria sp.; 400×), (k) SHSII-GS4 mushroom-type \nspore (cf. Agaricus sp.; 400×) enlarged, and (l) SHSII-R3 raphide 125 µm (400×).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shihushan II", "quote": "By examining residue remains and usewear patterns on sandstone grinding\n stone tools unearthed from the Shihushan I and Shihushan II sites, dating to the mid-5th millennium bc, we show that the earliest Neolithic settlers in\n Daihai appear to have enjoyed a way of life making use, and possibly management, of a wide range of plants, including various underground storage organs", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "e1fdb06601bd7c26691e56b811dc5288381a3f3dbcb11f7a1789ebeeac8727a1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S165_0630e0e7b420_S165-F05", "paper_key": "S165_0630e0e7b420", "paper_id": "S165", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Figure 5\nThe morphology of starch grains from modern and archaeological samples: starch grains viewed with\ntransmitted light (upper row) and polarized light (lower row) respectively. (a) Starch grains from the food remains of\nroom IM59:2. (b) Starch grains from the food remains of room IM126:1. (c) Starch grains from modern common wheat\n(Triticum aestivum). (d) Starch grains from modern common barley (Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare). (e) Starch grains\nfrom modern naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste). All the above illustrations are at the same magnification\n(×500). Scale bar 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文复核说明：补充图只有标题／说明，图像未随本地主文保存。应找回出版社独立补充附件后补提；不能把现有主文PDF重复跑MinerU来恢复不存在的图像。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2364b01f64ecc7c554803f9a10195e327a58ab2adf8615c5e15cab24463b5a17", "image_bytes": 673012, "sites": [ "CN131" ], "caption_zh": "图5 现代和考古样品中淀粉粒的形态：上排为透射光下观察的淀粉粒，下排为偏光下观察的淀粉粒。（a） 来自IM59:2房间食物残留的淀粉粒。（b） 来自IM126:1房间食物残留的淀粉粒。 （c） 来自现代普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）的食物残留的淀粉粒。 （d） 来自现代大麦（Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare）的食物残留的淀粉粒。 （e） 来自现代裸大麦（Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste）的食物残留的淀粉粒。以上所有图示均在相同放大倍数下（×500）。比例尺20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 5\nThe morphology of starch grains from modern and archaeological samples: starch grains viewed with\ntransmitted light (upper row) and polarized light (lower row) respectively. (a) Starch grains from the food remains of\nroom IM59:2. (b) Starch grains from the food remains of room IM126:1. (c) Starch grains from modern common wheat\n(Triticum aestivum). (d) Starch grains from modern common barley (Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare). (e) Starch grains\nfrom modern naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste). All the above illustrations are at the same magnification\n(×500). Scale bar 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代与考古样品淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Morphology of Starch Grains from Modern and Archaeological Samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2364b01f64ecc7c554803f9a.png", "image_url": "media/S165_0630e0e7b420_S165-F05.png?v=2364b01f64ec", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "According to previous work by Henry et al. (2009), gelatinization could only occur in systems with an excess of water and heating, which would cause a most remarkable swelling and distortion of the starch grains, which could even become gelatinoids. The cooking process would make the starch grains lose the properties of cross-extinction under the polarized microscope (Fig. 5). In our experiments, although modern crop grains were ground and soaked in water at room temperature, the extracted starch grains changed hardly or very little, with a slight swelling of only a few grains in the microscope observations. In addition, the morphology of the starch granules of an ancient barley specimen (Fig. S2) resembles that of modern unprocessed reference samples, and the proportion with a completely unchanged morphology exceeds 90%, while this percentage is very low in the foodstuffs, indicating that a spontaneous damage process with age", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "has virtually not happened at all. Therefore, the possibility of damage due to starch extraction, processing and spontaneous ageing can be excluded, which leaves cooking as the best explana- tion for the destruction of the starch granules in the specimens. The morphology of the ancient extracted starch grains is relatively simple, and can be divided into two forms by size. Most of the large grains are nearly, but not absolutely, circular in plane view and lenticular in side view, and their diameter ranges from 10 to 40 μm; while the small ones, whose diameter lies between 1 and about 10 μm (Fig. 5 and Table 3), are rounded or round-polygonal. The morphology of the starch granules can be used to exclude the possibility of the flour originating from Paniceae crops, because the morphology of their granules is smaller in size, ranging from about 4 to 10 μm, simple, sub-rounded and faceted (Gong et al. 2011). From", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.420189+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN131", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Figure 5\nThe morphology of starch grains from modern and archaeological samples: starch grains viewed with\ntransmitted light (upper row) and polarized light (lower row) respectively. (a) Starch grains from the food remains of\nroom IM59:2. (b) Starch grains from the food remains of room IM126:1. (c) Starch grains from modern common wheat\n(Triticum aestivum). (d) Starch grains from modern common barley (Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare). (e) Starch grains\nfrom modern naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste). All the above illustrations are at the same magnification\n(×500). Scale bar 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Yanghai", "quote": "doi: 10.1111/arcm.12110\n\n\n\n EARLY PROCESSED TRITICEAE FOOD REMAINS IN THE\n YANGHAI TOMBS, XINJIANG, CHINA*\n\n H. P. ZHENG,1–3 H. E. JIANG,2,3 Y. B. ZHANG,4 E. G. LÜ,5 Y. M. YANG2,3† and\n C. S. WANG2,3\n\n 1The Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Conservation, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Acad", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0630e0e7b4202de3e8e6d8656507a572024784f215f42befd00c19aeb7c0d422" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S165_0630e0e7b420_S165-F06", "paper_key": "S165_0630e0e7b420", "paper_id": "S165", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Figure 6\nCross cells from modern and archaeological specimens. (a). Cross cells from modern common wheat (Triticum\naestivum). (b) Cross cells from modern common barley (H. vulgare var. vulgare). (c) Cross cells from modern naked\nbarley (H. vulgare var. coeleste). (d, f). Cross cells from the food remains of room IM59:2. (e, g). Cross cells from the food\nremains of room IM126:1. All illustrations are at the same magnification (×500). Scale bar 50 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文复核说明：补充图只有标题／说明，图像未随本地主文保存。应找回出版社独立补充附件后补提；不能把现有主文PDF重复跑MinerU来恢复不存在的图像。", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d4aa3040b4f7217c3ac7dce1cb6da8a00c6bab8a3b085d1e36de029814cc1457", "image_bytes": 3526303, "sites": [ "CN131" ], "caption_zh": "图6 现代和考古标本的横切细胞。 （a） 现代普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）的横切细胞。 （b） 现代普通大麦（Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare）的横切细胞。 （c） 现代裸大麦（Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste）的横切细胞。 （d， f） 房间IM59:2的食物残留物的横切细胞。 （e， g） 房间IM126:1的食物残留物的横切细胞。所有图示均在同一放大倍数（×500）下。比例尺50 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 6\nCross cells from modern and archaeological specimens. (a). Cross cells from modern common wheat (Triticum aestivum). (b) Cross cells from modern common barley (Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare). (c) Cross cells from modern naked\nbarley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste). (d, f). Cross cells from the food remains of room IM59:2. (e, g). Cross cells from the food\nremains of room IM126:1. All illustrations are at the same magnification (×500). Scale bar 50 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代与考古标本的横切细胞", "title_en": "Cross cells from modern and archaeological specimens", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d4aa3040b4f7217c3ac7dce1.png", "image_url": "media/S165_0630e0e7b420_S165-F06.png?v=d4aa3040b4f7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.116258+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN131", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Figure 6\nCross cells from modern and archaeological specimens. (a). Cross cells from modern common wheat (Triticum\naestivum). (b) Cross cells from modern common barley (H. vulgare var. vulgare). (c) Cross cells from modern naked\nbarley (H. vulgare var. coeleste). (d, f). Cross cells from the food remains of room IM59:2. (e, g). Cross cells from the food\nremains of room IM126:1. All illustrations are at the same magnification (×500). Scale bar 50 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Yanghai", "quote": "doi: 10.1111/arcm.12110\n\n\n\n EARLY PROCESSED TRITICEAE FOOD REMAINS IN THE\n YANGHAI TOMBS, XINJIANG, CHINA*\n\n H. P. ZHENG,1–3 H. E. JIANG,2,3 Y. B. ZHANG,4 E. G. LÜ,5 Y. M. YANG2,3† and\n C. S. WANG2,3\n\n 1The Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Conservation, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Acad", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0630e0e7b4202de3e8e6d8656507a572024784f215f42befd00c19aeb7c0d422" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S166_c1a2246db6ab_S166-F03", "paper_key": "S166_c1a2246db6ab", "paper_id": "S166", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch grains from some modern plants. (A) P. miliaceum. Range 5.96–10.99 μm, mean 8.42 μm; (B) S. italica. Range 6.23–19.35 μm, mean 9.32 μm; (C) S. bicolor. Range 9.37–\n29.52 μm, mean 18.1 μm; (D) D. opposita. Range 5.89–43.58 μm, mean 22.86 μm; (E) T. aestivum. Range 5.77–31.24 μm, mean 14.98 μm; (F) H. vulgare. Range 11.29–30.33 μm, mean\n21.82 μm; (G) Secale cereal. Range 6.64–60.03 μm, mean 21.52 μm; (H) Aegilops tauschi. Range 6.52–37.31 μm, mean 19.32 μm; (I) Q. acutissima. Range 6.9–20.21 μm, mean 11.13 μm;\n(J) Quercus dentata. Range 5.75–19.76 μm, mean 10.03 μm; (K) Lithocarpus glaber. Range 8.95–34 μm, mean 17.33 μm; (L) Cycloalanopsis glauca. Range 6.21–25.16 μm, mean 15.66 μm;\nand (M) A. sativa. Range 4.84–24.7 μm, mean 10.49 μm. (Scale bar: 20 μm except image I: 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "78d8fe5f1b3bae884bec367ce849957501ba0e4a6865109053c8ace0a856356a", "image_bytes": 1860115, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. 一些现代植物的淀粉粒。（A） 黍（Panicum miliaceum）。范围5.96–10.99 μm，平均值8.42 μm；（B） 粟（Setaria italica）。范围6.23–19.35 μm，平均值9.32 μm；（C） 高粱 （S. bicolor）。范围9.37–29.52 μm，平均值18.1 μm；（D） 山药（Dioscorea opposita）。范围5.89–43.58 μm，平均值22.86 μm；（E） 普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）。范围5.77–31.24 μm，平均值14.98 μm；（F） 大麦（Hordeum vulgare）。范围11.29–30.33 μm，平均值21.82 μm；（G） 黑麦（Secale cereale）。范围6.64–60.03 μm，平均值21.52 μm；（H） 山羊草属（Aegilops tauschi）。范围6.52–37.31 μm，平均值19.32 μm；（I） 麻栎（Quercus acutissima）。范围6.9–20.21 μm，平均值11.13 μm；（J） 槲树（Quercus dentata）。范围5.75–19.76 μm，平均值10.03 μm；（K） 柯（Lithocarpus glaber）。范围8.95–34 μm，平均值17.33 μm；（L） 青冈（Cycloalanopsis glauca）。范围6.21–25.16 μm，平均值15.66 μm；和 （M） 燕麦（Avena sativa）。范围4.84–24.7 μm，平均值10.49 μm。 （比例尺：20 μm，除图像I为10 μm）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch grains from some modern plants. (A) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum). Range 5.96–10.99 μm, mean 8.42 μm; (B) foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Range 6.23–19.35 μm, mean 9.32 μm; (C) S. bicolor. Range 9.37–\n29.52 μm, mean 18.1 μm; (D) Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita). Range 5.89–43.58 μm, mean 22.86 μm; (E) bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Range 5.77–31.24 μm, mean 14.98 μm; (F) barley (Hordeum vulgare). Range 11.29–30.33 μm, mean\n21.82 μm; (G) rye (Secale cereale). Range 6.64–60.03 μm, mean 21.52 μm; (H) goatgrasses (Aegilops) tauschi. Range 6.52–37.31 μm, mean 19.32 μm; (I) sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima). Range 6.9–20.21 μm, mean 11.13 μm;\n(J) daimyo oak (Quercus dentata). Range 5.75–19.76 μm, mean 10.03 μm; (K) stone oak (Lithocarpus glaber). Range 8.95–34 μm, mean 17.33 μm; (L) Cycloalanopsis glauca. Range 6.21–25.16 μm, mean 15.66 μm;\nand (M) oat (Avena sativa). Range 4.84–24.7 μm, mean 10.49 μm. (Scale bar: 20 μm except image I: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from modern plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/78d8fe5f1b3bae884bec367c.png", "image_url": "media/S166_c1a2246db6ab_S166-F03.png?v=78d8fe5f1b3b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "grains extracted from calculus, we have collected over 40 species from 18 genera of plants (Tao, 2012) (Fig. 3; Table 1). In addition to comparative plant samples collected by the authors, many stud- ies about starch grain morphology are also consulted to any further identification (Reichert, 1913; Piperno et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2009a,b, 2010, 2012a,b, 2013; Yang and Perry, 2013; Wan et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2010a,b, 2013b, 2014b; Ge, 2010; Ge et al., 2010). Our reference collection includes examples of S. italica, P. miliaceum, and Sorghum bicolor, O. sativa, the tribe Triticeae, beans, different nuts including Quercus, Lithocarpus, Cyclobalanopsis and these are discussed in details. Starch grains from millets are polygonal in shape (Fig. 3A,B). Yang et al. (2010a, 2012) has conducted morphological characterization of starch grains from two domesticated millets (S. italica and P. miliaceum) and their wild relatives including Setaria viridis, Panicum bisulcatum and Eriochloa villosa in North China. Starch grains from fox- tail millet, common millet and their wild relatives overlap somewhat in size and morphology (Table 1). Starch grains from common millet have smooth surfaces without fissures, mostly less than 10 μm, whereas starch grains of foxtail millet normally have open hila with characteris- tic fissures and almost half bigger than 10 μm. The sizes of starch grains from S. Bicolor, Coix sp and S. italica also overlap partially, but many starch grains from S. Bicolor are bigger with radial fissures and visible la- mellae (Yang et al., 2012a,b) (Fig. 3C). Starch gr", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Type 1 starch grains (N = 8) are polygonal and have centric hilum, no lamellae with clear extinction cross (Fig. 4A–C). Most of them have smooth surfaces with size range 7.4–10 μm, except two which sizes are 17.8 μm and 25 μm respectively (Fig. 4B–C; Table 2). Compared with our reference collection, these polygonal grains were often from the grass family Poaceae (Yang et al., 2012a,b; Tao, 2012). Plants in our comparative collection include foxtail millet, common millet, rice, sorghum, oat (Avena sativa), and maize (Zea mays). Sizes of rice, oats are all smaller than Type 1. The size of common millet is 5.96– 10.99 μm, and most of starch grains from common millet have no fissure (Tao et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2012a,b; Ge, 2010a) (Fig. 3A; Table 1). The size of foxtail millet is 6.23–19.35 μm (Tao et al., 2011; Table 1), and some of starch grains from foxtail millet have visible fissures (Fig. 3B). These smaller starch grains from calculus are consistent with the starch", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type 2 starch grains (N = 4) are oval and have eccentric hilum with size ranging from 19.6 to 32.4 μm (Fig. 4D; Table 2). Lamellae are not very obvious. As mentioned above, starch grains from many root and tuber plants have eccentric hila and visible lamellae of large sizes (Wan et al., 2011; Ge, 2010a) (Fig. 3D). The features of Type 2 starch grains are in accord with those from root and tuber plants and more similar to Lilium sp.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type 3 starch grains (N = 38) are mostly from the calculus of burial 114 (N = 32) (Fig. 4E–H). They are lenticular /discoid or spherical in shape and have a bimodal distribution in size. The size range is wide, which is from 4.2 μm to 29.2 μm (Table 2). Lamellae are visible or absent. Craters occur on the surfaces of some bigger grains (N15 μm diameter) in reticulate patterns. A bimodal size distribution of large and small granules is characteristic of starch grain from Triticeae (Hardy et al., 2012; Lindeboom et al., 2004; Tao, 2012) (Fig. 3E–H; Table 1). The two populations are classified as type A (N10 μm diameter) and type B (b10 μm diameter). The systematic analysis of starch grains by Yang et al. also confirms this and shows that grains from the tribe Triticeae", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.472529+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S166_c1a2246db6ab_S166-F04", "paper_key": "S166_c1a2246db6ab", "paper_id": "S166", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Starch grains extracted from human dental calculus at Gouwan site. (A–C) Type 1, polygonal; (D) Type 2, oval with very eccentric cross; (E–H) Type 3, mostly from calculus of burial\n114, bimodal size distribution (E–F, both from the calculus of burial 114), craters on the surfaces of bigger starch grains (E, arrow), oval in an plane view (G) and lenticular or discoid with\nan olivary side view (H); (I–J) Type 4, lenticular or oval shape, showing the cracks on the surface (I) due to processing; and (K–L) Type 5, polygonal or irregular in shape, faint extinction\ncross (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4ff3be524fdc48c93a15ee25990511c7d20c53a76477960c67cc02c09a0a48c2", "image_bytes": 1268003, "sites": [ "CN163" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 来自沟湾遗址人类牙结石中提取的淀粉粒。 （A–C） 类型1，多边形，禾本科植物，可能来自粟、黍等粟类植物； （D） 类型2，椭圆形且具有非常偏心的十字形。块根块茎类植物，可能来自百合属； （E–H） 类型3，小麦族植物，主要来自墓葬114的牙结石（E–F，均来自墓葬114的牙结石，具有双峰大小分布），较大淀粉粒表面有凹坑（E，箭头指示），平面视图呈椭圆形（G），侧视图为肾形或盘状（H）； （I–J） 类型4，橡子，可能来自麻栎，呈肾形或椭圆形，表面可见裂纹（I），为加工痕迹； （K–L） 类型5，呈多边形或不规则形状，有微弱的消光十字形（比例尺：10 μm）。\n", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Starch grains extracted from human dental calculus at Gouwan site. (A–C) Type 1, polygonal; (D) Type 2, oval with very eccentric cross; (E–H) Type 3, mostly from calculus of burial\n114, bimodal size distribution (E–F, both from the calculus of burial 114), craters on the surfaces of bigger starch grains (E, arrow), oval in an plane view (G) and lenticular or discoid with\nan olivary side view (H); (I–J) Type 4, lenticular or oval shape, showing the cracks on the surface (I) due to processing; and (K–L) Type 5, polygonal or irregular in shape, faint extinction\ncross (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "沟湾遗址牙结石中淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from dental calculus at Gouwan site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4ff3be524fdc48c93a15ee25.png", "image_url": "media/S166_c1a2246db6ab_S166-F04.png?v=4ff3be524fdc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Type 1 starch grains (N = 8) are polygonal and have centric hilum, no lamellae with clear extinction cross (Fig. 4A–C). Most of them have smooth surfaces with size range 7.4–10 μm, except two which sizes are 17.8 μm and 25 μm respectively (Fig. 4B–C; Table 2). Compared with our reference collection, these polygonal grains were often from the grass family Poaceae (Yang et al., 2012a,b; Tao, 2012). Plants in our comparative collection include foxtail millet, common millet, rice, sorghum, oat (Avena sativa), and maize (Zea mays). Sizes of rice, oats are all smaller than Type 1. The size of common millet is 5.96– 10.99 μm, and most of starch grains from common millet have no fissure (Tao et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2012a,b; Ge, 2010a) (Fig. 3A; Table 1). The size of foxtail millet is 6.23–19.35 μm (Tao et al., 2011; Table 1), and some of starch grains from foxtail millet have visible fissures (Fig. 3B). These smaller starch grains from calculus are consistent with the starch", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "grains from foxtail millet or common millet in size and features, and therefore they (N = 6) were identified as millets (Fig. 4A). One starch grain is 17.8 μm with linear fissure and shows great similarity to foxtail millet (S. italica) (Fig. 4B). The size of another grain with “Y” shape fis- sure is 25 μm and fall into the size range of Sorghum sp (Fig. 4C) or Coix sp. Sorghum was introduced from Africa, and there is no evidence for its presence in China during the Neolithic times and should not be present in the Yangshao culture (Liu et al., 2012). This starch grain may be from Coix sp (Liu et al., 2014c; Yang et al., 2012a,b; Ge et al., 2010). Charred millet remains at this site (Wang et al., 2011) also sug- gest that these polygonal starch grains except the biggest one are prob- ably from millets.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type 2 starch grains (N = 4) are oval and have eccentric hilum with size ranging from 19.6 to 32.4 μm (Fig. 4D; Table 2). Lamellae are not very obvious. As mentioned above, starch grains from many root and tuber plants have eccentric hila and visible lamellae of large sizes (Wan et al., 2011; Ge, 2010a) (Fig. 3D). The features of Type 2 starch grains are in accord with those from root and tuber plants and more similar to Lilium sp.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type 3 starch grains (N = 38) are mostly from the calculus of burial 114 (N = 32) (Fig. 4E–H). They are lenticular /discoid or spherical in shape and have a bimodal distribution in size. The size range is wide, which is from 4.2 μm to 29.2 μm (Table 2). Lamellae are visible or absent. Craters occur on the surfaces of some bigger grains (N15 μm diameter) in reticulate patterns. A bimodal size distribution of large and small granules is characteristic of starch grain from Triticeae (Hardy et al., 2012; Lindeboom et al., 2004; Tao, 2012) (Fig. 3E–H; Table 1). The two populations are classified as type A (N10 μm diameter) and type B (b10 μm diameter). The systematic analysis of starch grains by Yang et al. also confirms this and shows that grains from the tribe Triticeae", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.523329+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN163", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Starch grains extracted from human dental calculus at Gouwan site. (A–C) Type 1, polygonal; (D) Type 2, oval with very eccentric cross; (E–H) Type 3, mostly from calculus of burial\n114, bimodal size distribution (E–F, both from the calculus of burial 114), craters on the surfaces of bigger starch grains (E, arrow), oval in an plane view (G) and lenticular or discoid with\nan olivary side view (H); (I–J) Type 4, lenticular or oval shape, showing the cracks on the surface (I) due to processing; and (K–L) Type 5, polygonal or irregular in shape, faint extinction\ncross (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "gouwan", "quote": "of human dental calculus to investigate Neolithic\nconsumption of plants in the middle Yellow River Valley, China: A case\nstudy on Gouwan site\n\nDawei Tao a,b, Jian Zhang b, Wanquan Zheng c, Yanpeng Cao d, Kai Sun d, Song-an Jin a,b,⁎\n\na Center for Historic Cultural Heritage Conservation and Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China\nb Department of Archaeology, Zhengzhou Univers", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c1a2246db6abe38439748efbfe955a26931e49abb9216356869cab274e2e333c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S167_afa4a9cd03f0_S167-P0006-B007", "paper_key": "S167_afa4a9cd03f0", "paper_id": "S167", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "Figure 3. Representative starch grains uncovered from grinding stones (each starch grain is shown in DIC and polarized views). 1,2: Bean; 3,4: Triticeae grass; 5-8: Trichosanthes kirillowii snakegourd root; 9,10: Dioscorea sp. yam; 11,12: Quercus acorn; 13,14: Paniceae millet grass; 15,16: Coix lacryma-jobi Job’s tears (1-10, 13,14: Shizitan 14; 11: Shizitan 9; 12, 15,16: Zhaigen; scale: 1.3.9: 20 µm; 5,7,11-16: 10 µm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2ddfdad0ddc141bdfaa8f0bf125cfdc125dea0f6fd4a5ab51267dc6b63e2439d", "image_bytes": 3495881, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. 从磨棒中发现的代表性淀粉粒（每个淀粉粒均显示在微分干涉和偏振视图中）。1，2：豆类；3，4：小麦族植物；5-8：栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii） 栝楼根；9，10：薯蓣属（Dioscorea sp.） 山药；11，12：栎属（Quercus） 栎属坚果；13，14：黍族粟类草本；15，16：薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi） 薏苡（1-10， 13，14：柿子滩14；11：柿子滩9；12， 15，16：寨根；比例：1.3.9:20 μm；5，7，11-16:10 μm）", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Representative starch grains uncovered from grinding stones (each starch grain is shown in DIC and polarized views). 1,2: Bean; 3,4: Triticeae grass; 5-8: Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) snakegourd root; 9,10: yams (Dioscorea sp.) yam; 11,12: oaks (Quercus) acorn; 13,14: panicgrass tribe (Paniceae) millet grass; 15,16: Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) Job’s tears (1-10, 13,14: Shizitan 14; 11: Shizitan 9; 12, 15,16: Zhaigen; scale: 1.3.9: 20 μm; 5,7,11-16: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "代表性淀粉粒图", "title_en": "Representative Starch Grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2ddfdad0ddc141bdfaa8f0bf.png", "image_url": "media/S167_afa4a9cd03f0_S167-P0006-B007.png?v=2ddfdad0ddc1", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Shizitan 14 (ca. 23,000-18,000 cal. BP) was occupied primarily during the LGM. Three sandstone slabs, dating to ca. 23,000-19,500 cal. BP, were subjected to residue and usewear analyses. The total of 136 starch grains re- covered were dominated by Triticeae tribe grasses (33%), followed by Dioscorea sp. yam (18%), beans of the Faba- ceae family (15%), Paniceae grasses (13%), and Tricho- santhes kirilowii snakegourd root (11%) (Liu et al. 2013a) (Figure 3).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Shizitan 9 (ca. 13,800-8,500 cal. BP) was occupied during a period of transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene, when the climate changed from cold-dry (YD) to warm-wet conditions (Holocene). Carbonized seeds of wild millets (Setaria and Echinochloa spp.) and goosefoot (Chenopodium sp.) are present in flotation samples, dating to 13,800-11,600 cal BP (Bestel et al. 2014). Four grind- ing stones (two slabs and two handstones), dating to 12,700-11,600 cal BP, were analyzed for plant residues. A total of 212 starch grains were recovered, with most being derived from a tool unearthed from a later occupation stratum dating to the onset of Holocene. The great majori- ty of starch grains are from grasses, including Panicoideae (most likely Paniceae) (38%) and Triticeae tribe grasses (26%); Quercus sp. acorns (26%) appeared for the first time; and small proportions of starch belong to tubers (snakegourd root, 2%; and yam, 2%) and beans (2%) (Liu et al. 2011) (Figure 3).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Grinding stones from the Peiligang culture Grinding stones from seven Peiligang culture sites have been subjected to residue analysis. These include five sites located on the floodplains of central Henan (Egou, Shigu, Peiligang, Shawoli, and Gangshi) (Liu et al. 2010a; Zhang 2011; Zhang et al. 2011b) and two sites situated on the southern bank of the Yellow River in Mengjin county, western Henan (Zhaigen and Bangou) (Liu et al. 2013b). A total of 25 grinding stones from these sites were ana- lyzed and more than 2800 starch granules recovered, identifiable to eight taxa. The predominant starch grains belong to acorn, Triticeae grasses, snakegourd root, Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), and millet, while only a few grains are identifiable as beans, Dioscorea sp. yam, and other tubers (Table 2; Figure 3).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.570147+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "综合研究／待核新样本" } }, { "id": "S168_b4b958a885f2_S168-F02", "paper_key": "S168_b4b958a885f2", "paper_id": "S168", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Figure 2.  Modern and archaeological starch grains. The upper row is starch grains from modern barnyard \ngrass (a) E. crus-galli; (b) E. orgzicola; (c) E. frumentacea; (d) from immature seeds of E. crus-gulli; the lower \nrow is archaeological starch grains recovered from residues on the lithic tools excavated from the Shangshan \nsite (Scale bar, 10 μ m).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "72ae6b6dc99531534a3381290576bdb44745a0582570fdd8cb140c8b8a12acdf", "image_bytes": 5348482, "sites": [ "CN079" ], "caption_zh": "图2. 现代与考古淀粉粒。上排为现代稗草（a）稗（Echinochloa crus-galli）；（b）水田稗（E. orgzicola）；（c）湖南稗子（E. frumentacea）；（d）来自未成熟种子的稗（Echinochloa crus-galli）淀粉粒；下排为从上山遗址出土石器表面残留物中提取的考古淀粉粒（比例尺，10 μ m）。", "caption_en": "Figure 2.  Modern and archaeological starch grains. The upper row is starch grains from modern barnyard \ngrass (a) barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli); (b) E. orgzicola; (c) E. frumentacea; (d) from immature seeds of E. crus-gulli; the lower \nrow is archaeological starch grains recovered from residues on the lithic tools excavated from the Shangshan \nsite (Scale bar, 10 μ m).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代与考古淀粉粒", "title_en": "Modern and Archaeological Starch Grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/72ae6b6dc99531534a338129.png", "image_url": "media/S168_b4b958a885f2_S168-F02.png?v=72ae6b6dc995", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "The size of starch grains from barnyard grasses ranges from two or three microns to about 13 microns on the longest axis (Table S1), and the largest starch grains of barnyard grasses can expand to 18 μ m in maximum size when processed by grinding in our simulation experiments (Table S1). The unique diag- nostic morphological feature of starches from barnyard grasses is a pitted surface that occurs on 20% to 36% of the grains in our modern reference collections (Fig. 2) (Table S1). Surface pits have not been observed in our studies of other modern grass species in the Paniceae. Barnyard grasses are classified within the tribe Paniceae, and the starch grains from the tribe occur in both polyhedral and spherical forms. Some species, like broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet (Setarica italica) produce a predominance of polyhedral starch grains with the occasional spherical form, while other species, including yellow foxtail grass (Setarica pumila) and bristly foxtail grass (Setarica parviflora), produce exclusively spherical starch grains12. Starch grains from barnyard grasses occur in a bimodal distribution with both polyhedral and spherical shapes (Fig. 2a–d), and the relative percentages of the two types differ among the various species (Table S2). All studied species, however, yielded at least 50% spherical granules in their starch assemblages. Studies of the phytoliths from the husks of barnyard grasses have also defined diagnostic characteris- tics that allow for the differentiation of these remains from those of other grasses. Phytoliths of epidermal l", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Results More than 400 starch grains were recovered from fifteen subsamples of residues extracted from lithic tools (Fig. 4 and Table S3). No starch granules were recovered from the associated sediment samples indicating a likelihood that the ancient starches were associated with tool use. 118 grains were classi- fied as unidentifiable, and this group includes 43 tiny (less than 5 μ m), spherical granules which often occur in immature seeds (Fig. S2a), 23 clusters of compound starch grains (Fig. 2h and Fig. S2b), and 52 granules that are damaged to the point that their origin cannot be determined. Though the clusters of compound starch grains are characteristic of those that occur in immature seeds of barnyard grasses (Fig. 2d) and in both mature and immature rice (Oryza sp.), similar forms have been noted in many other grasses so these cannot be securely identified13,22. The single starch grains from rice have polyhedral", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "shape with sharp angles, but they cannot be detected easily and identified securely because of their tiny size13. Only a small number of starches from other grass (Triticeae), acorns (Lithocarpus/Quercus sensu lato) and water chestnut (Trapa) were recovered (Fig. S2c–f). Both acorns and Trapa are documented as important food resources alongside cultivated rice at later sites in the region with better preservation of plant macro-remains23. More than 270 starch grains in the assemblage are of a basic polyhedral and spherical morphology (Table S3). Of these, 261 grains fall into the size zone of 5–17 μ m, and are characterized by a fissured cavity. Within this subgroup of remains, 54 starch grains, 21% in this assemblage, have pits on their surfaces (Fig. 2f–h). These morphological features are characteristic of barnyard grasses based on the material we have examined. As rice produced starch grains at the smallest end of the starch size range around 5 μ m they are much harder to recover and to positively identify. In addition, if rice were boiled as whole grains it would be less likely to be found on groundstone surfaces. Therefore the starch evidence may underrepresent rice, but nevertheless it confirms the importance of Echinochloa, another wetland grass with edible grains, which was apparently processed with groudstones. Phytoliths were studied from both the archaeological layer sediments and the surface residues cleaned off of the grinding tools. 500 phytoliths were counted for each sediment sample from the cultural depos- its, and 3,500 phytoliths were recovered from the ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.173075+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "Figure 2.  Modern and archaeological starch grains. The upper row is starch grains from modern barnyard \ngrass (a) E. crus-galli; (b) E. orgzicola; (c) E. frumentacea; (d) from immature seeds of E. crus-gulli; the lower \nrow is archaeological starch grains recovered from residues on the lithic tools excavated from the Shangshan \nsite (Scale bar, 10 μ m).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "though both macro-fossils and micro-fossils of rice\n have been recovered from the Early Neolithic site of Shangshan, dating to more than 10,000 years\n before present (BP), we report evidence of phytolith and starch microfossils taken from stone tools,\n both for grinding and cutting, and cultural layers, that indicating barn", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b4b958a885f2d68c915d5eace42207cc6d6a65526f2239c7e1cf144f44f10a67" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S168_b4b958a885f2_S168-F03", "paper_key": "S168_b4b958a885f2", "paper_id": "S168", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3.  Modern and archaeological phytoliths from barnyard grasses. (A) Ω - and η -shaped phytoliths \nfrom glumes of foxtail and broomcorn millets, respectively; (B) β -shaped phytoliths from glumes of E. crus-\ngalli var. mitis; (C) Phytoliths recovered from the Shangshan site.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "28dd748bd689de9e147ee688a9e0ac6cfe2ef640202deaa9a0be8076b91b79e3", "image_bytes": 4145061, "sites": [ "CN079" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 现代与考古出土的稗草植硅体。 （A） 粟和黍的颖片中呈Ω形和η形的植硅体； （B） 稗（Echinochloa crus-galli） var. mitis颖片中的β形植硅体； （C） 上山遗址出土的植硅体。", "caption_en": "Figure 3.  Modern and archaeological phytoliths from barnyard grasses. (A) Ω - and η -shaped phytoliths \nfrom glumes of foxtail and broomcorn millets, respectively; (B) β -shaped phytoliths from glumes of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) var. mitis; (C) Phytoliths recovered from the Shangshan site.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代与考古稗草植硅体", "title_en": "Modern and Archaeological Phytoliths from Barnyard Grasses", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/28dd748bd689de9e147ee688.png", "image_url": "media/S168_b4b958a885f2_S168-F03.png?v=28dd748bd689", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "The size of starch grains from barnyard grasses ranges from two or three microns to about 13 microns on the longest axis (Table S1), and the largest starch grains of barnyard grasses can expand to 18 μ m in maximum size when processed by grinding in our simulation experiments (Table S1). The unique diag- nostic morphological feature of starches from barnyard grasses is a pitted surface that occurs on 20% to 36% of the grains in our modern reference collections (Fig. 2) (Table S1). Surface pits have not been observed in our studies of other modern grass species in the Paniceae. Barnyard grasses are classified within the tribe Paniceae, and the starch grains from the tribe occur in both polyhedral and spherical forms. Some species, like broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet (Setarica italica) produce a predominance of polyhedral starch grains with the occasional spherical form, while other species, including yellow foxtail grass (Setarica pumila) and bristly foxtail grass (Setarica parviflora), produce exclusively spherical starch grains12. Starch grains from barnyard grasses occur in a bimodal distribution with both polyhedral and spherical shapes (Fig. 2a–d), and the relative percentages of the two types differ among the various species (Table S2). All studied species, however, yielded at least 50% spherical granules in their starch assemblages. Studies of the phytoliths from the husks of barnyard grasses have also defined diagnostic characteris- tics that allow for the differentiation of these remains from those of other grasses. Phytoliths of epidermal l", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "2.0%, respectively, are diagnostic and can be identified to genus or species. The assemblage includes 80 fan-shaped and double-peaked phytoliths that are derived from rice (Oryza sp.), respectively from the leaves and husks9 (Fig. S2f,g). The other 12 phytoliths are diagnostic of glumes from the Tribe Paniceae (Fig. S2h,i), and this sub-assemblage includes two fragments of phytoliths that bear diagnostic char- acteristics of barnyard grass (Echinochloa spp.) (Fig. 3), which were recovered from the middle level (Later Early Shangshan, > 9.6 kyBP). The presence of Echinochloa phytoliths in the deposits support the identification based on starch from the groundstone that this taxon was being processed on site. In addition phytoliths affirm the importance of processing rice on site due the presence of both leaf and husk phytoliths.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（按用户确认修订；非专家物种复审）", "note": "统一字符、学名空格及中英常用名／类群名", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-20T08:32:52.218152+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Figure 3.  Modern and archaeological phytoliths from barnyard grasses. (A) Ω - and η -shaped phytoliths \nfrom glumes of foxtail and broomcorn millets, respectively; (B) β -shaped phytoliths from glumes of E. crus-\ngalli var. mitis; (C) Phytoliths recovered from the Shangshan site.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "though both macro-fossils and micro-fossils of rice\n have been recovered from the Early Neolithic site of Shangshan, dating to more than 10,000 years\n before present (BP), we report evidence of phytolith and starch microfossils taken from stone tools,\n both for grinding and cutting, and cultural layers, that indicating barn", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b4b958a885f2d68c915d5eace42207cc6d6a65526f2239c7e1cf144f44f10a67" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S169_2a7bc7614cd2_S169-F03", "paper_key": "S169_2a7bc7614cd2", "paper_id": "S169", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3.  Modern and archaeological starch grains. Group A are characteristic starch grains from modern plants. (a) broomcorn millet \n(Panicum miliaceum); (b) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (c) foxtail grass (Setaria chondrachne); (d) six-rowed barley (Hordeum agriocrithon); \n(e) features of extinction cross of starch grains from the tribe Triticeae; (f andg) compound starch grains from water caltrop (Trapa incisa) under \nbright field and polarized lights; (h) large and small grains from water caltrop; (i) a cluster of small grains from water caltrop; (j and k) starch \ngrains from Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) under bright field and polarized lights. B group are archaeological starch grains recovered from \nthe Nanzhuangtou site. (a–c) millets; (d and e) starch grain from the tribe Triticeae under bright field and polarized lights; (f–h) water caltrop; \n(i–l) roots and tubers. C group are starch grains from the Zhuannian site. (a) millet; (b and c) starch grain from the tribe Triticeae under bright \nfield and polarized lights; (d and e) roots and tubers. Scale bar, 20 µm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "cda17206512e67bb6427a716439758742c423a5baca39ceca1c1cf2c9dcd13b6", "image_bytes": 1398555, "sites": [ "CN020", "CN225" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 现代与考古淀粉粒。A组为现代植物的典型淀粉粒。（a）黍（Panicum miliaceum）；（b）粟（Setaria italica）；（c）莩草（Setaria chondrachne）；（d）六棱大麦（Hordeum agriocrithon）；（e）小麦族（Triticeae）淀粉粒的十字消光特征；（f和g）野菱（Trapa incisa）的复合淀粉粒在明场和偏振光下的图像；（h）野菱的大、小淀粉粒；（i）野菱的小淀粉粒簇；（j和k）中国薯蓣（Dioscorea opposita）的淀粉粒在明场和偏振光下的图像。B组为南庄头遗址出土的考古淀粉粒。（a–c）粟类；（d和e）小麦族（Triticeae）淀粉粒在明场和偏振光下的图像；（f–h）野菱；（i–l）根茎类。C组为传年遗址出土的淀粉粒。（a）粟；（b和c）小麦族（Triticeae）淀粉粒在明场和偏振光下的图像；（d和e）根茎类。比例尺，20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 3.  Modern and archaeological starch grains. Group A are characteristic starch grains from modern plants. (a) broomcorn millet \n(Panicum miliaceum); (b) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (c) foxtail grass (Setaria chondrachne); (d) six-rowed barley (wild six-rowed barley, Hordeum agriocrithon); \n(e) features of extinction cross of starch grains from the tribe wheat tribe (Triticeae); (f andg) compound starch grains from water caltrop (Trapa incisa) under \nbright field and polarized lights; (h) large and small grains from water caltrop; (i) a cluster of small grains from water caltrop; (j and k) starch \ngrains from Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) under bright field and polarized lights. B group are archaeological starch grains recovered from \nthe Nanzhuangtou site. (a–c) millets; (d and e) starch grain from the tribe wheat tribe (Triticeae) under bright field and polarized lights; (f–h) water caltrop; \n(i–l) roots and tubers. C group are starch grains from the Zhuannian site. (a) millet; (b and c) starch grain from the tribe wheat tribe (Triticeae) under bright \nfield and polarized lights; (d and e) roots and tubers. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代与考古淀粉粒", "title_en": "Modern and Archaeological Starch Grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/cda17206512e67bb6427a716.png", "image_url": "media/S169_2a7bc7614cd2_S169-F03.png?v=cda17206512e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "upon direct comparisons between ancient starches and those derived from the modern reference collection (Figure 3A).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "More than 3400 starch grains were recovered from the tools exca- vated from the Nanzhuangtou site (Table 3). Of them, 63 were identified as starch grains from millets with the polyhedral or spherical shape (Figure 3Ba–c), ranging 6.6–22.6 μm in size (Yang et al., 2012b). The ubiquity of millets on the lithic tools and potsherds is 100% (Table 3), suggesting that millet consumption was quite common here; seven lenticular starch grains (Figure 3Bd,e), ranging 17.4–25.3 μm in size, were identified as the tribe Triticeae (Yang and Perry, 2013), and they occur occasionally (Table 3). The overwhelming majority of starch grains, ranging", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "6.5–23.8 μm in size, identified on a mullers (S7:F7) are from water caltrop (Figure 3Bf–h), from which starch grains present large group and small group, and characteristic starch grains are compounded by two single granules (Figure 3Af–i). The starches of water caltrop consistent with the pattern are revealed by macro- plant identification. Two types (A and B) of geophyte starch grains are also found (Figure 3Bi–l; Table 3). Subtype A is similar to starch grains from Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) of our modern reference collections (Figure 3Ah–j), and subtype B is consistent with the features of snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) root described by other studies (Liu et al., 2013, 2014). It is important to note that each of the pottery sherds examined contains some millet starch grains and very occasionally some unidentifiable ones (Table 3). While this evidence is not sufficient to suggest that ceramic pots were used exclusively for cooking seeds of grasses as other types of foods might not be preserved or preserved in other forms, it is possible that water caltrop was less likely or less frequently processed in pots. But here again, there is another possibility that we cannot entirely rule out. In Southern China today, water caltrop is boiled with shells in pots, which could prevent starches being left on the pottery. In total, 107 starch grains were recovered from the tools exca- vated from the Zhuannian site (Table 4). Except 17 unidentifiable granules, the remaining can be classified into three groups: 59 poly- hedral or spherical starch grains, ranging 6.3–24.0 ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.641695+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN020", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Figure 3.  Modern and archaeological starch grains. Group A are characteristic starch grains from modern plants. (a) broomcorn millet \n(Panicum miliaceum); (b) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (c) foxtail grass (Setaria chondrachne); (d) six-rowed barley (Hordeum agriocrithon); \n(e) features of extinction cross of starch grains from the tribe Triticeae; (f andg) compound starch grains from water caltrop (Trapa incisa) under \nbright field and polarized lights; (h) large and small grains from water caltrop; (i) a cluster of small grains from water caltrop; (j and k) starch \ngrains from Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) under bright field and polarized lights. B group are archaeological starch grains recovered from \nthe Nanzhuangtou site. (a–c) millets; (d and e) starch grain from the tribe Triticeae under bright field and polarized lights; (f–h) water caltrop; \n(i–l) roots and tubers. C group are starch grains from the Zhuannian site. (a) millet; (b and c) starch grain from the tribe Triticeae under bright \nfield and polarized lights; (d and e) roots and tubers. Scale bar, 20 µm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "nanzhuangtou", "quote": "discovered at two important sites in North China, both dated to around 10,000 cal. yr BP. These two sites, Zhuannian and Nanzhuangtou, are located on\n the terrace of the Bai River in the Yan Mountains and next to Baiyangdian Lake on the piedmont of the Taihang Mountains, respectively. The floral remains\n at these two sites provide a great opportunity to examine (1) pos", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2a7bc7614cd2570ddd0c4a01070eda4c445b82d77fd0957c47ea7476300b97f9" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN225", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Figure 3.  Modern and archaeological starch grains. Group A are characteristic starch grains from modern plants. (a) broomcorn millet \n(Panicum miliaceum); (b) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (c) foxtail grass (Setaria chondrachne); (d) six-rowed barley (Hordeum agriocrithon); \n(e) features of extinction cross of starch grains from the tribe Triticeae; (f andg) compound starch grains from water caltrop (Trapa incisa) under \nbright field and polarized lights; (h) large and small grains from water caltrop; (i) a cluster of small grains from water caltrop; (j and k) starch \ngrains from Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) under bright field and polarized lights. B group are archaeological starch grains recovered from \nthe Nanzhuangtou site. (a–c) millets; (d and e) starch grain from the tribe Triticeae under bright field and polarized lights; (f–h) water caltrop; \n(i–l) roots and tubers. C group are starch grains from the Zhuannian site. (a) millet; (b and c) starch grain from the tribe Triticeae under bright \nfield and polarized lights; (d and e) roots and tubers. Scale bar, 20 µm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Zhuannian", "quote": "ant remains\n discovered at two important sites in North China, both dated to around 10,000 cal. yr BP. These two sites, Zhuannian and Nanzhuangtou, are located on\n the terrace of the Bai River in the Yan Mountains and next to Baiyangdian Lake on the piedmont of the Taihang Mountains, respectively. The floral remains\n at these two sites provide a great opportunity t", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2a7bc7614cd2570ddd0c4a01070eda4c445b82d77fd0957c47ea7476300b97f9" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S170_5f6e6ea9d707_S170-F02", "paper_key": "S170_5f6e6ea9d707", "paper_id": "S170", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Figure 2.  Starch types from Xinglonggou (each grain shown in DIC and polarized views).\n1, 2: Type I, Lilium sp.; 3: Type II, Dioscorea polystachya; 4, 5: Type III, Trichosanthes kirilowii; 6: Type IV, Coix lacryma-jobi; 7, 8: Type V, Setaria italica and/or Panicum \nmiliaceum; 9: Type VI, Triticeae; 10: Type VII, Quercus sp. (scale: 1, 2 = 20 µm; others = 10 µm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2757a496d5a93c8b4c77c26af5bbc11a36f4d30de5edf8b19f5a23191392b03e", "image_bytes": 1808599, "sites": [ "CN044" ], "caption_zh": "图2. 兴隆沟遗址出土的淀粉类型（每个淀粉粒均显示在微分干涉和偏振视图中）。1， 2: 类型I，百合属（Lilium sp.）；3： 类型II，山药（Dioscorea polystachya）；4， 5: 类型III，栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）；6： 类型IV，薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；7， 8: 类型V，粟（Setaria italica） 和/或 黍（Panicum miliaceum）；9： 类型VI，小麦族；10： 类型VII，栎属（Quercus sp.）（比例尺：1， 2 = 20 μm；其余 = 10 μm）.", "caption_en": "Figure 2.  Starch types from Xinglonggou (each grain shown in DIC and polarized views).\n1, 2: Type I, lilies (Lilium sp.); 3: Type II, Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya); 4, 5: Type III, Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii); 6: Type IV, Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); 7, 8: Type V, foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and/or broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); 9: Type VI, wheat tribe (Triticeae); 10: Type VII, oaks (Quercus sp.) (scale: 1, 2 = 20 μm; others = 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "兴隆沟淀粉类型", "title_en": "Starch types from Xinglonggou", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2757a496d5a93c8b4c77c26a.png", "image_url": "media/S170_5f6e6ea9d707_S170-F02.png?v=2757a496d5a9", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "of the total), characterized by broken edges, rough surface, deep fissures, pronounced lamellae, or a dark area in the center of the extinction cross. These features are consistent with the morphological changes after grinding based on experimental studies (Ge et al., 2010; Henry et al., 2008). The morphology of the starch types is described in SI Text (available online). The significance of the plants identified is presented in the ‘Discussion’ section. Type I starch grains (n = 136; 17% of the total; from 17 tools) resemble those from Lilium sp. bulbs. At least eight lily species are widely distributed in Northeast China today (Ma, 1985a; Yang et al., 1996). When compared with our reference data, Type I", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "starch grains best match to Lilium pumilum DC and Lilium tigri- num; both can be found in the region. Type II starch grains (n = 3; 0.4% of the total; from two tools) resemble those from yams including Dioscorea polystachya. Wild yam is distributed widely in China, growing in forests, scrub for- ests, herb communities, mountain slopes, along rivers, and road- sides. It is also commonly cultivated (Wu and Raven, 2000). It is unclear whether wild yam grew in the Liao River area during the Neolithic period due to the lack of data. Only cultivated yam grows in the region today (Ma, 1985a). Type III starch grains (n = 15; 1.9% of the total; from five tools) are most comparable with the root of snake", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii in the Cucurbitaceae family). This particular root has been known as an edible plant since antiquity (see discussion below). Snake gourd is widely distributed in northern and southern China, growing in open forests, shrub lands, grasslands, and fields beside villages in many regions of China (Wu et al., 2011). It is unclear, however, whether or not snake gourd was native to the Liao River region. It is cultivated in Inner Mongolia today (Ma, 1980). Type IV starch grains (n = 322; 40.3% of the total; from 20 tools and 1 calculus sample) best match to the seed of Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). Job’s tears grow near streams, in marshy valleys, moist fields, and by houses. The cultivated forms are widely distributed in China, but the wild ones grow mainly in tropical and subtropical areas (Wu et al., 2006). It is cultivated in Inner Mongolia today (Ma, 1983). Type V starch grains (n = 157; 19.7% of the total; from 15 tools) best match to millets of the Panicoideae sub-family and may be fur- ther identified as broomcorn millet (V.1) and foxtail millet (V.2), based on the discriminant analysis of a statistical model. Because the success rates for separating the two millets in the model are rather low (below 70%) (Liu et al., 2014), we identify Type V starch as millets without attempting to separate them at the species level. Wild foxtail millet (Setaria viridis) produces starch smaller in size than that of domesticated foxtail millet, although the morphologies of the two species are similar. Flotation samples from Xinglonggou have revealed only th", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.224768+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN044", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "Figure 2.  Starch types from Xinglonggou (each grain shown in DIC and polarized views).\n1, 2: Type I, Lilium sp.; 3: Type II, Dioscorea polystachya; 4, 5: Type III, Trichosanthes kirilowii; 6: Type IV, Coix lacryma-jobi; 7, 8: Type V, Setaria italica and/or Panicum \nmiliaceum; 9: Type VI, Triticeae; 10: Type VII, Quercus sp. (scale: 1, 2 = 20 µm; others = 10 µm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xinglonggou", "quote": "domestication for broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica ssp. italica). The Neolithic\n Xinglonggou site (ca. 8000–7500 cal. BP) in the Liao River region has revealed the earliest macrobotanical evidence of domesticated millets in Northeast\n China, but controversy remains as to the importance of the millets in human diet. We employed an interdisci", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5f6e6ea9d7073eba5f0f1f13b89a92c7c506c401a13884e8406e373dd613b7aa" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S170_5f6e6ea9d707_S170-F04", "paper_key": "S170_5f6e6ea9d707", "paper_id": "S170", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4.  Selected phytolith types and fiber from Xinglonggou.\n1: Panicoideae husk Type 1; 2: Panicoideae husk Type 2; 3: Panicoideae cross type; 4: Asteraceae phytolith; 5: Silicified tracheary cell; 6: Hair cell Type 1; 7: \nHair cell Type 2, Boraginaceae; 8: Hair cell Type 3; 8: Hair cell Type 4.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "be9400953871bf3ad2a8ea16289ce15290559b0c7161bf3fd32ac4a8e2ebcc90", "image_bytes": 1578436, "sites": [ "CN044" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 兴隆沟的选定植硅体类型和纤维。\n1: 黍亚科颖壳类型1；2： 黍亚科颖壳类型2；3： 黍亚科十字型；4： 菊科植硅体；5： 硅化导管细胞；6： 尖型；7： 尖型2，紫草科；8： 尖型3；9： 尖型4。", "caption_en": "Figure 4.  Selected phytolith types and fiber from Xinglonggou.\n1: panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) husk Type 1; 2: panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) husk Type 2; 3: panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) cross type; 4: Asteraceae phytolith; 5: Silicified tracheary cell; 6: Hair cell Type 1; 7: \nHair cell Type 2, Boraginaceae; 8: Hair cell Type 3; 8: Hair cell Type 4.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "兴隆沟的植硅体类型和纤维", "title_en": "Phytolith Types and Fibers from Xinglonggou", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/be9400953871bf3ad2a8ea16.png", "image_url": "media/S170_5f6e6ea9d707_S170-F04.png?v=be9400953871", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Phytoliths recovered from the artifact residues and dental calculus number significantly lower than starch grains in the artifact and dental calculus samples. Only 89 individual phytoliths were observed; however, additional plant-derived material, such as fibers and vascular tissue, was noted (Figure 4; Table 2). Most vegetal fibers and vascular tissue lack diagnostic taxonomic value (Piperno, 2006); however, silicified tracheary elements (n = 21) from USOs appear in residues of tools used for the processing of USOs. Tracheary elements are relatively abundant in these sam- ples (n = 21), comprising 23.6% of the phytolith assemblage. The largest percentage (55.5%) of phytoliths in this assem- blage is composed of hair cells, silicified appendages from the epidermal surfaces of leaves produced in eudicot plant families (Kealhofer and Piperno, 1998; Piperno, 2006). Hairs were classi- fied into four categories (Figure 4; Table 2). Type 1 (n = 46) hairs are simple, unicellular, lanceolate cells. Type 2 (n = 2) hairs are simple, unicellular, lanceolate hair cells that are armed, having spine-like surface projections. Type 2 hairs are consistent with Boraginaceae. Type 3 (n = 1) includes a single multicellular hair with blunt tip observed with a cistolith inclusion at its base. Finally, Type 4 (n = 1) hairs are multicellular with pointed tip lack- ing cistolith inclusion. Only Type 2 hairs are identified at this time to the family level, and these are consistent with hairs observed in the borage family, Boraginaceae. Other evidence of eudicot plants in the phytolith assemblage com", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "of the total), characterized by broken edges, rough surface, deep fissures, pronounced lamellae, or a dark area in the center of the extinction cross. These features are consistent with the morphological changes after grinding based on experimental studies (Ge et al., 2010; Henry et al., 2008). The morphology of the starch types is described in SI Text (available online). The significance of the plants identified is presented in the ‘Discussion’ section. Type I starch grains (n = 136; 17% of the total; from 17 tools) resemble those from Lilium sp. bulbs. At least eight lily species are widely distributed in Northeast China today (Ma, 1985a; Yang et al., 1996). When compared with our reference data, Type I", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "starch grains best match to Lilium pumilum DC and Lilium tigri- num; both can be found in the region. Type II starch grains (n = 3; 0.4% of the total; from two tools) resemble those from yams including Dioscorea polystachya. Wild yam is distributed widely in China, growing in forests, scrub for- ests, herb communities, mountain slopes, along rivers, and road- sides. It is also commonly cultivated (Wu and Raven, 2000). It is unclear whether wild yam grew in the Liao River area during the Neolithic period due to the lack of data. Only cultivated yam grows in the region today (Ma, 1985a). Type III starch grains (n = 15; 1.9% of the total; from five tools) are most comparable with the root of snake", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii in the Cucurbitaceae family). This particular root has been known as an edible plant since antiquity (see discussion below). Snake gourd is widely distributed in northern and southern China, growing in open forests, shrub lands, grasslands, and fields beside villages in many regions of China (Wu et al., 2011). It is unclear, however, whether or not snake gourd was native to the Liao River region. It is cultivated in Inner Mongolia today (Ma, 1980). Type IV starch grains (n = 322; 40.3% of the total; from 20 tools and 1 calculus sample) best match to the seed of Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). Job’s tears grow near streams, in marshy valleys, moist fields, and by houses. The cultivated forms are widely distributed in China, but the wild ones grow mainly in tropical and subtropical areas (Wu et al., 2006). It is cultivated in Inner Mongolia today (Ma, 1983). Type V starch grains (n = 157; 19.7% of the total; from 15 tools) best match to millets of the Panicoideae sub-family and may be fur- ther identified as broomcorn millet (V.1) and foxtail millet (V.2), based on the discriminant analysis of a statistical model. Because the success rates for separating the two millets in the model are rather low (below 70%) (Liu et al., 2014), we identify Type V starch as millets without attempting to separate them at the species level. Wild foxtail millet (Setaria viridis) produces starch smaller in size than that of domesticated foxtail millet, although the morphologies of the two species are similar. Flotation samples from Xinglonggou have revealed only th", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.694100+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN044", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Figure 4.  Selected phytolith types and fiber from Xinglonggou.\n1: Panicoideae husk Type 1; 2: Panicoideae husk Type 2; 3: Panicoideae cross type; 4: Asteraceae phytolith; 5: Silicified tracheary cell; 6: Hair cell Type 1; 7: \nHair cell Type 2, Boraginaceae; 8: Hair cell Type 3; 8: Hair cell Type 4.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xinglonggou", "quote": "domestication for broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica ssp. italica). The Neolithic\n Xinglonggou site (ca. 8000–7500 cal. BP) in the Liao River region has revealed the earliest macrobotanical evidence of domesticated millets in Northeast\n China, but controversy remains as to the importance of the millets in human diet. We employed an interdisci", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5f6e6ea9d7073eba5f0f1f13b89a92c7c506c401a13884e8406e373dd613b7aa" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S170_5f6e6ea9d707_S170-F06", "paper_key": "S170_5f6e6ea9d707", "paper_id": "S170", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Figure 6.  Starch recovered from Xinglonggou human calculus (1–4), charred plant samples (5–8), and experimentally charred Job’s tears (9, \n10) (shown are DIC and polarized views of each granule).\n1: Triticeae starch (M23); 2: Job’s tears starch (M24); 3: USO starch (M23); 4: unidentified starch (M11); 5: XLG charred starch grain with extinction cross \nvisible; 6, 7: XLG charred starch grains with damaged surface (deep fissures), florescent but without clear extinction cross; 8: XLG charred fused starch \ngrain with granulate surface; 9: experimentally charred Job’s tears after 30 min of heating, surviving starch grain showing damaged surface and extinction \ncross; 10: experimentally charred Job’s tears starch after 25 min of heating, fused starch grains with granulate surface (scale bar: 10 µm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c2d8071d87cd1b98d31c79f0e5cfe6832f8f6c76b7aef91ad68ab2ab7f4ac7fb", "image_bytes": 2179811, "sites": [ "CN044" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 从兴隆沟人类牙结石提取的淀粉（1–4）、炭化植物样品（5–8）以及实验性薏苡（9， 10）的淀粉粒（展示每个淀粉粒的微分干涉和偏振视图）。1： 小麦族淀粉（M23）；2： 薏苡淀粉（M24）；3： 块根块茎类植物淀粉（M23）；4： 未鉴定淀粉（M11）；5： XLG 炭化淀粉粒，可见十字消光；6， 7: XLG 炭化淀粉粒，表面有损伤（深裂隙），荧光但无明显十字消光；8： XLG 炭化融合淀粉粒，表面呈颗粒状；9： 实验性薏苡加热30分钟后的淀粉粒，表面有损伤并可见十字消光；10： 实验性薏苡淀粉加热25分钟后的融合淀粉粒，表面呈颗粒状（比例尺：10 μm）.", "caption_en": "Figure 6.  Starch recovered from Xinglonggou human calculus (1–4), charred plant samples (5–8), and experimentally charred Job’s tears (9, \n10) (shown are DIC and polarized views of each granule).\n1: wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch (M23); 2: Job’s tears starch (M24); 3: USO starch (M23); 4: unidentified starch (M11); 5: XLG charred starch grain with extinction cross \nvisible; 6, 7: XLG charred starch grains with damaged surface (deep fissures), florescent but without clear extinction cross; 8: XLG charred fused starch \ngrain with granulate surface; 9: experimentally charred Job’s tears after 30 min of heating, surviving starch grain showing damaged surface and extinction \ncross; 10: experimentally charred Job’s tears starch after 25 min of heating, fused starch grains with granulate surface (scale bar: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "兴隆沟遗址淀粉粒形态特征", "title_en": "Starch Grain Morphology from Xinglonggou Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c2d8071d87cd1b98d31c79f0.png", "image_url": "media/S170_5f6e6ea9d707_S170-F06.png?v=c2d8071d87cd", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 10, "quote": "16.7% of the total), Job’s tears (n = 1; 5.6%), and Triticeae grasses (n = 11; 61.1%). The starch granule identified as Job’s tears is rather small and may belong to foxtail millet, as about 20% of the starch grains from these two plants overlap in mor- phology based on the statistical analysis (Liu et al., 2014). Interestingly, the great majority in number and the most recur- rent type belong to Triticeae grasses, most of which are recov- ered from one individual (M23) (Figure 6; Table 1). Calculus from one individual (M11) yielded a single Pooideae short cell phytolith. Triticeae is a grass tribe within the Pooideae;", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 11, "quote": "Two small pieces of charred archaeobotanical remains from Xin- glonggou of unknown botanical origin were examined for starch content. A significant number of starch grains of similar morphol- ogy were visible in both samples, but also exhibit damage due to heating, that is, gelatinization and morphological change. The starch grains can be grouped into three types: (1) two grains that were round or polygonal in shape with a faint extinction cross; (2) mostly polygonal or round grains with damaged surfaces bearing deep fissures and no visible extinction cross although the grains are florescent under the polarized light; (3) grains with a granulate surface, some having fused to large pieces (Figure 6). These grains resemble Job’s tears starch in general morphology, although their sizes are rather small (5.4–18.1 μm), falling into the lower part of the size range of Job’s tears starch from modern reference and Xinglonggou grinding stones (Figure 3). In order to verify the identification of the charred plant remains, we conducted an experimental study of charring Job’s tears seeds.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 11, "quote": "grains tend to be small in size with damaged surface (particularly deep fissures and granulate surface); some grains are fused; and grains are florescent, but extinction crosses are mostly distorted with only a few still clear in shape. The starch grains found in Job’s tears heated at 250°C between 20 and 30 min best match to the ancient charred samples (Figure 6), suggesting that the ancient Job’s tears seeds were probably heated under similar conditions. These results conform to the Xinglonggou charred plant samples and support their identification as charred Job’s tears.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "of the total), characterized by broken edges, rough surface, deep fissures, pronounced lamellae, or a dark area in the center of the extinction cross. These features are consistent with the morphological changes after grinding based on experimental studies (Ge et al., 2010; Henry et al., 2008). The morphology of the starch types is described in SI Text (available online). The significance of the plants identified is presented in the ‘Discussion’ section. Type I starch grains (n = 136; 17% of the total; from 17 tools) resemble those from Lilium sp. bulbs. At least eight lily species are widely distributed in Northeast China today (Ma, 1985a; Yang et al., 1996). When compared with our reference data, Type I", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.745417+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN044", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Figure 6.  Starch recovered from Xinglonggou human calculus (1–4), charred plant samples (5–8), and experimentally charred Job’s tears (9, \n10) (shown are DIC and polarized views of each granule).\n1: Triticeae starch (M23); 2: Job’s tears starch (M24); 3: USO starch (M23); 4: unidentified starch (M11); 5: XLG charred starch grain with extinction cross \nvisible; 6, 7: XLG charred starch grains with damaged surface (deep fissures), florescent but without clear extinction cross; 8: XLG charred fused starch \ngrain with granulate surface; 9: experimentally charred Job’s tears after 30 min of heating, surviving starch grain showing damaged surface and extinction \ncross; 10: experimentally charred Job’s tears starch after 25 min of heating, fused starch grains with granulate surface (scale bar: 10 µm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xinglonggou", "quote": "domestication for broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica ssp. italica). The Neolithic\n Xinglonggou site (ca. 8000–7500 cal. BP) in the Liao River region has revealed the earliest macrobotanical evidence of domesticated millets in Northeast\n China, but controversy remains as to the importance of the millets in human diet. We employed an interdisci", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5f6e6ea9d7073eba5f0f1f13b89a92c7c506c401a13884e8406e373dd613b7aa" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S171_2aa4539bab59_S171-F04", "paper_key": "S171_2aa4539bab59", "paper_id": "S171", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. The comparison of morphology of starch grains from modern plants and surface residues of the artifacts. A. Morphology of starch grains from modern plants a. Setaria italica collected\nfrom Hebei province, mean diameter: 10.3 ± 2.2 μm (n = 100); b. Panicum miliaceum collected from Gansu province, mean diameter: 7.22 ± 1.2 μm (n = 116); c. Triticum aestivum\ncollected from Qinghai province, mean diameter: 18.7 ± 8.8 μm (n = 112); d. Sorghum bicolor collected from Beijing city, mean diameter: 16.7 ± 5.5 μm (n = 160); e. Vigna radiata\ncollected from Gansu province, mean diameter: 17.4 ± 6.3 μm (n = 111); f. Fritillaria cirrhosa collected from Sichuan province, mean diameter: 23.1 ± 11.9 μm (n = 118). Scale bar:\n10 μm. B. Starch grains extracted from surface residues of the artifacts (a, b) Starch grain from millets; (c, d) starch grain with blurred edges; (e) unidentified starch grain. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6319b4a736cafeabca269d8c12d0badcb665e383dc02646e72055110625b84df", "image_bytes": 1635504, "sites": [ "CN036" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 现代植物淀粉粒与器物表面残留物中淀粉粒形态的比较。A. 现代植物淀粉粒的形态 a. 从河北省采集的粟（Setaria italica），平均直径：10.3 ± 2.2 μm（n = 100）；b. 从甘肃省采集的黍（Panicum miliaceum），平均直径：7.22 ± 1.2 μm（n = 116）；c. 从青海省采集的普通小麦（Triticum aestivum），平均直径：18.7 ± 8.8 μm（n = 112）；d. 从北京市采集的高粱属（Sorghum） bicolor，平均直径：16.7 ± 5.5 μm（n = 160）；e. 从甘肃省采集的绿豆（Vigna radiata），平均直径：17.4 ± 6.3 μm（n = 111）；f. 从四川省采集的川贝母（Fritillaria cirrhosa），平均直径：23.1 ± 11.9 μm（n = 118）。比例尺：10 μm。B. 从器物表面残留物中提取的淀粉粒（a， b）粟类淀粉粒；（c， d）边缘模糊的淀粉粒；（e）未鉴定的淀粉粒。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. The comparison of morphology of starch grains from modern plants and surface residues of the artifacts. A. Morphology of starch grains from modern plants a. foxtail millet (Setaria italica) collected\nfrom Hebei province, mean diameter: 10.3 ± 2.2 μm (n = 100); b. broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) collected from Gansu province, mean diameter: 7.22 ± 1.2 μm (n = 116); c. bread wheat (Triticum aestivum)\ncollected from Qinghai province, mean diameter: 18.7 ± 8.8 μm (n = 112); d. Sorghum bicolor collected from Beijing city, mean diameter: 16.7 ± 5.5 μm (n = 160); e. mung bean (Vigna radiata)\ncollected from Gansu province, mean diameter: 17.4 ± 6.3 μm (n = 111); f. fritillary (Fritillaria cirrhosa) collected from Sichuan province, mean diameter: 23.1 ± 11.9 μm (n = 118). Scale bar:\n10 μm. B. Starch grains extracted from surface residues of the artifacts (a, b) Starch grain from millets; (c, d) starch grain with blurred edges; (e) unidentified starch grain. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物与器物残留淀粉粒形态比较", "title_en": "Morphological Comparison of Starch Grains from Modern Plants and Artifact Residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6319b4a736cafeabca269d8c.png", "image_url": "media/S171_2aa4539bab59_S171-F04.png?v=6319b4a736ca", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "morphology of over 200 species of starch grain from the Poaceae, Leguminosae, Fagaceae, and other families collected from different re- gions of China (Yang et al., 2010, 2012, Yang and Perry, 2013) were used as reference. Fig. 4A illustrates the morphology of some of these starch grains.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "and thus could not be identified (Fig. 4B.e). The remaining 21 starch grains were mainly polyhedral in shape with centric hilum, and trans- verse or Y-shaped fissures through the hila (Fig. 4B.a, b). After rotation, the grains still appeared as polyhedrons. The maximum lengths were in the range of 10.1–27.7 μm (the number of grains measured 5–14 μm and more than 14 μm are 16 and 5, respectively) with a mean diameter of 18.1 ± 4.5 μm.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "inner wall and external surface of each sherd should be similar. There- fore, the degree of contamination can be judged by comparing the re- sults of the starch grains extracted from both sides of each sherd. A total of 20 starch grains were extracted from the inner sherd walls, an amount far greater than grains collected from the external surfaces (only 2 starch grains). These differences suggest that starch grains col- lected from the sherd inner surfaces were related to ceramic function. Furthermore, scorching, smoke trails and blurred effects on some grains (Fig. 4B.c, d) may also imply that the four sherds were used for cooking (Crowther, 2012). Starch grain morphology of 38 species covering 28 genera and 13 tribes within 4 subfamilies of Poaceae examined in previous studies were examined for comparative purposes (Liu et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2012). Also we collected common plants such as wheat and barley that grow in the QTP now for comparative purposes (Fig. 4A.a–e). Starch grains from the genera Oryza, Eriochloa, Echinochloa, Panicum, Setaria, Digitaria, Coix, and Eleusine are generally polygon shaped. One-to-one comparisons with modern reference collections led us to identify 21 starch grains as derived from Poaceae taxa. The mean diameter of starch grains from genera Oryza, Eriochloa, Echinochloa, Digitaria and Eleusine are shorter than those of the starch grains recovered from our four pot- tery sherds. Meanwhile, the surface of starch grains from the genera Coix are smoother than those of the starch grains in our sherd sample. In contrast, the morphological fe", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.813070+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN036", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. The comparison of morphology of starch grains from modern plants and surface residues of the artifacts. A. Morphology of starch grains from modern plants a. Setaria italica collected\nfrom Hebei province, mean diameter: 10.3 ± 2.2 μm (n = 100); b. Panicum miliaceum collected from Gansu province, mean diameter: 7.22 ± 1.2 μm (n = 116); c. Triticum aestivum\ncollected from Qinghai province, mean diameter: 18.7 ± 8.8 μm (n = 112); d. Sorghum bicolor collected from Beijing city, mean diameter: 16.7 ± 5.5 μm (n = 160); e. Vigna radiata\ncollected from Gansu province, mean diameter: 17.4 ± 6.3 μm (n = 111); f. Fritillaria cirrhosa collected from Sichuan province, mean diameter: 23.1 ± 11.9 μm (n = 118). Scale bar:\n10 μm. B. Starch grains extracted from surface residues of the artifacts (a, b) Starch grain from millets; (c, d) starch grain with blurred edges; (e) unidentified starch grain. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Jiangxigou", "quote": "l Research in Asia\n\n\n journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ara\n\n\n\nPlant utilization at the Jiangxigou site during the middle Holocene\n\nGuangLiang Hou a,⁎, Zhikun Ma b,⁎, Chongyi E. a, Weng Zhang c, Haicheng Wei d\n\na Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Processes of Qinghai Province, School of Life and Geographic Science, Qinghai Normal Unive", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "2aa4539bab5961388da0d760ebb54734fcc4e5c6940ddaf4feb3d01764dfbb4d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S172_7d63c3a9d510_S172-F03", "paper_key": "S172_7d63c3a9d510", "paper_id": "S172", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3. Images of the microfossils recovered from the dental calculus of the four selected individuals at the Heigouliang cemetery, Xinjiang, China.\n(a) Phytolith; (b) parasite; (c and d) pollen; (e1–e4) a starch grain consistent with some members of the Triticeae; (f1, f2, g1, g2) starch grains most\nlikely from the caryopsis of a member of the Poaceae (a–d, e1, e3, f1 and g1: transmitted light, 500×, scale bars = 20 μm; e2, e4, f2 and g2: cross-\npolarised light, 500×, scale bars = 20 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ef153c920de5835839c73f71ea5c09cfd564e41f9b339886ecb2c9833288271c", "image_bytes": 1867623, "sites": [ "CN168" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 从新疆黑沟梁墓地四个个体的牙结石中提取的微体化石图像。\n（a） 植硅体；（b） 寄生虫；（c 和 d） 花粉；（e1–e4） 与小麦族部分成员相符的淀粉粒；（f1， f2， g1， g2） 最可能来自禾本科植物颖果的淀粉粒（a–d， e1， e3， f1 和 g1：透射光，500×，尺度条 = 20 μm；e2， e4， f2 和 g2：交叉偏振光，500×，尺度条 = 20 μm）。\n", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Images of the microfossils recovered from the dental calculus of the four selected individuals at the Heigouliang cemetery, Xinjiang, China.\n(a) Phytolith; (b) parasite; (c and d) pollen; (e1–e4) a starch grain consistent with some members of the wheat tribe (Triticeae); (f1, f2, g1, g2) starch grains most\nlikely from the caryopsis of a member of the grass family (Poaceae) (a–d, e1, e3, f1 and g1: transmitted light, 500×, scale bars = 20 μm; e2, e4, f2 and g2: cross-\npolarised light, 500×, scale bars = 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "黑沟梁墓地牙结石中微化石图像", "title_en": "Microfossils from dental calculus at Heigouliang cemetery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ef153c920de5835839c73f71.png", "image_url": "media/S172_7d63c3a9d510_S172-F03.png?v=ef153c920de5", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Because of a lack of fauna results and to supply comple- mentary information concerning plant consumption, teeth from four individuals (M5:E, M6:B, M6:C and M11:D) were analysed for microfossils in dental calcu- lus. A total of four different kinds of microfossils were recovered from the dental calculus of the tooth samples belonging to M11:D and M11:E, including phytoliths (Figure 3a), parasite (Figure 3b), pollen (Figure 3c and d) and starch grains (Figure 3e–g). Here, we mainly focus on the identification of the starch grains because they play a significant role in revealing the types of plants consumed. A total of 14 starch grains were extracted from the four teeth. Six of these were readily identified to two different plant taxa according to diagnostic morphological features (Yang et al., 2005; Ge, 2010; Yang & Jiang, 2010; Wan et al., 2012; Ma et al., 2014). The first type of starch grains was characterised as having a flat and circular form with centric and closed hila on their stationary surface. The length of the major axis is between 10.4 and 38.9μm, while the length of the minor axis is between 8.8 and 36.4μm. Some of these starch grains have visible lamellae and craters, but no obvious fissures were present in the front view (Figure 3e1 and e2). However, these starch grains were observed to have an oval shape with a longitude fissure from the side view after compression and rotation (Figure 3e3 and e4). When these starch grains were", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "compared with the modern reference collections (Figure 4a1–a4), they were consistent with Triticeae, including wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and/or highland barley (H.vulgare L var. nudum), and so on (Ge, 2010; Li et al., 2010; Yang and Jiang, 2010; Ma et al., 2014). The second class of starch grains had a polygonal shape, with centric and open hila, radial fissures and no lamellae (Figure 3f1, f2, g1 and g2). The length of the major axis was between 13.3 and 18.5μm, and the length of the minor axis was between 12.1 and 16.4μm. In general, starch grains with polygonal shapes are usually characteristic of seeds from the grass family, Poaceae. Comparison with modern millet references (Figure 4b1, b2, c1 and c2) found these starch grains were consistent with foxtail (Setaria italica) and common millet (Panicum miliaceum) (Yang et al., 2005; Wan et al., 2012). These findings are in agreement with the archaeologi- cal excavations at Heigouliang as well as other sites such as Kuisu and Ranjiaqu around the Barkol Basin that found carbonised grains of wheat and barley as well as grain- grinding tools (Wang, 1983; Zhang, 1997). According to 14C dating results, these sites have an age of 2800 BP,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.884198+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN168", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Figure 3. Images of the microfossils recovered from the dental calculus of the four selected individuals at the Heigouliang cemetery, Xinjiang, China.\n(a) Phytolith; (b) parasite; (c and d) pollen; (e1–e4) a starch grain consistent with some members of the Triticeae; (f1, f2, g1, g2) starch grains most\nlikely from the caryopsis of a member of the Poaceae (a–d, e1, e3, f1 and g1: transmitted light, 500×, scale bars = 20 μm; e2, e4, f2 and g2: cross-\npolarised light, 500×, scale bars = 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "heigouliang", "quote": "Isotope Ratios of Collagen and Starch\n Grain Analysis of Dental Calculus at the\n Iron Age Cemetery Site of Heigouliang,\n Xinjiang, China\n\n T. T. WANG,a,b* B. T. FULLER,b D. WEI,c X. E. CHANGd AND Y. W. HUa,b*\n a Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7d63c3a9d510a7c32f35bebb64dea91316b8e3532ae3a22e9a04858aaa30c548" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S172_7d63c3a9d510_S172-F04", "paper_key": "S172_7d63c3a9d510", "paper_id": "S172", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4. Images of starch grains from modern references of Triticeae and Poaceae. (a1–a4) Starch grain from the Triticum aestivum; (b1, b2, c1 and\nc2) starch grains from Setaria italic; (a1, a3, b1 and c1: transmitted light, 500×, scale bars = 20 μm; a2, a4, b2 and c2: cross-polarised light, 500×, scale\nbars = 20 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5d278a5a4790140c7ff143bde4ad52dcb24b3ced8285ad346d2ec3a707e2f738", "image_bytes": 1744537, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 来自现代小麦族和禾本科样本的淀粉粒图像。 （a1–a4） 普通小麦 （Triticum aestivum） 的淀粉粒； （b1， b2， c1 和 c2） 粟（Setaria italica） 的淀粉粒； （a1， a3， b1 和 c1：透射光，500×，尺度条 = 20 μm；a2， a4， b2 和 c2：交叉偏振光，500×，尺度条 = 20 μm）。", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Images of starch grains from modern references of wheat tribe (Triticeae) and grass family (Poaceae). (a1–a4) Starch grain from the bread wheat (Triticum aestivum); (b1, b2, c1 and\nc2) starch grains from foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (a1, a3, b1 and c1: transmitted light, 500×, scale bars = 20 μm; a2, a4, b2 and c2: cross-polarised light, 500×, scale\nbars = 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "小麦族和禾本科现代样本的淀粉粒图像", "title_en": "Starch Grains from Modern References of Triticeae and Poaceae", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5d278a5a4790140c7ff143bd.png", "image_url": "media/S172_7d63c3a9d510_S172-F04.png?v=5d278a5a4790", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "compared with the modern reference collections (Figure 4a1–a4), they were consistent with Triticeae, including wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and/or highland barley (H.vulgare L var. nudum), and so on (Ge, 2010; Li et al., 2010; Yang and Jiang, 2010; Ma et al., 2014). The second class of starch grains had a polygonal shape, with centric and open hila, radial fissures and no lamellae (Figure 3f1, f2, g1 and g2). The length of the major axis was between 13.3 and 18.5μm, and the length of the minor axis was between 12.1 and 16.4μm. In general, starch grains with polygonal shapes are usually characteristic of seeds from the grass family, Poaceae. Comparison with modern millet references (Figure 4b1, b2, c1 and c2) found these starch grains were consistent with foxtail (Setaria italica) and common millet (Panicum miliaceum) (Yang et al., 2005; Wan et al., 2012). These findings are in agreement with the archaeologi- cal excavations at Heigouliang as well as other sites such as Kuisu and Ranjiaqu around the Barkol Basin that found carbonised grains of wheat and barley as well as grain- grinding tools (Wang, 1983; Zhang, 1997). According to 14C dating results, these sites have an age of 2800 BP,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:37.929706+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S173_d088b8034966_S173-F03", "paper_key": "S173_d088b8034966", "paper_id": "S173", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch types from Baiyinchanghan. 1, 2: Type I, lily (showing damaged edge); 3, 4: Type II, snake gourd root; 5: Type III, yam; 6: Type IV, Job's tears; 7, 8: Type V and VI, millets; 9:\nType VII, Triticeae (damaged edge); 10: Type VIII, rice; 12: Type IX, bean; Type X, acorn.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2619caab74f34a541986762414ba90d37130a00d2e4be0e7d1052f9f6453e3c8", "image_bytes": 1811450, "sites": [ "CN046" ], "caption_zh": "图3.白音长汗遗址提取的淀粉类型。1， 2：类型I，百合（显示边缘破损）；3， 4：类型II，葫芦根；5：类型III，山药；6：类型IV，薏苡；7， 8：类型V和VI，粟和黍；9：类型VII，小麦族（边缘破损）；10：类型VIII，水稻；12：类型IX，豆类；类型X，坚果。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch types from Baiyinchanghan. 1, 2: Type I, lily (showing damaged edge); 3, 4: Type II, snake gourd root; 5: Type III, yam; 6: Type IV, Job's tears; 7, 8: Type V and VI, millets; 9:\nType VII, wheat tribe (Triticeae) (damaged edge); 10: Type VIII, rice; 12: Type IX, bean; Type X, acorn.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "白音长汗遗址淀粉类型", "title_en": "Starch types from Baiyinchanghan", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2619caab74f34a5419867624.png", "image_url": "media/S173_d088b8034966_S173-F03.png?v=2619caab74f3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "A total of 797 starch granules were recovered from the 28 tools examined. The starch grains are classified into ten types based on morphology and size (Figs. 3 and 4; Table 3). Many of these types are identifiable to plant taxa when compared with our reference material (Fig. 5). The morphological characteristics of starch types are described in Table 4. Most of the starch grains show signs of damage (n = 453; 56.8% of the total), characterized by broken edges, rough surfaces, deep fissures, pronounced lamellae, or a dark area in the center of the extinction cross. Such a high percentage of damaged grains in the assemblage is not natural in native starch, but more likely caused by grinding, a scenario consistent with the function of grinding stones (Babot, 2003). Type I starch grains (n = 86; 10.8% of the total; from 16 tools of all phases with 57.1% ubiquity) are consistent with starches from lily (Lilium spp.) bulbs. In comparison to our reference material, Type I starch grains best match to Lilium pumilum DC and Lilium tigrinum. Both species can be found in Inner Mongolia today (Ma, 1985a; Yang et al., 1996). Type II starch grains (n = 14; 1.8% of the total; from seven tools of the XLW and HSH phases with 25% ubiquity) are most comparable with the root of snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii in the Cucurbitaceae", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "family). It is unclear if snake gourd is native to the Liao River region, however it is cultivated in Inner Mongolia today (Ma, 1980). Type III starch grains (n = 7; 0.9% of the total, from three tools of the XLW and ZBG phases with 10.7% ubiquity) are comparable to starches from yam, including Dioscorea polystachya. It is also unclear if wild yam grew in the Liao River area during the Neolithic period. Only cultivated yam grows in the region today (Ma, 1985a). Type IV starch grains (n = 154; 19.3% of the total; from 17 tools of all phases with 60.7% ubiquity) are identified as Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). Starch grains from Job's tears and foxtail millet share some common characteristics and are difficult to separate. Our identifica- tion is based on a statistical model which achieved a success rate of 80% in a blind test (Liu et al., 2014). The cultivated forms of Job's tears are widely distributed in China, including Inner Mongolia (Ma, 1983), but wild variants are native to tropical and subtropical areas of southern China (Wu et al., 2006). We have hypothesized previously that Job's tears was introduced to the Liao River region as a cultivated plant (Liu et al., 2015a).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "Type VIII starch grains (n = 88; 11% of the total; from one tool of the HSH phase with 3.6% ubiquity) appeared in three clusters composed of numerous very small compound granules, consistent with rice (Oryza sp.) starch. Rice was not an indigenous plant in the temperate climate of Northeast China, therefore the rice starch at Baiyinchanghan certainly represents a domesticated rice variety that originated in the south. Type IX starch grains (n = 2; 0.3% of the total; from one tool of the HSH phase with 3.6% ubiquity) resemble beans, such as Vicia spp. and Vigna spp. Inner Mongolia has ten wild species of Vicia, including Vicia sativa L, or yewandou in Chinese (Ma, 1977). Yewandou was recorded as a famine food in an ancient text of the 15th century (Zhu, 1406). Type X starch grains (n = 8; 1% of the total; from four tools of all phases with 14.3% ubiquity) are similar to several oak species (Quercus spp.) in our reference data, such as Quercus viriabilis which is widely distributed in China (Wu and Raven, 1999). Inner Mongolia today has two species of Quercus, Q. liaotungensis and Q. mongolica (Ma, 1985b).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:09.185872+00:00", "revision": 5 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN046", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch types from Baiyinchanghan. 1, 2: Type I, lily (showing damaged edge); 3, 4: Type II, snake gourd root; 5: Type III, yam; 6: Type IV, Job's tears; 7, 8: Type V and VI, millets; 9:\nType VII, Triticeae (damaged edge); 10: Type VIII, rice; 12: Type IX, bean; Type X, acorn.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Baiyinchanghan", "quote": ", this study investigates the functions\nPhytoliths of grinding stones recovered at the Baiyinchanghan site in the Liao River region, dating to three successive Neolithic\nUsewear cultures (Xinglongwa, Zhaobaogou, and Hongshan) from ca. 5800–3000 BCE. The results suggest that the people\nMillets", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d088b8034966b31d0a8b8ee2b6c9381ca3c8ee6ece0459799d3a38a5e06ba376" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S173_d088b8034966_S173-F05", "paper_key": "S173_d088b8034966", "paper_id": "S173", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Modern starch references. 1: Lily (Lilium tigrinum); 2: yam (Dioscorea polystachya); 3: snake gourd root (Trichosanthes kirilowii); 4: Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); 5: broomcorn\nmillet (Panicum miliaceum); 6: foxtail millet (Setaria italica); 7: wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum); 8: aron (Quercus liaotungensis); 9: bean (Vicia sp.); 10: rice (Oryza sp.).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "970435802bc1f8346737b1ec439d3545955bdc21d8a3aa0375b28d505630db87", "image_bytes": 2105236, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5. 现代淀粉参考样品。1： 百合（Lilium tigrinum）；2： 山药（Dioscorea polystachya）；3： 栝楼根（Trichosanthes kirilowii）；4： 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；5： 黍（Panicum miliaceum）；6： 粟（Setaria italica）；7： 冰草（Agropyron cristatum）；8： 栎属（Quercus liaotungensis）；9： 豆类（Vicia sp.）；10： 水稻（Oryza sp.）", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Modern starch references. 1: Lily (tiger lily, Lilium tigrinum); 2: yam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea polystachya); 3: snake gourd root (Chinese snake gourd, Trichosanthes kirilowii); 4: Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); 5: broomcorn\nmillet (broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum); 6: foxtail millet (Setaria italica); 7: wheatgrass (crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum); 8: aron (Liaodong oak, Quercus liaotungensis); 9: bean (vetches, Vicia sp.); 10: rice (Oryza sp.).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉参考样本", "title_en": "Modern starch references", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/970435802bc1f8346737b1ec.png", "image_url": "media/S173_d088b8034966_S173-F05.png?v=970435802bc1", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "A total of 797 starch granules were recovered from the 28 tools examined. The starch grains are classified into ten types based on morphology and size (Figs. 3 and 4; Table 3). Many of these types are identifiable to plant taxa when compared with our reference material (Fig. 5). The morphological characteristics of starch types are described in Table 4. Most of the starch grains show signs of damage (n = 453; 56.8% of the total), characterized by broken edges, rough surfaces, deep fissures, pronounced lamellae, or a dark area in the center of the extinction cross. Such a high percentage of damaged grains in the assemblage is not natural in native starch, but more likely caused by grinding, a scenario consistent with the function of grinding stones (Babot, 2003). Type I starch grains (n = 86; 10.8% of the total; from 16 tools of all phases with 57.1% ubiquity) are consistent with starches from lily (Lilium spp.) bulbs. In comparison to our reference material, Type I starch grains best match to Lilium pumilum DC and Lilium tigrinum. Both species can be found in Inner Mongolia today (Ma, 1985a; Yang et al., 1996). Type II starch grains (n = 14; 1.8% of the total; from seven tools of the XLW and HSH phases with 25% ubiquity) are most comparable with the root of snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii in the Cucurbitaceae", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "family). It is unclear if snake gourd is native to the Liao River region, however it is cultivated in Inner Mongolia today (Ma, 1980). Type III starch grains (n = 7; 0.9% of the total, from three tools of the XLW and ZBG phases with 10.7% ubiquity) are comparable to starches from yam, including Dioscorea polystachya. It is also unclear if wild yam grew in the Liao River area during the Neolithic period. Only cultivated yam grows in the region today (Ma, 1985a). Type IV starch grains (n = 154; 19.3% of the total; from 17 tools of all phases with 60.7% ubiquity) are identified as Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). Starch grains from Job's tears and foxtail millet share some common characteristics and are difficult to separate. Our identifica- tion is based on a statistical model which achieved a success rate of 80% in a blind test (Liu et al., 2014). The cultivated forms of Job's tears are widely distributed in China, including Inner Mongolia (Ma, 1983), but wild variants are native to tropical and subtropical areas of southern China (Wu et al., 2006). We have hypothesized previously that Job's tears was introduced to the Liao River region as a cultivated plant (Liu et al., 2015a).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "Type VIII starch grains (n = 88; 11% of the total; from one tool of the HSH phase with 3.6% ubiquity) appeared in three clusters composed of numerous very small compound granules, consistent with rice (Oryza sp.) starch. Rice was not an indigenous plant in the temperate climate of Northeast China, therefore the rice starch at Baiyinchanghan certainly represents a domesticated rice variety that originated in the south. Type IX starch grains (n = 2; 0.3% of the total; from one tool of the HSH phase with 3.6% ubiquity) resemble beans, such as Vicia spp. and Vigna spp. Inner Mongolia has ten wild species of Vicia, including Vicia sativa L, or yewandou in Chinese (Ma, 1977). Yewandou was recorded as a famine food in an ancient text of the 15th century (Zhu, 1406). Type X starch grains (n = 8; 1% of the total; from four tools of all phases with 14.3% ubiquity) are similar to several oak species (Quercus spp.) in our reference data, such as Quercus viriabilis which is widely distributed in China (Wu and Raven, 1999). Inner Mongolia today has two species of Quercus, Q. liaotungensis and Q. mongolica (Ma, 1985b).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:38.038542+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S173_d088b8034966_S173-F06", "paper_key": "S173_d088b8034966", "paper_id": "S173", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Baiyinchanghan phytoliths and other micro-remains. 1: Panicoidea-type bilobate (R17); 2: large Variant-1 cross, Job's tears (R2); 3: husk phytolith with Ω-undulated long cell walls,\ncf. foxtail millet (R2); 4: husk phytolith, cf. Triticeae (R17); 5: unicellular hair (R16): 6: raphide (R11); 7: fiber bundle (GS11); 8: darkened perforated sheet, Asteraceae (R2).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "334de2471e60a1ca050020ea5632448a7526cb065871f7ac658e55960875ac50", "image_bytes": 1156682, "sites": [ "CN046" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 白音长汗遗址提取的植硅体及其他微体遗存。1： 黍亚科哑铃型（R17）；2： 大型变体1十字型，薏苡（R2）；3： 稃壳植硅体，具Ω形波状长细胞壁，cf. 粟（R2）；4： 稃壳植硅体，cf. 小麦族（R17）；5： 未知尖型（R16）；6： 纤维状结构（R11）；7： 纤维束（GS11）；8： 黑色孔状薄片，菊科（R2）", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Baiyinchanghan phytoliths and other micro-remains. 1: Panicoidea-type bilobate (R17); 2: large Variant-1 cross, Job's tears (R2); 3: husk phytolith with Ω-undulated long cell walls,\ncf. foxtail millet (R2); 4: husk phytolith, cf. wheat tribe (Triticeae) (R17); 5: unicellular hair (R16): 6: raphide (R11); 7: fiber bundle (GS11); 8: darkened perforated sheet, Asteraceae (R2).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "白音长汗遗址植硅体及其他微遗存", "title_en": "Baiyinchanghan phytoliths and other micro-remains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/334de2471e60a1ca050020ea.png", "image_url": "media/S173_d088b8034966_S173-F06.png?v=334de2471e60", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 12, "quote": "In order to study the tool functions, usewear patterns and residues recovered on the four tool types are described below. Table 6 provides the detailed usewear traces observed on each tool. Slabs (n = 4) are present in all phases and each is heavily worn. All slabs exhibit polish of various levels, ranging from low to high. Striations are present on two tools (GS1 and GS10); some are fine and short, similar to grinding plants, including fiber-rich tubers, while others are long furrows, likely caused by processing hard materials, such as stone (Fig. 7: 1, 2). A small number of starch grains were recovered, including snake gourd root and other USOs, millet, and acorn. Long plant fiber bundles are found on GS11 (Fig. 6), suggesting that slabs were also used for processing non-starchy plants, probably for fiber use. No phytoliths were observed in slab residues. In general, these slabs were used for processing different objects, including various plants and non-plant materials. No evidence suggests that the function of this tool type changed from XLW to HSH period. Mortar-slabs (n = 3) are found only in the XLW phase. The surface depressions exhibit macro-pecking marks, micro-pitting, polish on high plateaus, and striations of different forms. The flat surfaces of the tools were also used, indicated by different levels of polish and stria- tions. The crystals often show rounded edges (Fig. 7: 3, 4). All these characteristics are consistent with processing soft materials including plants in our reference data. The depression and flat surface are likely to have been used as mortar", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "A total of 797 starch granules were recovered from the 28 tools examined. The starch grains are classified into ten types based on morphology and size (Figs. 3 and 4; Table 3). Many of these types are identifiable to plant taxa when compared with our reference material (Fig. 5). The morphological characteristics of starch types are described in Table 4. Most of the starch grains show signs of damage (n = 453; 56.8% of the total), characterized by broken edges, rough surfaces, deep fissures, pronounced lamellae, or a dark area in the center of the extinction cross. Such a high percentage of damaged grains in the assemblage is not natural in native starch, but more likely caused by grinding, a scenario consistent with the function of grinding stones (Babot, 2003). Type I starch grains (n = 86; 10.8% of the total; from 16 tools of all phases with 57.1% ubiquity) are consistent with starches from lily (Lilium spp.) bulbs. In comparison to our reference material, Type I starch grains best match to Lilium pumilum DC and Lilium tigrinum. Both species can be found in Inner Mongolia today (Ma, 1985a; Yang et al., 1996). Type II starch grains (n = 14; 1.8% of the total; from seven tools of the XLW and HSH phases with 25% ubiquity) are most comparable with the root of snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii in the Cucurbitaceae", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "family). It is unclear if snake gourd is native to the Liao River region, however it is cultivated in Inner Mongolia today (Ma, 1980). Type III starch grains (n = 7; 0.9% of the total, from three tools of the XLW and ZBG phases with 10.7% ubiquity) are comparable to starches from yam, including Dioscorea polystachya. It is also unclear if wild yam grew in the Liao River area during the Neolithic period. Only cultivated yam grows in the region today (Ma, 1985a). Type IV starch grains (n = 154; 19.3% of the total; from 17 tools of all phases with 60.7% ubiquity) are identified as Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). Starch grains from Job's tears and foxtail millet share some common characteristics and are difficult to separate. Our identifica- tion is based on a statistical model which achieved a success rate of 80% in a blind test (Liu et al., 2014). The cultivated forms of Job's tears are widely distributed in China, including Inner Mongolia (Ma, 1983), but wild variants are native to tropical and subtropical areas of southern China (Wu et al., 2006). We have hypothesized previously that Job's tears was introduced to the Liao River region as a cultivated plant (Liu et al., 2015a).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "Type VIII starch grains (n = 88; 11% of the total; from one tool of the HSH phase with 3.6% ubiquity) appeared in three clusters composed of numerous very small compound granules, consistent with rice (Oryza sp.) starch. Rice was not an indigenous plant in the temperate climate of Northeast China, therefore the rice starch at Baiyinchanghan certainly represents a domesticated rice variety that originated in the south. Type IX starch grains (n = 2; 0.3% of the total; from one tool of the HSH phase with 3.6% ubiquity) resemble beans, such as Vicia spp. and Vigna spp. Inner Mongolia has ten wild species of Vicia, including Vicia sativa L, or yewandou in Chinese (Ma, 1977). Yewandou was recorded as a famine food in an ancient text of the 15th century (Zhu, 1406). Type X starch grains (n = 8; 1% of the total; from four tools of all phases with 14.3% ubiquity) are similar to several oak species (Quercus spp.) in our reference data, such as Quercus viriabilis which is widely distributed in China (Wu and Raven, 1999). Inner Mongolia today has two species of Quercus, Q. liaotungensis and Q. mongolica (Ma, 1985b).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:11.999118+00:00", "revision": 5 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN046", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Baiyinchanghan phytoliths and other micro-remains. 1: Panicoidea-type bilobate (R17); 2: large Variant-1 cross, Job's tears (R2); 3: husk phytolith with Ω-undulated long cell walls,\ncf. foxtail millet (R2); 4: husk phytolith, cf. Triticeae (R17); 5: unicellular hair (R16): 6: raphide (R11); 7: fiber bundle (GS11); 8: darkened perforated sheet, Asteraceae (R2).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Baiyinchanghan", "quote": ", this study investigates the functions\nPhytoliths of grinding stones recovered at the Baiyinchanghan site in the Liao River region, dating to three successive Neolithic\nUsewear cultures (Xinglongwa, Zhaobaogou, and Hongshan) from ca. 5800–3000 BCE. The results suggest that the people\nMillets", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d088b8034966b31d0a8b8ee2b6c9381ca3c8ee6ece0459799d3a38a5e06ba376" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S174_21c413880878_S174-F02", "paper_key": "S174_21c413880878", "paper_id": "S174", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig 2. Common plant remains excavated from Chinese archaeological sites, including plant macro-remains of (a) Panicum miliaceum L.; (b)\nSetaria italica Beauv.; (c) Oryza sativa L.; (d) Celtis koraiensis Nakai.; (e) Broussonetia papyrifera L. (f) Quercus sp.; (g) Amygdalus persica L.; (h)\nZiziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa Hu; (i) Melilotus sp.; (j) Fabaceae; (k) Chenopodium sp.; (l) Vitis sp., starch granules (m) millets; (n) roots and\ntubers; (o) Triticeae; (p) food legumes; (q) acorns and phytoliths (r) η type from husks of common millet; (s) Ω type from husks of foxtail millet; (t)\nparallel-bilobe from rice leaf/stem; (u) double-peaked from rice husk; (v) and bulliform from rice leaves. These photos of plant remains have not been\npreviously published.\ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148136.g002", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "恢复完整原图，使当前双语图注描述的所有分图均可见。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "32de9ab978f15f6c64bfbfab8011c9ea87f7adf7f6fea9da365cdf076e06a2f0", "image_bytes": 20768951, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 中国考古遗址出土的常见植物遗存。植物大遗存：（a）黍（Panicum miliaceum）；（b）粟（Setaria italica）；（c）水稻（Oryza sativa）；（d）朴属植物（Celtis koraiensis）；（e）构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）；（f）栎属（Quercus sp.）；（g）桃（Amygdalus persica）；（h）酸枣（Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa）；（i）草木樨属（Melilotus sp.）；（j）豆科（Fabaceae）；（k）藜属（Chenopodium sp.）；（l）葡萄属（Vitis sp.）。淀粉粒：（m）粟黍类；（n）块根块茎类；（o）小麦族；（p）食用豆类；（q）橡子。植硅体：（r）黍颖壳的η型；（s）粟颖壳的Ω型；（t）水稻叶／茎中平行排列的哑铃型；（u）水稻颖壳的双峰型；（v）水稻叶片的扇形细胞。原文说明这些照片此前未发表。", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Common plant remains excavated from Chinese archaeological sites. Macroremains: (a) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); (b) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (c) rice (Oryza sativa); (d) hackberry (Celtis koraiensis); (e) paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera); (f) oak (Quercus sp.); (g) peach (Amygdalus persica); (h) wild jujube (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa); (i) sweet clover (Melilotus sp.); (j) legumes (Fabaceae); (k) goosefoot (Chenopodium sp.); (l) grape (Vitis sp.). Starch grains: (m) millets; (n) roots and tubers; (o) Triticeae; (p) food legumes; (q) acorns. Phytoliths: (r) η-type from broomcorn millet husks; (s) Ω-type from foxtail millet husks; (t) parallel bilobates from rice leaves/stems; (u) double-peaked forms from rice husks; (v) bulliform cells from rice leaves. The source states that these photographs were previously unpublished.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "中国考古遗址常见植物遗存", "title_en": "Common plant remains from Chinese archaeological sites", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/32de9ab978f15f6c64bfbfab.png", "image_url": "media/S174_21c413880878_S174-F02.png?v=32de9ab978f1", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S174_21c413880878", "page": 4, "bbox_points": [ 33, 75, 572, 572 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "21c413880878d3d48f2f7bf7d155f2ab1486fc1bc149efe77759cd429d28fe6a" }, "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:38.137685+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "跨遗址数据综合" } }, { "id": "S175_7190e94da3e6_S175-F03", "paper_key": "S175_7190e94da3e6", "paper_id": "S175", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3.\nStarch and phytolith types from Mijiaya vessels (the starch types showing DIC and polarized views): (A) Broomcorn millet (P. miliaceum). (B) Triticeae. (C) Job’s\ntears (C. lacryma-jobi). (D) Snake gourd root (T. kirilowii). (E) Yam (Dioscorea sp.). (F) Lily (Lilium sp.). (G) Bilobate. (H) Cross. (I) Rondel. (J) η-shaped phytoliths, consistent\nwith broomcorn millet. (K) Dendritic epidermal phytoliths, consistent with barley (H. vulgare). (Scale bars: 10 μm in A, H, and I; 20 μm In B–G; 50 μm in J and K.)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5242b6648dd8455e9a850a478a9075b4b76528f079e6fd6d05c1547d3ea00292", "image_bytes": 1100442, "sites": [ "CN128" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 米家崖遗址陶器中提取的淀粉粒和植硅体类型（显示DIC和偏振视图的淀粉类型）：（A） 黍（Panicum miliaceum）。（B） 小麦族（Triticeae）。（C） 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）。（D） 栝楼根（Trichosanthes kirilowii）。（E） 山药（Dioscorea sp.）。（F） 百合（Lilium sp.）。（G） 哑铃型。（H） 十字型。（I） 帽型。（J） 黍稃壳η形植硅体，与黍一致。（K） 稃壳植硅体，与大麦（Hordeum vulgare）一致。（比例尺：A、H和I为10 μm；B–G为20 μm；J和K为50 μm。）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3.\nStarch and phytolith types from Mijiaya vessels (the starch types showing DIC and polarized views): (A) Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum). (B) wheat tribe (Triticeae). (C) Job’s\ntears (Job’s tears, Coix lacryma-jobi). (D) Snake gourd root (Chinese snake gourd, Trichosanthes kirilowii). (E) Yam (yams, Dioscorea sp.). (F) Lily (lilies, Lilium sp.). (G) Bilobate. (H) Cross. (I) Rondel. (J) η-shaped phytoliths, consistent\nwith broomcorn millet. (K) Dendritic epidermal phytoliths, consistent with barley (Hordeum vulgare). (Scale bars: 10 μm in A, H, and I; 20 μm In B–G; 50 μm in J and K.)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "米家崖陶器淀粉与植硅体类型", "title_en": "Starch and phytolith types from Mijiaya vessels", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5242b6648dd8455e9a850a47.png", "image_url": "media/S175_7190e94da3e6_S175-F03.png?v=5242b6648dd8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "Results A total of 541 starch grains were recovered from the funnels and pottery sherds (Table 1). Of these grains, 488 starch grains (90.2% of the total) were identifiable to various taxonomic levels com- pared with our reference data. The starch assemblage mainly consists of millet, Triticeae, and Job’s tears, with a smaller contri- bution from tubers that include snake gourd root (Trichosanthes kirilowii), yam (Dioscorea sp.), and lily (Lilium sp.) (Fig. 3 A–F). A high percentage of starch grains (n = 166, 30.7%) exhibit signs of damage, and among them two types of damage closely resemble that produced by beer brewing. First, some grains show pits and channels on their surface, ranging from being slightly pitted to completely hollow (Fig. 4A). Second, a large number of starch grains are swollen, folded, and distorted (Fig. 4B); some still retain their individual boundaries, but many merge into one another. These two damage patterns precisely match the morphological changes developed during malting and mashing, as we observed in our brewing experiments and that reported in published literature (Fig. 4 C and D, Fig. S3, and SI Materials and Methods) (19–22). During malting, enzymes in sprouting cereals break down starch to dextrins and simple sugars, creating typical surface pits and interior channels in the grains (19). Furthermore, mashing involves heating of the malt in water for a period, which causes gelatinization, swelling, folding, and distortion of starch grains (19). Thus, the damaged state of the starch grains in our archeological sample provides strong evidence", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 2, "quote": "Phytolith data indicate the presence of cereal husks (Table 2). Phytoliths identified to the Panicoideae grass subfamily pre- dominate the assemblage. Seven vessels revealed η-shaped long cells that are consistent with phytoliths formed in epidermal husk tissues of broomcorn millet (Fig. 3J) (15). Cross-shaped phytoliths showing a considerable variation in form and size, comparable with the crosses produced by Job’s tears in our modern references, were observed (Fig. 3H). Phytolith forms produced in Pooideae were also identified. In particular, articulated dendritic phytoliths con- sistent in pattern and shape with those produced in the husks of Triticeae species were observed (Fig. 3K). Our morphometric analysis of the articulated dendritics indicates their most probable origin to be from the inflorescence bracts of barley (Hordeum vul- gare). Although some of the mean measurements of the archaeo- logical samples fall within the ranges of other taxa, all of the means", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:38.198858+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN128", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "Fig. 3.\nStarch and phytolith types from Mijiaya vessels (the starch types showing DIC and polarized views): (A) Broomcorn millet (P. miliaceum). (B) Triticeae. (C) Job’s\ntears (C. lacryma-jobi). (D) Snake gourd root (T. kirilowii). (E) Yam (Dioscorea sp.). (F) Lily (Lilium sp.). (G) Bilobate. (H) Cross. (I) Rondel. (J) η-shaped phytoliths, consistent\nwith broomcorn millet. (K) Dendritic epidermal phytoliths, consistent with barley (H. vulgare). (Scale bars: 10 μm in A, H, and I; 20 μm In B–G; 50 μm in J and K.)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "mijiaya", "quote": "stitution, Fairfax, VA, and approved April 26, 2016 (received for review January 27, 2016)\n\n The pottery vessels from the Mijiaya site reveal, to our knowledge, complete funnels and pottery sherds from five jiandiping ampho-\n the first direct evidence of in situ beer making in China, based on rae and two wide-mouth pots.\n the analyses of starch, phytolith, and chem", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7190e94da3e6fb40295955fcbadd040b67ad0d25c28782f3ebf6b5599a643996" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S175_7190e94da3e6_S175-F04", "paper_key": "S175_7190e94da3e6", "paper_id": "S175", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4.\nDamaged starch grains from Mijiaya vessels and brewing experiments.\n(A) Mijiaya starch grains showing pitting and channeling. (B) A Mijiaya starch\ngrain showing swollen, folded, and distorted characteristics. (C) Fermented\nbroomcorn millet (P. miliaceum) starch grains from the brewing experiment\nusing broomcorn millet and barley (H. vulgare). (D) A fermented gelatinized\nstarch grain from the brewing experiment using broomcorn millet and barley.\n(Scale bars: 10 μm in A and C; 20 μm in B and D.)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b8ffdbc961e6e1f5cfcc065f210ef1984c98ccb30111ffad2a850e6a0fbd01fa", "image_bytes": 574741, "sites": [ "CN128" ], "caption_zh": "图4.米家崖遗址陶器及酿造模拟实验中发现的受损淀粉粒。（A） 米家崖淀粉粒显示坑穴和通道特征。（B） 米家崖的淀粉粒表现出肿胀、折叠和变形特征。（C） 使用黍和大麦（Hordeum vulgare）进行酿造实验所得的发酵淀粉粒。（D） 使用黍和大麦进行酿造实验所得的发酵糊化淀粉粒。（比例尺：A和C为10 μm；B和D为20 μm。）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4.\nDamaged starch grains from Mijiaya vessels and brewing experiments.\n(A) Mijiaya starch grains showing pitting and channeling. (B) A Mijiaya starch\ngrain showing swollen, folded, and distorted characteristics. (C) Fermented\nbroomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) starch grains from the brewing experiment\nusing broomcorn millet and barley (Hordeum vulgare). (D) A fermented gelatinized\nstarch grain from the brewing experiment using broomcorn millet and barley.\n(Scale bars: 10 μm in A and C; 20 μm in B and D.)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "米家崖陶器及酿造实验中的受损淀粉粒", "title_en": "Damaged Starch Grains from Mijiaya Vessels and Brewing Experiments", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b8ffdbc961e6e1f5cfcc065f.png", "image_url": "media/S175_7190e94da3e6_S175-F04.png?v=b8ffdbc961e6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "Results A total of 541 starch grains were recovered from the funnels and pottery sherds (Table 1). Of these grains, 488 starch grains (90.2% of the total) were identifiable to various taxonomic levels com- pared with our reference data. The starch assemblage mainly consists of millet, Triticeae, and Job’s tears, with a smaller contri- bution from tubers that include snake gourd root (Trichosanthes kirilowii), yam (Dioscorea sp.), and lily (Lilium sp.) (Fig. 3 A–F). A high percentage of starch grains (n = 166, 30.7%) exhibit signs of damage, and among them two types of damage closely resemble that produced by beer brewing. First, some grains show pits and channels on their surface, ranging from being slightly pitted to completely hollow (Fig. 4A). Second, a large number of starch grains are swollen, folded, and distorted (Fig. 4B); some still retain their individual boundaries, but many merge into one another. These two damage patterns precisely match the morphological changes developed during malting and mashing, as we observed in our brewing experiments and that reported in published literature (Fig. 4 C and D, Fig. S3, and SI Materials and Methods) (19–22). During malting, enzymes in sprouting cereals break down starch to dextrins and simple sugars, creating typical surface pits and interior channels in the grains (19). Furthermore, mashing involves heating of the malt in water for a period, which causes gelatinization, swelling, folding, and distortion of starch grains (19). Thus, the damaged state of the starch grains in our archeological sample provides strong evidence", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:38.248815+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN128", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 4.\nDamaged starch grains from Mijiaya vessels and brewing experiments.\n(A) Mijiaya starch grains showing pitting and channeling. (B) A Mijiaya starch\ngrain showing swollen, folded, and distorted characteristics. (C) Fermented\nbroomcorn millet (P. miliaceum) starch grains from the brewing experiment\nusing broomcorn millet and barley (H. vulgare). (D) A fermented gelatinized\nstarch grain from the brewing experiment using broomcorn millet and barley.\n(Scale bars: 10 μm in A and C; 20 μm in B and D.)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "mijiaya", "quote": "stitution, Fairfax, VA, and approved April 26, 2016 (received for review January 27, 2016)\n\n The pottery vessels from the Mijiaya site reveal, to our knowledge, complete funnels and pottery sherds from five jiandiping ampho-\n the first direct evidence of in situ beer making in China, based on rae and two wide-mouth pots.\n the analyses of starch, phytolith, and chem", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7190e94da3e6fb40295955fcbadd040b67ad0d25c28782f3ebf6b5599a643996" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S176_9dae10572324_S176-F03", "paper_key": "S176_9dae10572324", "paper_id": "S176", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch types from ancient samples (each pair of images showing DIC and polarized views).1: Type I, lily, 2: Type I, lily/yam (MZG); 3,4: Type II, snake gourd root (WMS, MZG);\n5,6: Type IV, cattail (WMS); 7,8: Type V, Job's tears (WMS, MZG); 9: Type VI; millet (YZG); 10,11: Type VII, Triticeae (WMS-POT1, XC); 12: Type VIII, unidentified (MZG) (Scale bar:\n6,7,9,12 ¼ 10 mm, others ¼ 20 mm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9a531f30a544c6e25e6d1a447a3a1e182216e0493f437e755210f6c7c64ff2b9", "image_bytes": 3593479, "sites": [ "CN053", "CN054", "CN055", "CN056", "CN057", "CN058", "CN059" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 古代样品中的淀粉类型（每对图像显示DIC和偏振视图）。1：类型I，百合，2：类型I，百合/山药（MZG）；3，4：类型II，葫芦根（WMS， MZG）；5，6：类型IV，香蒲（WMS）；7，8：类型V，薏苡（WMS， MZG）；9：类型VI，粟（YZG）；10，11：类型VII，小麦族（WMS-POT1， XC）；12：类型VIII，未鉴定（MZG）（比例尺：6，7，9，12 = 10 μm，其余 = 20 μm）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch types from ancient samples (each pair of images showing DIC and polarized views).1: Type I, lily, 2: Type I, lily/yam (MZG); 3,4: Type II, snake gourd root (WMS, MZG);\n5,6: Type IV, cattail (WMS); 7,8: Type V, Job's tears (WMS, MZG); 9: Type VI; millet (YZG); 10,11: Type VII, wheat tribe (Triticeae) (WMS-POT1, XC); 12: Type VIII, unidentified (MZG) (Scale bar:\n6,7,9,12 = 10 μm, others = 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "古代样品淀粉类型", "title_en": "Starch Types from Ancient Samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 3. Starch types from ancient samples (each pair of images showing DIC and polarized views).1: Type I, lily, 2: Type I, lily/yam (MZG); 3,4: Type II, snake gourd root (WMS, MZG);\n5,6: Type IV, cattail (WMS); 7,8: Type V, Job's tears (WMS, MZG); 9: Type VI; millet (YZG); 10,11: Type VII, Triticeae (WMS-POT1, XC); 12: Type VIII, unidentified (MZG) (Scale bar:\n6,7,9,12 = 10 μm, others = 20 μm).", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/9a531f30a544c6e25e6d1a44.png", "image_url": "media/S176_9dae10572324_S176-F03.png?v=9a531f30a544", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "A total of 1055 starch granules were recovered from 16 stone tools and one ceramic cooking pot (Table 3). Many of them (N 1⁄4 209; 19.81% of the total) show characteristics of damage, indicated by broken edges, rough surface, deep fissures, pro- nounced lamellae, and/or a dark area in the center of the extinction cross. Those features have been found on ancient starch from grinding stones in our previous studies and other researchers report similarly damaged starch grains that relate to tool function (e.g., Babot, 2003; Haslam, 2004; Liu et al., 2013a). The starch granules can be classified into eight types (Fig. 3), corresponding to particular plant taxa as compared with our reference data, on the basis of morphology (Fig. 4) and size (Fig. 5). The main character- istics of starch types are described in detail in Table 4.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Type I starch granules (N 1⁄4 429; 40.66% of the total), present on all grinding stones examined, are the most numerous granules in the assemblage. These are characterized by a very large grain size (5.85e79.94 mm) with various shapes, including elongate, trian- gular, oval and spherical, usually with an extremely eccentric hi- lum. Type 1 starch morphotypes can be found in Lilium sp. bulb, but some large, triangular-shaped grains also resemble Dioscorea pol- ystachya Turcz. yam. Both wild and cultivated lilies and yams are growing in north China. In Inner Mongolia today, only cultivated D. polystachya grows in the study area, but five wild species of Lil- ium are widely distributed (Ma, 1985), and at least two species (Lilium concolor Salisb. var. pulchellum (Fisch.) Baker and Lilium pumilum DC) are found in the Daihai area (Ma, 1985; Xiao et al., 2004). Type I starch grains are particularly similar to L. pumilum from northern Shaanxi and a wild D. polystachya from Henan in our reference collection. We therefore identify them as Lilium sp. and/ or D. polystachya (lily/yam). Type II starch granules (N 1⁄4 131; 12.42% of the total) were found on 13 tools examined. They are medium-sized grains (9.52e36.65 mm) with three basic forms: spherical, slightly oval, and bell-shaped. Type II starch grains are most comparable in morphology and size with the root of snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.). Today cultivated snake gourd is distributed in the study area (Ma, 1980). Type III starch granules (N 1⁄4 264; 25.02% of the total) were found on 14 tools. They are medium in siz", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 11, "quote": "type of phytolith is classified as a Variant 1 cross in the medium size range in Piperno's (1984) classification of crosses produced in maize and various other grasses. A comparative study of grasses needs to be done for this region, however, other genera of grasses studied by Piperno and others (Piperno, 1988; Pearsall and Piperno, 1990; Piperno and Pearsall, 1998; Iriarte, 2003) that produce me- dium sized Variant 1 crosses do not occur in this study area, with the exception of cultivated Setaria sp. Our comparative specimens of C. lacryma-jobi show this cultivated taxa also produces Variant 1 crosses as well as considerable variation in lobate forms and crosses as previously observed by Dinan (1990). In our specimens of both cultivated and wild forms of Job's tears, Variant 1-type crosses are common in leaf and involucre tissues in the medium (11.45e15.98 mm) to large (16.03e20.56 mm) size range. Although cross shaped phytoliths appear to be highly variable in Job's tears, Lu and Liu (2003) report cross shaped forms referred to as Type E2 that occur only in this species. The cross-shaped phytolith from WMS-GS1 conforms to Lu and Liu's type E2 produced in C. lacryma- jobi. As it is associated with starch grains of Job's tears in residues, the WMS cross-shaped phytolith in this assemblage most likely represents this species. The cross-shaped phytolith recovered from YZG also corresponds to starches of Job's tears or perhaps Setaria spp. Raphides and fibers also were noted in the analysis and their abundance recorded (Fig. 6). Complete raphides and fragments were abundant i", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:38.357835+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN053", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch types from ancient samples (each pair of images showing DIC and polarized views).1: Type I, lily, 2: Type I, lily/yam (MZG); 3,4: Type II, snake gourd root (WMS, MZG);\n5,6: Type IV, cattail (WMS); 7,8: Type V, Job's tears (WMS, MZG); 9: Type VI; millet (YZG); 10,11: Type VII, Triticeae (WMS-POT1, XC); 12: Type VIII, unidentified (MZG) (Scale bar:\n6,7,9,12 = 10 μm, others = 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shihushan I", "quote": "ntemporary cultures in the Central Plain\n Inner Mongolia\n\n 4800e4000 Early Yangshao (Yangshao Phase I) Shihushan II in Daihai (4800e4500 BC) Hougang I variant, Yangshao culture\n Shihushan I in Daihai (6530e6440 cal BP) Hougang I & Banpo variants, Yangshao culture\n 4000e3500 Early Yangshao (Yangsh", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN054", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch types from ancient samples (each pair of images showing DIC and polarized views).1: Type I, lily, 2: Type I, lily/yam (MZG); 3,4: Type II, snake gourd root (WMS, MZG);\n5,6: Type IV, cattail (WMS); 7,8: Type V, Job's tears (WMS, MZG); 9: Type VI; millet (YZG); 10,11: Type VII, Triticeae (WMS-POT1, XC); 12: Type VIII, unidentified (MZG) (Scale bar:\n6,7,9,12 = 10 μm, others = 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shihushan II", "quote": "ntemporary cultures in the Central Plain\n Inner Mongolia\n\n 4800e4000 Early Yangshao (Yangshao Phase I) Shihushan II in Daihai (4800e4500 BC) Hougang I variant, Yangshao culture\n Shihushan I in Daihai (6530e6440 cal BP) Hougang I & Banpo variants, Yangshao culture\n 4000e3500 Early Yangshao (Yangsha", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN055", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch types from ancient samples (each pair of images showing DIC and polarized views).1: Type I, lily, 2: Type I, lily/yam (MZG); 3,4: Type II, snake gourd root (WMS, MZG);\n5,6: Type IV, cattail (WMS); 7,8: Type V, Job's tears (WMS, MZG); 9: Type VI; millet (YZG); 10,11: Type VII, Triticeae (WMS-POT1, XC); 12: Type VIII, unidentified (MZG) (Scale bar:\n6,7,9,12 = 10 μm, others = 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "wangmushanpoxia", "quote": "i (6530e6440 cal BP) Hougang I & Banpo variants, Yangshao culture\n 4000e3500 Early Yangshao (Yangshao Phase II) Wangmushan poxia in Daihai (5710 ± 200 cal BP) Banpo-Miaodigou transition phase, Yangshao culture\n 3500e3000 Late Yangshao (Yangshao Phase III) Miaozigou in Huangqihai Dasikong variant, Yangshao culture\n 3000e2500 Early Longshan", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN056", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch types from ancient samples (each pair of images showing DIC and polarized views).1: Type I, lily, 2: Type I, lily/yam (MZG); 3,4: Type II, snake gourd root (WMS, MZG);\n5,6: Type IV, cattail (WMS); 7,8: Type V, Job's tears (WMS, MZG); 9: Type VI; millet (YZG); 10,11: Type VII, Triticeae (WMS-POT1, XC); 12: Type VIII, unidentified (MZG) (Scale bar:\n6,7,9,12 = 10 μm, others = 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "miaozigou", "quote": "5710 ± 200 cal BP) Banpo-Miaodigou transition phase, Yangshao culture\n 3500e3000 Late Yangshao (Yangshao Phase III) Miaozigou in Huangqihai Dasikong variant, Yangshao culture\n 3000e2500 Early Longshan e Miaodigou II culture\n 2500e2000 Late Longshan Yuanzigou in Daiha", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN057", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch types from ancient samples (each pair of images showing DIC and polarized views).1: Type I, lily, 2: Type I, lily/yam (MZG); 3,4: Type II, snake gourd root (WMS, MZG);\n5,6: Type IV, cattail (WMS); 7,8: Type V, Job's tears (WMS, MZG); 9: Type VI; millet (YZG); 10,11: Type VII, Triticeae (WMS-POT1, XC); 12: Type VIII, unidentified (MZG) (Scale bar:\n6,7,9,12 = 10 μm, others = 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "pulawusu", "quote": "Yuanzigou in Daihai (2500e2300 BC) Late Longshan culture\n Pulawusu in Huade\n 2000e1400 Zhukaigou e Terminal Longshan, Erlitou, Early Shang\n 1300e1000 Xicha Xicha in Ordos Late Shang", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN058", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch types from ancient samples (each pair of images showing DIC and polarized views).1: Type I, lily, 2: Type I, lily/yam (MZG); 3,4: Type II, snake gourd root (WMS, MZG);\n5,6: Type IV, cattail (WMS); 7,8: Type V, Job's tears (WMS, MZG); 9: Type VI; millet (YZG); 10,11: Type VII, Triticeae (WMS-POT1, XC); 12: Type VIII, unidentified (MZG) (Scale bar:\n6,7,9,12 = 10 μm, others = 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "yuanzigou", "quote": "e Miaodigou II culture\n 2500e2000 Late Longshan Yuanzigou in Daihai (2500e2300 BC) Late Longshan culture\n Pulawusu in Huade\n 2000e1400 Zhukaigou e Terminal Longshan, Erlitou, Early", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN059", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch types from ancient samples (each pair of images showing DIC and polarized views).1: Type I, lily, 2: Type I, lily/yam (MZG); 3,4: Type II, snake gourd root (WMS, MZG);\n5,6: Type IV, cattail (WMS); 7,8: Type V, Job's tears (WMS, MZG); 9: Type VI; millet (YZG); 10,11: Type VII, Triticeae (WMS-POT1, XC); 12: Type VIII, unidentified (MZG) (Scale bar:\n6,7,9,12 = 10 μm, others = 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xicha", "quote": "kaigou e Terminal Longshan, Erlitou, Early Shang\n 1300e1000 Xicha Xicha in Ordos Late Shang to Early Western Zhou\n\n a Chronology and periodization based on Han 2003; Tian and Guo 2004, with modifications.\n\n\n\nzone of China. Therefore, it has been traditio", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S176_9dae10572324_S176-F04", "paper_key": "S176_9dae10572324", "paper_id": "S176", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Modern starch references relevant to this study (each pair of images showing DIC and polarized views). 1. Lilium pumilum; 2: Dioscorea polystachya; 3: Trichosanthes kirilowii;\n4: Typha orietalis; 5: Coix lacryma jobi (ground); 6: Coix lacryma jobi (ground), showing lamellae; 7: Setaria italica ssp. italica (gournd); 8. Panicum miliaceun (ground); 9: Agropyron\ncristatum (ground); 10: Triticum aestivum (Scale bar: 7,8 ¼ 10 mm; others ¼ 20 mm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a00b46bdb6f73ca43da75f89bbc5a7966b78519e2df0d39c7e8030c4a459666b", "image_bytes": 3540141, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 本研究相关的现代淀粉样品（每对图像显示DIC和偏振视图）。1. 山丹（Lilium pumilum）；2： 山药（Dioscorea polystachya）；3： 栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）；4： 东方香蒲（Typha orientalis）；5： 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi） （研磨态）；6： 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi） （研磨态），显示层纹；7： 粟（Setaria italica） ssp. italica （研磨态）；8. 黍（Panicum miliaceum） （研磨态）；9： 冰草（Agropyron cristatum） （研磨态）；10： 普通小麦（Triticum aestivum） （尺度条：7，8 = 10 μm；其余 = 20 μm）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Modern starch references relevant to this study (each pair of images showing DIC and polarized views). 1. coral lily (Lilium pumilum); 2: Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya); 3: Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii);\n4: bulrush (Typha orientalis); 5: Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (ground); 6: Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (ground), showing lamellae; 7: foxtail millet (Setaria italica) ssp. italica (gournd); 8. broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (ground); 9: crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) (ground); 10: bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) (Scale bar: 7,8 = 10 μm; others = 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉参考样本", "title_en": "Modern starch references", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 4. Modern starch references relevant to this study (each pair of images showing DIC and polarized views). 1. Lilium pumilum; 2: Dioscorea polystachya; 3: Trichosanthes kirilowii;\n4: Typha orietalis; 5: Coix lacryma jobi (ground); 6: Coix lacryma jobi (ground), showing lamellae; 7: Setaria italica ssp. italica (gournd); 8. Panicum miliaceun (ground); 9: Agropyron\ncristatum (ground); 10: Triticum aestivum (Scale bar: 7,8 = 10 μm; others = 20 μm).", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/a00b46bdb6f73ca43da75f89.png", "image_url": "media/S176_9dae10572324_S176-F04.png?v=a00b46bdb6f7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "A total of 1055 starch granules were recovered from 16 stone tools and one ceramic cooking pot (Table 3). Many of them (N 1⁄4 209; 19.81% of the total) show characteristics of damage, indicated by broken edges, rough surface, deep fissures, pro- nounced lamellae, and/or a dark area in the center of the extinction cross. Those features have been found on ancient starch from grinding stones in our previous studies and other researchers report similarly damaged starch grains that relate to tool function (e.g., Babot, 2003; Haslam, 2004; Liu et al., 2013a). The starch granules can be classified into eight types (Fig. 3), corresponding to particular plant taxa as compared with our reference data, on the basis of morphology (Fig. 4) and size (Fig. 5). The main character- istics of starch types are described in detail in Table 4.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Type I starch granules (N 1⁄4 429; 40.66% of the total), present on all grinding stones examined, are the most numerous granules in the assemblage. These are characterized by a very large grain size (5.85e79.94 mm) with various shapes, including elongate, trian- gular, oval and spherical, usually with an extremely eccentric hi- lum. Type 1 starch morphotypes can be found in Lilium sp. bulb, but some large, triangular-shaped grains also resemble Dioscorea pol- ystachya Turcz. yam. Both wild and cultivated lilies and yams are growing in north China. In Inner Mongolia today, only cultivated D. polystachya grows in the study area, but five wild species of Lil- ium are widely distributed (Ma, 1985), and at least two species (Lilium concolor Salisb. var. pulchellum (Fisch.) Baker and Lilium pumilum DC) are found in the Daihai area (Ma, 1985; Xiao et al., 2004). Type I starch grains are particularly similar to L. pumilum from northern Shaanxi and a wild D. polystachya from Henan in our reference collection. We therefore identify them as Lilium sp. and/ or D. polystachya (lily/yam). Type II starch granules (N 1⁄4 131; 12.42% of the total) were found on 13 tools examined. They are medium-sized grains (9.52e36.65 mm) with three basic forms: spherical, slightly oval, and bell-shaped. Type II starch grains are most comparable in morphology and size with the root of snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.). Today cultivated snake gourd is distributed in the study area (Ma, 1980). Type III starch granules (N 1⁄4 264; 25.02% of the total) were found on 14 tools. They are medium in siz", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 11, "quote": "type of phytolith is classified as a Variant 1 cross in the medium size range in Piperno's (1984) classification of crosses produced in maize and various other grasses. A comparative study of grasses needs to be done for this region, however, other genera of grasses studied by Piperno and others (Piperno, 1988; Pearsall and Piperno, 1990; Piperno and Pearsall, 1998; Iriarte, 2003) that produce me- dium sized Variant 1 crosses do not occur in this study area, with the exception of cultivated Setaria sp. Our comparative specimens of C. lacryma-jobi show this cultivated taxa also produces Variant 1 crosses as well as considerable variation in lobate forms and crosses as previously observed by Dinan (1990). In our specimens of both cultivated and wild forms of Job's tears, Variant 1-type crosses are common in leaf and involucre tissues in the medium (11.45e15.98 mm) to large (16.03e20.56 mm) size range. Although cross shaped phytoliths appear to be highly variable in Job's tears, Lu and Liu (2003) report cross shaped forms referred to as Type E2 that occur only in this species. The cross-shaped phytolith from WMS-GS1 conforms to Lu and Liu's type E2 produced in C. lacryma- jobi. As it is associated with starch grains of Job's tears in residues, the WMS cross-shaped phytolith in this assemblage most likely represents this species. The cross-shaped phytolith recovered from YZG also corresponds to starches of Job's tears or perhaps Setaria spp. Raphides and fibers also were noted in the analysis and their abundance recorded (Fig. 6). Complete raphides and fragments were abundant i", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:38.404608+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S176_9dae10572324_S176-F06", "paper_key": "S176_9dae10572324", "paper_id": "S176", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Selected phytolith types from ancient samples. 1: Tracheary cell (MZG); 2: Hair cell Type One (MZG); 3: Hair cell/trichome Type Two (MZG); 4: Hair cell Type Three (MZG); 5:\nHair cell Type Four (WMS); 6: Papilla, Poaceae epidermis (WMS); 7,8: Husk segments, Triticeae (MZG and XC); 9: Bilobate, Poaceae, Panicoid-type; 10,11: Variant 1 Crosses\nconsistent with Coix lacryma-jobi; 12: Raphide bundle.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 13 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4d6e9e9d4a5b364479b64d198bfa63087d4b13684a1c5c681fd6dc5f9b91c72e", "image_bytes": 3736621, "sites": [ "CN053", "CN054", "CN055", "CN056", "CN057", "CN058", "CN059" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 从古代样品中挑出的植硅体类型。1： 导管细胞 （MZG）；2： 尖型一 （MZG）；3： 尖型二 （MZG）；4： 尖型三 （MZG）；5： 尖四 （WMS）；6： 表皮乳突，禾本科 （WMS）；7，8: 种皮稃壳碎片，小麦族 （MZG 和 XC）；9： 哑铃型，禾本科，Panicoid型；10，11: 与薏苡 （Coix lacryma-jobi） 一致的变体1十字型；12： 针晶束。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Selected phytolith types from ancient samples. 1: Tracheary cell (MZG); 2: Hair cell Type One (MZG); 3: Hair cell/trichome Type Two (MZG); 4: Hair cell Type Three (MZG); 5:\nHair cell Type Four (WMS); 6: Papilla, grass family (Poaceae) epidermis (WMS); 7,8: Husk segments, wheat tribe (Triticeae) (MZG and XC); 9: Bilobate, grass family (Poaceae), Panicoid-type; 10,11: Variant 1 Crosses\nconsistent with Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); 12: Raphide bundle.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "古代样品中植硅体类型的示例", "title_en": "Selected phytolith types from ancient samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4d6e9e9d4a5b364479b64d19.png", "image_url": "media/S176_9dae10572324_S176-F06.png?v=4d6e9e9d4a5b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 11, "quote": "type of phytolith is classified as a Variant 1 cross in the medium size range in Piperno's (1984) classification of crosses produced in maize and various other grasses. A comparative study of grasses needs to be done for this region, however, other genera of grasses studied by Piperno and others (Piperno, 1988; Pearsall and Piperno, 1990; Piperno and Pearsall, 1998; Iriarte, 2003) that produce me- dium sized Variant 1 crosses do not occur in this study area, with the exception of cultivated Setaria sp. Our comparative specimens of C. lacryma-jobi show this cultivated taxa also produces Variant 1 crosses as well as considerable variation in lobate forms and crosses as previously observed by Dinan (1990). In our specimens of both cultivated and wild forms of Job's tears, Variant 1-type crosses are common in leaf and involucre tissues in the medium (11.45e15.98 mm) to large (16.03e20.56 mm) size range. Although cross shaped phytoliths appear to be highly variable in Job's tears, Lu and Liu (2003) report cross shaped forms referred to as Type E2 that occur only in this species. The cross-shaped phytolith from WMS-GS1 conforms to Lu and Liu's type E2 produced in C. lacryma- jobi. As it is associated with starch grains of Job's tears in residues, the WMS cross-shaped phytolith in this assemblage most likely represents this species. The cross-shaped phytolith recovered from YZG also corresponds to starches of Job's tears or perhaps Setaria spp. Raphides and fibers also were noted in the analysis and their abundance recorded (Fig. 6). Complete raphides and fragments were abundant i", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "Phytolith counts were low overall with samples having be- tween 0 and 12 individual plant silica forms or elements identified (Table 5; Fig. 6). Silicified tracheary elements are the most abun- dant phytolith type in this assemblage. Generally, tracheary ele- ments do not have diagnostic taxonomic value. These forms are silicified vascular tissue (Piperno, 2006) that may be produced in a number of different plant families, however they may also silicify in underground storage organs such as those produced by Typha sp. (Guo et al., 2012) and their presence in residue on tools used for processing such organs is likely. Hair cells are the second most common phytolith types in the assemblage. Hair cell appendages silicify in a large number of non-grass eudicot plant families (Kealhofer and Piperno, 1998; Piperno, 2006). None of the hair cell types in this assemblage is identified to taxa, but they likely represent non-grass plant tissues processed with these tools, perhaps Lilium sp. that was identified by starch grains. The hair cells are not consistent with those produced in the Cucurbitaceae, such as snake gourd that was also identified in the starch assemblage. Other silicified epidermal elements from eudicots are also present. One diagnostic element, an opaque perforated sheet produced in the Asteraceae family (Bozarth, 1992), was identified.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "Other phytolith types produced in various grasses are repre- sented in small number in the assemblage. Phytoliths identified to the Poaceae family include a bulliform, papilla, prickle cell, and articulated epidermal cells with stomata. One phytolith, a rondel form produced in Pooideae is present. In addition, silicified husk tissues identified to the grass tribe Triticeae of the Pooideae subfamily are also present. Grasses in the Triticeae tribe are common in temperate and warm-temperate regions (Zhengyi et al., 2006) and include cultivated wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (H. vulgare L.). In this assemblage, wave-shaped long-cells of silicified epidermal tissue from husks (Fig. 6) are consistent in pattern and shape with those produced in wheat or barley", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "(Kaplan et al., 1992; Rosen, 1992, 1993), but may also be produced in wild Triticeae. Other characteristic phytoliths from wheat and barley, such as pitted papillae, are not present (Tubb et al., 1993; Ball et al., 1999). At this point, a tribe-level identification of the husk phytoliths in this group is appropriate. Triticeae phytoliths are consistent with starch grains from these grasses occurring in the tool residues. Panicoidea grass subfamily type phytoliths, crenate, bilobate and cross forms (Piperno and Pearsall,1998), were also identified in the assemblage (Fig. 6). The two cross-shaped phytoliths in the assemblage have identical sides when rotated and measure 14.06 mm and 14.41 mm, respectively, on their shortest axes. This", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:38.511080+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN053", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 13 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Selected phytolith types from ancient samples. 1: Tracheary cell (MZG); 2: Hair cell Type One (MZG); 3: Hair cell/trichome Type Two (MZG); 4: Hair cell Type Three (MZG); 5:\nHair cell Type Four (WMS); 6: Papilla, Poaceae epidermis (WMS); 7,8: Husk segments, Triticeae (MZG and XC); 9: Bilobate, Poaceae, Panicoid-type; 10,11: Variant 1 Crosses\nconsistent with Coix lacryma-jobi; 12: Raphide bundle.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shihushan I", "quote": "ntemporary cultures in the Central Plain\n Inner Mongolia\n\n 4800e4000 Early Yangshao (Yangshao Phase I) Shihushan II in Daihai (4800e4500 BC) Hougang I variant, Yangshao culture\n Shihushan I in Daihai (6530e6440 cal BP) Hougang I & Banpo variants, Yangshao culture\n 4000e3500 Early Yangshao (Yangsh", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN054", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 13 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Selected phytolith types from ancient samples. 1: Tracheary cell (MZG); 2: Hair cell Type One (MZG); 3: Hair cell/trichome Type Two (MZG); 4: Hair cell Type Three (MZG); 5:\nHair cell Type Four (WMS); 6: Papilla, Poaceae epidermis (WMS); 7,8: Husk segments, Triticeae (MZG and XC); 9: Bilobate, Poaceae, Panicoid-type; 10,11: Variant 1 Crosses\nconsistent with Coix lacryma-jobi; 12: Raphide bundle.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shihushan II", "quote": "ntemporary cultures in the Central Plain\n Inner Mongolia\n\n 4800e4000 Early Yangshao (Yangshao Phase I) Shihushan II in Daihai (4800e4500 BC) Hougang I variant, Yangshao culture\n Shihushan I in Daihai (6530e6440 cal BP) Hougang I & Banpo variants, Yangshao culture\n 4000e3500 Early Yangshao (Yangsha", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN055", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 13 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Selected phytolith types from ancient samples. 1: Tracheary cell (MZG); 2: Hair cell Type One (MZG); 3: Hair cell/trichome Type Two (MZG); 4: Hair cell Type Three (MZG); 5:\nHair cell Type Four (WMS); 6: Papilla, Poaceae epidermis (WMS); 7,8: Husk segments, Triticeae (MZG and XC); 9: Bilobate, Poaceae, Panicoid-type; 10,11: Variant 1 Crosses\nconsistent with Coix lacryma-jobi; 12: Raphide bundle.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "wangmushanpoxia", "quote": "i (6530e6440 cal BP) Hougang I & Banpo variants, Yangshao culture\n 4000e3500 Early Yangshao (Yangshao Phase II) Wangmushan poxia in Daihai (5710 ± 200 cal BP) Banpo-Miaodigou transition phase, Yangshao culture\n 3500e3000 Late Yangshao (Yangshao Phase III) Miaozigou in Huangqihai Dasikong variant, Yangshao culture\n 3000e2500 Early Longshan", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN056", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 13 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Selected phytolith types from ancient samples. 1: Tracheary cell (MZG); 2: Hair cell Type One (MZG); 3: Hair cell/trichome Type Two (MZG); 4: Hair cell Type Three (MZG); 5:\nHair cell Type Four (WMS); 6: Papilla, Poaceae epidermis (WMS); 7,8: Husk segments, Triticeae (MZG and XC); 9: Bilobate, Poaceae, Panicoid-type; 10,11: Variant 1 Crosses\nconsistent with Coix lacryma-jobi; 12: Raphide bundle.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "miaozigou", "quote": "5710 ± 200 cal BP) Banpo-Miaodigou transition phase, Yangshao culture\n 3500e3000 Late Yangshao (Yangshao Phase III) Miaozigou in Huangqihai Dasikong variant, Yangshao culture\n 3000e2500 Early Longshan e Miaodigou II culture\n 2500e2000 Late Longshan Yuanzigou in Daiha", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN057", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 13 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Selected phytolith types from ancient samples. 1: Tracheary cell (MZG); 2: Hair cell Type One (MZG); 3: Hair cell/trichome Type Two (MZG); 4: Hair cell Type Three (MZG); 5:\nHair cell Type Four (WMS); 6: Papilla, Poaceae epidermis (WMS); 7,8: Husk segments, Triticeae (MZG and XC); 9: Bilobate, Poaceae, Panicoid-type; 10,11: Variant 1 Crosses\nconsistent with Coix lacryma-jobi; 12: Raphide bundle.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "pulawusu", "quote": "Yuanzigou in Daihai (2500e2300 BC) Late Longshan culture\n Pulawusu in Huade\n 2000e1400 Zhukaigou e Terminal Longshan, Erlitou, Early Shang\n 1300e1000 Xicha Xicha in Ordos Late Shang", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN058", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 13 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Selected phytolith types from ancient samples. 1: Tracheary cell (MZG); 2: Hair cell Type One (MZG); 3: Hair cell/trichome Type Two (MZG); 4: Hair cell Type Three (MZG); 5:\nHair cell Type Four (WMS); 6: Papilla, Poaceae epidermis (WMS); 7,8: Husk segments, Triticeae (MZG and XC); 9: Bilobate, Poaceae, Panicoid-type; 10,11: Variant 1 Crosses\nconsistent with Coix lacryma-jobi; 12: Raphide bundle.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "yuanzigou", "quote": "e Miaodigou II culture\n 2500e2000 Late Longshan Yuanzigou in Daihai (2500e2300 BC) Late Longshan culture\n Pulawusu in Huade\n 2000e1400 Zhukaigou e Terminal Longshan, Erlitou, Early", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN059", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 13 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Selected phytolith types from ancient samples. 1: Tracheary cell (MZG); 2: Hair cell Type One (MZG); 3: Hair cell/trichome Type Two (MZG); 4: Hair cell Type Three (MZG); 5:\nHair cell Type Four (WMS); 6: Papilla, Poaceae epidermis (WMS); 7,8: Husk segments, Triticeae (MZG and XC); 9: Bilobate, Poaceae, Panicoid-type; 10,11: Variant 1 Crosses\nconsistent with Coix lacryma-jobi; 12: Raphide bundle.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xicha", "quote": "kaigou e Terminal Longshan, Erlitou, Early Shang\n 1300e1000 Xicha Xicha in Ordos Late Shang to Early Western Zhou\n\n a Chronology and periodization based on Han 2003; Tian and Guo 2004, with modifications.\n\n\n\nzone of China. Therefore, it has been traditio", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9dae10572324f104c2f2e04c9567f8e5ef5aa79b2d9cd00c15b6e280dd887057" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S177_a396cfa9945c_S177-F03", "paper_key": "S177_a396cfa9945c", "paper_id": "S177", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch grains from residue samples in Xiaohuangshan Site (scale bar: 20 μm). Type AI (a, a′). Type AII (b, b′, c, c′). Type B (d, d′, e, e′, f, f′). Type C (g, g′, h, h′). Type DI (i, i′). Type DII (j, j′). Type DIII (k, k′, l, l′). Type E (m, m′, n, n′). Type F (o, o′).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8844c72a5a41a0c56c42e08656f59080579f1f3c21834e7aa7d39ef228cf065a", "image_bytes": 3698611, "sites": [ "CN080" ], "caption_zh": "小黄山遗址残留物样品中的淀粉粒。AI型：a、a′；AII型，可能来自稻属（Oryza sp.）：b、b′及c、c′；B型，可能来自稻属（Oryza sp.）：d、d′、e、e′及f、f′；C型，可能为野生小麦族植物：g、g′及h、h′；DI型，可能来自薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）：i、i′；DII型，莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera）：j、j′；DIII型，莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera）：k、k′及l、l′，山药（Dioscorea opposita）；E型：m、m′及n、n′；F型，可能为菜豆族，豇豆属可能性较大：o、o′，栎属（Quercus spp.）。比例尺均为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch grains from residue samples in Xiaohuangshan Site (scale bar: 20 μm). Type AI (a, a′). Type AII (b, b′, c, c′). Type B (d, d′, e, e′, f, f′). Type C (g, g′, h, h′). Type DI (i, i′). Type DII (j, j′). Type DIII (k, k′, l, l′). Type E (m, m′, n, n′). Type F (o, o′).\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\na / a′: Possible rice (Oryza sp.); not a cultivated / wild rice diagnosis (PDF p. 3).\nb / b′ / c / c′: Possible rice (Oryza sp.); not a cultivated / wild rice diagnosis (PDF p. 3).\nd / d′ / e / e′ / f / f′: Possibly a wild wheat tribe (Triticeae) species (PDF p. 4).\ng / g′ / h / h′: Possible Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (PDF p. 4).\ni / i′: DI + DII assemblage interpreted as lotus rhizome (PDF p. 4).\nj / j′: DI + DII assemblage interpreted as lotus rhizome (PDF p. 4).\nk / k′ / l / l′: Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita, original nomenclature) (PDF p. 4).\nm / m′ / n / n′: Possibly bean tribe (Phaseoleae); cowpea relatives (Vigna spp.) considered most likely (PDF p. 4).\no / o′: oaks (Quercus spp.), not a species-level identification (PDF p. 6).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "小黄山遗址检出的淀粉粒类型", "title_zh": "小黄山遗址检出的淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grains from Xiaohuangshan Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/8844c72a5a41a0c56c42e086.png", "image_url": "media/S177_a396cfa9945c_S177-F03.png?v=8844c72a5a41", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "a / a′", "type_code": "AI", "interpretation_zh": "可能来自稻属（Oryza sp.）；不据此区分栽培稻和野生稻", "interpretation_en": "Possible rice (Oryza sp.); not a cultivated / wild rice diagnosis", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "Type A starch grains may be from the seeds of Oryza sp.." } ], "figure_id": "S177_a396cfa9945c_S177-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "8844c72a5a41a0c56c42e08656f59080579f1f3c21834e7aa7d39ef228cf065a" }, { "panels": "b / b′ / c / c′", "type_code": "AII", "interpretation_zh": "可能来自稻属（Oryza sp.）；不据此区分栽培稻和野生稻", "interpretation_en": "Possible rice (Oryza sp.); not a cultivated / wild rice diagnosis", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "Type A starch grains may be from the seeds of Oryza sp.." } ], "figure_id": "S177_a396cfa9945c_S177-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "8844c72a5a41a0c56c42e08656f59080579f1f3c21834e7aa7d39ef228cf065a" }, { "panels": "d / d′ / e / e′ / f / f′", "type_code": "B", "interpretation_zh": "可能为野生小麦族植物", "interpretation_en": "Possibly a wild wheat tribe (Triticeae) species", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "starch of Type B may come from a wild species of Triticeae Tribe." } ], "figure_id": "S177_a396cfa9945c_S177-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "8844c72a5a41a0c56c42e08656f59080579f1f3c21834e7aa7d39ef228cf065a" }, { "panels": "g / g′ / h / h′", "type_code": "C", "interpretation_zh": "可能来自薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）", "interpretation_en": "Possible Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi)", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "Type C starch grains may come from Job's tears." } ], "figure_id": "S177_a396cfa9945c_S177-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "8844c72a5a41a0c56c42e08656f59080579f1f3c21834e7aa7d39ef228cf065a" }, { "panels": "i / i′", "type_code": "DI", "interpretation_zh": "DI与DII组合被解释为莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera）", "interpretation_en": "DI + DII assemblage interpreted as lotus rhizome", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "The combination of DI and DII is the typical characteristics of starch grains from the root of Nelumbo nucifera" } ], "figure_id": "S177_a396cfa9945c_S177-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "8844c72a5a41a0c56c42e08656f59080579f1f3c21834e7aa7d39ef228cf065a" }, { "panels": "j / j′", "type_code": "DII", "interpretation_zh": "DI与DII组合被解释为莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera）", "interpretation_en": "DI + DII assemblage interpreted as lotus rhizome", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "The combination of DI and DII is the typical characteristics of starch grains from the root of Nelumbo nucifera" } ], "figure_id": "S177_a396cfa9945c_S177-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "8844c72a5a41a0c56c42e08656f59080579f1f3c21834e7aa7d39ef228cf065a" }, { "panels": "k / k′ / l / l′", "type_code": "DIII", "interpretation_zh": "原文解释为山药（Dioscorea opposita，沿用原名）", "interpretation_en": "Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita, original nomenclature)", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "Type DIII starches originate from the Chinese yam." } ], "figure_id": "S177_a396cfa9945c_S177-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "8844c72a5a41a0c56c42e08656f59080579f1f3c21834e7aa7d39ef228cf065a" }, { "panels": "m / m′ / n / n′", "type_code": "E", "interpretation_zh": "可能为菜豆族，豇豆属可能性较大；不能直接定为绿豆", "interpretation_en": "Possibly bean tribe (Phaseoleae); cowpea relatives (Vigna spp.) considered most likely", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "Type E may come from the species of Phaseoleae, among which Vigna spp. presents the best possibilities." } ], "figure_id": "S177_a396cfa9945c_S177-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "8844c72a5a41a0c56c42e08656f59080579f1f3c21834e7aa7d39ef228cf065a" }, { "panels": "o / o′", "type_code": "F", "interpretation_zh": "栎属（Quercus spp.），不据比较标本名称直接定为麻栎", "interpretation_en": "oaks (Quercus spp.), not a species-level identification", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "Type F are identified as Quercus spp.." } ], "figure_id": "S177_a396cfa9945c_S177-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "8844c72a5a41a0c56c42e08656f59080579f1f3c21834e7aa7d39ef228cf065a" } ], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Type A (Fig. 3: a, a0, b, b0, c, c0) can be divided into two groups. Group AI is polyhedral or round polyhedral shape with centric hi- lum closed, lamellae invisible and the extinction cross is shaped as “X”. Group AII is a kind of compound starch grain which is typical morphological characteristic of Oryzeae Tribe (Wei et al., 2008a, b, c) (Fig. 4: a, a0, b, b0). In rice endosperm cells, well developed starch grains are polyhedral with compact arrangement in amyloplast, and these starch grains kept the outline of amyloplast after amyloplast envelope degraded. Poorly developed starch grains are round polyhedral with loose arrangement in amyloplast, and these starch grains could not keep the outline of amyloplast after amyloplast envelope degraded (Wei et al., 2008a, b, c). Starch of Type AI and AII are derived from these two cases. In the result of micro measurement, the size of these starches (3.58e8.43 mm) is in ranging of Oryza sativa and Oryz. rufipogon Griff., the mean value of the grain size was slightly higher than that of the modern rice (Fig. 5: a). Evidence of spikelet and phytolith indicates that the domestication of rice had began from early Neolithic in the Xiao- huangshan site (Zheng, 2009; Wu et al., 2014). We conclude that Type A starch grains may be from the seeds of Oryza sp.. Type B (Fig. 3: d, d0, e, e0, f, f0) are a lenticular or discoid shape, with flat surface and centric hilum, lamellae is visible on large grains, and the extinction cross is shaped as either “x” and “þ”. Under the microscope, a lot of small starch grains can be observed attaching wit", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "It is concluded that starch of Type B may come from a wild species of Triticeae Tribe. Type C (Fig. 3: g, g0, h, h0) are spherical or oval-spherical in shape, more or less polyhedral with two or three flat facets, centric hilum that normally have T- or linear-shaped fissures, Z-shaped arm on the extinction cross is the typical morphological characteristic of these starch grains. Compared to modern references, starch grains of Type C reveal a great similarity to Coix lacryma-jobi (Liu et al., 2014a, b) (Fig. 4: d, d0), which also shows considerable over- lapping in size (Fig. 5: c). Starch grains of Job's tears are also found in the Shangshan site (11,400e8600 BP) (Liu et al., 2010) and the Kuahuqiao site (8000e7000 BP) (Yang and Jiang, 2010), which dates covered the Xiaohuangshan period. It is indicated that Type C starch grains may come from Job's tears. Starch grains of Type D are extremely eccentric hilum and well- defined lamellae, which are generally considered from under- ground storage organs of geophytes. The major difference among these three types is the shape of grains. Type DI (Fig. 3: i, i0) is spherical with smaller size (11.85e28.39 mm, N 1⁄4 8), while the Type DII (Fig. 3: j, j0) is elongated ovate with relatively large size (50 mm,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "N 1⁄4 1). The combination of DI and DII is the typical characteristics of starch grains from the root of Nelumbo nucifera (4.38e65.66 mm, N 1⁄4 144) (Wan et al., 2011) (Fig. 4: e, e0). The shape of Type DIII (Fig. 3: k, k0, l, l') starch is quadrilateral oval with the size (14.67e33.28 mm N 1⁄4 13) matching to Dioscorea opposita Trunb (12.53e53.36 mm, N 1⁄4 186) (Wan et al., 2011) (Fig. 4: f, f0). These starch grains have been found in early Shangshan phase (Liu et al., 2010), so it is reasonable to conclude that Type DIII starches orig- inate from the Chinese yam. Type E (Fig. 3: m, m0, n, n0) is kidney-shaped, radiated fissures and lamellae are visible. And only two starch grains of this type have been recovered. The morphological characteristics match with starch from Phaseoleae (Liu et al., 2011). Comparing with modern reference of Vigna spp (Wang et al., 2013) (Fig. 4: g, g0), type E starch grains (28.22e31.82 mm, N 1⁄4 2) are similar to Vigna radiata (7.09e35.01 mm, N 1⁄4 187) in size. Starch of Vigna spp. has been found from charred residues adhering to pottery sherds at Kua- huqiao (Yang and Jiang, 2010). Due to the limited number of starch grains, Type E may come from the species of Phaseoleae, among which Vigna spp. presents the best possibilities.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type F (Fig. 3: o, o0) starch grain is triangular ovate or water drop-shaped, centric hilum and the extinction cross is shaped as “x” and “þ”. This morphotype resembles starch from fruits of Fagaceae plants (Yang et al., 2009a, b) (Fig. 4: h, h0). Maximum length mea- surements reveal that the size of Type F starch (9.73e25 mm, N 1⁄4 10) is in range of Quercus acutissima (5.4e26.1 mm, N 1⁄4 132), and higher than Castanea mollissima (3.39e21.85 mm, N 1⁄4 172). Furthermore, starch grains of Quercus plants have also been found in early Shangshan phase (Liu et al., 2010). Based on the dates above, Type F are identified as Quercus spp..", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "source_checked_mapping", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:38.562931+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN080", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch grains from residue samples in Xiaohuangshan Site (scale bar: 20 μm). Type AI (a, a′). Type AII (b, b′, c, c′). Type B (d, d′, e, e′, f, f′). Type C (g, g′, h, h′). Type DI (i, i′). Type DII (j, j′). Type DIII (k, k′, l, l′). Type E (m, m′, n, n′). Type F (o, o′).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Xiaohuangshan", "quote": "Hangzhou 310014, China\n\n\n\na r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t\n\n\nArticle history: The Xiaohuangshan site is an early Neolithic settlement in the lower Yangzi River dating to 9000\nAvailable online 1 April 2016 e7000 BP. In this paper, starch grains extracted from the surfaces of 9 pottery sherds and 6 grinding slabs", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a396cfa9945cbffb01a55cfaa6a89ffbc5e89f97c0d8390d542708a298e2a884" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S177_a396cfa9945c_S177-F04", "paper_key": "S177_a396cfa9945c", "paper_id": "S177", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Comparative starch samples from modern plants (scale bar: 20 μm). a, a′: O. sativa (Hunan); b, b′: O. rufipogon Griff. (Dongxiang, Jiangxi); c, c′: Triticum aestivum L. (Bengbu, Anhui). d, d′: Coix lacroyma-jobi L. (Bengbu, Anhui). e, e′: Nelumbo nucifera (Wuhu, Anhui). f, f′: Dioscorea opposita (Hefei, Anhui). g, g′: Vigna radiata (Nanyang, Henan). h, h′: Quercus acutissima (Hefei, Anhui).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。薏苡原注拼作Coix lacroyma-jobi，应为Coix lacryma-jobi；原注转录保留以便核对。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4d215df28d10c7930561f36a65a32320b6d56b605da04f72eea3a8f731f9b63d", "image_bytes": 1738390, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 用于比较的现代植物淀粉粒。a、a′，水稻Oryza sativa（湖南）；b、b′，普通野生稻Oryza rufipogon Griff.（江西东乡）；c、c′，小麦Triticum aestivum L.（安徽蚌埠）；d、d′，薏苡薏苡属（Coix） lacroyma-jobi L.（安徽蚌埠）；e、e′，莲Nelumbo nucifera（安徽芜湖）；f、f′，山药Dioscorea opposita（安徽合肥）；g、g′，绿豆Vigna radiata（河南南阳）；h、h′，麻栎Quercus acutissima（安徽合肥）。比例尺为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Comparative starch samples from modern plants (scale bar: 20 μm). a, a′: rice (Oryza sativa) (Hunan); b, b′: wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) Griff. (Dongxiang, Jiangxi); c, c′: bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) L. (Bengbu, Anhui). d, d′: Job’s tears (Coix) lacroyma-jobi L. (Bengbu, Anhui). e, e′: lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) (Wuhu, Anhui). f, f′: Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) (Hefei, Anhui). g, g′: mung bean (Vigna radiata) (Nanyang, Henan). h, h′: sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima) (Hefei, Anhui).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "小黄山研究所用现代植物淀粉粒参照", "title_zh": "小黄山研究所用现代植物淀粉粒参照", "title_en": "Comparative starch samples from modern plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4d215df28d10c7930561f36a.png", "image_url": "media/S177_a396cfa9945c_S177-F04.png?v=4d215df28d10", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Type A (Fig. 3: a, a0, b, b0, c, c0) can be divided into two groups. Group AI is polyhedral or round polyhedral shape with centric hi- lum closed, lamellae invisible and the extinction cross is shaped as “X”. Group AII is a kind of compound starch grain which is typical morphological characteristic of Oryzeae Tribe (Wei et al., 2008a, b, c) (Fig. 4: a, a0, b, b0). In rice endosperm cells, well developed starch grains are polyhedral with compact arrangement in amyloplast, and these starch grains kept the outline of amyloplast after amyloplast envelope degraded. Poorly developed starch grains are round polyhedral with loose arrangement in amyloplast, and these starch grains could not keep the outline of amyloplast after amyloplast envelope degraded (Wei et al., 2008a, b, c). Starch of Type AI and AII are derived from these two cases. In the result of micro measurement, the size of these starches (3.58e8.43 mm) is in ranging of Oryza sativa and Oryz. rufipogon Griff., the mean value of the grain size was slightly higher than that of the modern rice (Fig. 5: a). Evidence of spikelet and phytolith indicates that the domestication of rice had began from early Neolithic in the Xiao- huangshan site (Zheng, 2009; Wu et al., 2014). We conclude that Type A starch grains may be from the seeds of Oryza sp.. Type B (Fig. 3: d, d0, e, e0, f, f0) are a lenticular or discoid shape, with flat surface and centric hilum, lamellae is visible on large grains, and the extinction cross is shaped as either “x” and “þ”. Under the microscope, a lot of small starch grains can be observed attaching wit", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "It is concluded that starch of Type B may come from a wild species of Triticeae Tribe. Type C (Fig. 3: g, g0, h, h0) are spherical or oval-spherical in shape, more or less polyhedral with two or three flat facets, centric hilum that normally have T- or linear-shaped fissures, Z-shaped arm on the extinction cross is the typical morphological characteristic of these starch grains. Compared to modern references, starch grains of Type C reveal a great similarity to Coix lacryma-jobi (Liu et al., 2014a, b) (Fig. 4: d, d0), which also shows considerable over- lapping in size (Fig. 5: c). Starch grains of Job's tears are also found in the Shangshan site (11,400e8600 BP) (Liu et al., 2010) and the Kuahuqiao site (8000e7000 BP) (Yang and Jiang, 2010), which dates covered the Xiaohuangshan period. It is indicated that Type C starch grains may come from Job's tears. Starch grains of Type D are extremely eccentric hilum and well- defined lamellae, which are generally considered from under- ground storage organs of geophytes. The major difference among these three types is the shape of grains. Type DI (Fig. 3: i, i0) is spherical with smaller size (11.85e28.39 mm, N 1⁄4 8), while the Type DII (Fig. 3: j, j0) is elongated ovate with relatively large size (50 mm,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "N 1⁄4 1). The combination of DI and DII is the typical characteristics of starch grains from the root of Nelumbo nucifera (4.38e65.66 mm, N 1⁄4 144) (Wan et al., 2011) (Fig. 4: e, e0). The shape of Type DIII (Fig. 3: k, k0, l, l') starch is quadrilateral oval with the size (14.67e33.28 mm N 1⁄4 13) matching to Dioscorea opposita Trunb (12.53e53.36 mm, N 1⁄4 186) (Wan et al., 2011) (Fig. 4: f, f0). These starch grains have been found in early Shangshan phase (Liu et al., 2010), so it is reasonable to conclude that Type DIII starches orig- inate from the Chinese yam. Type E (Fig. 3: m, m0, n, n0) is kidney-shaped, radiated fissures and lamellae are visible. And only two starch grains of this type have been recovered. The morphological characteristics match with starch from Phaseoleae (Liu et al., 2011). Comparing with modern reference of Vigna spp (Wang et al., 2013) (Fig. 4: g, g0), type E starch grains (28.22e31.82 mm, N 1⁄4 2) are similar to Vigna radiata (7.09e35.01 mm, N 1⁄4 187) in size. Starch of Vigna spp. has been found from charred residues adhering to pottery sherds at Kua- huqiao (Yang and Jiang, 2010). Due to the limited number of starch grains, Type E may come from the species of Phaseoleae, among which Vigna spp. presents the best possibilities.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type F (Fig. 3: o, o0) starch grain is triangular ovate or water drop-shaped, centric hilum and the extinction cross is shaped as “x” and “þ”. This morphotype resembles starch from fruits of Fagaceae plants (Yang et al., 2009a, b) (Fig. 4: h, h0). Maximum length mea- surements reveal that the size of Type F starch (9.73e25 mm, N 1⁄4 10) is in range of Quercus acutissima (5.4e26.1 mm, N 1⁄4 132), and higher than Castanea mollissima (3.39e21.85 mm, N 1⁄4 172). Furthermore, starch grains of Quercus plants have also been found in early Shangshan phase (Liu et al., 2010). Based on the dates above, Type F are identified as Quercus spp..", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:38.610456+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S179_a715d9283864_S179-F02", "paper_key": "S179_a715d9283864", "paper_id": "S179", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2. Starch grains from the modern Triticeae tribe. a: Triticum dicoccum; b: Triticum aestivo-compactum; c: Triticum spelta; d: Triticum aestivum; e: Hordeum vulgare var. nudum; f:\nRoegneria kamoji; g: Elymus dahuricus; h: Leymus chinensis; i: Aegilops tauschii; j: Aegilops speltoides; k: Agropyron cristatum; l: Secale cereale; m: the rotated morphology of starch\ngrains from the Triticeae tribe; n: A-type and B-type starch grains from the Triticeae tribe (d, e, f, g, h, i, k, l from Yang et al. (2012b)). Scale bar: 20 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "acfa0b8ac018be2a265dab19b3c692f3ede676127443144951fe84daa061f581", "image_bytes": 3059848, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2. 现代小麦族的淀粉粒。a: 二粒小麦（Triticum dicoccum）；b: 密穗小麦（Triticum aestivo-compactum）；c: 斯佩尔特小麦（Triticum spelta）；d: 普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）；e: 大麦（Hordeum vulgare var. nudum）；f: 鹅观草（Roegneria kamoji）；g: 披碱草（Elymus dahuricus）；h: 羊草（Leymus chinensis）；i: 节节麦（Aegilops tauschii）；j: 山羊草属植物（Aegilops speltoides）；k: 冰草（Agropyron cristatum）；l: 黑麦（Secale cereale）；m: 小麦族淀粉粒的旋转形态；n: 小麦族的A型和B型淀粉粒（d， e， f， g， h， i， k， l来自Yang et al. （2012b））。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2. Starch grains from the modern wheat tribe (Triticeae) tribe. a: emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum); b: club wheat (Triticum aestivo-compactum); c: spelt wheat (Triticum spelta); d: bread wheat (Triticum aestivum); e: barley (Hordeum vulgare) var. nudum; f:\nRoegneria kamoji; g: Dahurian wildrye (Elymus dahuricus); h: Chinese wildrye (Leymus chinensis); i: Tausch’s goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii); j: goatgrass (Aegilops speltoides); k: crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum); l: rye (Secale cereale); m: the rotated morphology of starch\ngrains from the wheat tribe (Triticeae) tribe; n: A-type and B-type starch grains from the wheat tribe (Triticeae) tribe (d, e, f, g, h, i, k, l from Yang et al. (2012b)). Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代小麦族淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from modern Triticeae tribe", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 2. Starch grains from the modern Triticeae tribe. a: Triticum dicoccum; b: Triticum aestivo-compactum; c: Triticum spelta; d: Triticum aestivum; e: Hordeum vulgare var. nudum; f:\nRoegneria kamoji; g: Elymus dahuricus; h: Leymus chinensis; i: Aegilops tauschii; j: Aegilops speltoides; k: Agropyron cristatum; l: Secale cereale; m: the rotated morphology of starch\ngrains from the Triticeae tribe; n: A-type and B-type starch grains from the Triticeae tribe (d, e, f, g, h, i, k, l from Yang et al. (2012b)). Scale bar: 20 μm.", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/acfa0b8ac018be2a265dab19.png", "image_url": "media/S179_a715d9283864_S179-F02.png?v=acfa0b8ac018", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "solution was stirred and allowed to stand for 30 min, after which another 20 ml of 6% H2O2 was added; the solution was allowed to stand for another 30 min before washing with ultrapure water. To deflocculate the clay particles in solution and ease dispersion, a 5% solution of Calgon was added to each sample; the sample was then rinsed twice with ultrapure water. Finally, starch grains were isolated using the CsCl solution described above, and the recov- ered residue was mounted on a slide for analysis under the microscope. Each slide was scanned under a Zeiss microscope (Axio Scope A1). One slide was scanned in its entirety at 200 \u0003 for each sample. Starch was identified by the presence of an extinction cross under cross-polarized light; only bodies with clear extinction crosses were accepted as starch grains in this analysis. Starch grains were photographed at 400 \u0003 in cross-polarized, transmitted light and measured using the UV-G550 software (Beijing United Vision Technology Company, Beijing, China). When a starch grain was found, it was rotated using pressure from a probe pressed against the cover slide, and its three-dimensional morphology was drawn. For identification, the recovered starch grains were compared with a modern reference collection of plants that are common in the study area and in other areas of China (Yang et al., 2009; Li et al., 2010a, Li et al., 2010b; Yang and Jiang, 2010; Yang et al.,2012a; Yang et al.,2012b; Wan et al., 2012; Li et al.,2013). Descriptions of starch grain morphology from previous studies were also consid- ered (Reichert, 1913; Piper", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "each other. The following discussion focuses on one type (Type 1 in Table 3). This type has a circular to sub-circular shape in planimetric view (Fig. 3aeh), pressure craters on the surfaces (Fig. 3b, c and d), a lenticular cross-section form (Fig. 3h) under pressure, and a central hilum commonly marked with a thin line (Fig. 3h), which are the traits matching starch of Triticeae plants, as described above (Yang and Perry, 2013). Moreover, the mature endosperm of wheat, barley, rye, and triticale contains large A- and B-type starch grains (Fig. 2a), resulting in a bimodal grain size distribution (French, 1984; Ao and Jane, 2007). The large A-type starch grains of wheat, triticale, and barley are more than 10 mm in diameter and lenticular in shape, whereas the B-type starch grains are less than 10 mm in diameter and roughly spherical (Evers, 1973; Ao and Jane, 2007). Because the B-type starch grains have non-identifiable characteristics, the starch grains from the archaeological sites were identified according to the characteristics of the A-type starch grain. As shown in Fig. 3a, we found many A-type and B-type", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "(Stoddard, 1999; Ao and Jane, 2007) starch grains with character- istics typical of the Triticeae tribe (see Fig. 2).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:25.292975+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S179_a715d9283864_S179-F03", "paper_key": "S179_a715d9283864", "paper_id": "S179", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch grains retrieved from archaeological sites. aeh: Type 1, Photomicrographs of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe recovered from pits, artifacts, and dental calculus\nfound at the five archaeological sites. a: A-type and B-type starch grains from the Triticeae tribe; beg: the plane morphology of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe; h: the rotated\nmorphology of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe. i: Type 2; j: Type 3; k: Type 4; l: Type 5; m: Type 6; n: Type 7; o: Type 8 and p: Type 9.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "86e16c53e6f665dd1022aa4dc58716ed5490aa0bf0b1ff877210b36725519344", "image_bytes": 7749699, "sites": [ "CN037", "CN038", "CN039", "CN040", "CN041" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 从考古遗址中提取的淀粉粒。a-h: 类型1，从考古遗址的灰坑、器物和牙结石中提取的来自小麦族的淀粉粒的显微照片。a: 小麦族的A型和B型淀粉粒；b-g: 小麦族淀粉粒的平面形态；h: 小麦族淀粉粒的旋转形态；i: 类型2，粟类植物；j: 类型3，粟类植物；k: 类型4，块根块茎；l: 类型5，豆类；m: 类型6，豆类；n: 类型7，根茎类；o: 类型8 和 p: 类型9，未知。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch grains retrieved from archaeological sites. aeh: Type 1, Photomicrographs of starch grains from the wheat tribe (Triticeae) tribe recovered from pits, artifacts, and dental calculus\nfound at the five archaeological sites. a: A-type and B-type starch grains from the wheat tribe (Triticeae) tribe; beg: the plane morphology of starch grains from the wheat tribe (Triticeae) tribe; h: the rotated\nmorphology of starch grains from the wheat tribe (Triticeae) tribe. i: Type 2; j: Type 3; k: Type 4; l: Type 5; m: Type 6; n: Type 7; o: Type 8 and p: Type 9.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "考古遗址中淀粉粒的类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from archaeological sites", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/86e16c53e6f665dd1022aa4d.png", "image_url": "media/S179_a715d9283864_S179-F03.png?v=86e16c53e6f6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Many types of starch grains were retrieved from the sediment samples, artifacts, and dental calculus obtained from the five sampling sites. Our samples yielded a total of 876 starch grains, including at least 9 major types listed in Table 3. Photographs of these grains are shown in Fig. 3. The types include starch grains from the Triticeae tribe, millets, beans, roots and tubers, and other plants, all of which represent possible staple food sources for the early people of this region. Many clusters of small starch grains were also found accompanying some larger starch grains (Fig. 3a), but the quantities and sizes of these clusters of grains were not determined because they were not well separated from", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "each other. The following discussion focuses on one type (Type 1 in Table 3). This type has a circular to sub-circular shape in planimetric view (Fig. 3aeh), pressure craters on the surfaces (Fig. 3b, c and d), a lenticular cross-section form (Fig. 3h) under pressure, and a central hilum commonly marked with a thin line (Fig. 3h), which are the traits matching starch of Triticeae plants, as described above (Yang and Perry, 2013). Moreover, the mature endosperm of wheat, barley, rye, and triticale contains large A- and B-type starch grains (Fig. 2a), resulting in a bimodal grain size distribution (French, 1984; Ao and Jane, 2007). The large A-type starch grains of wheat, triticale, and barley are more than 10 mm in diameter and lenticular in shape, whereas the B-type starch grains are less than 10 mm in diameter and roughly spherical (Evers, 1973; Ao and Jane, 2007). Because the B-type starch grains have non-identifiable characteristics, the starch grains from the archaeological sites were identified according to the characteristics of the A-type starch grain. As shown in Fig. 3a, we found many A-type and B-type", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:25.385925+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN037", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch grains retrieved from archaeological sites. aeh: Type 1, Photomicrographs of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe recovered from pits, artifacts, and dental calculus\nfound at the five archaeological sites. a: A-type and B-type starch grains from the Triticeae tribe; beg: the plane morphology of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe; h: the rotated\nmorphology of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe. i: Type 2; j: Type 3; k: Type 4; l: Type 5; m: Type 6; n: Type 7; o: Type 8 and p: Type 9.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "majiayao", "quote": "ltures\n E-mail address: limq@igsnrr.ac.cn. dated between 5500 and 3500 cal. BP, such as the Majiayao culture\n\n\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.04.028\n1040-6182/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a715d9283864b36bc48982bb72ed55f7207ec934f57a56bdf07cf2bee2e06769" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN038", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch grains retrieved from archaeological sites. aeh: Type 1, Photomicrographs of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe recovered from pits, artifacts, and dental calculus\nfound at the five archaeological sites. a: A-type and B-type starch grains from the Triticeae tribe; beg: the plane morphology of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe; h: the rotated\nmorphology of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe. i: Type 2; j: Type 3; k: Type 4; l: Type 5; m: Type 6; n: Type 7; o: Type 8 and p: Type 9.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "machangyuan", "quote": "JY) and Chenqimogou\net al., 2015). In addition, the Gansu-Qinghai area was an important (CQMG) sites in Gansu Province and the Machangyuan (MCY),\nregion in the spread of wheat and/or barley in China. Indeed, Liuwan (LW), and Changning (CN) sites in eastern Qinghai Province\nancient wheat and barley seeds have been reported at dozens of (see Fig. 1 and Table 1). Samples were obtained from t", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a715d9283864b36bc48982bb72ed55f7207ec934f57a56bdf07cf2bee2e06769" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN039", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch grains retrieved from archaeological sites. aeh: Type 1, Photomicrographs of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe recovered from pits, artifacts, and dental calculus\nfound at the five archaeological sites. a: A-type and B-type starch grains from the Triticeae tribe; beg: the plane morphology of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe; h: the rotated\nmorphology of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe. i: Type 2; j: Type 3; k: Type 4; l: Type 5; m: Type 6; n: Type 7; o: Type 8 and p: Type 9.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Chenqimogou", "quote": "logy\n2002; Bureau of National Cultural Relics, 2011; Jia et al., 2013; Chen (QPICRA). The sites include the Majiayao (MJY) and Chenqimogou\net al., 2015). In addition, the Gansu-Qinghai area was an important (CQMG) sites in Gansu Province and the Machangyuan (MCY),\nregion in the spread of wheat and/or barley in China. Indeed, Liuwan (LW), and Changning (CN) sites in eastern Qinghai Province", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a715d9283864b36bc48982bb72ed55f7207ec934f57a56bdf07cf2bee2e06769" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN040", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch grains retrieved from archaeological sites. aeh: Type 1, Photomicrographs of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe recovered from pits, artifacts, and dental calculus\nfound at the five archaeological sites. a: A-type and B-type starch grains from the Triticeae tribe; beg: the plane morphology of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe; h: the rotated\nmorphology of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe. i: Type 2; j: Type 3; k: Type 4; l: Type 5; m: Type 6; n: Type 7; o: Type 8 and p: Type 9.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "liuwan", "quote": "ant (CQMG) sites in Gansu Province and the Machangyuan (MCY),\nregion in the spread of wheat and/or barley in China. Indeed, Liuwan (LW), and Changning (CN) sites in eastern Qinghai Province\nancient wheat and barley seeds have been reported at dozens of (see Fig. 1 and Table 1). Samples were obtained from the sites, and\nBronze Age sites dated to 4000e2300 cal. BP in Qinghai Province", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a715d9283864b36bc48982bb72ed55f7207ec934f57a56bdf07cf2bee2e06769" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN041", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch grains retrieved from archaeological sites. aeh: Type 1, Photomicrographs of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe recovered from pits, artifacts, and dental calculus\nfound at the five archaeological sites. a: A-type and B-type starch grains from the Triticeae tribe; beg: the plane morphology of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe; h: the rotated\nmorphology of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe. i: Type 2; j: Type 3; k: Type 4; l: Type 5; m: Type 6; n: Type 7; o: Type 8 and p: Type 9.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Changning", "quote": "es in Gansu Province and the Machangyuan (MCY),\nregion in the spread of wheat and/or barley in China. Indeed, Liuwan (LW), and Changning (CN) sites in eastern Qinghai Province\nancient wheat and barley seeds have been reported at dozens of (see Fig. 1 and Table 1). Samples were obtained from the sites, and\nBronze Age sites dated to 4000e2300 cal. BP in Qinghai Province starch grains wer", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a715d9283864b36bc48982bb72ed55f7207ec934f57a56bdf07cf2bee2e06769" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S180_c3c29ac1669e_S180-F03", "paper_key": "S180_c3c29ac1669e", "paper_id": "S180", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Main phytoliths morphotypes found at the Shunshanji site. a, b: common bulliform; c: rice bulliform; d: double-peaked glume; e: dumbbell with scooped ends paralleled\narrangement; f: scutiform-bulliform from reed; g: barnyard millet; h: smooth-elongate; i: elongate-echinate; j: polyhedrons with conical projection (Cyperaceae); k: wavy trap-\nezoid; l: bilobate; m: long saddle; n: short saddle; o: rondel; p: silicious vessel; q: acicular; r, s: woody phytoliths (the scale bar: 20 mm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d2ae91a56a1c87a31b306d1d29ff360f54221667069144270bb0eb1652f7146d", "image_bytes": 6800089, "sites": [ "CN087" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 顺山集遗址发现的主要植硅体形态类型。a， b: 普通扇型；c: 水稻扇型；d: 双峰型；e:并排哑铃型；f: 芦苇盾型；g: 稗稻；h: 平滑棒型；i: 刺棒型；j: 带锥形突起的多面体（莎草科）；k: 齿型；l: 哑铃型；m: 长鞍型；n: 短鞍型；o: 帽型；p.导管；q: 针状；r， s: 木质植硅体（比例尺：20 μm）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Main phytoliths morphotypes found at the Shunshanji site. a, b: common bulliform; c: rice bulliform; d: double-peaked glume; e: dumbbell with scooped ends paralleled\narrangement; f: scutiform-bulliform from reed; g: barnyard millet; h: smooth-elongate; i: elongate-echinate; j: polyhedrons with conical projection (sedge family, Cyperaceae); k: wavy trap-\nezoid; l: bilobate; m: long saddle; n: short saddle; o: rondel; p: silicious vessel; q: acicular; r, s: woody phytoliths (the scale bar: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "顺山集遗址主要植硅体形态", "title_en": "Main phytolith morphotypes at the Shunshanji site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 3. Main phytoliths morphotypes found at the Shunshanji site. a, b: common bulliform; c: rice bulliform; d: double-peaked glume; e: dumbbell with scooped ends paralleled\narrangement; f: scutiform-bulliform from reed; g: barnyard millet; h: smooth-elongate; i: elongate-echinate; j: polyhedrons with conical projection (Cyperaceae); k: wavy trap-\nezoid; l: bilobate; m: long saddle; n: short saddle; o: rondel; p: silicious vessel; q: acicular; r, s: woody phytoliths (the scale bar: 20 μm).", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d2ae91a56a1c87a31b306d1d.png", "image_url": "media/S180_c3c29ac1669e_S180-F03.png?v=d2ae91a56a1c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "glume, dumbbell with scooped ends paralleled arrangement, barnyard millet, common bulliform, scutiform-bulliform from reed, parallepipedal bulliform, smooth-elongate, elongate-echinate, acicular, long saddle, short saddle, bilobate, silicious vessel, rondel, trapeziform sinuate and so on (Fig. 3). No broomcorn (Panicum miliaceum) or foxtail (Setaria italica) millet phytoliths were noted this time. Except for the 3 samples from TG76, the densities of rice cuneiform bulliform phytoliths were about 300 grains/g, and double-peaked glume phytoliths were more than 2 \u0003 104 grains/g in most samples (Fig. 4). 320 rice cuneiform bulliform and 20,728 double-peaked glume phytoliths were encountered in 63 samples.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:25.438473+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN087", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Main phytoliths morphotypes found at the Shunshanji site. a, b: common bulliform; c: rice bulliform; d: double-peaked glume; e: dumbbell with scooped ends paralleled\narrangement; f: scutiform-bulliform from reed; g: barnyard millet; h: smooth-elongate; i: elongate-echinate; j: polyhedrons with conical projection (Cyperaceae); k: wavy trap-\nezoid; l: bilobate; m: long saddle; n: short saddle; o: rondel; p: silicious vessel; q: acicular; r, s: woody phytoliths (the scale bar: 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shunshanji", "quote": "Nanjing 210016, China\n\n\n\na r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t\n\n\nArticle history: The Shunshanji site is one of the earliest archaeological sites identified in the middle reaches of Huai\nAvailable online 9 April 2016 River region. Using phytolith analysis, 66 samples from 3 exposed profiles at the Shunshanji site were", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c3c29ac1669e22ef13a0d17b366d842000c3caf5b8b417ac2ad5c4e2840f6feb" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S180_c3c29ac1669e_S180-F05", "paper_key": "S180_c3c29ac1669e", "paper_id": "S180", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Morphological characteristic of rice phytoliths from the Shunshanji site. a: VL and HL of cuneiform bulliform phytolith; b: possible wild rice with less than 9 scale-like\ndecorations; c: 3-D scattered plots for morphological parameters of double-peaked glume phytolith; d: possible domestic rice with greater than 9 scale-like decorations. The\nscale bar: 20 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ace59cb5f4e5ef4ea19377dc393d258af2cf4bf40f8e821b02f3d016f1c0241d", "image_bytes": 3379223, "sites": [ "CN087" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 顺山集遗址水稻植硅体的形态特征。a: 扇型植硅体的长轴（VL）和短轴（HL）；b: 可能为野生稻，具少于9个鳞片状装饰；c: 颖壳双峰型植硅体形态参数的3-D散点图；d: 可能为栽培稻，具多于9个鳞片状装饰。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Morphological characteristic of rice phytoliths from the Shunshanji site. a: VL and HL of cuneiform bulliform phytolith; b: possible wild rice with less than 9 scale-like\ndecorations; c: 3-D scattered plots for morphological parameters of double-peaked glume phytolith; d: possible domestic rice with greater than 9 scale-like decorations. The\nscale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "pdf_corrected_source", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "顺山集遗址水稻植硅体形态特征", "title_en": "Morphological Characteristics of Rice Phytoliths from the Shunshanji Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 5. Morphological characteristic of rice phytoliths from the Shunshanji site. a: VL and HL of cuneiform bulliform phytolith; b: possible wild rice with less than 9 scale-like\ndecorations; c: 3-D scattered plots for morphological parameters of double-peaked glume phytolith; d: possible domestic rice with greater than 9 scale-like decorations. The\nscale bar: 20 μm.", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ace59cb5f4e5ef4ea19377dc.png", "image_url": "media/S180_c3c29ac1669e_S180-F05.png?v=ace59cb5f4e5", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "double-peaked phytoliths from each phase at the Shunshanji site: top width (TW, the distance between two peaks), width of the middle (MW, the width at the point where the hair attaches to the base), the height of each peak (H1, height of largest peak, H2, height of smallest peak, both measured from the tip to the base of the hair), the depth of the curve (CD, measured from the tip of H to the lowest point of curve) (Fig. 5c). Measurements indicate that almost half of the rice double-peaked phytoliths encountered were from wild Oryza species, only 7, 9 and 13 double-peaked phytoliths from domesticated forms were seen in Phase I, IIand III, respectively. Moreover, there were also a fairly large percentage of the indeter- minate types in the three phases at Shunshanji (Fig. 8).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:25.495963+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN087", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Morphological characteristic of rice phytoliths from the Shunshanji site. a: VL and HL of cuneiform bulliform phytolith; b: possible wild rice with less than 9 scale-like\ndecorations; c: 3-D scattered plots for morphological parameters of double-peaked glume phytolith; d: possible domestic rice with greater than 9 scale-like decorations. The\nscale bar: 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shunshanji", "quote": "Nanjing 210016, China\n\n\n\na r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t\n\n\nArticle history: The Shunshanji site is one of the earliest archaeological sites identified in the middle reaches of Huai\nAvailable online 9 April 2016 River region. Using phytolith analysis, 66 samples from 3 exposed profiles at the Shunshanji site were", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c3c29ac1669e22ef13a0d17b366d842000c3caf5b8b417ac2ad5c4e2840f6feb" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S181_752d6e010315_S181-F06", "paper_key": "S181_752d6e010315", "paper_id": "S181", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Microfossils extracted from ancient processed food. (A) ancient starch grains; (B) ancient starch grains under polarized light; (C) ancient dendritic phytolith; (D) ancient\ndendritic phytolith; (E) ancient bran fragments, showing the extracted transverse cells arrange side by side in rows and present a hexagonal or pentagonal shape; (F) ancient bran\nfragments, showing the zig-zag pattern. Scale bar ¼ 20 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "43c941e09838f4a8d71164e930e31e688313ad566e6711806464ef584f8a93b2", "image_bytes": 2957504, "sites": [ "CN176" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 从古代加工食品中提取的微体化石。（A） 古代淀粉粒；（B） 偏光下古代淀粉粒照片； （C） 古代树枝状植硅体；（D） 古代树状植硅体；（E） 古代麸皮碎片，显示提取的横切细胞排成行，呈六边形或五边形；（F） 古代麸皮碎片，显示锯齿状图案。比例尺 = 20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Microfossils extracted from ancient processed food. (A) ancient starch grains; (B) ancient starch grains under polarized light; (C) ancient dendritic phytolith; (D) ancient\ndendritic phytolith; (E) ancient bran fragments, showing the extracted transverse cells arrange side by side in rows and present a hexagonal or pentagonal shape; (F) ancient bran\nfragments, showing the zig-zag pattern. Scale bar = 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "pdf_corrected_source", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "古代加工食品中微化石", "title_en": "Microfossils from ancient processed food", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 6. Microfossils extracted from ancient processed food. (A) ancient starch grains; (B) ancient starch grains under polarized light; (C) ancient dendritic phytolith; (D) ancient\ndendritic phytolith; (E) ancient bran fragments, showing the extracted transverse cells arrange side by side in rows and present a hexagonal or pentagonal shape; (F) ancient bran\nfragments, showing the zig-zag pattern. Scale bar = 20 μm.", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/43c941e09838f4a8d71164e9.png", "image_url": "media/S181_752d6e010315_S181-F06.png?v=43c941e09838", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "swelling in shape, folded surface, pronounced lamellae, and/or a dark central area on the extinction cross (Fig. 6A, B). In conclusion, morphological features and statistical data (23.51 ± 6.26 mm, N 1⁄4 200) of this type of starch grain point to the Triticeae, most probably from T. aestivum, H. vulgare, or H. vulgare var. coeleste (Piperno et al., 2004; Henry and Piperno, 2008; Henry et al., 2009; Yang and Perry, 2013). A more precise identification is necessary by following phytolith and bran analyses.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "The contents of phytoliths are extremely rare. Only dendritic and papilla phytolith from the inflorescence of Triticeae were found (Fig. 6C, D). Ball et al. (1996, 1999) and Tubb et al. (1993) have developed several methodologies to distinguish the phytolith from different species of Triticeae. Nevertheless, the number of extracted phytoliths was scarce and their poor preservation state prevented further identification.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:25.548513+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN176", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Microfossils extracted from ancient processed food. (A) ancient starch grains; (B) ancient starch grains under polarized light; (C) ancient dendritic phytolith; (D) ancient\ndendritic phytolith; (E) ancient bran fragments, showing the extracted transverse cells arrange side by side in rows and present a hexagonal or pentagonal shape; (F) ancient bran\nfragments, showing the zig-zag pattern. Scale bar = 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Yingpan", "quote": "e: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint\n\n\n\nPlant use in the Lop Nor region of southern Xinjiang, China:\nArchaeobotanical studies of the Yingpan cemetery (~25e420 AD)\n\nTao Chen a, b, Xiyong Wang c, Ji Dai d, Wenying Li e, Hongen Jiang b, *\n\na College of Arts, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China\nb Department of Scientific History and Archaeometry, University of Chinese Academy of Sci", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "752d6e01031544a4b1b5eb3e4118d1d340ecafe0ee9b66c279a99a4b4c5d7a08" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S182_9b4d6175dcea_S182-F02", "paper_key": "S182_9b4d6175dcea", "paper_id": "S182", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2. Examples of starch grains recovered from human dental calculus from Shilinggang site. (aeb) starch grain in which the morphology has been lost due to processing and/or\ncooking; (cef), type I; (gej), type II; (kem), type III; (neo), type IV; (per), type V; (set), type VI. Scale bar: 10 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "补入本轮逐项对照PDF的分图释读，保留来源页码及原句。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "382f363edeb49218a119829a1c5fa851f0433d5443eb59616fdf0c491c5f7fdb", "image_bytes": 5636455, "sites": [ "CN165" ], "caption_zh": "图2. 从石岭岗遗址人类牙结石中提取的淀粉粒示例。 （a，b） 由于加工和/或烹饪导致形态丢失的淀粉粒； （c-f） 类型I，粟、黍一类的黍亚科谷物； （g-j） 类型II，块根块茎类植物，与栝楼属、莲属、犁头尖属等共享形态特征； （k-m） 类型III，块根块茎类植物，与栝楼属、莲属、犁头尖属等共享形态特征； （n-o） 类型IV，块根块茎类植物，与栝楼属、莲属、犁头尖属等共享形态特征； （p-r） 类型V，与数种栎属植物相似的淀粉粒； （s-t） 类型VI，未知淀粉粒类型。比例尺：10 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2. Examples of starch grains recovered from human dental calculus from Shilinggang site. (aeb) starch grain in which the morphology has been lost due to processing and/or\ncooking; (cef), type I; (gej), type II; (kem), type III; (neo), type IV; (per), type V; (set), type VI. Scale bar: 10 μm.\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\na–b: Damaged starch whose morphology was lost through processing and/or cooking; botanical origin unresolved. (PDF p. 4).\nc–f: Millet-type starch; foxtail and broomcorn millet were not separated to species. (PDF p. 4).\ng–j: Underground storage organ (USO) starch. Types II–IV collectively share traits with snake gourds (Trichosanthes), lotus (Nelumbo) and aroids (Typhonium); these genera are not assigned one-to-one to the three types. (PDF p. 5).\nk–m: USO starch; the shared comparison for Types II–IV does not resolve this type to a genus. (PDF p. 5).\nn–o: USO starch; the shared comparison for Types II–IV does not resolve this type to a genus. (PDF p. 5).\np–r: Starch similar to several oaks (Quercus) species; no species-level diagnosis. (PDF p. 5).\ns–t: Unidentified starch; no match in the available modern references. (PDF p. 5).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石岭岗遗址牙结石中淀粉粒示例", "title_en": "Starch Grains from Human Dental Calculus at Shilinggang Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 2. Examples of starch grains recovered from human dental calculus from Shilinggang site. (aeb) starch grain in which the morphology has been lost due to processing and/or\ncooking; (cef), type I; (gej), type II; (kem), type III; (neo), type IV; (per), type V; (set), type VI. Scale bar: 10 μm.", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/382f363edeb49218a119829a.png", "image_url": "media/S182_9b4d6175dcea_S182-F02.png?v=382f363edeb4", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "a–b", "type_code": "damaged", "interpretation_zh": "因加工和/或炊煮而失去原形态的淀粉粒", "interpretation_en": "Damaged starch whose morphology was lost through processing and/or cooking; botanical origin unresolved.", "uncertainty": "受损；未定植物来源；", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "Fig. 2. Examples of starch grains recovered from human dental calculus from Shilinggang site. (aeb) starch grain in which the morphology has been lost due to processing and/or\ncooking; (cef), type I; (gej), type II; (kem), type III; (neo), type IV; (per), type V; (set), type VI. Scale bar: 10 mm." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "382f363edeb49218a119829a1c5fa851f0433d5443eb59616fdf0c491c5f7fdb" }, { "panels": "c–f", "type_code": "I", "interpretation_zh": "粟、黍一类的黍亚科谷物；作者没有区分到粟或黍", "interpretation_en": "Millet-type starch; foxtail and broomcorn millet were not separated to species.", "uncertainty": "类型层面；种级未区分；", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "Type I (N ¼ 117, 14.4% of total) is characterized by polygonal\nshapes (Fig. 2cef and Table 2) which are best matched with\nthose of millets of the Panicoideae sub-family and may be\nfurther identified as foxtail and broomcorn millets (Setaria\nitalica and Panicum miliaceum), based on comparative collec-\ntions (Supplementary Fig. 1(1)e(2)). Because of the low success\nrate in separating the two millets (Liu et al., 2015), we did not\nattempt to separate them to species level. Flotation samples\nfrom Shilinggang yielded 9 seeds of domesticated foxtail millet" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "382f363edeb49218a119829a1c5fa851f0433d5443eb59616fdf0c491c5f7fdb" }, { "panels": "g–j", "type_code": "II", "interpretation_zh": "地下贮藏器官（USOs）；II–IV类型整体与栝楼属、莲属、犁头尖属等共享形态特征", "interpretation_en": "Underground storage organ (USO) starch. Types II–IV collectively share traits with snake gourds (Trichosanthes), lotus (Nelumbo) and aroids (Typhonium); these genera are not assigned one-to-one to the three types.", "uncertainty": "资源类别；不能把三个属分别一一配给II、III、IV；", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "(Setaria italica) (Li et al., 2016). Therefore, it is possible that the\nmillet starch grains are primarily, if not entirely, derived from\ndomesticated millets.\nType II (N ¼ 262; 32.3%) is bell-shaped or semi-spherical.\nAlternatively, it consists of compound grains (twins) (Fig. 2gej\nand Table 2).\nType III (N ¼ 167; 20.6%) is characterized by rounded polygonal\nshapes with pressure facets. Alternatively, it consists of triplets,\nquadruples, or quintuplets (Fig. 2kem and Table 2).\nType IV (N ¼ 44; 5.4%) is spherical or regular-oval in shape\n(Fig. 2neo and Table 2), with an eccentric hilum and bended\narms. Based on the comparative collections and other publica-\ntions (Liu et al., 2013), types IIeIV exhibit common features\nwhich\nare\nshared\nby\nTrichosanthes,\nNelumbo,\nTyphonium\n(Supplementary Fig. 1(3)e(6)) and other USOs. Therefore, type\nIIeIV grains are identified as USOs, accounting for 53% of the\nstarch assemblage (N ¼ 429).\nType V (N ¼ 8; 1% of the total) is either irregularly oval or\ntriangular-shaped (Fig. 2per and Table 2). In our data and other\npublications (Yang et al., 2009), these features are similar to the\nstarch grains of several Quercus species (Supplementary Fig. 1\n(7)e(8)), such as Q. aliena, Q. dentata, and Q. variabilis, which\ncurrently grow in Yunnan (Kunming Institute of Botany, 1979).\nType VI (N ¼ 13; 1.6% of the total) is spherical in shape with\ndistinctive vacuoles or open hila and indistinct lamellae that are\noccasionally present on larger grains (Fig. 2set and Table 2).\nThese starch grains apparently belong to a single plant taxon,\nbut they do not match any reference samples currently available\nin our collection. Thus, we classify Type VI as unidentifiable at\nthis time.\nType VII (n ¼ 50; 6.2% of the total) is classified as unidentifiable.\nThe grains lack diagnostic features which can be compared with\nthe available reference material and therefore cannot be\nsecurely identified." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "382f363edeb49218a119829a1c5fa851f0433d5443eb59616fdf0c491c5f7fdb" }, { "panels": "k–m", "type_code": "III", "interpretation_zh": "地下贮藏器官（USOs）；II–IV类型整体与栝楼属、莲属、犁头尖属等共享形态特征", "interpretation_en": "USO starch; the shared comparison for Types II–IV does not resolve this type to a genus.", "uncertainty": "资源类别；不能把三个属分别一一配给II、III、IV；", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "(Setaria italica) (Li et al., 2016). Therefore, it is possible that the\nmillet starch grains are primarily, if not entirely, derived from\ndomesticated millets.\nType II (N ¼ 262; 32.3%) is bell-shaped or semi-spherical.\nAlternatively, it consists of compound grains (twins) (Fig. 2gej\nand Table 2).\nType III (N ¼ 167; 20.6%) is characterized by rounded polygonal\nshapes with pressure facets. Alternatively, it consists of triplets,\nquadruples, or quintuplets (Fig. 2kem and Table 2).\nType IV (N ¼ 44; 5.4%) is spherical or regular-oval in shape\n(Fig. 2neo and Table 2), with an eccentric hilum and bended\narms. Based on the comparative collections and other publica-\ntions (Liu et al., 2013), types IIeIV exhibit common features\nwhich\nare\nshared\nby\nTrichosanthes,\nNelumbo,\nTyphonium\n(Supplementary Fig. 1(3)e(6)) and other USOs. Therefore, type\nIIeIV grains are identified as USOs, accounting for 53% of the\nstarch assemblage (N ¼ 429).\nType V (N ¼ 8; 1% of the total) is either irregularly oval or\ntriangular-shaped (Fig. 2per and Table 2). In our data and other\npublications (Yang et al., 2009), these features are similar to the\nstarch grains of several Quercus species (Supplementary Fig. 1\n(7)e(8)), such as Q. aliena, Q. dentata, and Q. variabilis, which\ncurrently grow in Yunnan (Kunming Institute of Botany, 1979).\nType VI (N ¼ 13; 1.6% of the total) is spherical in shape with\ndistinctive vacuoles or open hila and indistinct lamellae that are\noccasionally present on larger grains (Fig. 2set and Table 2).\nThese starch grains apparently belong to a single plant taxon,\nbut they do not match any reference samples currently available\nin our collection. Thus, we classify Type VI as unidentifiable at\nthis time.\nType VII (n ¼ 50; 6.2% of the total) is classified as unidentifiable.\nThe grains lack diagnostic features which can be compared with\nthe available reference material and therefore cannot be\nsecurely identified." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "382f363edeb49218a119829a1c5fa851f0433d5443eb59616fdf0c491c5f7fdb" }, { "panels": "n–o", "type_code": "IV", "interpretation_zh": "地下贮藏器官（USOs）；II–IV类型整体与栝楼属、莲属、犁头尖属等共享形态特征", "interpretation_en": "USO starch; the shared comparison for Types II–IV does not resolve this type to a genus.", "uncertainty": "资源类别；不能把三个属分别一一配给II、III、IV；", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "(Setaria italica) (Li et al., 2016). Therefore, it is possible that the\nmillet starch grains are primarily, if not entirely, derived from\ndomesticated millets.\nType II (N ¼ 262; 32.3%) is bell-shaped or semi-spherical.\nAlternatively, it consists of compound grains (twins) (Fig. 2gej\nand Table 2).\nType III (N ¼ 167; 20.6%) is characterized by rounded polygonal\nshapes with pressure facets. Alternatively, it consists of triplets,\nquadruples, or quintuplets (Fig. 2kem and Table 2).\nType IV (N ¼ 44; 5.4%) is spherical or regular-oval in shape\n(Fig. 2neo and Table 2), with an eccentric hilum and bended\narms. Based on the comparative collections and other publica-\ntions (Liu et al., 2013), types IIeIV exhibit common features\nwhich\nare\nshared\nby\nTrichosanthes,\nNelumbo,\nTyphonium\n(Supplementary Fig. 1(3)e(6)) and other USOs. Therefore, type\nIIeIV grains are identified as USOs, accounting for 53% of the\nstarch assemblage (N ¼ 429).\nType V (N ¼ 8; 1% of the total) is either irregularly oval or\ntriangular-shaped (Fig. 2per and Table 2). In our data and other\npublications (Yang et al., 2009), these features are similar to the\nstarch grains of several Quercus species (Supplementary Fig. 1\n(7)e(8)), such as Q. aliena, Q. dentata, and Q. variabilis, which\ncurrently grow in Yunnan (Kunming Institute of Botany, 1979).\nType VI (N ¼ 13; 1.6% of the total) is spherical in shape with\ndistinctive vacuoles or open hila and indistinct lamellae that are\noccasionally present on larger grains (Fig. 2set and Table 2).\nThese starch grains apparently belong to a single plant taxon,\nbut they do not match any reference samples currently available\nin our collection. Thus, we classify Type VI as unidentifiable at\nthis time.\nType VII (n ¼ 50; 6.2% of the total) is classified as unidentifiable.\nThe grains lack diagnostic features which can be compared with\nthe available reference material and therefore cannot be\nsecurely identified." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "382f363edeb49218a119829a1c5fa851f0433d5443eb59616fdf0c491c5f7fdb" }, { "panels": "p–r", "type_code": "V", "interpretation_zh": "与数种栎属植物相似的淀粉粒", "interpretation_en": "Starch similar to several oaks (Quercus) species; no species-level diagnosis.", "uncertainty": "属级相似；未鉴定到具体种；", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "(Setaria italica) (Li et al., 2016). Therefore, it is possible that the\nmillet starch grains are primarily, if not entirely, derived from\ndomesticated millets.\nType II (N ¼ 262; 32.3%) is bell-shaped or semi-spherical.\nAlternatively, it consists of compound grains (twins) (Fig. 2gej\nand Table 2).\nType III (N ¼ 167; 20.6%) is characterized by rounded polygonal\nshapes with pressure facets. Alternatively, it consists of triplets,\nquadruples, or quintuplets (Fig. 2kem and Table 2).\nType IV (N ¼ 44; 5.4%) is spherical or regular-oval in shape\n(Fig. 2neo and Table 2), with an eccentric hilum and bended\narms. Based on the comparative collections and other publica-\ntions (Liu et al., 2013), types IIeIV exhibit common features\nwhich\nare\nshared\nby\nTrichosanthes,\nNelumbo,\nTyphonium\n(Supplementary Fig. 1(3)e(6)) and other USOs. Therefore, type\nIIeIV grains are identified as USOs, accounting for 53% of the\nstarch assemblage (N ¼ 429).\nType V (N ¼ 8; 1% of the total) is either irregularly oval or\ntriangular-shaped (Fig. 2per and Table 2). In our data and other\npublications (Yang et al., 2009), these features are similar to the\nstarch grains of several Quercus species (Supplementary Fig. 1\n(7)e(8)), such as Q. aliena, Q. dentata, and Q. variabilis, which\ncurrently grow in Yunnan (Kunming Institute of Botany, 1979).\nType VI (N ¼ 13; 1.6% of the total) is spherical in shape with\ndistinctive vacuoles or open hila and indistinct lamellae that are\noccasionally present on larger grains (Fig. 2set and Table 2).\nThese starch grains apparently belong to a single plant taxon,\nbut they do not match any reference samples currently available\nin our collection. Thus, we classify Type VI as unidentifiable at\nthis time.\nType VII (n ¼ 50; 6.2% of the total) is classified as unidentifiable.\nThe grains lack diagnostic features which can be compared with\nthe available reference material and therefore cannot be\nsecurely identified." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "382f363edeb49218a119829a1c5fa851f0433d5443eb59616fdf0c491c5f7fdb" }, { "panels": "s–t", "type_code": "VI", "interpretation_zh": "现有现代参照中找不到匹配的淀粉粒", "interpretation_en": "Unidentified starch; no match in the available modern references.", "uncertainty": "未鉴定；", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "(Setaria italica) (Li et al., 2016). Therefore, it is possible that the\nmillet starch grains are primarily, if not entirely, derived from\ndomesticated millets.\nType II (N ¼ 262; 32.3%) is bell-shaped or semi-spherical.\nAlternatively, it consists of compound grains (twins) (Fig. 2gej\nand Table 2).\nType III (N ¼ 167; 20.6%) is characterized by rounded polygonal\nshapes with pressure facets. Alternatively, it consists of triplets,\nquadruples, or quintuplets (Fig. 2kem and Table 2).\nType IV (N ¼ 44; 5.4%) is spherical or regular-oval in shape\n(Fig. 2neo and Table 2), with an eccentric hilum and bended\narms. Based on the comparative collections and other publica-\ntions (Liu et al., 2013), types IIeIV exhibit common features\nwhich\nare\nshared\nby\nTrichosanthes,\nNelumbo,\nTyphonium\n(Supplementary Fig. 1(3)e(6)) and other USOs. Therefore, type\nIIeIV grains are identified as USOs, accounting for 53% of the\nstarch assemblage (N ¼ 429).\nType V (N ¼ 8; 1% of the total) is either irregularly oval or\ntriangular-shaped (Fig. 2per and Table 2). In our data and other\npublications (Yang et al., 2009), these features are similar to the\nstarch grains of several Quercus species (Supplementary Fig. 1\n(7)e(8)), such as Q. aliena, Q. dentata, and Q. variabilis, which\ncurrently grow in Yunnan (Kunming Institute of Botany, 1979).\nType VI (N ¼ 13; 1.6% of the total) is spherical in shape with\ndistinctive vacuoles or open hila and indistinct lamellae that are\noccasionally present on larger grains (Fig. 2set and Table 2).\nThese starch grains apparently belong to a single plant taxon,\nbut they do not match any reference samples currently available\nin our collection. Thus, we classify Type VI as unidentifiable at\nthis time.\nType VII (n ¼ 50; 6.2% of the total) is classified as unidentifiable.\nThe grains lack diagnostic features which can be compared with\nthe available reference material and therefore cannot be\nsecurely identified." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "382f363edeb49218a119829a1c5fa851f0433d5443eb59616fdf0c491c5f7fdb" } ], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Type I (N 1⁄4 117, 14.4% of total) is characterized by polygonal shapes (Fig. 2cef and Table 2) which are best matched with those of millets of the Panicoideae sub-family and may be further identified as foxtail and broomcorn millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum), based on comparative collec- tions (Supplementary Fig. 1(1)e(2)). Because of the low success rate in separating the two millets (Liu et al., 2015), we did not attempt to separate them to species level. Flotation samples from Shilinggang yielded 9 seeds of domesticated foxtail millet", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "(Setaria italica) (Li et al., 2016). Therefore, it is possible that the millet starch grains are primarily, if not entirely, derived from domesticated millets. Type II (N 1⁄4 262; 32.3%) is bell-shaped or semi-spherical. Alternatively, it consists of compound grains (twins) (Fig. 2gej and Table 2). Type III (N 1⁄4 167; 20.6%) is characterized by rounded polygonal shapes with pressure facets. Alternatively, it consists of triplets, quadruples, or quintuplets (Fig. 2kem and Table 2). Type IV (N 1⁄4 44; 5.4%) is spherical or regular-oval in shape (Fig. 2neo and Table 2), with an eccentric hilum and bended arms. Based on the comparative collections and other publica- tions (Liu et al., 2013), types IIeIV exhibit common features which are shared by Trichosanthes, Nelumbo, Typhonium (Supplementary Fig. 1(3)e(6)) and other USOs. Therefore, type IIeIV grains are identified as USOs, accounting for 53% of the starch assemblage (N 1⁄4 429). Type V (N 1⁄4 8; 1% of the total) is either irregularly oval or triangular-shaped (Fig. 2per and Table 2). In our data and other publications (Yang et al., 2009), these features are similar to the starch grains of several Quercus species (Supplementary Fig. 1 (7)e(8)), such as Q. aliena, Q. dentata, and Q. variabilis, which currently grow in Yunnan (Kunming Institute of Botany, 1979). Type VI (N 1⁄4 13; 1.6% of the total) is spherical in shape with distinctive vacuoles or open hila and indistinct lamellae that are occasionally present on larger grains (Fig. 2set and Table 2). These starch grains apparently belong to a single plant taxon, but they d", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "In this study, we recovered microfossils of starch and phytolith from dental calculus. Starch grains are an end-product of carbon fixation by photosynthesis and are a major energy source for humans. The formation of an individual starch grain begins at a central point called the hilum, continues with the formation of alternating layers called lamellae, and finally results in a starch grain with a semi-crystalline structure with a regular shape and a polarization cross under cross-polarized light (Leonard et al., 2015). Because of differences in the hilum, lamellae, shape, polarization cross, fissure and size, starch grain morphologies are often taxo- nomically distinct (Piperno and Dillehay, 2008). Phytoliths are microscopic non-crystalline silica bodies formed between and in plant cells after the precipitation of soluble silica from ground water in plant tissues (Leonard et al., 2015). Diagnostic features include shape, ornamentation and size (Wang and Lu, 1993). Phy- toliths are mainly concentrated in husks, rinds, leaves, bark, and fruits (Leonard et al., 2015), and therefore they can be potentially ingested by humans. In the process of ingestion, food particles (including starch grains and phytoliths) may become incorporated into dental calculus. Therefore, by recovering plant microfossils from dental calculus, we can obtain a direct record of the plant foods ingested by humans. Before and after ingestion, starch grains and phytoliths undergo complex physical (e.g., grinding and chewing) and chemical pro- cessing (e.g. heating and exposure to amylase) (Wesolowski et al.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:25.608801+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN165", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 2. Examples of starch grains recovered from human dental calculus from Shilinggang site. (aeb) starch grain in which the morphology has been lost due to processing and/or\ncooking; (cef), type I; (gej), type II; (kem), type III; (neo), type IV; (per), type V; (set), type VI. Scale bar: 10 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shilinggang", "quote": ".com/locate/jas\n\n\n\nDiet reconstructed from an analysis of plant microfossils in human\ndental calculus from the Bronze Age site of Shilinggang, southwestern\nChina\n\nNaimeng Zhang a, Guanghui Dong a, *, Xiaoyan Yang b, **, Xinxin Zuo c, Lihong Kang d,\nLele Ren a, Honggao Liu a, e, Hu Li a, Rui Min d, Xu Liu d, Dongju Zhang a, Fahu Chen a\n\na Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Minis", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9b4d6175dceaf08983e41ff5593e42ec475bd99cf2c2361cd70d79da78b6017f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S182_9b4d6175dcea_S182-F03", "paper_key": "S182_9b4d6175dcea", "paper_id": "S182", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Examples of phytoliths extracted from human dental calculus from Shilinggang site (a), glume with double peaks from Oryza; (b), parallel bilobate from Oryza; (c), scale-\ndecorated bulliform from Oryza; (d), globular echinate from Arecaceae. Scale bars, 20 and 10 mm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "de433998c7d0175a02e06fb721399a2461bca8005f2293fe1810bdb964b427aa", "image_bytes": 2038515, "sites": [ "CN165" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 从石岭岗遗址人类牙结石中提取的植硅体示例：（a） 水稻的颖壳双峰型；（b） 来自水稻的并排哑铃型；（c）来自水稻的鱼鳞状纹饰扇型；（d） 棕榈科的刺球型植硅体。比例尺，20和10 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Examples of phytoliths extracted from human dental calculus from Shilinggang site (a), glume with double peaks from rice (Oryza); (b), parallel bilobate from rice (Oryza); (c), scale-\ndecorated bulliform from rice (Oryza); (d), globular echinate from palm family (Arecaceae). Scale bars, 20 and 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石岭岗遗址牙结石中植硅体示例", "title_en": "Phytoliths from Human Dental Calculus at Shilinggang Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 3. Examples of phytoliths extracted from human dental calculus from Shilinggang site (a), glume with double peaks from Oryza; (b), parallel bilobate from Oryza; (c), scale-\ndecorated bulliform from Oryza; (d), globular echinate from Arecaceae. Scale bars, 20 and 10 μm.", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/de433998c7d0175a02e06fb7.png", "image_url": "media/S182_9b4d6175dcea_S182-F03.png?v=de433998c7d0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "The results of statistical analysis of the phytoliths extracted from fossil dental calculus are listed in Table 3 and examples of the phytoliths are illustrated in Fig. 3. We recovered a total of 619 phytoliths, of which 14 are unidentified. The main phytolith types are: double peaked, bilobate, elongate smooth, acicular, rectangle, bulliform (fan-shaped) and square-shaped. 201 are from rice (Oryza spp.), some of which are large and completely-silicified hair cell phytoliths characterized by double ‘peaks’ (Fig. 3a), which are produced by rice glumes. Some of them are dumbbell-shaped with", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "scooped ends, with a paralleled arrangement (Fig. 3b) in leaf tissue. Others are bulliform phytoliths (Fig. 3c) of Oryza which are char- acterized by numerous small, shallow scale-like decorations on the half-rounded side, which are produced by rice leaf tissue. It is noteworthy that double-peaked phytoliths from the glume of rice grains are dominant. In addition, we recovered four globular echinate phytoliths produced by palms (Arecaceae) (Fig. 3d).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type I (N 1⁄4 117, 14.4% of total) is characterized by polygonal shapes (Fig. 2cef and Table 2) which are best matched with those of millets of the Panicoideae sub-family and may be further identified as foxtail and broomcorn millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum), based on comparative collec- tions (Supplementary Fig. 1(1)e(2)). Because of the low success rate in separating the two millets (Liu et al., 2015), we did not attempt to separate them to species level. Flotation samples from Shilinggang yielded 9 seeds of domesticated foxtail millet", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "(Setaria italica) (Li et al., 2016). Therefore, it is possible that the millet starch grains are primarily, if not entirely, derived from domesticated millets. Type II (N 1⁄4 262; 32.3%) is bell-shaped or semi-spherical. Alternatively, it consists of compound grains (twins) (Fig. 2gej and Table 2). Type III (N 1⁄4 167; 20.6%) is characterized by rounded polygonal shapes with pressure facets. Alternatively, it consists of triplets, quadruples, or quintuplets (Fig. 2kem and Table 2). Type IV (N 1⁄4 44; 5.4%) is spherical or regular-oval in shape (Fig. 2neo and Table 2), with an eccentric hilum and bended arms. Based on the comparative collections and other publica- tions (Liu et al., 2013), types IIeIV exhibit common features which are shared by Trichosanthes, Nelumbo, Typhonium (Supplementary Fig. 1(3)e(6)) and other USOs. Therefore, type IIeIV grains are identified as USOs, accounting for 53% of the starch assemblage (N 1⁄4 429). Type V (N 1⁄4 8; 1% of the total) is either irregularly oval or triangular-shaped (Fig. 2per and Table 2). In our data and other publications (Yang et al., 2009), these features are similar to the starch grains of several Quercus species (Supplementary Fig. 1 (7)e(8)), such as Q. aliena, Q. dentata, and Q. variabilis, which currently grow in Yunnan (Kunming Institute of Botany, 1979). Type VI (N 1⁄4 13; 1.6% of the total) is spherical in shape with distinctive vacuoles or open hila and indistinct lamellae that are occasionally present on larger grains (Fig. 2set and Table 2). These starch grains apparently belong to a single plant taxon, but they d", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:25.675317+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN165", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Examples of phytoliths extracted from human dental calculus from Shilinggang site (a), glume with double peaks from Oryza; (b), parallel bilobate from Oryza; (c), scale-\ndecorated bulliform from Oryza; (d), globular echinate from Arecaceae. Scale bars, 20 and 10 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shilinggang", "quote": ".com/locate/jas\n\n\n\nDiet reconstructed from an analysis of plant microfossils in human\ndental calculus from the Bronze Age site of Shilinggang, southwestern\nChina\n\nNaimeng Zhang a, Guanghui Dong a, *, Xiaoyan Yang b, **, Xinxin Zuo c, Lihong Kang d,\nLele Ren a, Honggao Liu a, e, Hu Li a, Rui Min d, Xu Liu d, Dongju Zhang a, Fahu Chen a\n\na Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Minis", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9b4d6175dceaf08983e41ff5593e42ec475bd99cf2c2361cd70d79da78b6017f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F02", "paper_key": "S183_58a5fe95b46d", "paper_id": "S183", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2. Examples of raw starches from plants used in this study: a. Hordeum vulgare L. b. Panicum miliaceum; c. Oryza sativa ssp. Indica; d. Cyperus esculentus; e. Lens culinaris; f. Lilium\ntigrinum; g. Dioscorea polystachya.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3b947031e40e87374225d9a7bbfc897684c7c48696ae26d62f5bdd8a4855ecd0", "image_bytes": 3115961, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2. 本研究中使用的现代植物的淀粉粒示例：a. 大麦（Hordeum vulgare） b. 黍（Panicum miliaceum）；c. 水稻（Oryza sativa）；d. 油莎草（Cyperus esculentus）；e. 兵豆（Lens culinaris）；f. 卷丹（Lilium tigrinum）；g. 山药（Dioscorea polystachya）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2. Examples of raw starches from plants used in this study: a. barley (Hordeum vulgare) L. b. broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); c. rice (Oryza sativa) ssp. Indica; d. tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus); e. lentil (Lens culinaris); f. tiger lily (Lilium tigrinum); g. Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "植物原始淀粉示例", "title_en": "Examples of raw starches from plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/3b947031e40e87374225d9a7.png", "image_url": "media/S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F02.png?v=3b947031e40e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "We chose 17 Old World plants covering A-, B-, and C-type starches, including both wild and domesticated species (Table 1). Prior to the experiments, the native starches of the raw plants were examined to have a baseline against which to compare changes due to beer making (Fig. 2). The experiments employed three brewing methods. Method A applied to all Triticeae plants and millets, during which each plant went through three main stages of malting, mashing, and fermentation, producing single-ingredient brews (Fig. 2 Box a). Method B used barley as the main ingredient and followed the same procedure as Method A, with the only difference that a non-cereal plant was added to each set of barley to produce a mixed beer (Fig. 2 Box b). Method C applied to rice, which was steamed and then mixed with a starter (honey or jiuqu fer- mentation starter) to initiate saccharification and fermentation (Fig. 2 Box c). To compare the damage to starch resulting from beer brewing with the damage from other food processing techniques, we conducted additional cooking experiments on selected plants (Fig. 2 Box d). De- tailed information about the experimental procedures is shown in Fig. 1 and Table 2. After the experiments, a part of each sample was taken by scraping offa portion of solid substances. The extractions were then mounted in", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Poaceae Pooideae Triticeae Triticum aestivum L. Red wheat Type A Hordeum vulgare L. Barley Secale cereale Rye Hordeum spontaneum Wild barley Agropyron cristatum Crested wheatgrass Elymus nutans Roegneria sp. Greengrass Panicoideae Paniceae Panicum miliaceum Broomcorn millet Setaria italica Foxtail millet Setaria viridis Green foxtail millet Ehrhartoideae Oryzeae Oryza sativa ssp. Japonica Glutinous rice Oryza sativa ssp. Indica Non-glutinous rice Cyperaceae Cyperoideae Cypereae Cyperus esculentus Yellow nutsedge (root) Liliaceae Lilioideae Lilieae Lilium tigrinum Tiger lily (bulbs) Type B Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreoideae Dioscoreae Dioscorea polystachya Chinese yam Type C Fabaceae Faboideae Fabeae Lens culinaris Lentil Phaseoleae Vigna radiata Mung bean", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:25.719459+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "实验方法" } }, { "id": "S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F03", "paper_key": "S183_58a5fe95b46d", "paper_id": "S183", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch granules from sprouted seeds: a. a granule showing random small pits on the surface (Hordeum vulgare L.); b. a granule showing partial erosion of amorphous regions\n(Hordeum vulgare L.); c. a granule showing pitting at the hilum (Hordeum vulgare L.); d. a granule (up) with almost intact exterior surface but completely enzyme digested interior, as\nindicated by the loss of birefringence under polarized light (Hordeum vulgare L.); e. granules showing discrete holes over the surface (Panicum miliaceum); f. granules with clear pitting at\nthe hila (Panicum miliaceum); g. a granule (right) fragmented into two parts (Panicum miliaceum); h. a granule showing a slightly depressed central region (Lens culinaris).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "312385f92e8db439ec42820467154b1edb9281d7c054ed7093bbb883971b602f", "image_bytes": 2519348, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. 发芽种子的淀粉颗粒：a. 表面有随机小凹坑的颗粒（大麦，Hordeum vulgare L.）；b. 显示非晶区部分侵蚀的颗粒（大麦，Hordeum vulgare L.）；c. 显示脐点处有凹坑的颗粒（大麦，Hordeum vulgare L.）；d. 颗粒（上）外表面几乎完整，但内部完全被酶消化，如在偏光下失去双折射所示（大麦，Hordeum vulgare L.）；e. 表面有明显孔洞的颗粒（黍，Panicum miliaceum）；f. 脐点处有清晰凹坑的颗粒（黍，Panicum miliaceum）；g. 一个颗粒（右）分裂为两部分（黍，Panicum miliaceum）；h. 显示中央区域略呈凹陷的颗粒（兵豆，Lens culinaris）。\n", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch granules from sprouted seeds: a. a granule showing random small pits on the surface (barley, Hordeum vulgare L.); b. a granule showing partial erosion of amorphous regions\n(barley, Hordeum vulgare L.); c. a granule showing pitting at the hilum (barley, Hordeum vulgare L.); d. a granule (up) with almost intact exterior surface but completely enzyme digested interior, as\nindicated by the loss of birefringence under polarized light (barley, Hordeum vulgare L.); e. granules showing discrete holes over the surface (broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum); f. granules with clear pitting at\nthe hila (broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum); g. a granule (right) fragmented into two parts (broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum); h. a granule showing a slightly depressed central region (lentil, Lens culinaris).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "发芽种子的淀粉颗粒", "title_en": "Starch granules from sprouted seeds", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/312385f92e8db439ec428204.png", "image_url": "media/S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F03.png?v=312385f92e8d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "therefore we highlight one species from each group to demonstrate the results. The damage to Triticeae starch by sprouting is classified into four types, representing several continuous phases of enzymatic action. The first type shows random pits on the granule surface (Fig. 3a), a direct result of initial starch hydrolysis by enzymes (Claver et al., 2010). During germination, the enzymatic attack of a lenticular granule starts at the equatorial groove, as well as on random spots elsewhere on the surface (Dronzek et al., 1972; Galliard and Bowler, 1987). Using a light microscope, it is hard to observe the pits on the groove area, but the ones on the flat surface are readily visible. Following the initial attack, enzymes will hydrolyze one or more paths, penetrating to the center of the granule, and subsequently radiating outwards to the broader front. Some areas are more susceptible to enzymatic attack and thus are di- gested first, a character that leads to the formation of three other identifiable damage forms. One is the appearance of missing areas in the shape of concentric rings (partial or whole), a result of the erosion", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "the granule looks similar to a native starch, but under polarized light it loses its birefringence in the hilum area or appears entirely dark (Fig. 3d). Based on previous research (e.g., Dronzek et al., 1972 Fig. 5; Evers and McDermott, 1970 Fig. 7), we suggest that this damage type indicates that the granule has become an empty shell, with its interior", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "completely digested away but the surface mostly intact. Similar to Triticeae, sprouted millet starch exhibits distinct damage features. As Fig. 3e and f show, the erosion of both spherical and polygonal granules starts as discrete holes randomly distributed over the surface or as a hole at the hilum. As enzymatic hydrolysis proceeds, the holes enlarge and tend to join, creating radiating fissures and causing complete fragmentation of some granules (Fig. 3g), a feature only occasionally visible on Triticeae starch as observed in previous studies (Lineback and Ponpipom, 1977; Malleshi et al., 1986). Compared to A-type starch, C-type starch is more resistant to en- zyme activity. The starch granules of lentils mostly appear intact after germination (Table 3), but in the occasional cases where degradation is visible, the pattern appears consistent with the process of endocorro- sion. Enzymatic attack expands from the interior of the granule, creating a central cavity while the external shape remains mostly intact. As a result, some granules display a slightly depressed center due to their empty interior (Fig. 3h), an observation consistent with previous", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Poaceae Pooideae Triticeae Triticum aestivum L. Red wheat Type A Hordeum vulgare L. Barley Secale cereale Rye Hordeum spontaneum Wild barley Agropyron cristatum Crested wheatgrass Elymus nutans Roegneria sp. Greengrass Panicoideae Paniceae Panicum miliaceum Broomcorn millet Setaria italica Foxtail millet Setaria viridis Green foxtail millet Ehrhartoideae Oryzeae Oryza sativa ssp. Japonica Glutinous rice Oryza sativa ssp. Indica Non-glutinous rice Cyperaceae Cyperoideae Cypereae Cyperus esculentus Yellow nutsedge (root) Liliaceae Lilioideae Lilieae Lilium tigrinum Tiger lily (bulbs) Type B Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreoideae Dioscoreae Dioscorea polystachya Chinese yam Type C Fabaceae Faboideae Fabeae Lens culinaris Lentil Phaseoleae Vigna radiata Mung bean", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:25.764482+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "实验方法" } }, { "id": "S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F04", "paper_key": "S183_58a5fe95b46d", "paper_id": "S183", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Starch granules after fermentation: a. a “pizza crust -shaped” granule showing depressed center and less attacked periphery (Hordeum vulgare L.); b. a “pizza crust-shaped” granule,\nshowing distortion, heavily damaged center, and a ring of light under the polarized light (Secale cereale); c. and d. “donut-shaped” granules showing swelling and hollowed centers\n(Panicum miliaceum); e. a “donut-shaped” granule (left) showing swelling and hollowed center (Cyperus esculentus); f. “donut-shaped” granules showing central pitting and swelling (Oryza\nsativa ssp. Indica); g. a granule showing a spongy-looking appearance with a depressed central area (Lens culinaris); h. a granule with rough surface but still birefringent (Lilium tigrinum); i.\ngranules mostly intact, except one (lower right) showing damage (Dioscorea polystachya).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5ec040edf21e70a531212fb98ab4c2e87845347858180835f83bc4c5109b68ae", "image_bytes": 2982598, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 发酵后的淀粉颗粒：a. 一个呈“比萨饼皮状”的颗粒，中心凹陷，外围受损较轻（大麦，Hordeum vulgare L.）；b. 一个呈“比萨饼皮状”的颗粒，显示变形，中心严重破坏，偏光下呈现环状亮区（黑麦，Secale cereale）；c. 和 d. 呈“甜甜圈状”的颗粒，显示膨胀和中心空洞（黍，Panicum miliaceum）；e. 一个“甜甜圈状”的颗粒（左侧），显示膨胀和中心空洞（油莎豆，Cyperus esculentus）；f. “甜甜圈状”的颗粒，显示中心凹坑和膨胀（水稻，Oryza sativa ssp. indica）；g. 一个呈海绵状外观、中心凹陷的颗粒（兵豆，Lens culinaris）；h. 一个表面粗糙但仍具双折射的颗粒（卷丹，Lilium tigrinum）；i. 多数颗粒完整，仅右下角一个显示损伤（山药，Dioscorea polystachya）。\n", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Starch granules after fermentation: a. a “pizza crust -shaped” granule showing depressed center and less attacked periphery (barley, Hordeum vulgare L.); b. a “pizza crust-shaped” granule,\nshowing distortion, heavily damaged center, and a ring of light under the polarized light (rye, Secale cereale); c. and d. “donut-shaped” granules showing swelling and hollowed centers\n(broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum); e. a “donut-shaped” granule (left) showing swelling and hollowed center (tiger nut, Cyperus esculentus); f. “donut-shaped” granules showing central pitting and swelling (rice, Oryza sativa ssp. Indica); g. a granule showing a spongy-looking appearance with a depressed central area (lentil, Lens culinaris); h. a granule with rough surface but still birefringent (tiger lily, Lilium tigrinum); i.\ngranules mostly intact, except one (lower right) showing damage (Chinese yam, Dioscorea polystachya).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "发酵后淀粉颗粒形态", "title_en": "Starch granule morphology after fermentation", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5ec040edf21e70a531212fb9.png", "image_url": "media/S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F04.png?v=5ec040edf21e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "hand, are the most resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis and only exhibit minor damage without diagnostic features. For Triticeae, the typical fermented starch is a “collapsed” granule with a depressed or hollowed center and a much less attacked periph- eral region, giving an appearance similar to a pizza crust (Fig. 4a, b).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "area is less attacked and still birefringent. Second, heating in the pre- sence of water causes the granule to swell, which enlarges the already damaged center. For Triticeae starches, the swelling is mainly a radial expansion in the xy plane (Bowler et al., 1980). Thus the fermented granules appear enlarged and flattened without significant tangential expansion or folding. For other A-type starches, including millets, rice, and Cyperus roots, fermented granules swell by 3-dimensional radial expansion and pro- duce, essentially, a larger version of the original granules (Fig. 4c, d, g) (Bowler et al., 1980; Galliard and Bowler, 1987). This mode of swelling gives the fermented granule a donut-shaped appearance—the periph- eral region seems “pumped” by swelling, and the central area is stret- ched and mostly digested by enzymes (Fig. 4c, d, e, g). Mashing and fermentation cause similar morphological changes to Fabaceae starches, which belong to C-type, but to a significantly lesser extent. As Fig. 4g shows, the damaged lentil granule still preserves its", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "form after prolonged enzymatic digestion. Compared to sprouted granules, fermented granules show enlarged central cavities, radial fissures, and more pronounced lamellae. This diagnostic damage type, characterized by a spongy-looking appearance with a depressed central area, is comparable with fermented A-type starch and consistent with the results of previous studies (Rosenthal and Nakamura, 1972; Sotomayor et al., 1999). However, another C-type starch, Dioscorea polystachya (Wang et al., 2011), does not exhibit typical characteristics of endocorrosion in our experiment. Instead, most modified starches only show eroded sections and disappearing extinction crosses (Fig. 4i). More experiments need to be conducted to confirm this observation in the future. Fermented lily bulb starches show high resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis, with < 10% granules exhibiting only minor surface erosion, consistent with the process of exocorrosion. The degraded granules show various levels of surface roughening but most remain birefringent", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Poaceae Pooideae Triticeae Triticum aestivum L. Red wheat Type A Hordeum vulgare L. Barley Secale cereale Rye Hordeum spontaneum Wild barley Agropyron cristatum Crested wheatgrass Elymus nutans Roegneria sp. Greengrass Panicoideae Paniceae Panicum miliaceum Broomcorn millet Setaria italica Foxtail millet Setaria viridis Green foxtail millet Ehrhartoideae Oryzeae Oryza sativa ssp. Japonica Glutinous rice Oryza sativa ssp. Indica Non-glutinous rice Cyperaceae Cyperoideae Cypereae Cyperus esculentus Yellow nutsedge (root) Liliaceae Lilioideae Lilieae Lilium tigrinum Tiger lily (bulbs) Type B Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreoideae Dioscoreae Dioscorea polystachya Chinese yam Type C Fabaceae Faboideae Fabeae Lens culinaris Lentil Phaseoleae Vigna radiata Mung bean", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:25.812995+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "实验方法" } }, { "id": "S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F05", "paper_key": "S183_58a5fe95b46d", "paper_id": "S183", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Starch granules from cooking processes without fermentation: a. ground and boiled granules showing significant swelling, folding, and a complete disappearance of distinction\ncross (Hordeum vulgare L.); b. ground and warm-water heated granules showing even expansion and more pronounced lamellae (Hordeum vulgare L.); c. ground and boiled granules\nshowing clear folding and distortion (Panicum miliaceum); d. ground and warm-water heated granules showing general swelling, note the absence of pitting (Panicum miliaceum); e. ground\nand boiled granules (Lens culinaris) merged together into clusters; f. ground and warm-water heated granules with cracks in the middle (Lens culinaris); g. steamed granules showing\nmerging and swelling, but no pitting observed (Oryza sativa ssp. Indica); h. boiled granules showing merging and swelling, but no pitting observed (Oryza sativa ssp. Indica).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3594512200e6d409e5c9ad66a527d44531968f58dbe461e5abc9eb2fd187edf3", "image_bytes": 3510938, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5. 未经发酵的烹饪过程中的淀粉颗粒：a. 研磨并煮沸的颗粒显示显著膨胀、折叠，且层纹完全消失（大麦，Hordeum vulgare L.）；b. 研磨并温水加热的颗粒显示均匀膨胀，层纹更明显（大麦，Hordeum vulgare L.）；c. 研磨并煮沸的颗粒显示清晰的折叠和变形（黍，Panicum miliaceum）；d. 研磨并温水加热的颗粒显示普遍膨胀，注意无凹坑（黍，Panicum miliaceum）；e. 研磨并煮沸的颗粒（兵豆，Lens culinaris）融合成簇；f. 研磨并温水加热的颗粒中间出现裂纹（兵豆，Lens culinaris）；g. 蒸煮的颗粒显示融合和膨胀，但未观察到凹坑（水稻，Oryza sativa ssp. indica）；h. 煮沸的颗粒显示融合和膨胀，但未观察到凹坑（水稻，Oryza sativa ssp. indica）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Starch granules from cooking processes without fermentation: a. ground and boiled granules showing significant swelling, folding, and a complete disappearance of distinction\ncross (barley, Hordeum vulgare L.); b. ground and warm-water heated granules showing even expansion and more pronounced lamellae (barley, Hordeum vulgare L.); c. ground and boiled granules\nshowing clear folding and distortion (broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum); d. ground and warm-water heated granules showing general swelling, note the absence of pitting (broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum); e. ground\nand boiled granules (lentil, Lens culinaris) merged together into clusters; f. ground and warm-water heated granules with cracks in the middle (lentil, Lens culinaris); g. steamed granules showing\nmerging and swelling, but no pitting observed (rice, Oryza sativa ssp. Indica); h. boiled granules showing merging and swelling, but no pitting observed (rice, Oryza sativa ssp. Indica).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "未经发酵烹饪过程中的淀粉颗粒", "title_en": "Starch granules from cooking processes without fermentation", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/3594512200e6d409e5c9ad66.png", "image_url": "media/S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F05.png?v=3594512200e6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "the granule looks similar to a native starch, but under polarized light it loses its birefringence in the hilum area or appears entirely dark (Fig. 3d). Based on previous research (e.g., Dronzek et al., 1972 Fig. 5; Evers and McDermott, 1970 Fig. 7), we suggest that this damage type indicates that the granule has become an empty shell, with its interior", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "The damage pattern observed in fermented A- and C-type starches, as identified in the previous section, is apparently different from those resulting from simple physical processes such as pounding and grinding (Babot, 2003; Henry et al., 2009). We conducted two cooking experi- ments that eliminated the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis. The first ex- periment involved grinding and boiling the seeds, a method that could have been used by ancient people to make porridge. The second ex- periment was heating ungerminated, crushed seeds in water at mashing temperature (65 °C), a process that could be initiated accidentally and potentially produce starch modifications similar with those from beer making. In addition, a sample from steamed rice was taken during the brewing process for starch analysis. As our results show, boiling ground seeds causes severe damage to both A- and C-type starches, clearly different from the damage from beer making (Fig. 5). When ground barley is boiled, even for 1 min, its starches exhibit clear distortion, significant swelling, folding, and loss of extinction cross (Fig. 5a). Boiled barley starches are different from fermented ones in two aspects: 1) boiled barley starches develop folding from the centers (Fig. 5a), a feature rarely occurred in fermented barley; and 2) the average granule size of boiled barley is much larger than that of fermented barley (see Fig. 6 for a size comparison). Similar results are obtained from boiled broomcorn millet (Fig. 5c). The starch granules from steamed and boiled rice show clear swelling and distor- tion, although ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Poaceae Pooideae Triticeae Triticum aestivum L. Red wheat Type A Hordeum vulgare L. Barley Secale cereale Rye Hordeum spontaneum Wild barley Agropyron cristatum Crested wheatgrass Elymus nutans Roegneria sp. Greengrass Panicoideae Paniceae Panicum miliaceum Broomcorn millet Setaria italica Foxtail millet Setaria viridis Green foxtail millet Ehrhartoideae Oryzeae Oryza sativa ssp. Japonica Glutinous rice Oryza sativa ssp. Indica Non-glutinous rice Cyperaceae Cyperoideae Cypereae Cyperus esculentus Yellow nutsedge (root) Liliaceae Lilioideae Lilieae Lilium tigrinum Tiger lily (bulbs) Type B Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreoideae Dioscoreae Dioscorea polystachya Chinese yam Type C Fabaceae Faboideae Fabeae Lens culinaris Lentil Phaseoleae Vigna radiata Mung bean", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:25.864854+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "实验方法" } }, { "id": "S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F07", "paper_key": "S183_58a5fe95b46d", "paper_id": "S183", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig. 7. A methodology for identifying barley and rice beer residues; similar criteria can be used for beer made from other Triticeae plants and millets.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "979390a4ad8afadf38e995b302f3d18179553f5c4557e584c000738b67a4b98a", "image_bytes": 2769945, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图7. 识别大麦和水稻啤酒残留物的方法；类似标准也可用于其他小麦族植物和黍类酿造的啤酒。", "caption_en": "Fig. 7. A methodology for identifying barley and rice beer residues; similar criteria can be used for beer made from other wheat tribe (Triticeae) plants and millets.", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "啤酒残留物识别方法", "title_en": "Method for identifying beer residue", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/979390a4ad8afadf38e995b3.png", "image_url": "media/S183_58a5fe95b46d_S183-F07.png?v=979390a4ad8a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "the granule looks similar to a native starch, but under polarized light it loses its birefringence in the hilum area or appears entirely dark (Fig. 3d). Based on previous research (e.g., Dronzek et al., 1972 Fig. 5; Evers and McDermott, 1970 Fig. 7), we suggest that this damage type indicates that the granule has become an empty shell, with its interior", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "of enzymatic hydrolysis and gelatinization, which together indicate a multi-stage brewing process reflecting a deliberate human behavior. If the ancient beer making generally followed Method A or Method B, as discussed above, there would be starch granules showing evidence of sprouting, mashing, and fermentation. Fig. 7 Box A illustrates an ex- ample of starch types present from the barley beer produced in our experiment. There are 1) starches showing random pits (Fig. 7a), missing lamellae (Fig. 7b), central holes (Fig. 7c), or completely hol- lowed interior (Fig. 7c), all of which are features of enzymatic hydro- lysis; 2) pizza crust-shaped granules (Fig. 7e), an unique damage type", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "resulting from mashing and fermentation; 3) gelatinized granules showing even expansion, without evidence of enzymatic attack (Fig. 7f), 4) undamaged granules resembling native starches (Fig. 7g); and 5) damaged starch granules from other plants, in the case that the final product is a mixed brew. Similar criteria can be applied for the identification of millet beer. If the ancient brewing process followed Method C, there would be starch granules resembling steamed and fermented rice, as well as intact ones (Fig. 7 Box B). The starch as- semblage generally includes: 1) granules showing central pitting and gelatinization (i.e. donut-shaped), which is indicative of fermentation (Fig. 7h); 2) granules only show swelling and distortion without missing parts, resembling the modifications from steaming (Fig. 7i); and 3) undamaged granules (Fig. 7j). Regardless of all variations, the “pizza crust-shaped” and “donut-shaped” granules represent the two most di- agnostic types of damage. In addition to damaged starches, other forms of remains are likely to be present in beer-brewing residues. Phytoliths, especially those from cereal husks, tend to preserve alongside with starches because brewing usually involves using whole grains to produce active enzymes (e.g., Fig. 7h, showing barley husk phytolith). Another type of remain is calcium oxalate, which is a byproduct that precipitates from beer brewing, also known as beer stone (Michel et al., 1992; Xie et al., 2011). Beer stone can sometimes be observed directly using light microscopy, in a form of octahedral crystal (Fig. 7l), or che", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Poaceae Pooideae Triticeae Triticum aestivum L. Red wheat Type A Hordeum vulgare L. Barley Secale cereale Rye Hordeum spontaneum Wild barley Agropyron cristatum Crested wheatgrass Elymus nutans Roegneria sp. Greengrass Panicoideae Paniceae Panicum miliaceum Broomcorn millet Setaria italica Foxtail millet Setaria viridis Green foxtail millet Ehrhartoideae Oryzeae Oryza sativa ssp. Japonica Glutinous rice Oryza sativa ssp. Indica Non-glutinous rice Cyperaceae Cyperoideae Cypereae Cyperus esculentus Yellow nutsedge (root) Liliaceae Lilioideae Lilieae Lilium tigrinum Tiger lily (bulbs) Type B Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreoideae Dioscoreae Dioscorea polystachya Chinese yam Type C Fabaceae Faboideae Fabeae Lens culinaris Lentil Phaseoleae Vigna radiata Mung bean", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:25.909864+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "实验方法" } }, { "id": "S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F05", "paper_key": "S184_f456d4c8ddaf", "paper_id": "S184", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Examples of Type I starch grains from cutting tools and plant stems/leaves.\n1: tool cutting green foxtail; 2: green foxtail stem/leaf; 3: tool cutting foxtail millet; 4: foxtail millet stem/leaf; 5: broomcorn millet stem/leaf; 6: barnyard stem/leaf; 7: Job's tears stem/\nleaf; 8: brome grass stem/leaf; 9: wild oat stem/leaf; 10: Leymus stem/leaf; 11: wild barley stem/leaf; 12: goat grass stem/leaf.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "708da26f0cc30f1ae77c466e7ff9c9f19df1d077f82b1bccbf12088aa7dafade", "image_bytes": 2774719, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5. 来自切割工具和植物茎叶的类型I淀粉粒示例。\n1: 切割狗尾草的工具；2： 狗尾草茎/叶；3： 切割粟的工具；4： 粟茎/叶；5： 黍茎/叶；6： 稗草茎／叶；7： 薏苡茎／叶；8： 雀麦类茎／叶；9： 草野燕麦茎/叶；10： 赖草属（Leymus）茎/叶；11： 野大麦茎/叶；12： 山羊草类茎／叶。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Examples of Type I starch grains from cutting tools and plant stems/leaves.\n1: tool cutting green foxtail; 2: green foxtail stem/leaf; 3: tool cutting foxtail millet; 4: foxtail millet stem/leaf; 5: broomcorn millet stem/leaf; 6: barnyard stem/leaf; 7: Job's tears stem/\nleaf; 8: brome grass stem/leaf; 9: wild oat stem/leaf; 10: wildryes (Leymus) stem/leaf; 11: wild barley stem/leaf; 12: goat grass stem/leaf.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "类型I淀粉粒示例", "title_en": "Examples of Type I starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/708da26f0cc30f1ae77c466e.png", "image_url": "media/S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F05.png?v=708da26f0cc3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "3.2.1. Starch types A total of 1307 starch grains were recorded, and among them 767 (58.7% of the total) can be classified into two types based on their morphology and size (Table 1; for detailed starch counts see Table S2, and for starch sizes see Table S3). We found that the starch types from experimental tools match well with those from the corresponding plant stems/leaves, confirming their common origins. Therefore, we include the starches from both sources into discussion here. Type I starch grains (n = 523; 40% of the total) are polygonal or sub-round in form, often facetted; the hilum is centric or slightly ec- centric; the fissure is “V”, “Y”, or linear in shape, or radiating outward; extinction crosses are often nearly “+” shaped, but many are slightly curved or with zig-zag arms (due to the facetted shape). Sizes vary", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "considerably, ranging from 3.75–25.28 μm. Type I starch grains in general resemble those found in Panicoideae seeds (Yang et al., 2011). However, their size range is much greater than those from the seeds of wild and domesticated millets, but similar to those from the seeds of Job's tears. The zig-zag arm on the extinction cross and an eccentric hilum have been observed as diagnostic features in seed starch of Job's tears in previous studies (Liu et al., 2014). Type I starch grains are the most predominant type, and present in all the samples from tools and plants examined in the Panicoideae, Pooideae, and cattail assemblages (Figs. 5 and 8:3,5). Type II starch grains (n = 236; 18.1% of the total starch counts) are round or oval in the 2D form and lenticular in the 3D form, the hilum is centric, the extinction cross is “+” or “×” shaped, and lamellae are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "visible on large grains. The size range is large, measuring from 9.71–38.42 μm. Type II starch resembles those from seeds of Triticeae (such as the genera of Triticum, Hordeum, Agropyron, Leymus, etc.) (Yang and Perry, 2013) and brome grass. They are present in all assemblages examined except for wild oats and reeds (Figs. 6 and 8:4,6). UNCL (Unclassified): There are 546 starch grains (41.8% of the total) not classified into types. They are extremely various in form and size (3.03–51.75 μm), and many do not exhibit diagnostic character- istics used for identifying taxa based on our reference data. Some are small, likely representing the transient starch, and some may be derived from the general surrounding environment, as airborne starch grains can travel in outdoor conditions (D'Amato et al., 2007; Dozier, 2016). UNCL starches, therefore, are not analyzed further in this study. We also compared the starches in stems/leaves with those in seeds from the same plants (Fig. S1). In the following discussion we focus on Type I and II starches in three taxonomic groups in our samples: Panicoideae, Pooideae, and reed-cattail (see S1 Text B for detailed de- scription).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "3.2.2. The Panicoideae group The Panicoideae group includes samples from green foxtail, foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, barnyard grass, and Job's tears. Five tools were used to cut these plants. We analyzed tools and the plants cut with these tools, as well as plants collected from other regions for compar- ison. In all samples examined we found Type I and Type II starches. In Panicoideae stem/leaf samples collected in a half-green or nearly dry conditions, Type I starch is more numerous than Type II. However, a relatively high percentage of Type II was found in the green foxtail", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:25.999088+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F06", "paper_key": "S184_f456d4c8ddaf", "paper_id": "S184", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Examples of Type II starch grains from cutting tools and plant stems/leaves.\n1: tool cutting green foxtail; 2: green foxtail stem/leaf; 3: tool cutting foxtail millet; 4: foxtail millet stem/leaf; 5: broomcorn millet stem/leaf; 6: barnyard stem/leaf; 7: Job's tears stem/\nleaf; 8: brome grass stem/leaf; 9: Leymus stem/leaf; 10: wild barley stem/leaf; 11: goat grass stem/leaf.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b274069f7401d9d73bf7613f2c90d8fc6df036e1f345290f145fd652f5dc1e00", "image_bytes": 2419419, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图6. 来自切割工具和植物茎叶的类型II淀粉粒示例。\n1: 切割狗尾草的工具；2： 狗尾草茎/叶；3： 切割粟的工具；4： 粟茎/叶；5： 黍茎/叶；6： 稗草茎／叶；7： 薏苡茎／叶；8： 雀麦类茎／叶；9： 赖草属（Leymus）茎/叶；10： 野生大麦茎/叶；11： 山羊草类茎／叶。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Examples of Type II starch grains from cutting tools and plant stems/leaves.\n1: tool cutting green foxtail; 2: green foxtail stem/leaf; 3: tool cutting foxtail millet; 4: foxtail millet stem/leaf; 5: broomcorn millet stem/leaf; 6: barnyard stem/leaf; 7: Job's tears stem/\nleaf; 8: brome grass stem/leaf; 9: wildryes (Leymus) stem/leaf; 10: wild barley stem/leaf; 11: goat grass stem/leaf.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "类型II淀粉粒示例", "title_en": "Examples of Type II Starch Grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b274069f7401d9d73bf7613f.png", "image_url": "media/S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F06.png?v=b274069f7401", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "3.2.1. Starch types A total of 1307 starch grains were recorded, and among them 767 (58.7% of the total) can be classified into two types based on their morphology and size (Table 1; for detailed starch counts see Table S2, and for starch sizes see Table S3). We found that the starch types from experimental tools match well with those from the corresponding plant stems/leaves, confirming their common origins. Therefore, we include the starches from both sources into discussion here. Type I starch grains (n = 523; 40% of the total) are polygonal or sub-round in form, often facetted; the hilum is centric or slightly ec- centric; the fissure is “V”, “Y”, or linear in shape, or radiating outward; extinction crosses are often nearly “+” shaped, but many are slightly curved or with zig-zag arms (due to the facetted shape). Sizes vary", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "considerably, ranging from 3.75–25.28 μm. Type I starch grains in general resemble those found in Panicoideae seeds (Yang et al., 2011). However, their size range is much greater than those from the seeds of wild and domesticated millets, but similar to those from the seeds of Job's tears. The zig-zag arm on the extinction cross and an eccentric hilum have been observed as diagnostic features in seed starch of Job's tears in previous studies (Liu et al., 2014). Type I starch grains are the most predominant type, and present in all the samples from tools and plants examined in the Panicoideae, Pooideae, and cattail assemblages (Figs. 5 and 8:3,5). Type II starch grains (n = 236; 18.1% of the total starch counts) are round or oval in the 2D form and lenticular in the 3D form, the hilum is centric, the extinction cross is “+” or “×” shaped, and lamellae are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "visible on large grains. The size range is large, measuring from 9.71–38.42 μm. Type II starch resembles those from seeds of Triticeae (such as the genera of Triticum, Hordeum, Agropyron, Leymus, etc.) (Yang and Perry, 2013) and brome grass. They are present in all assemblages examined except for wild oats and reeds (Figs. 6 and 8:4,6). UNCL (Unclassified): There are 546 starch grains (41.8% of the total) not classified into types. They are extremely various in form and size (3.03–51.75 μm), and many do not exhibit diagnostic character- istics used for identifying taxa based on our reference data. Some are small, likely representing the transient starch, and some may be derived from the general surrounding environment, as airborne starch grains can travel in outdoor conditions (D'Amato et al., 2007; Dozier, 2016). UNCL starches, therefore, are not analyzed further in this study. We also compared the starches in stems/leaves with those in seeds from the same plants (Fig. S1). In the following discussion we focus on Type I and II starches in three taxonomic groups in our samples: Panicoideae, Pooideae, and reed-cattail (see S1 Text B for detailed de- scription).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "3.2.2. The Panicoideae group The Panicoideae group includes samples from green foxtail, foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, barnyard grass, and Job's tears. Five tools were used to cut these plants. We analyzed tools and the plants cut with these tools, as well as plants collected from other regions for compar- ison. In all samples examined we found Type I and Type II starches. In Panicoideae stem/leaf samples collected in a half-green or nearly dry conditions, Type I starch is more numerous than Type II. However, a relatively high percentage of Type II was found in the green foxtail", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:26.050911+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F08", "paper_key": "S184_f456d4c8ddaf", "paper_id": "S184", "number": "8", "caption_original": "Fig. 8. Starch grains recovered from tools used for cutting stems/leaves of reeds and cattail.\n1,2: UNCL starch from tool cutting reed stems/leaves; 3,4: Types I and II starch from tool cutting cattails; 5–7: Types I, II, and UNCL starch grains from cattail stems/leaves; 8: raphides\nfrom cattail leaves; 9: starch from cattail rhizome.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e23e58b0677be99886e8ed3312101c409af5a9af7d2bfd5086bf967c53afcc4e", "image_bytes": 2039116, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图8. 从用于割取芦苇和香蒲茎叶的工具中提取的淀粉粒。\n1，2: 来自切割芦苇茎/叶工具的UNCL淀粉粒；3，4: 来自切割芦苇的类型I和II淀粉粒；5–7: 来自芦苇茎/叶的类型I、II和UNCL淀粉粒；8： 来自芦苇的针晶；9： 来自芦苇根茎的淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Fig. 8. Starch grains recovered from tools used for cutting stems/leaves of reeds and cattail.\n1,2: UNCL starch from tool cutting reed stems/leaves; 3,4: Types I and II starch from tool cutting cattails; 5–7: Types I, II, and UNCL starch grains from cattail stems/leaves; 8: raphides\nfrom cattail leaves; 9: starch from cattail rhizome.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "从切割工具中提取的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains recovered from reed and cattail cutting tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e23e58b0677be99886e8ed33.png", "image_url": "media/S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F08.png?v=e23e58b0677b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "3.2.4. The reed-cattail group We extracted residues from two tools used for cutting reeds and one for cutting cattails, as well as from cattail leaves collected in Shenmu. The reed-cutting tools revealed numerous starch grains, mostly small, round, sub-round, or semi-facetted in form, all identified as UNCL (Fig. 8; Table S3). The cattail-cutting tool and cattail leaves revealed Type I and Type II starches. The starch grains from stems/leaves are very different from those in the rhizomes, as the latter is much smaller in size. One thing in common among the tool, leaves and rhizomes is that they all contain abundant raphides (Fig. 8; Tables S2 and S3).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "3.2.1. Starch types A total of 1307 starch grains were recorded, and among them 767 (58.7% of the total) can be classified into two types based on their morphology and size (Table 1; for detailed starch counts see Table S2, and for starch sizes see Table S3). We found that the starch types from experimental tools match well with those from the corresponding plant stems/leaves, confirming their common origins. Therefore, we include the starches from both sources into discussion here. Type I starch grains (n = 523; 40% of the total) are polygonal or sub-round in form, often facetted; the hilum is centric or slightly ec- centric; the fissure is “V”, “Y”, or linear in shape, or radiating outward; extinction crosses are often nearly “+” shaped, but many are slightly curved or with zig-zag arms (due to the facetted shape). Sizes vary", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "considerably, ranging from 3.75–25.28 μm. Type I starch grains in general resemble those found in Panicoideae seeds (Yang et al., 2011). However, their size range is much greater than those from the seeds of wild and domesticated millets, but similar to those from the seeds of Job's tears. The zig-zag arm on the extinction cross and an eccentric hilum have been observed as diagnostic features in seed starch of Job's tears in previous studies (Liu et al., 2014). Type I starch grains are the most predominant type, and present in all the samples from tools and plants examined in the Panicoideae, Pooideae, and cattail assemblages (Figs. 5 and 8:3,5). Type II starch grains (n = 236; 18.1% of the total starch counts) are round or oval in the 2D form and lenticular in the 3D form, the hilum is centric, the extinction cross is “+” or “×” shaped, and lamellae are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "visible on large grains. The size range is large, measuring from 9.71–38.42 μm. Type II starch resembles those from seeds of Triticeae (such as the genera of Triticum, Hordeum, Agropyron, Leymus, etc.) (Yang and Perry, 2013) and brome grass. They are present in all assemblages examined except for wild oats and reeds (Figs. 6 and 8:4,6). UNCL (Unclassified): There are 546 starch grains (41.8% of the total) not classified into types. They are extremely various in form and size (3.03–51.75 μm), and many do not exhibit diagnostic character- istics used for identifying taxa based on our reference data. Some are small, likely representing the transient starch, and some may be derived from the general surrounding environment, as airborne starch grains can travel in outdoor conditions (D'Amato et al., 2007; Dozier, 2016). UNCL starches, therefore, are not analyzed further in this study. We also compared the starches in stems/leaves with those in seeds from the same plants (Fig. S1). In the following discussion we focus on Type I and II starches in three taxonomic groups in our samples: Panicoideae, Pooideae, and reed-cattail (see S1 Text B for detailed de- scription).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T05:08:01.223884+00:00", "revision": 6 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F09", "paper_key": "S184_f456d4c8ddaf", "paper_id": "S184", "number": "9", "caption_original": "Fig. 9. Examples of in-situ starch in leaves (ar- rows indicate location of starch).\n1: starch in wild barley leaf, only visible using cross-polarization; 2: starch in wild barley leaf; 3: starch with weakly visible extinction cross from green foxtail leaf (2 and 3 each showing bright field and polarized views).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 13 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3d306dfaf7e0f32afae45b71bf1fdf1330da164c60fe3ab4dbb81bb63437e9da", "image_bytes": 925496, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图9. 叶片中原位淀粉粒的例子（ar- 表示淀粉粒的位置）。1： 大麦叶片中的淀粉粒，仅在交叉偏振光下可见；2： 大麦叶片中的淀粉粒；3： 狗尾草叶片中淀粉粒，具有弱可见的交叉消光（2和3分别显示明场和偏振视图）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 9. Examples of in-situ starch in leaves (ar- rows indicate location of starch).\n1: starch in wild barley leaf, only visible using cross-polarization; 2: starch in wild barley leaf; 3: starch with weakly visible extinction cross from green foxtail leaf (2 and 3 each showing bright field and polarized views).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "叶片中原位淀粉粒示例", "title_en": "Examples of in-situ starch in leaves", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/3d306dfaf7e0f32afae45b71.png", "image_url": "media/S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F09.png?v=3d306dfaf7e0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "As a confirmation that starches extracted from leaves do not re- present contamination, we also observed leaves of seven samples from four Chinese taxa (green foxtail, barnyard grass, foxtail millet, and broomcorn millet) and nine samples from four taxa growing in California (wild oats, brome grass, wild barley, and Italian rye grass [Festuca perennis (Lolium multiflorum)]). Despite some difficulties with the multi-cell layers of the leaves inhibiting full visibility of internal structures, non-transient sized and transient sized possible in-situ starch grains were observed in five taxa. One specimen of green foxtail con- tained two relatively large potential starch grains (20.86 μm and 18.99 μm), and one specimen of wild barley contained abundant and diversified large potential starch grains. These do not appear to be non- transient starches, but it is difficult to classify them into types (Fig. 9).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "3.2.1. Starch types A total of 1307 starch grains were recorded, and among them 767 (58.7% of the total) can be classified into two types based on their morphology and size (Table 1; for detailed starch counts see Table S2, and for starch sizes see Table S3). We found that the starch types from experimental tools match well with those from the corresponding plant stems/leaves, confirming their common origins. Therefore, we include the starches from both sources into discussion here. Type I starch grains (n = 523; 40% of the total) are polygonal or sub-round in form, often facetted; the hilum is centric or slightly ec- centric; the fissure is “V”, “Y”, or linear in shape, or radiating outward; extinction crosses are often nearly “+” shaped, but many are slightly curved or with zig-zag arms (due to the facetted shape). Sizes vary", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "considerably, ranging from 3.75–25.28 μm. Type I starch grains in general resemble those found in Panicoideae seeds (Yang et al., 2011). However, their size range is much greater than those from the seeds of wild and domesticated millets, but similar to those from the seeds of Job's tears. The zig-zag arm on the extinction cross and an eccentric hilum have been observed as diagnostic features in seed starch of Job's tears in previous studies (Liu et al., 2014). Type I starch grains are the most predominant type, and present in all the samples from tools and plants examined in the Panicoideae, Pooideae, and cattail assemblages (Figs. 5 and 8:3,5). Type II starch grains (n = 236; 18.1% of the total starch counts) are round or oval in the 2D form and lenticular in the 3D form, the hilum is centric, the extinction cross is “+” or “×” shaped, and lamellae are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "visible on large grains. The size range is large, measuring from 9.71–38.42 μm. Type II starch resembles those from seeds of Triticeae (such as the genera of Triticum, Hordeum, Agropyron, Leymus, etc.) (Yang and Perry, 2013) and brome grass. They are present in all assemblages examined except for wild oats and reeds (Figs. 6 and 8:4,6). UNCL (Unclassified): There are 546 starch grains (41.8% of the total) not classified into types. They are extremely various in form and size (3.03–51.75 μm), and many do not exhibit diagnostic character- istics used for identifying taxa based on our reference data. Some are small, likely representing the transient starch, and some may be derived from the general surrounding environment, as airborne starch grains can travel in outdoor conditions (D'Amato et al., 2007; Dozier, 2016). UNCL starches, therefore, are not analyzed further in this study. We also compared the starches in stems/leaves with those in seeds from the same plants (Fig. S1). In the following discussion we focus on Type I and II starches in three taxonomic groups in our samples: Panicoideae, Pooideae, and reed-cattail (see S1 Text B for detailed de- scription).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:26.138546+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F10", "paper_key": "S184_f456d4c8ddaf", "paper_id": "S184", "number": "10", "caption_original": "Fig. 10. Select phytoliths recovered from stone tools.\n1: trichome from millet cutting tool; 2: elongate psilate skeleton from reed cutting tool; 3: elongate sinuate skeleton from green green foxtail cutting tool; 4: bilobate from green green\nfoxtail cutting tool; 5: elongate dendritic skeleton from cattail cutting tool; 6: elongate papillate skeleton from half-green green foxtail cutting tool.\n451", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 13 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "766ed896dd783f775c9bbdeb2cb9a7511d062da5ef180b0173400aa9cb56d631", "image_bytes": 1391716, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图10. 从石器中提取的典型植硅体。\n1: 粟切割工具上的尖型；2： 芦苇切割工具上的表皮细胞；3： 绿狗尾草切割工具上的表皮细胞；4： 绿狗尾草切割工具上的哑铃型；5： 芦苇切割工具上的表皮细胞；6： 半绿狗尾草切割工具上的表皮细胞。", "caption_en": "Fig. 10. Select phytoliths recovered from stone tools.\n1: trichome from millet cutting tool; 2: elongate psilate skeleton from reed cutting tool; 3: elongate sinuate skeleton from green green foxtail cutting tool; 4: bilobate from green green\nfoxtail cutting tool; 5: elongate dendritic skeleton from cattail cutting tool; 6: elongate papillate skeleton from half-green green foxtail cutting tool.\n451", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石器中提取的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths recovered from stone tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/766ed896dd783f775c9bbdeb.png", "image_url": "media/S184_f456d4c8ddaf_S184-F10.png?v=766ed896dd78", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "3.2.1. Starch types A total of 1307 starch grains were recorded, and among them 767 (58.7% of the total) can be classified into two types based on their morphology and size (Table 1; for detailed starch counts see Table S2, and for starch sizes see Table S3). We found that the starch types from experimental tools match well with those from the corresponding plant stems/leaves, confirming their common origins. Therefore, we include the starches from both sources into discussion here. Type I starch grains (n = 523; 40% of the total) are polygonal or sub-round in form, often facetted; the hilum is centric or slightly ec- centric; the fissure is “V”, “Y”, or linear in shape, or radiating outward; extinction crosses are often nearly “+” shaped, but many are slightly curved or with zig-zag arms (due to the facetted shape). Sizes vary", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "considerably, ranging from 3.75–25.28 μm. Type I starch grains in general resemble those found in Panicoideae seeds (Yang et al., 2011). However, their size range is much greater than those from the seeds of wild and domesticated millets, but similar to those from the seeds of Job's tears. The zig-zag arm on the extinction cross and an eccentric hilum have been observed as diagnostic features in seed starch of Job's tears in previous studies (Liu et al., 2014). Type I starch grains are the most predominant type, and present in all the samples from tools and plants examined in the Panicoideae, Pooideae, and cattail assemblages (Figs. 5 and 8:3,5). Type II starch grains (n = 236; 18.1% of the total starch counts) are round or oval in the 2D form and lenticular in the 3D form, the hilum is centric, the extinction cross is “+” or “×” shaped, and lamellae are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "visible on large grains. The size range is large, measuring from 9.71–38.42 μm. Type II starch resembles those from seeds of Triticeae (such as the genera of Triticum, Hordeum, Agropyron, Leymus, etc.) (Yang and Perry, 2013) and brome grass. They are present in all assemblages examined except for wild oats and reeds (Figs. 6 and 8:4,6). UNCL (Unclassified): There are 546 starch grains (41.8% of the total) not classified into types. They are extremely various in form and size (3.03–51.75 μm), and many do not exhibit diagnostic character- istics used for identifying taxa based on our reference data. Some are small, likely representing the transient starch, and some may be derived from the general surrounding environment, as airborne starch grains can travel in outdoor conditions (D'Amato et al., 2007; Dozier, 2016). UNCL starches, therefore, are not analyzed further in this study. We also compared the starches in stems/leaves with those in seeds from the same plants (Fig. S1). In the following discussion we focus on Type I and II starches in three taxonomic groups in our samples: Panicoideae, Pooideae, and reed-cattail (see S1 Text B for detailed de- scription).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "3.2.2. The Panicoideae group The Panicoideae group includes samples from green foxtail, foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, barnyard grass, and Job's tears. Five tools were used to cut these plants. We analyzed tools and the plants cut with these tools, as well as plants collected from other regions for compar- ison. In all samples examined we found Type I and Type II starches. In Panicoideae stem/leaf samples collected in a half-green or nearly dry conditions, Type I starch is more numerous than Type II. However, a relatively high percentage of Type II was found in the green foxtail", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:33.050833+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S185_6c5cbf798efb_S185-F05", "paper_key": "S185_6c5cbf798efb", "paper_id": "S185", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Double-peaked phytoliths in rice remains, wild rice and domesticated rice. a: japonica, Bijing 37; b: indica, Huixiang 9126; c: modern wild rice, Dongxiang, Jiangxi Province; d: rice\nremains from the Anjiashan core. Scale bar: 50 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7df6ddcc4bbf39c275177722b67df0e500018595efb5a9738de2bcb487efd6e3", "image_bytes": 1287915, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5. 水稻遗存、野生稻和栽培稻中的双峰型植硅体。a: 籼稻，北京37号；b: 粳稻，辉香9126；c: 现代野生稻，东乡，江西省；d: 安家山钻孔中的水稻遗存。比例尺：50 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Double-peaked phytoliths in rice remains, wild rice and domesticated rice. a: japonica, Bijing 37; b: indica, Huixiang 9126; c: modern wild rice, Dongxiang, Jiangxi Province; d: rice\nremains from the Anjiashan core. Scale bar: 50 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "水稻遗存中双峰植硅体", "title_en": "Double-peak phytoliths in rice remains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/7df6ddcc4bbf39c275177722.png", "image_url": "media/S185_6c5cbf798efb_S185-F05.png?v=7df6ddcc4bbf", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:26.187602+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "野生稻自然沉积与现代参照，不等同人类遗址" } }, { "id": "S185_6c5cbf798efb_S185-F07", "paper_key": "S185_6c5cbf798efb", "paper_id": "S185", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig. 7. Starch grains in rice remains, wild rice and domesticated rice. a, a′: modern wild rice, Dongxiang, Jiangxi Province; b, b′: rice remains from the Anjiashan core; c, c′: japonica, Bijing\n37; d, d′: indica, Huixiang 9126. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "08afa4025789b8d74a20bf273dfdbb08b6c6d2e76a7ed262b0f2faa2e90f0bd1", "image_bytes": 852260, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图7. 水稻遗存、野生稻和栽培稻中的淀粉粒。a， a′：现代野生稻，江西东乡；b， b′：安家山核心层的水稻遗存；c， c′：粳稻，北京37号；d， d′：籼稻，辉香9126。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 7. Starch grains in rice remains, wild rice and domesticated rice. a, a′: modern wild rice, Dongxiang, Jiangxi Province; b, b′: rice remains from the Anjiashan core; c, c′: japonica, Bijing\n37; d, d′: indica, Huixiang 9126. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "水稻遗存中淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains in rice remains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/08afa4025789b8d74a20bf27.png", "image_url": "media/S185_6c5cbf798efb_S185-F07.png?v=08afa4025789", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "An individual starch granule of ancient wild rice is characterized by its small size (2.16–8.43 μm), a polygonal shape with a clearly defined margin, a closed hilum, and an absence of fissures. In addition, a minor- ity of starch granules of ancient wild rice are near-round in shape. Typ- ically, when viewed under the microscope, the majority of individual starch granules are found to be grouped together in agglomerations with smooth edges (Fig. 7). Under a polarizing microscope, both single and agglomerated starch granules are seen to be present in all four of the rice types studied here, ancient wild rice, modern wild rice, indica and japonica; however, there are no obvious morphological differences among the rice types (Fig. 7). The size ranges of the starch granules from the different rice types are shown in Fig. 8; for the modern and ancient wild rice starches, the values are 4.85 ± 1.23 μm (n = 100) and 4.81 ± 1.23 μm (n = 100), re- spectively, slightly larger than the measurements for japonica (4.56 ± 1.24 μm, n = 100), but smaller than those for indica (5.82 ± 1.45 μm, n = 100). The ANOVA results show no significant differences in the size of starch granules when comparing ancient wild rice, modern", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:26.239933+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "野生稻自然沉积与现代参照，不等同人类遗址" } }, { "id": "S186_7f0b8bff8113_S186-P0007-B000", "paper_key": "S186_7f0b8bff8113", "paper_id": "S186", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "Figure 2. Starch grains from modern plant seeds, surface soils and sediments. (a–c) Starch grainsfrom wheat seeds; (d) starch grains from green bristlegrass seeds from Shandong Province; (e) starchgrains from maize seeds; (f) starch grains from green bristlegrass seeds from Beijing; (g) starch grainfrom the cultural layer of the Nanzhuangtou site; and (h,i) Starch grains from the cultural layer of theZhuannian site.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "fa2a9214777116f383349bc0cfc5cca950a45ba94767acbccb458f87b5aaabf0", "image_bytes": 3503749, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2. 来自现代植物种子、表土和沉积物的淀粉粒。（a–c） 来自小麦种子的淀粉粒；（d） 来自山东省狗尾草种子的淀粉粒；（e） 来自玉米种子的淀粉粒；（f） 来自北京市狗尾草种子的淀粉粒；（g） 来自南庄头遗址文化层的淀粉粒；（h，i） 来自转年遗址文化层的淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Starch grains from modern plant seeds, surface soils and sediments. (a–c) Starch grainsfrom wheat seeds; (d) starch grains from green bristlegrass seeds from Shandong Province; (e) starchgrains from maize seeds; (f) starch grains from green bristlegrass seeds from Beijing; (g) starch grainfrom the cultural layer of the Nanzhuangtou site; and (h,i) Starch grains from the cultural layer of theZhuannian site.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物种子、表土和沉积物中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from modern plant seeds, surface soils and sediments", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/fa2a9214777116f383349bc0.png", "image_url": "media/S186_7f0b8bff8113_S186-P0007-B000.png?v=fa2a92147771", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "No starch grains were recovered from the eight soil samples from the field and the surrounding area covered by the natural secondary vegetation near the wheat field. For the modern wheat seed samples, we recorded morphological data for 126 starch grains including 103 large Type A (>10 μm; mean, 20.5 ± 4.3 μm; range, 11.0–34.4 μm) and 23 small Type B (mean, 7.6 ± 1.2 μm; range, 5.6–9.7 μm)within the bimodal distribution. The large, diagnostic Type A starch grains are characterized by a lenticular shape with a centric hilum. Some possessed lamellae and craters on the surface. The starch grains were olivary in shape and the equatorial groove appeared as a longitudinal dent when the grains were rotated (Figure 2a–c). These observations are consistent with the large body of literature on wheat starch grains [17,36]. All starch grains extracted from the seeds of the purslane, plantain, dandelion, grey amaranth, and goosegrass seed samples growing near the wheat field measured <5 μm in size. The morphological characteristics on the surfaces of starches <5 μm were unclear even at 400× magnification, and this size class of starch is always excluded from our archaeobotanical analyses. Starches from green bristlegrass have grains that measure >5 μm, with a mean length of 6.8 ± 1.4 μm (n = 143; range, 5.1–9.2 μm). Our observations demonstrate that green bristlegrass grains have a polyhedral or semi-round shape, centric hilum, and rough edges, with occasional transverse fissures (Figure 2d). The consistently small size, however, eliminates them from potential inclusion within a starch a", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Like in the samples from the modern wheat fields, no starch grains were recovered from the four soil samples from the maize field and the surrounding area covered by natural secondary vegetation. The starch grains of the modern maize seeds we studied possessed both irregular and spherical shapes (Figure 2e). The irregular grains were characterized by rough edges and wrinkled surfaces, while the spherical grains were smooth. The mean maximum length of the starch grains was 13.8 ± 1.4 μm, ranging from 8.4 to 21.3 μm (n = 123). These observations are consistent with the large body of literature that addresses maize starch grain morphology [37].", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Starch grains extracted from the wormwood seeds were all <5 μm and their surface morphological characteristics were unclear at 400× magnification. Green bristlegrass starch grains exhibited a mean maximum length of 6.4 ± 1.3 μm (n = 132; range, 5.3–9.1 μm), and their morphological characteristics (Figure 2f) were like those noted in the green bristlegrass from Shandong Province.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Among the 28 sedimentary samples from the cultural layer, its overlying layer, and its underlayer, only one starch grain was recovered, and it was from the cultural sediment (No. NZT6, n = 1; Table 2). The grain is 19.4 μm in maximum length, exhibits a polygonal shape, a centric hilum, and rough edges (Figure 2g), but could not be identified because of surface damage on one side.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:26.293951+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S187_9927203ba69d_S187-F04", "paper_key": "S187_9927203ba69d", "paper_id": "S187", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4. SZT starch types (each starch granule is shown in differential interference contrast (DIC) and polarised views) with\nthe stone tools that they were associated with: 1) type I, Triticeae (GS1); 2) type I, lenticular (SF5); 3) type II, Panicoideae,\ncomparable with Job’s tears (GS8); 4) type II, polygonal (SF8); 5) type II, polygonal (SF7); 6) type III, wild millets (GS13);\n7) type III, a starch cluster of wild millet on handstone (GS7); 8) type IV, lily (GS8); 9) type V, yam (GS2); 10) type VI,\nsnake gourd root, damaged (GS13). (Scale: 8:20µm; others: 10µm.)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ca1a44584b4afdade77c6198f1eee5b91409be996680a0f01ae185ababbf2845", "image_bytes": 1076058, "sites": [ "CN006", "CN007" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 柿子滩淀粉类型（每个淀粉粒均以差分干涉对比（DIC）和偏振视图展示），及其所关联的石器：1）类型I，小麦族（GS1）；2）类型I，透镜状（SF5）；3）类型II，黍亚科，与薏苡相似（GS8）；4）类型II，多边形（SF8）；5）类型II，多边形（SF7）；6）类型III，野生谷物（GS13）；7）类型III，野生谷物淀粉团附着于手制石器上（GS7）；8）类型IV，百合（GS8）；9）类型V，山药（GS2）；10）类型VI，栝楼根，受损（GS13）。（比例尺：8:20 μm；其余：10 μm。）", "caption_en": "Figure 4. SZT starch types (each starch granule is shown in differential interference contrast (DIC) and polarised views) with\nthe stone tools that they were associated with: 1) type I, wheat tribe (Triticeae) (GS1); 2) type I, lenticular (SF5); 3) type II, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae),\ncomparable with Job’s tears (GS8); 4) type II, polygonal (SF8); 5) type II, polygonal (SF7); 6) type III, wild millets (GS13);\n7) type III, a starch cluster of wild millet on handstone (GS7); 8) type IV, lily (GS8); 9) type V, yam (GS2); 10) type VI,\nsnake gourd root, damaged (GS13). (Scale: 8:20 μm; others: 10 μm.)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "柿子滩淀粉类型及其关联石器", "title_en": "Starch Types SZT and Associated Stone Tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ca1a44584b4afdade77c6198.png", "image_url": "media/S187_9927203ba69d_S187-F04.png?v=ca1a44584b4a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Of the 42 tools examined, 1114 starch grains were recovered from 39 tools (397 from grinding stones and 717 from cutting tools). We recorded starch counts and ubiquity measures (percentage presence) (Pearsall 1989: 212–17) to indicate relative abundances of plant taxa (Table S1). Recovered starch grains can be classified into six types, some of which correspond to data from a modern reference collection comprising more than 120 species from 23 families (Figures 4 & S1, Table S2). Type I starch grains (n = 220; 19.7 per cent of the total), which are lenticular in form, were found on 35 tools (ubiquity 89.7 per cent). On grinding stones, they are probably derived from seeds of Triticeae grass, such as Agropyron, Leymus and Roegneria. As the lenticular grains have also been found in the stems and leaves of both Triticeae and Panicoideae grasses, the presence of this starch on cutting tools may have come from stems or leaves. Type II starch grains (n = 674; 60.5 per cent), polygonal or sub-round in form, were found on 31 tools (ubiquity 79.5 per cent). They resemble those found in Panicoideae seeds, including green foxtail, barnyard grass and Job’s tears. Type II grains on grinding", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "stones may have derived from the seeds of Panicoideae. Type II starch grains also resemble the polygonal type found in stems/leaves of Panicoideae and some Triticeae grasses. Type III starch grains (n = 58; 5.2 per cent) were found on seven tools (ubiquity 18 per cent). They best match green foxtail and barnyard grass in morphology and size.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "Type IV starch grains (n = 4; 0.4 per cent) were found on one tool (ubiquity 2.6 per cent). They resemble the starch from Lilium bulbs, with the best match to L. tigrinum and L. pumilum. Type V starch grains (n = 10; 0.9 per cent) were found on 10 tools (ubiquity 25.6 per cent) and resemble the yam Dioscorea polystachya. Type VI starch grains (n = 10; 0.9 per cent) were found on six tools (ubiquity 15.4 per cent), and resemble the root of snake gourd, Trichosanthes kirilowii. Starch grains (n = 136; 12.2 per cent) from 31 tools (ubiquity 82.1 per cent) lacked diagnostic features comparable to taxa in our reference collection; these are classified as UNID (unidentified). In summary, types I–III, representing wild cereals, dominate the entire starch assemblage (85.6 per cent), with high ubiquity (94.9 per cent), while tubers and bulbs (types IV–VI) account for 2.2 per cent of the total starch, with low ubiquity (28.2 per cent). All these plants have been identified in micro- or macro-botanical remains from Upper Palaeolithic sites at Shizitan and Shuidonggou (in Ningxia) on the Loess plateau (Liu et al. 2011, 2013; Bestel et al. 2014; Guan et al. 2014).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 12, "quote": "the high plateaus, which our experimental sample suggests represents an early stage of the sickle-gloss formation from cutting siliceous plants (Figures 6.10 & Figure S2.11). On flake SF5, some highly polished areas near the edge are associated with fine, multi- diagonal striations, resembling cutting plants, and motions of transverse cutting and vertical scraping or splitting (Figure 6.11). All flakes revealed starches, including types I and II, yam and snake gourd root. Three flakes (SF4–6) yielded abundant starch grains (>100 each). The starch assemblage from the flakes is dominated by type II (n = 352; 83.8 per cent), with some type I and tubers (n = 28 and 3, respectively). Two flakes (SF5 and SF14) bore phytoliths (n = 5), one being a bulliform (grass stem or leaf). A microblade, MB8, also revealed a bulliform phytolith. Evidently, these tools were used mainly to cut plants, including Panicoideae. All slabs (GS8–10) show similar use-wear traces, characterised by isolated low- to medium-level polish, edge-rounding on crystal grains and, occasionally, fine striations. These wear traces are consistent with the processing of plants, based on our experimental control dataset. Micro-pitting is present on one slab (Figure 6.2), perhaps caused by pounding hard seeds or nuts. Starch grains (n = 195) include all types except yam. Type II starches have a wide size range (4.32–27.1μm), which overlap with those of wild millets and Job’s tears. Type III starches (wild millets) occur in clusters (n = 19; 5.56–14.07μm). Types II and III together (n = 113; 57.9 per cent in GS) dominat", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:36.587470+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN006", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Figure 4. SZT starch types (each starch granule is shown in differential interference contrast (DIC) and polarised views) with\nthe stone tools that they were associated with: 1) type I, Triticeae (GS1); 2) type I, lenticular (SF5); 3) type II, Panicoideae,\ncomparable with Job’s tears (GS8); 4) type II, polygonal (SF8); 5) type II, polygonal (SF7); 6) type III, wild millets (GS13);\n7) type III, a starch cluster of wild millet on handstone (GS7); 8) type IV, lily (GS8); 9) type V, yam (GS2); 10) type VI,\nsnake gourd root, damaged (GS13). (Scale: 8:20µm; others: 10µm.)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "SZT29", "quote": "eam 2010, 2013, 2016; Song & Shi 2017). The current study\nfocuses on two recently excavated localities: 1) locality 29 (hereafter SZT29; 36˚2'54''\nnorth, 110˚35'22'' east, 723m asl; c. 28 000–13 000 cal BP), which provides the longest\noccupational sequence in the site cluster (Song & Shi 2017); and 2) the latest phase of\nlocality 5 (hereafter SZT5; 36°02'50'' north, 110°35'17'' east, 719m asl", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9927203ba69d91def7cb44d52e59d3e5ce9e4fe0b19ae78decc69c857ba29635" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN007", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Figure 4. SZT starch types (each starch granule is shown in differential interference contrast (DIC) and polarised views) with\nthe stone tools that they were associated with: 1) type I, Triticeae (GS1); 2) type I, lenticular (SF5); 3) type II, Panicoideae,\ncomparable with Job’s tears (GS8); 4) type II, polygonal (SF8); 5) type II, polygonal (SF7); 6) type III, wild millets (GS13);\n7) type III, a starch cluster of wild millet on handstone (GS7); 8) type IV, lily (GS8); 9) type V, yam (GS2); 10) type VI,\nsnake gourd root, damaged (GS13). (Scale: 8:20µm; others: 10µm.)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "SZT5", "quote": "rovides the longest\noccupational sequence in the site cluster (Song & Shi 2017); and 2) the latest phase of\nlocality 5 (hereafter SZT5; 36°02'50'' north, 110°35'17'' east, 719m asl; c. 10 000 cal BP),\nwhich is one of the final occupations of the entire Shizitan area (Figures 1 & 2) (Shizitan\nArchaeology Team 2016).\n The SZT29 occupations experienced several episodes of climatic fluctuation w", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9927203ba69d91def7cb44d52e59d3e5ce9e4fe0b19ae78decc69c857ba29635" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S187_9927203ba69d_S187-F05", "paper_key": "S187_9927203ba69d", "paper_id": "S187", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Figure 5. SZT phytolith types with the stone tools that they were associated with: 1) grass bulliform (GS1); 2) grass bulliform\n(GS2); 3) woody sp. (GS1); 4) grass bilobate short cell (GS2); 5) orbicular echinate/scrobiculate (GS5); 6) acicular psilate\nhair cell (GS10); 7) tracheid cell (GS6); 8) grass elongate tuberculate (GS8).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "bcdfef3e3a4259a301243ec71ab14bbe0630f39774f71b2a517d91e817126bb0", "image_bytes": 1289188, "sites": [ "CN006", "CN007" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 柿子滩植硅体类型及其所关联的石器：1） 草本扇型（GS1）；2） 草本扇型（GS2）；3） 木本植硅体（GS1）；4） 草本哑铃型植硅体（GS2）；5） 圆形刺状/皱缩状（GS5）；6） 尖型（GS10）；7） 导管（GS6）；8） 刺棒型（GS8）。", "caption_en": "Figure 5. SZT phytolith types with the stone tools that they were associated with: 1) grass bulliform (GS1); 2) grass bulliform\n(GS2); 3) woody sp. (GS1); 4) grass bilobate short cell (GS2); 5) orbicular echinate/scrobiculate (GS5); 6) acicular psilate\nhair cell (GS10); 7) tracheid cell (GS6); 8) grass elongate tuberculate (GS8).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "柿子滩植硅体类型与石器关联", "title_en": "Phytolith Types Associated with Stone Tools in SZT", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/bcdfef3e3a4259a301243ec7.png", "image_url": "media/S187_9927203ba69d_S187-F05.png?v=bcdfef3e3a42", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 11, "quote": "Seven microblades, three flakes, four slab fragments and one handstone were examined, from which a total of 136 starch grains were recovered. Four of the microblades revealed starch types I and II, and yam starch. One microblade (MB5) shows use-wear traces of cutting plants (Figure 6.6–7). It is indicated by a pattern consistent with the experimental harvesting of wild cereals with sickle blades (Anderson 1999; Unger-Hamilton 1999). MB5 also yielded the highest number of starch grains (n = 12; types I and II) among microblades, confirming its use for grass cutting. One flake (SF12) exhibits high polish on one edge, also resembling plant cutting, and all three flakes revealed starch grains of types I and II. Use-wear traces resembling plant processing appear on all grinding stones. Starch grains (n = 80) include Panicoideae, Triticeae and yam. Panicoideae starch grains (n = 24; range 13.11–28.15μm) most closely match those of Job’s tears in size. The earliest instance of type III starch grains (wild millets) occurs in two clusters (n = 25; range 4.26–14.4μm) on the handstone. Two slabs (GS3, GS5) and one handstone (GS7) also show characteristics of processing minerals (Figure 6.4). The handstone use-wear indicates the pounding and grinding of hard materials. Clusters of red mineral powders extracted from slab GS5 (Figure 6.12) were analysed using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and shown to contain a significant iron component, probably from haematite (Figure S3a). Reddish-brown haematitic mudstones collected from the site’s modern surface represent a potential loca", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Of the 42 tools examined, 1114 starch grains were recovered from 39 tools (397 from grinding stones and 717 from cutting tools). We recorded starch counts and ubiquity measures (percentage presence) (Pearsall 1989: 212–17) to indicate relative abundances of plant taxa (Table S1). Recovered starch grains can be classified into six types, some of which correspond to data from a modern reference collection comprising more than 120 species from 23 families (Figures 4 & S1, Table S2). Type I starch grains (n = 220; 19.7 per cent of the total), which are lenticular in form, were found on 35 tools (ubiquity 89.7 per cent). On grinding stones, they are probably derived from seeds of Triticeae grass, such as Agropyron, Leymus and Roegneria. As the lenticular grains have also been found in the stems and leaves of both Triticeae and Panicoideae grasses, the presence of this starch on cutting tools may have come from stems or leaves. Type II starch grains (n = 674; 60.5 per cent), polygonal or sub-round in form, were found on 31 tools (ubiquity 79.5 per cent). They resemble those found in Panicoideae seeds, including green foxtail, barnyard grass and Job’s tears. Type II grains on grinding", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "stones may have derived from the seeds of Panicoideae. Type II starch grains also resemble the polygonal type found in stems/leaves of Panicoideae and some Triticeae grasses. Type III starch grains (n = 58; 5.2 per cent) were found on seven tools (ubiquity 18 per cent). They best match green foxtail and barnyard grass in morphology and size.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "Type IV starch grains (n = 4; 0.4 per cent) were found on one tool (ubiquity 2.6 per cent). They resemble the starch from Lilium bulbs, with the best match to L. tigrinum and L. pumilum. Type V starch grains (n = 10; 0.9 per cent) were found on 10 tools (ubiquity 25.6 per cent) and resemble the yam Dioscorea polystachya. Type VI starch grains (n = 10; 0.9 per cent) were found on six tools (ubiquity 15.4 per cent), and resemble the root of snake gourd, Trichosanthes kirilowii. Starch grains (n = 136; 12.2 per cent) from 31 tools (ubiquity 82.1 per cent) lacked diagnostic features comparable to taxa in our reference collection; these are classified as UNID (unidentified). In summary, types I–III, representing wild cereals, dominate the entire starch assemblage (85.6 per cent), with high ubiquity (94.9 per cent), while tubers and bulbs (types IV–VI) account for 2.2 per cent of the total starch, with low ubiquity (28.2 per cent). All these plants have been identified in micro- or macro-botanical remains from Upper Palaeolithic sites at Shizitan and Shuidonggou (in Ningxia) on the Loess plateau (Liu et al. 2011, 2013; Bestel et al. 2014; Guan et al. 2014).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:40.387357+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN006", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Figure 5. SZT phytolith types with the stone tools that they were associated with: 1) grass bulliform (GS1); 2) grass bulliform\n(GS2); 3) woody sp. (GS1); 4) grass bilobate short cell (GS2); 5) orbicular echinate/scrobiculate (GS5); 6) acicular psilate\nhair cell (GS10); 7) tracheid cell (GS6); 8) grass elongate tuberculate (GS8).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "SZT29", "quote": "eam 2010, 2013, 2016; Song & Shi 2017). The current study\nfocuses on two recently excavated localities: 1) locality 29 (hereafter SZT29; 36˚2'54''\nnorth, 110˚35'22'' east, 723m asl; c. 28 000–13 000 cal BP), which provides the longest\noccupational sequence in the site cluster (Song & Shi 2017); and 2) the latest phase of\nlocality 5 (hereafter SZT5; 36°02'50'' north, 110°35'17'' east, 719m asl", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9927203ba69d91def7cb44d52e59d3e5ce9e4fe0b19ae78decc69c857ba29635" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN007", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Figure 5. SZT phytolith types with the stone tools that they were associated with: 1) grass bulliform (GS1); 2) grass bulliform\n(GS2); 3) woody sp. (GS1); 4) grass bilobate short cell (GS2); 5) orbicular echinate/scrobiculate (GS5); 6) acicular psilate\nhair cell (GS10); 7) tracheid cell (GS6); 8) grass elongate tuberculate (GS8).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "SZT5", "quote": "rovides the longest\noccupational sequence in the site cluster (Song & Shi 2017); and 2) the latest phase of\nlocality 5 (hereafter SZT5; 36°02'50'' north, 110°35'17'' east, 719m asl; c. 10 000 cal BP),\nwhich is one of the final occupations of the entire Shizitan area (Figures 1 & 2) (Shizitan\nArchaeology Team 2016).\n The SZT29 occupations experienced several episodes of climatic fluctuation w", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9927203ba69d91def7cb44d52e59d3e5ce9e4fe0b19ae78decc69c857ba29635" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S188_c887effe44f9_S188-F05", "paper_key": "S188_c887effe44f9", "paper_id": "S188", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Figure 5\nStarch grains recovered from stone tool. (a)–(i): Starch grains; (a′)–(i′): starch grains under polarized light.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8c6be245c1cc28220119061ed90891d49f96be3932a3f3155013b90826ef8afe", "image_bytes": 1470126, "sites": [ "CN011" ], "caption_zh": "图5 石器上提取的淀粉粒。 （a）–（i）：淀粉粒；（a′）–（i′）：偏光下的淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Figure 5\nStarch grains recovered from stone tool. (a)–(i): Starch grains; (a′)–(i′): starch grains under polarized light.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石器上提取的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains recovered from stone tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/8c6be245c1cc28220119061e.png", "image_url": "media/S188_c887effe44f9_S188-F05.png?v=8c6be245c1cc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "4.2.1 Starch grains Nine starch grains were yielded from T1–T6 (Table 1; Figure 5), but no starch grain were retrieved from S1–S6, strongly suggesting that starch grains did not come from lacustrine sediments. The retrieved starch grains can be divided into three groups, as follows. Group A (Figure 5a–c): We retrieved three circular or sub- circular starch grains with the same characteristics as the seeds of Triticeae. The grains had centric and faint hila, pronounced lamellae, and an X-shaped cross extinction. The size of the major axis is 22.9–25.97 μm. Triticeae includes the following plants: Leymus chinensis, Aegilops tauschii, Agropyron cristatum, Secale cereale, Hordeum vulgare var. Nudum, Triticum aestivum, and Hordeum vulgare, and oth- ers. A more specific designation could not be determined in this study, as the starch grains are quite similar. Group B (Figure 5d–g): Four sub-round or polygon starch grains were retrieved from the stone tool. They have centric, close hila, faint lamellae, and a linear or Y-shaped fissure. The length range of the major axis is 13.1–21.05 μm. The starch grains are comparable to those of modern tubers or roots. Three grains (Figure 5d–f) could be the starch grains of Fallopia multiflora, whereas another (Figure 5g) could not", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "be identified. Group C (Figure 5h–i): Two starch grains were retrieved that have a spherical or a polygonal shape, with the major axes measuring 21.04 and 19.72 μm, respectively. We were unable to identify these grains because of poor preservation.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:43.346559+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN011", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Figure 5\nStarch grains recovered from stone tool. (a)–(i): Starch grains; (a′)–(i′): starch grains under polarized light.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Lop Nur", "quote": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n\n\n\n\n\n Human activity during the late Pleistocene in the Lop Nur region,\n northwest China: Evidence from a buried stone artifact\n Kangkang LI1,2,3, Xiaoguang QIN 1,2*, Xiaoyan YANG4, Bing XU 1,3, Lei ZHANG1,\n Guijin MU 5, Dong WEI6, Chunxue WANG 6, Yong WU7, Xiaohong TIAN7,\n Yong", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c887effe44f979505a8fcd223b970d2dd723148e8953a117e84e9b11709f992d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S190_07f5a0c010ee_S190-F03", "paper_key": "S190_07f5a0c010ee", "paper_id": "S190", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Sample images of irregularly lobed phytoliths produced in Job's tears.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2ee8849effaebecd175fce4b77f2757ace48742a511f3de4908ae318befab63a", "image_bytes": 1323106, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. 薏苡产生的不规则十字型植硅体的图像。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Sample images of irregularly lobed phytoliths produced in Job's tears.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "薏苡米植硅体形态图", "title_en": "Phytolith Morphology of Job's Tears", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2ee8849effaebecd175fce4b.png", "image_url": "media/S190_07f5a0c010ee_S190-F03.png?v=2ee8849effae", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:26.522833+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S190_07f5a0c010ee_S190-F04", "paper_key": "S190_07f5a0c010ee", "paper_id": "S190", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Large and extra-large Variant-1 crosses produced in Job's tears.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6c4b09bd9effe6bc21ddacbfa5b8db7e37a46baa5122b8d4ddd68a8d184a8fe9", "image_bytes": 2199421, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 薏苡的大型和超大型变体-十字型植硅体。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Large and extra-large Variant-1 crosses produced in Job's tears.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "薏苡大型和超大型变体-1杂交种", "title_en": "Large and extra-large Variant-1 crosses in Job's tears", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6c4b09bd9effe6bc21ddacbf.png", "image_url": "media/S190_07f5a0c010ee_S190-F04.png?v=6c4b09bd9eff", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:26.582921+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S192_ff365d3959ed_S192-F02", "paper_key": "S192_ff365d3959ed", "paper_id": "S192", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2.\nLK and GTY starch types. 1, type I, Panicoideae, likely broomcorn\nmillet; 2, type II, Job’s tears; 3, type III, Triticeae; 4, type IV, rice; 5 and 6,\ntype V, snake gourd root; 7 and 8, type VI, ginger (LK and GTY); 9, ginger\nstarch from Mijiaya for comparison; 10, type VII, USO, possibly yam; 11,\ntype VII, USO, possibly lily; 12, type VIII, bean (1–4 and 7, LK; 5, 6, 8, and\n10–12, GTY) [each starch is shown in DIC/bright-field (Left) and polarized\n(Right) views].", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 2 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "210bc0f89dc2c177e0763850801bf4eeac034e959e2a3c219981cd6d284d6237", "image_bytes": 843081, "sites": [ "CN145", "CN205" ], "caption_zh": "图2。零口和关桃园的淀粉类型。1，类型I，黍亚科，可能为黍；2，类型II，薏苡；3，类型III，小麦族；4，类型IV，水稻；5和6，类型V，栝楼根；7和8，类型VI，姜（LK和GTY）；9，来自米家崖的姜淀粉用于对比；10，类型VII，地下贮藏器官，可能为山药；11，类型VII，地下贮藏器官，可能为百合；12，类型VIII，豆类（1–4和7，LK；5，6，8和10–12，GTY）[每种淀粉均以DIC/明场（左）和偏振（右）视图显示]。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2.\nLK and GTY starch types. 1, type I, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae), likely broomcorn\nmillet; 2, type II, Job’s tears; 3, type III, wheat tribe (Triticeae); 4, type IV, rice; 5 and 6,\ntype V, snake gourd root; 7 and 8, type VI, ginger (LK and GTY); 9, ginger\nstarch from Mijiaya for comparison; 10, type VII, USO, possibly yam; 11,\ntype VII, USO, possibly lily; 12, type VIII, bean (1–4 and 7, LK; 5, 6, 8, and\n10–12, GTY) [each starch is shown in DIC/bright-field (Left) and polarized\n(Right) views].", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "零口和关桃园淀粉类型", "title_en": "Starch Types from LK and GTY", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/210bc0f89dc2c177e0763850.png", "image_url": "media/S192_ff365d3959ed_S192-F02.png?v=210bc0f89dc2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "Results Starch Remains. A total of 1,128 starch granules were recovered from the artifacts, and 744 of them (66%) can be identified as one of eight types, corresponding to certain plant taxa (Fig. 2, Table 1, and SI Appendix, Fig. S3).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Ginger and Medicinal Function of Early Alcoholic Beverages. The ginger starch granules from LK and GTY are nearly identical to the modern cultivated ginger (Zingiber officinale) from north China (Fig. 2, 7 and 8 compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S3, 6). The wild progenitor of ginger is unknown, and the origin of its do- mestication is unclear. However, ginger was under cultivation as a spice and a medicinal plant from ancient times in India and China (48). In China, ginger starch granules have been identified at the Neolithic Dadiwan site (ca. 7800–7300 cal. BP), about 200 km west of GTY (SI Appendix, Fig. S1) (49). A ginger starch granule was found in the beer residues on a funnel from Mijiaya (ca. 5000 cal. BP) (Fig. 2, 9), although it was misidentified as yam in the original publication (figure 3E in ref. 15). The earliest ginger root remains have been unearthed in water-logged Wangshan Tomb 2 in Hubei (50), dating to the end of the Eastern Zhou (770–256 BC) (51). Ginger has been traditionally used as an in- gredient for making medicinal alcohol, named jiangjiu 薑酒(gin- ger alcohol), as recorded in Bencao Gangmu in the 16th century (52). It is conceivable that some of the earliest fermented bever- ages were made for medicinal purposes, among other functions, beginning a long tradition of alcohol use for health benefits in China.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 2, "quote": "Type I: Panicoideae (n = 394; 34.9% of the total; 100% ubiquity), which may include broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Type III: Triticeae (n = 234; 20.7% of the total; 90% ubiq- uity), likely wild grasses, such as the genera of Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus, which are native to north China (23).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:46.813032+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN145", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 2 ], "quote": "Fig. 2.\nLK and GTY starch types. 1, type I, Panicoideae, likely broomcorn\nmillet; 2, type II, Job’s tears; 3, type III, Triticeae; 4, type IV, rice; 5 and 6,\ntype V, snake gourd root; 7 and 8, type VI, ginger (LK and GTY); 9, ginger\nstarch from Mijiaya for comparison; 10, type VII, USO, possibly yam; 11,\ntype VII, USO, possibly lily; 12, type VIII, bean (1–4 and 7, LK; 5, 6, 8, and\n10–12, GTY) [each starch is shown in DIC/bright-field (Left) and polarized\n(Right) views].", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lingkou", "quote": "ar jars unearthed from major sites in early Neolithic China (9000–\n 7000 cal. BP). 1, Dadiwan; 2, Guantaoyuan; 3, Baijia-Lingkou; 4, Jiahu; 5, Shuiquan; Type I: Panicoideae (n = 394; 34.9% of the total; 100% ubiquity),\n 6, Pengtoushan; 7, Kuahuqiao; 8, Xiaohuangshan; 9, Shangshan; 10, Houli. which may include broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum),", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ff365d3959edec648dbfb02c5eb395b690d4d36d2b72eecf3fd74e98d1d23aca" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN205", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 2 ], "quote": "Fig. 2.\nLK and GTY starch types. 1, type I, Panicoideae, likely broomcorn\nmillet; 2, type II, Job’s tears; 3, type III, Triticeae; 4, type IV, rice; 5 and 6,\ntype V, snake gourd root; 7 and 8, type VI, ginger (LK and GTY); 9, ginger\nstarch from Mijiaya for comparison; 10, type VII, USO, possibly yam; 11,\ntype VII, USO, possibly lily; 12, type VIII, bean (1–4 and 7, LK; 5, 6, 8, and\n10–12, GTY) [each starch is shown in DIC/bright-field (Left) and polarized\n(Right) views].", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "guantaoyuan", "quote": "Fig. 1. Globular jars unearthed from major sites in early Neolithic China (9000–\n 7000 cal. BP). 1, Dadiwan; 2, Guantaoyuan; 3, Baijia-Lingkou; 4, Jiahu; 5, Shuiquan; Type I: Panicoideae (n = 394; 34.9% of the total; 100% ubiquity),\n 6, Pengtoushan; 7, Kuahuqiao; 8, Xiaohuangshan; 9, Shangshan; 10, Houli. which may include broomcorn millet (Panicum miliace", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ff365d3959edec648dbfb02c5eb395b690d4d36d2b72eecf3fd74e98d1d23aca" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S192_ff365d3959ed_S192-F03", "paper_key": "S192_ff365d3959ed", "paper_id": "S192", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3.\nDamaged and gelatinized starches from LK and GTY pottery. 1,\nmillet starch with central depression and broken edge; 2, millet starch with\ncentral depression and deep channels; 3, Triticeae starch with deep channels,\npronounced lamellae, and pitting; 4, Triticeae starch with missing part (per-\nhaps caused by grinding), central depression, and pitting; 5, UNID starch with\ncentral depression, pitting, and partial gelatinization; 6, fermented starch\nexpanded with hollowed center and birefringent edge; 7, a cluster of Triticeae\nstarch showing different stages of gelatinization, some with central depression\n(pointed with stemmed arrow), some flattened and expanded (pointed with\nnonstemmed arrow), and some still intact; 8, gelatinized starch stained with\nCongo red, showing red in bright-field light and golden glow in polarized light\n(1 and 2 from LK; others from GTY; each starch is shown in DIC and polarized\nviews).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "eb41ee685576825a7fced952f960b2f8f7a1a34997df747e7e8ef5d8e2164852", "image_bytes": 645223, "sites": [ "CN145", "CN205" ], "caption_zh": "图3。LK和GTY陶器中受损及糊化淀粉。1，粟淀粉具有中央凹陷和断裂边缘；2，粟淀粉具有中央凹陷和深沟；3，小麦族淀粉具有深沟、显著层纹和凹坑；4，小麦族淀粉缺失部分（可能由研磨造成），具有中央凹陷和凹坑；5，UNID淀粉具有中央凹陷、凹坑及部分糊化；6，发酵淀粉膨胀，中心空洞，边缘双折射；7，一簇小麦族淀粉显示不同阶段的糊化，部分具有中央凹陷（带箭头指向），部分扁平膨胀（无箭头指向），部分仍完整；8，糊化淀粉用结晶紫染色，明场光下呈红色，偏光下呈金色光泽（1和2来自LK；其余来自GTY；每种淀粉均显示DIC和偏光视图）。\n", "caption_en": "Fig. 3.\nDamaged and gelatinized starches from LK and GTY pottery. 1,\nmillet starch with central depression and broken edge; 2, millet starch with\ncentral depression and deep channels; 3, wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch with deep channels,\npronounced lamellae, and pitting; 4, wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch with missing part (per-\nhaps caused by grinding), central depression, and pitting; 5, UNID starch with\ncentral depression, pitting, and partial gelatinization; 6, fermented starch\nexpanded with hollowed center and birefringent edge; 7, a cluster of wheat tribe (Triticeae)\nstarch showing different stages of gelatinization, some with central depression\n(pointed with stemmed arrow), some flattened and expanded (pointed with\nnonstemmed arrow), and some still intact; 8, gelatinized starch stained with\nCongo red, showing red in bright-field light and golden glow in polarized light\n(1 and 2 from LK; others from GTY; each starch is shown in DIC and polarized\nviews).", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "零口和关桃园陶器中受损及糊化淀粉", "title_en": "Damaged and gelatinized starches from LK and GTY pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/eb41ee685576825a7fced952.png", "image_url": "media/S192_ff365d3959ed_S192-F03.png?v=eb41ee685576", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "A large majority of the starches (n = 763; 67.6%) show signs of morphological alterations, which can be classified into two types, each probably representing different food-processing techniques. The first is damaged starches without gelatinization (n = 471; 41.8% of the total; 100% ubiquity). They show random pitting, deep channels, broken edges, missing or pronounced lamellae, central depression, and/or disappearing extinction crosses under polarized light. These features are consistent with the morpho- logical changes caused by enzymatic attack, which are commonly found on malted cereal starches (Fig. 3, 1–3). Some of these", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "kinds of damage also occur due to grinding, such as broken edges (Fig. 3, 4). The second is damaged starches with gelatinization (n = 292; 25.9% of the total; 95% ubiquity). The gelatinized starches can be further divided into two groups: (i) Most gran- ules exhibit moderate swelling with a hollowed center, re- sembling a diagnostic damage type caused by low-temperature mashing and fermentation, representing a majority of the gran- ules (Fig. 3, 5 and 6 and SI Appendix, Fig. S3, 9–13); this type of modification is different from other food-processing techniques (e.g., steaming and boiling), based on our experimental study (18) and published data (31); and (ii) few granules (n = 5; from LK-POT4 and GTY-POT9) show expansion without evidence of enzymatic attack, similar to those from cooked (boiling and steaming) as well as mashed cereals (Fig. 3, 7 and SI Appendix, Fig. S3, 14 and 15). GTY-POT9, a perforated vessel, revealed both types of gelatinized starches. It may have been used as a funnel for processing fermented beverages, but could also be used as a steamer.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Some damaged features of starch could be the result of mi- crobe activity in the postdepositional environment (32), but the damaged starch granules from seven control samples were much lower in frequency (n = 1–5) than residue samples (n = 1–92), and no gelatinized starch was present in five of the control samples (SI Appendix, Table S1). To confirm the presence of gelatinized starch, we applied the Congo red staining method (33) on four samples (GTY-POT2, 3, 5, and 9), which all revealed gelatinized starches, characterized by their red color under the bright field, and orange-red or gold-green glow under polarized light (Fig. 3, 8; see SI Appendix for the staining method). More than one-third of the starches (n = 384; 34%) are not identifiable (UNID) due to their lack of diagnostic features, or due to being severely damaged.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Ginger and Medicinal Function of Early Alcoholic Beverages. The ginger starch granules from LK and GTY are nearly identical to the modern cultivated ginger (Zingiber officinale) from north China (Fig. 2, 7 and 8 compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S3, 6). The wild progenitor of ginger is unknown, and the origin of its do- mestication is unclear. However, ginger was under cultivation as a spice and a medicinal plant from ancient times in India and China (48). In China, ginger starch granules have been identified at the Neolithic Dadiwan site (ca. 7800–7300 cal. BP), about 200 km west of GTY (SI Appendix, Fig. S1) (49). A ginger starch granule was found in the beer residues on a funnel from Mijiaya (ca. 5000 cal. BP) (Fig. 2, 9), although it was misidentified as yam in the original publication (figure 3E in ref. 15). The earliest ginger root remains have been unearthed in water-logged Wangshan Tomb 2 in Hubei (50), dating to the end of the Eastern Zhou (770–256 BC) (51). Ginger has been traditionally used as an in- gredient for making medicinal alcohol, named jiangjiu 薑酒(gin- ger alcohol), as recorded in Bencao Gangmu in the 16th century (52). It is conceivable that some of the earliest fermented bever- ages were made for medicinal purposes, among other functions, beginning a long tradition of alcohol use for health benefits in China.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:49.227898+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN145", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 3.\nDamaged and gelatinized starches from LK and GTY pottery. 1,\nmillet starch with central depression and broken edge; 2, millet starch with\ncentral depression and deep channels; 3, Triticeae starch with deep channels,\npronounced lamellae, and pitting; 4, Triticeae starch with missing part (per-\nhaps caused by grinding), central depression, and pitting; 5, UNID starch with\ncentral depression, pitting, and partial gelatinization; 6, fermented starch\nexpanded with hollowed center and birefringent edge; 7, a cluster of Triticeae\nstarch showing different stages of gelatinization, some with central depression\n(pointed with stemmed arrow), some flattened and expanded (pointed with\nnonstemmed arrow), and some still intact; 8, gelatinized starch stained with\nCongo red, showing red in bright-field light and golden glow in polarized light\n(1 and 2 from LK; others from GTY; each starch is shown in DIC and polarized\nviews).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lingkou", "quote": "ar jars unearthed from major sites in early Neolithic China (9000–\n 7000 cal. BP). 1, Dadiwan; 2, Guantaoyuan; 3, Baijia-Lingkou; 4, Jiahu; 5, Shuiquan; Type I: Panicoideae (n = 394; 34.9% of the total; 100% ubiquity),\n 6, Pengtoushan; 7, Kuahuqiao; 8, Xiaohuangshan; 9, Shangshan; 10, Houli. which may include broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum),", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ff365d3959edec648dbfb02c5eb395b690d4d36d2b72eecf3fd74e98d1d23aca" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN205", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 3.\nDamaged and gelatinized starches from LK and GTY pottery. 1,\nmillet starch with central depression and broken edge; 2, millet starch with\ncentral depression and deep channels; 3, Triticeae starch with deep channels,\npronounced lamellae, and pitting; 4, Triticeae starch with missing part (per-\nhaps caused by grinding), central depression, and pitting; 5, UNID starch with\ncentral depression, pitting, and partial gelatinization; 6, fermented starch\nexpanded with hollowed center and birefringent edge; 7, a cluster of Triticeae\nstarch showing different stages of gelatinization, some with central depression\n(pointed with stemmed arrow), some flattened and expanded (pointed with\nnonstemmed arrow), and some still intact; 8, gelatinized starch stained with\nCongo red, showing red in bright-field light and golden glow in polarized light\n(1 and 2 from LK; others from GTY; each starch is shown in DIC and polarized\nviews).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "guantaoyuan", "quote": "Fig. 1. Globular jars unearthed from major sites in early Neolithic China (9000–\n 7000 cal. BP). 1, Dadiwan; 2, Guantaoyuan; 3, Baijia-Lingkou; 4, Jiahu; 5, Shuiquan; Type I: Panicoideae (n = 394; 34.9% of the total; 100% ubiquity),\n 6, Pengtoushan; 7, Kuahuqiao; 8, Xiaohuangshan; 9, Shangshan; 10, Houli. which may include broomcorn millet (Panicum miliace", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ff365d3959edec648dbfb02c5eb395b690d4d36d2b72eecf3fd74e98d1d23aca" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S192_ff365d3959ed_S192-F04", "paper_key": "S192_ff365d3959ed", "paper_id": "S192", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4.\nPhytoliths from LK and GTY. 1, cross (Job’s tears); 2, cross; 3, bilobate; 4, rondel; 5, rice double peak from husk; 6, foxtail millet husk; 7, broomcorn\nmillet husk; 8, bulliform; 9, Asteraceae opaque perforated platelets; 10 and 11, hair cells; 12 and 13, raphides; 14, Paniceae husk; 15, skeleton of long cells\nfrom grass leaf (1–8, 13, and 14 from LK; others from GTY).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c7e53313e13370bb031af5b046ea5737ac7e05eed62af91e294712d462b2b5cf", "image_bytes": 2789764, "sites": [ "CN145", "CN205" ], "caption_zh": "图4。LK和GTY的植硅体。1，薏苡的十字型；2，十字型；3，哑铃型；4，帽型；5，稻谷稃壳的双峰型；6，粟稃壳植硅体；7，黍稃壳植硅体；8，扇型；9，菊科不透明孔状片状体；10和11，尖型；12和13，针晶；14，黍族稃壳；15，禾草类的长细胞骨架（1–8、13和14来自LK；其余来自GTY）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 4.\nPhytoliths from LK and GTY. 1, cross (Job’s tears); 2, cross; 3, bilobate; 4, rondel; 5, rice double peak from husk; 6, foxtail millet husk; 7, broomcorn\nmillet husk; 8, bulliform; 9, Asteraceae opaque perforated platelets; 10 and 11, hair cells; 12 and 13, raphides; 14, panicgrass tribe (Paniceae) husk; 15, skeleton of long cells\nfrom grass leaf (1–8, 13, and 14 from LK; others from GTY).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "零口和关桃园的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from LK and GTY", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c7e53313e13370bb031af5b0.png", "image_url": "media/S192_ff365d3959ed_S192-F04.png?v=c7e53313e133", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "broomcorn, rather than foxtail, was likely the main type of millet being processed in the LK vessels. Double-peak phyto- liths (Fig. 4, 5) (n = 13) from rice husks also occurred in high ubiquity (66.7%, POT2–5), suggesting that the crop might have been commonly consumed at the site. These observations are consistent with the results of staple isotope analysis of human bones from the nearby Baijia site, indicating that human diets were composed of both C3 and C4 plants (37), such as rice and millet. Other Poaceae family morphotypes mainly include cross, bilobate, rondel, and common bulliform (Fig. 4, 1–4 and 8). Cross phytoliths show a considerable variation in form and size, some larger than 18 μm in width (Fig. 4, 1), which are most comparable to the large variant 1 cross type produced by Job’s tears (38). One raphide is present (39), likely derived from a USO or external contamination. The profile of LK phytoliths largely corroborates the starch granule assemblage, indicating the presence of millets, rice, Job’s tears, and tubers.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "The phytolith assemblage from GTY residue samples shows a clearly different profile. Among the 387 recovered phytoliths, none were identified as millet husk, whereas the majority were elongate cell phytoliths from grass stems/leaves (n > 240) and hair cells (n = 59). Raphides (n = 4) were also found, consistent with the presence of USO starches, possibly from yam. One opaque perforated platelet was recovered (POT2), consistent with those from Asteraceae inflorescences (40) (Fig. 4 and SI Appendix, Table S3). The absence of husk phytoliths indicates that cereals were dehusked before processing in the pots.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 2, "quote": "Type I: Panicoideae (n = 394; 34.9% of the total; 100% ubiquity), which may include broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Type III: Triticeae (n = 234; 20.7% of the total; 90% ubiq- uity), likely wild grasses, such as the genera of Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus, which are native to north China (23).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:52.227391+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN145", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4.\nPhytoliths from LK and GTY. 1, cross (Job’s tears); 2, cross; 3, bilobate; 4, rondel; 5, rice double peak from husk; 6, foxtail millet husk; 7, broomcorn\nmillet husk; 8, bulliform; 9, Asteraceae opaque perforated platelets; 10 and 11, hair cells; 12 and 13, raphides; 14, Paniceae husk; 15, skeleton of long cells\nfrom grass leaf (1–8, 13, and 14 from LK; others from GTY).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lingkou", "quote": "ar jars unearthed from major sites in early Neolithic China (9000–\n 7000 cal. BP). 1, Dadiwan; 2, Guantaoyuan; 3, Baijia-Lingkou; 4, Jiahu; 5, Shuiquan; Type I: Panicoideae (n = 394; 34.9% of the total; 100% ubiquity),\n 6, Pengtoushan; 7, Kuahuqiao; 8, Xiaohuangshan; 9, Shangshan; 10, Houli. which may include broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum),", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ff365d3959edec648dbfb02c5eb395b690d4d36d2b72eecf3fd74e98d1d23aca" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN205", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4.\nPhytoliths from LK and GTY. 1, cross (Job’s tears); 2, cross; 3, bilobate; 4, rondel; 5, rice double peak from husk; 6, foxtail millet husk; 7, broomcorn\nmillet husk; 8, bulliform; 9, Asteraceae opaque perforated platelets; 10 and 11, hair cells; 12 and 13, raphides; 14, Paniceae husk; 15, skeleton of long cells\nfrom grass leaf (1–8, 13, and 14 from LK; others from GTY).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "guantaoyuan", "quote": "Fig. 1. Globular jars unearthed from major sites in early Neolithic China (9000–\n 7000 cal. BP). 1, Dadiwan; 2, Guantaoyuan; 3, Baijia-Lingkou; 4, Jiahu; 5, Shuiquan; Type I: Panicoideae (n = 394; 34.9% of the total; 100% ubiquity),\n 6, Pengtoushan; 7, Kuahuqiao; 8, Xiaohuangshan; 9, Shangshan; 10, Houli. which may include broomcorn millet (Panicum miliace", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ff365d3959edec648dbfb02c5eb395b690d4d36d2b72eecf3fd74e98d1d23aca" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S193_56f247d0c91b_S193-F05", "paper_key": "S193_56f247d0c91b", "paper_id": "S193", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Starch morphology of Job's tears and millets, and features used to identify Job's tears.1: Job's tears (domesticated, Hebei); 2: Job's tears (Yunnan, wild); 3: foxtail millet; 4: broomcorn millet; 5: Job's tears, size measurements; 6: Job's tears, eccentricitymeasurements; 7 & 8: Job's tears, Z-shaped arm (pointed with arrow without stem) on the extinction cross (scale 1&2: 20 μm; 3&4:10 μm) (modified from Liu et al.,2014a,b: Fig. 1).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3c723e63b785900775f1052fad135a559139347c2a729a69ce193291c01c1865", "image_bytes": 3621459, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5. 薏苡和粟黍类的淀粉形态及其用于识别薏苡的特征。1：薏苡（栽培型，河北）；2：薏苡（云南，野生）；3：粟；4：黍；5：薏苡，尺寸测量；6：薏苡，偏心率测量；7 & 8：薏苡，消光十字上的Z形臂（无箭杆箭头所指）（比例尺1&2:20 μm；3&4:10 μm）（改编自Liu等，2014a，b：图1）", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Starch morphology of Job's tears and millets, and features used to identify Job's tears.1: Job's tears (domesticated, Hebei); 2: Job's tears (Yunnan, wild); 3: foxtail millet; 4: broomcorn millet; 5: Job's tears, size measurements; 6: Job's tears, eccentricitymeasurements; 7 & 8: Job's tears, Z-shaped arm (pointed with arrow without stem) on the extinction cross (scale 1&2: 20 μm; 3&4:10 μm) (modified from Liu et al.,2014a,b: Fig. 1).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "荞麦与粟类淀粉形态及识别特征", "title_en": "Starch Morphology of Job's Tears and Millets and Features for Identification", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/3c723e63b785900775f1052f.png", "image_url": "media/S193_56f247d0c91b_S193-F05.png?v=3c723e63b785", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "granules. However, due to the nature of starch morphology, it is sometimes not easy to achieve a high level of accuracy in identification if several taxa in an assemblage exhibit similar morphological char- acteristics. This is the situation when starch residue assemblages may contain Job's tears, foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), which are the most frequently encountered taxa in microbotanical residues from prehistoric stone tools and pottery vessels in north China. These plants all belong to the Panicoideae subfamily and their starch granules show considerable overlap in morphology and size (Fig. 5) (Ge et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2012). To enhance identification, we developed a two-step method which includes both morphological identification and discriminant analysis for separating starch granules of Job's tears and millets (Liu et al., 2014b), as summarized below. In the first step, we identified several diagnostic features in starch granules from domesticated Job's tears, wild Job's tears, foxtail millet, and broomcorn millet (sample size: n = 14) as follows. (1) the size of granules (measured > 100 granules in each sample): the greatest sizes for these taxa listed above are 29.2 μm, 20.89 μm, 21.17 μm, and 12.8 μm, respectively; (2) the eccentricity of hilum (measured > 50 granules in each sample): the eccentricity ratios", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Pearsall, 1998; Twiss et al., 1969). However, phytoliths produced by Job's tears may be remarkably variable in shape and size, producing many types that are rare or unique that may not be observed across individual plants in the same species (e.g. Dinan, 1990 – unpublished report, University of Missouri). On the other hand, Lu and Liu (2003) report that a lobate form (Type E−2) occurs in greater frequency in Job's tears than in other grasses. It must be emphasized, however, that this type is not exclusive to Job's tears and is not a singular diagnostic form. Problematically, Job's tears phytoliths not only show a great variation of types, they also show great variation within types. For example, bilobate forms in a single sample may be long, short, with or without notched lobes, having equal or non-equal sized lobes, or otherwise irregularly shaped. This variability complicates identification of distinct phytolith types as certain variations may overlap with phy- tolith types produced in other grass species. For example, lobed phy- toliths, such as crosses and bilobates, can occur across grass species and even across tribes. Given the phytolith variability, we focused our study of Job's tears phytoliths on a single recognized phytolith type, the Variant-1, or mirror image, cross-shaped quadralobate form that falls within estab- lished cross-shape typology and is produced in species of Job's tears and many other grasses (Iriarte, 2003; Pearsall, 1978; Pearsall and Piperno, 1990; Piperno, 1984; Piperno and Starczak, 1985). The cross-shape typology was developed for the purpos", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:26.890170+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S193_56f247d0c91b_S193-F06", "paper_key": "S193_56f247d0c91b", "paper_id": "S193", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Variant 1 cross-shaped phytoliths determined by width larger than 18 μm in modern Job's tears and phytoliths and starch identified as Job's tears fromarchaeological sites. 1: Variant 1 cross-shaped phytoliths in leaf tissue of Coix lacryma-jobi; 2–5: Variant 1 cross phytolith and Job's tears starch from Neolithic sites ofBaiyinchanghan (Inner Mongolia), Xinjie (Shaanxi), Yangguanzhai (Shaanxi), and Xiaozhushan (Liaoning) (each starch granule shown DIC and polarized views).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "027193d491b205c6588cdad4b95cdb6517a733aa3d01c0577d9a8462f736c48b", "image_bytes": 3502082, "sites": [ "CN006" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 通过宽度大于18 μm确定的现代薏苡和考古遗址中鉴定为薏苡的植硅体及淀粉粒。1： 薏苡 （Coix lacryma-jobi） 叶组织中的十字型植硅体；2–5: 来自内蒙古白音长汗、陕西新街、陕西杨官寨、辽宁小珠山新石器时代遗址的十字型植硅体及薏苡淀粉粒（每个淀粉粒均显示偏光和微分干涉视图）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Variant 1 cross-shaped phytoliths determined by width larger than 18 μm in modern Job's tears and phytoliths and starch identified as Job's tears fromarchaeological sites. 1: Variant 1 cross-shaped phytoliths in leaf tissue of Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); 2–5: Variant 1 cross phytolith and Job's tears starch from Neolithic sites ofBaiyinchanghan (Inner Mongolia), Xinjie (Shaanxi), Yangguanzhai (Shaanxi), and Xiaozhushan (Liaoning) (each starch granule shown DIC and polarized views).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "宽度大于18 μm的薏苡植硅体及淀粉粒", "title_en": "Cross-shaped phytoliths and starch grains of Coix lacryma-jobi with width >18 μm", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/027193d491b205c6588cdad4.png", "image_url": "media/S193_56f247d0c91b_S193-F06.png?v=027193d491b2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "Pearsall, 1998; Twiss et al., 1969). However, phytoliths produced by Job's tears may be remarkably variable in shape and size, producing many types that are rare or unique that may not be observed across individual plants in the same species (e.g. Dinan, 1990 – unpublished report, University of Missouri). On the other hand, Lu and Liu (2003) report that a lobate form (Type E−2) occurs in greater frequency in Job's tears than in other grasses. It must be emphasized, however, that this type is not exclusive to Job's tears and is not a singular diagnostic form. Problematically, Job's tears phytoliths not only show a great variation of types, they also show great variation within types. For example, bilobate forms in a single sample may be long, short, with or without notched lobes, having equal or non-equal sized lobes, or otherwise irregularly shaped. This variability complicates identification of distinct phytolith types as certain variations may overlap with phy- tolith types produced in other grass species. For example, lobed phy- toliths, such as crosses and bilobates, can occur across grass species and even across tribes. Given the phytolith variability, we focused our study of Job's tears phytoliths on a single recognized phytolith type, the Variant-1, or mirror image, cross-shaped quadralobate form that falls within estab- lished cross-shape typology and is produced in species of Job's tears and many other grasses (Iriarte, 2003; Pearsall, 1978; Pearsall and Piperno, 1990; Piperno, 1984; Piperno and Starczak, 1985). The cross-shape typology was developed for the purpos", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "from both bony-utricle and thin-utricle (ma-yuen type) varieties con- tains significant percentages of large (> 15.98 μm) Variant-1 crosses, 23% and 25% respectively (Table 2). Extra-large Variant-1 crosses (> 20.6 μm) are much more abundant in the glumes of the bony-utricle variety (14%) than in the ma-yuen (7%). Leaf tissue from the bony- utricle also contained a high percentage of large Variant-1 crosses, but much fewer extra-large Variant-1 crosses were observed. We also sampled a variant, Coix lacryma-jobi var. puellarum (Balansa) A. Camus. Variant-1 crosses were observed, however large Variant-1 crosses are much less common and we noted no extra-large sizes in either the glume or leaf tissues. In our analyses of nineteen species of Variant-1 cross-producing grasses native to or cultivated in Northern China, e.g. millets Setaria and Panicum, only Job's tears was found to produce Variant-1 crosses larger than 18 μm. Therefore, the size of Variant-1 crosses alone is sufficient to separate Job's tears from other wild and cultivated grasses in archaeological contexts in this region (Duncan et al., in press). We have identified Variant-1 crosses larger than 18 μm as Job's tears in archaeological samples, often coexisting with starch identifiable as Job's tears (Fig. 6: 2–5; Table 1). Such examples provide strong evi- dence for the presence of Job's tears.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:26.955674+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN006", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Variant 1 cross-shaped phytoliths determined by width larger than 18 μm in modern Job's tears and phytoliths and starch identified as Job's tears fromarchaeological sites. 1: Variant 1 cross-shaped phytoliths in leaf tissue of Coix lacryma-jobi; 2–5: Variant 1 cross phytolith and Job's tears starch from Neolithic sites ofBaiyinchanghan (Inner Mongolia), Xinjie (Shaanxi), Yangguanzhai (Shaanxi), and Xiaozhushan (Liaoning) (each starch granule shown DIC and polarized views).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shizitan 29", "quote": "i Neolithic Starch on grinding stones ca.7000 Dong et al. (2014)\n Yellow River\n Shizitan 29 Jixian, Shanxi Upper Paleolithic Starch on grinding stones 28,000–18,000 Liu et al. (2018)\n Peiligang Xinzheng, Henan Peiligang Starch on grinding stone", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "56f247d0c91b682857f820aaf2b452fd3beaf3b2026433481943fbc324b85058" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S193_56f247d0c91b_S193-F07", "paper_key": "S193_56f247d0c91b", "paper_id": "S193", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig. 7. Starch recovered from Xinglonggou charred plant samples. 1,2: Round and polygonal starch grains with visible extinction cross; 3,4: starch grains, polygonal\nin shape, with damaged surface (deep fissures), birefringent but without clear extinction cross; 5: starch granule with a granulate surface; 6: fused granules with a\ngranulate surface (Each starch granule shown DIC and polarized views; scale bar 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c1ebf4cdfcad7151212ce2820a549c130fc1b39100ad37ceb031c7d93f383163", "image_bytes": 2822846, "sites": [ "CN006" ], "caption_zh": "图7. 从兴隆沟炭化植物样品中提取的淀粉粒。1，2：圆形和多边形淀粉粒，可见十字消光；3，4：多边形形状的淀粉粒，表面有损伤（深裂隙），双折射但无明显十字消光；5：表面呈颗粒状的淀粉粒；6：融合的淀粉粒，表面呈颗粒状（每粒淀粉粒均显示明场和偏振视图；比例尺：10 μm）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 7. Starch recovered from Xinglonggou charred plant samples. 1,2: Round and polygonal starch grains with visible extinction cross; 3,4: starch grains, polygonal\nin shape, with damaged surface (deep fissures), birefringent but without clear extinction cross; 5: starch granule with a granulate surface; 6: fused granules with a\ngranulate surface (Each starch granule shown DIC and polarized views; scale bar 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "兴隆沟炭化植物样品中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from charred plant samples at Xinglonggou", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c1ebf4cdfcad7151212ce282.png", "image_url": "media/S193_56f247d0c91b_S193-F07.png?v=c1ebf4cdfcad", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "through the use of starch analysis, as starch granules may survive in charred plants (Hather, 1993). To test this hypothesis, we focused on the Xinglonggou site in Inner Mongolia, at which Job's tears was identified in the starch remains (Liu et al., 2015) but not in the flotation samples (Zhao, 2004). We examined the starch content of two small pieces of charred ar- chaeobotanical remains from Xinglonggou of unknown botanical origin, which were excluded from millet or wood in the original iden- tifications. A significant number of starch granules of similar mor- phology were visible in both samples, but also exhibit damage due to carbonization, i.e. gelatinization and morphological change. The starch granules can be grouped in three types: (1) two granules round or polygonal in shape with a faint extinction cross; (2) mostly polygonal or round granules with damaged surfaces bearing deep fissures and no visible extinction cross, although the granules exhibit birefringence under the polarized light; (3) granules with a granulate surface, some having fused to large pieces (Fig. 7). These granules resemble Job's tears starch in general morphology. Also, their sizes (5.4–18.1 μm) fall into the lower size range of modern bony-type Job's tears from Hebei (4,77–23.99 μm) in our reference collection and are consistent with the starch type identified as Job's tears from the Neolithic Xinglonggou grinding stones (7.17–22.89 μm) (Liu et al., 2015). Previous experimental studies with seeds have shown that con- trolled temperatures and durations in burning can produce results comparable", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Pearsall, 1998; Twiss et al., 1969). However, phytoliths produced by Job's tears may be remarkably variable in shape and size, producing many types that are rare or unique that may not be observed across individual plants in the same species (e.g. Dinan, 1990 – unpublished report, University of Missouri). On the other hand, Lu and Liu (2003) report that a lobate form (Type E−2) occurs in greater frequency in Job's tears than in other grasses. It must be emphasized, however, that this type is not exclusive to Job's tears and is not a singular diagnostic form. Problematically, Job's tears phytoliths not only show a great variation of types, they also show great variation within types. For example, bilobate forms in a single sample may be long, short, with or without notched lobes, having equal or non-equal sized lobes, or otherwise irregularly shaped. This variability complicates identification of distinct phytolith types as certain variations may overlap with phy- tolith types produced in other grass species. For example, lobed phy- toliths, such as crosses and bilobates, can occur across grass species and even across tribes. Given the phytolith variability, we focused our study of Job's tears phytoliths on a single recognized phytolith type, the Variant-1, or mirror image, cross-shaped quadralobate form that falls within estab- lished cross-shape typology and is produced in species of Job's tears and many other grasses (Iriarte, 2003; Pearsall, 1978; Pearsall and Piperno, 1990; Piperno, 1984; Piperno and Starczak, 1985). The cross-shape typology was developed for the purpos", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.013206+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN006", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Fig. 7. Starch recovered from Xinglonggou charred plant samples. 1,2: Round and polygonal starch grains with visible extinction cross; 3,4: starch grains, polygonal\nin shape, with damaged surface (deep fissures), birefringent but without clear extinction cross; 5: starch granule with a granulate surface; 6: fused granules with a\ngranulate surface (Each starch granule shown DIC and polarized views; scale bar 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shizitan 29", "quote": "i Neolithic Starch on grinding stones ca.7000 Dong et al. (2014)\n Yellow River\n Shizitan 29 Jixian, Shanxi Upper Paleolithic Starch on grinding stones 28,000–18,000 Liu et al. (2018)\n Peiligang Xinzheng, Henan Peiligang Starch on grinding stone", "page": 4, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "56f247d0c91b682857f820aaf2b452fd3beaf3b2026433481943fbc324b85058" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S193_56f247d0c91b_S193-F08", "paper_key": "S193_56f247d0c91b", "paper_id": "S193", "number": "8", "caption_original": "Fig. 8. Starch damage during the charring process of Job's tears at 250 C. A: 10 min heating; A1, seed with charred surface; A2 and A3, starch granules with damaged\nsurface, a small number of granules with visible extinction crosses. B: 20 min heating; B1, seed change to dark brown; B2 and B3, starch granules show more extensive\ndamages and gelatinization, fewer maintain extinction crosses. C: 25 min heating; C1: seed charred completely with melting surface; C2 and C3, starch granules are\nfused with granulate surface, and the extinction crosses lost. D: 30 min heating; D1, seed completely charred with more extensive melting surface; D2 and D3,\nsurviving starch granules show damaged surface and distorted extinction crosses. (Each starch granule shown in DIC and polarized views; scale bar: seeds, 2 mm; A2,\nA3, B3, C3, 20 μm; others, 10 μm). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4276eeaa3af789fd06c51a6ced3ca1e0bbc907895b470fb1868b7dc8102ec25d", "image_bytes": 5071775, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图8. 薏苡在250°C热处理过程中淀粉颗粒的损伤情况。A：加热10分钟；A1，种子表面炭化；A2和A3，淀粉颗粒表面受损，少数颗粒可见消光十字。B：加热20分钟；B1，种子变为深棕色；B2和B3，淀粉颗粒损伤更广泛且出现糊化，消光十字减少。C：加热25分钟；C1：种子完全炭化并出现熔融表面；C2和C3，淀粉颗粒与颗粒表面融合，消光十字消失。D：加热30分钟；D1，种子完全炭化且熔融表面更广泛；D2和D3，存活的淀粉颗粒表面受损且消光十字变形。 （每个淀粉颗粒均在偏振光和微分干涉显微镜下观察；比例尺：种子，2 mm；A2、A3、B3、C3，20 μm；其余，10 μm）。（关于本图例中颜色的解释，请参见本文的网络版本。）", "caption_en": "Fig. 8. Starch damage during the charring process of Job's tears at 250 C. A: 10 min heating; A1, seed with charred surface; A2 and A3, starch granules with damaged\nsurface, a small number of granules with visible extinction crosses. B: 20 min heating; B1, seed change to dark brown; B2 and B3, starch granules show more extensive\ndamages and gelatinization, fewer maintain extinction crosses. C: 25 min heating; C1: seed charred completely with melting surface; C2 and C3, starch granules are\nfused with granulate surface, and the extinction crosses lost. D: 30 min heating; D1, seed completely charred with more extensive melting surface; D2 and D3,\nsurviving starch granules show damaged surface and distorted extinction crosses. (Each starch granule shown in DIC and polarized views; scale bar: seeds, 2 mm; A2,\nA3, B3, C3, 20 μm; others, 10 μm). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "薏苡热处理过程中淀粉颗粒损伤", "title_en": "Starch granule damage during heating of Job's tears", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4276eeaa3af789fd06c51a6c.png", "image_url": "media/S193_56f247d0c91b_S193-F08.png?v=4276eeaa3af7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "visible. The medium or small granules tend to maintain clear ex- tinction crosses (Fig. 8:A1-3). 2. Charring for 20 min: Seeds become brown in color. Starch granules show more damage, characterized by wide and deep fissures, as well as micro-pitting on the surface; many begin to fuse; and the ex- tinction crosses are blurry or absent in most cases, although some granules are birefringent on the edge under the polarizer. Some isolated damaged granules, often medium and small in size, still show the extinction cross (Fig. 8:B1-3). 3. Charring for 25 min: Seeds are completely charred and partially melted. Most starch granules are carbonized, showing as dark pieces on slides. Some compound starch granules are visible and bi- refringent under the polarizer, but no extinction crosses were found. In rare cases some isolated granules and clusters of fused starch were present, often with a granulate surface (Fig. 8:C1-3). 4. Charring for 30 min: Seeds are completely charred. Only a few small and damaged starch granules were found. These granules, round or polygonal in form, are either isolated or compound. The damage is characterized by deep fissures or a granulate surface, with distorted extinction crosses or birefringent under the polarizer. Only one small granule shows a clear cross (Fig. 8:D1-3).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Pearsall, 1998; Twiss et al., 1969). However, phytoliths produced by Job's tears may be remarkably variable in shape and size, producing many types that are rare or unique that may not be observed across individual plants in the same species (e.g. Dinan, 1990 – unpublished report, University of Missouri). On the other hand, Lu and Liu (2003) report that a lobate form (Type E−2) occurs in greater frequency in Job's tears than in other grasses. It must be emphasized, however, that this type is not exclusive to Job's tears and is not a singular diagnostic form. Problematically, Job's tears phytoliths not only show a great variation of types, they also show great variation within types. For example, bilobate forms in a single sample may be long, short, with or without notched lobes, having equal or non-equal sized lobes, or otherwise irregularly shaped. This variability complicates identification of distinct phytolith types as certain variations may overlap with phy- tolith types produced in other grass species. For example, lobed phy- toliths, such as crosses and bilobates, can occur across grass species and even across tribes. Given the phytolith variability, we focused our study of Job's tears phytoliths on a single recognized phytolith type, the Variant-1, or mirror image, cross-shaped quadralobate form that falls within estab- lished cross-shape typology and is produced in species of Job's tears and many other grasses (Iriarte, 2003; Pearsall, 1978; Pearsall and Piperno, 1990; Piperno, 1984; Piperno and Starczak, 1985). The cross-shape typology was developed for the purpos", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.070716+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S194_916f7d2dbf04_S194-F07", "paper_key": "S194_916f7d2dbf04", "paper_id": "S194", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig. 7. Starch grains discovered in the Jiahu grinding tool assemblage (after Zhang, 2015) Oryza sativa (a, a', b, b). Nelumbo nucifera (c, c'). Trapa (d, d'). Coix\nlacryma-jobi (e, e'). Triticeae (f, f'). Dioscorea opposita (g, g’). Vigna (h, h').", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b645475d87ffc669af905cd5316a5e8e3a930a9a120de2568c20bd0a785d57d4", "image_bytes": 3132343, "sites": [ "CN031" ], "caption_zh": "图7. 在贾湖研磨工具组合中发现的淀粉粒（根据Zhang， 2015）水稻（Oryza sativa） （a， a′， b， b）。莲（Nelumbo nucifera） （c， c′）。菱属（Trapa） （d， d′）。薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi） （e， e′）。小麦族（Triticeae） （f， f′）。山药（Dioscorea opposita） （g， g′）。豇豆属（Vigna） （h， h′）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 7. Starch grains discovered in the Jiahu grinding tool assemblage (after Zhang, 2015) rice (Oryza sativa) (a, a′, b, b). lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) (c, c′). water caltrops (Trapa) (d, d′). Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (e, e′). wheat tribe (Triticeae) (f, f′). Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) (g, g′). cowpea relatives (Vigna) (h, h′).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "贾湖研磨工具组合中发现的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from the Jiahu grinding tool assemblage", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b645475d87ffc669af905cd5.png", "image_url": "media/S194_916f7d2dbf04_S194-F07.png?v=b645475d87ff", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "2010a; Yang et al., 2015), indicating Neolithic grinding tools were not exclusively associated with processing agricultural products, such as rice. Ethnographic accounts reveal that the type of processed material is often correlated with the shape and type of the implement employed (Schroth, 1996). At Jiahu, use-wear associated with processing cereal was only found on grinding slabs without feet and cylindrical rollers, while use-wear associated with processing wood-like material only appears on grinding slabs with feet. This use-wear distribution indicates a relationship between tool type and function. Although both types of slabs seem to have been used for processing different kinds of starchy foods based on the data from starch grain analysis (Fig. 7 and Table 2), stone tools primarily associated with processing material with limited starch grains such as wood would have preserved less starch grains. This is affirmed by further quantitative analysis of the previous starch data. There is indeed a difference in starch quantity among different types of grinding tools. Seven grinding slabs without feet yielded 1537 starch grains in total, while two slabs with feet only produced 131 starch grains together (Table 2). The average number of starch grains from grinding slabs without feet (n = 220) is notably higher than the average number from grinding slabs with feet (n = 66) (Fig. 5c). The correlation between tool type and function as indicated by both methods of study could thus suggest that people at Neolithic Jiahu choose specific types of grinding implements primarily but n", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.127720+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN031", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 7. Starch grains discovered in the Jiahu grinding tool assemblage (after Zhang, 2015) Oryza sativa (a, a', b, b). Nelumbo nucifera (c, c'). Trapa (d, d'). Coix\nlacryma-jobi (e, e'). Triticeae (f, f'). Dioscorea opposita (g, g’). Vigna (h, h').", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiahu", "quote": "026, China\n\n\n\n\nA R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T\n\n\nKeywords: The site of Jiahu in the central plain of China is known for its early rice cultivation 9000 years ago. The pre-\nNeolithic archaeology liminary starch analysis implies that the Jiahu grinding tools were used for processing various plants, includin", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "916f7d2dbf045b87d07f225be4fbf51b6aeab209b24d7bca502693c00ed4730e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S195_f8b12743565d_S195-F02", "paper_key": "S195_f8b12743565d", "paper_id": "S195", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2. Starch types from Dadiwan ceramics. A. Type 1 Panicum miliaceum and/or Setaria italica; B. Type 2 Triticeae; C. Type 3 Coix lacryma-jobi; D. Type 4 Lilium sp.;\nE,F Type 5 Quercus sp.; G,H. Type 6 Zingiberaceae sp.; I. Type 7 Nelumbo nucifera; J. Type 8 Vigna sp.; K. Type 9 Dioscorea sp.; Type 10 unidentified USOs (scale:\nA = 10 μm; others = 20 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f45d71f85de46981f9cbe06bb9b87d692a1dadd0bb5cc4bb19351438db900c06", "image_bytes": 2966545, "sites": [ "CN034" ], "caption_zh": "图2. 大地湾陶片中发现的淀粉类型。A. 类型1 黍（Panicum miliaceum） 和/or 粟（Setaria italica）；B. 类型2 小麦族；C. 类型3 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；D. 类型4 百合属（Lilium sp.）；E，F 类型5 栎属（Quercus sp.）；G，H. 类型6 姜科（Zingiberaceae sp.）；I. 类型7 莲（Nelumbo nucifera）；J. 类型8 豇豆属（Vigna sp.）；K. 类型9 薯蓣属（Dioscorea sp.）；类型10 未鉴定的USOs（比例尺：A = 10 μm；其余 = 20 μm）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 2. Starch types from Dadiwan ceramics. A. Type 1 broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and/or foxtail millet (Setaria italica); B. Type 2 wheat tribe (Triticeae); C. Type 3 Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); D. Type 4 lilies (Lilium sp.);\nE,F Type 5 oaks (Quercus sp.); G,H. Type 6 ginger family (Zingiberaceae sp.); I. Type 7 lotus (Nelumbo nucifera); J. Type 8 cowpea relatives (Vigna sp.); K. Type 9 yams (Dioscorea sp.); Type 10 unidentified USOs (scale:\nA = 10 μm; others = 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "大地湾陶瓷淀粉类型", "title_en": "Starch Types from Dadiwan Ceramics", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f45d71f85de46981f9cbe06b.png", "image_url": "media/S195_f8b12743565d_S195-F02.png?v=f45d71f85de4", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "A total of 179 starch granules were recovered. They were classified into eleven types based on morphology and size. Some starch granules (n = 38), classified as UNID, cannot be identified due to damage or the lack of diagnostic features (see Table 1 for detailed starch counts). The morphological characteristics of identified starch types are described below. Type 1 Millets (n = 35). Granules are spherical or polyhedral in shapes, with centric hila and mostly straight arms (Fig. 2A). They are similar in morphology to foxtail (11.21–16.75 μm) and broomcorn millets (5.92–13 μm) in the reference collection (Figs. 3A and 4A). Excavations at Dadiwan have only revealed eight seeds of domesticated broomcorn millet from Phase I deposits (Liu, 2006), but domesticated foxtail millets have been found from other sites in North China dating to this period, such as the Zhuzhai site in the Yellow River region (Bestel et al., 2017). Therefore, it is likely that foxtail millet was also present at Dadiwan, and millet starch granules from the pottery residues are de- rived from two types of domesticated millets. Type 2 Triticeae (n = 19). Granules are lenticular or discoid in shape, with a flat surface and centric hila (Fig. 2B). Lamallae are visible on large granules, and the extinction cross are faint and shaped as either “ × ” or “+.” These starch granules, in morphology and size (16.2–30.44 μm), resemble many taxa in the Triticeae tribe of the grass family indigenous to North China, including many genera of Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus (Fig. 3B). In terms of size they match best with Agro", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Type 5 Acorn (Quercus sp.) (n = 27). Granules are triangular, spherical, round polyhedral, or water drop-shaped (Fig. 2E and F). The fissure is linear and sometimes appears as a deep depression; the arms of extinction crosses are often bent or straight, lamellae are rare, and the hila are either centric or eccentric (size range 9.74–24.93 μm). In terms of morphology, they match to several Quercus species in our re- ference data (Fig. 3E) and other publications (Yang et al. 2009a,b), such as Quercus viriabilis, which is widely distributed in China (Wu and Raven, 2000). Their mean size is slightly larger than that of our re- ference samples, although this bias may result from the small archae- ological sample size (Fig. 4D). Type 6 Ginger (Zingiber sp.) (n = 2). Granules are irregular in shape showing a wide range of size, with extremely eccentric hila and in- visible lamellae. One granule (26.06 μm) is elongate oval (Fig. 2G), and the other (9.81 μm) is hand fan-shaped (Fig. 2H). On both granules hila are located extremely near the edge with a relief visible under the DIC view, which are the most diagnostic features of many Zingiber species (Torrence and Barton, 2006, Plate 27), including ginger (Zingiber offi- cinale) (Fig. 3G). In our modern reference collection, starch assemblages in young ginger roots tend to exhibit more irregular, fan-shaped, and medium-sized granules, while those from mature ginger are pre- dominantly large, elongate oval granules. The two Type 7 granules match well with the morphological variation of ginger. Type 7 Lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera) (n = ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.179757+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 2. Starch types from Dadiwan ceramics. A. Type 1 Panicum miliaceum and/or Setaria italica; B. Type 2 Triticeae; C. Type 3 Coix lacryma-jobi; D. Type 4 Lilium sp.;\nE,F Type 5 Quercus sp.; G,H. Type 6 Zingiberaceae sp.; I. Type 7 Nelumbo nucifera; J. Type 8 Vigna sp.; K. Type 9 Dioscorea sp.; Type 10 unidentified USOs (scale:\nA = 10 μm; others = 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dadiwan", "quote": "s in Northwest China: Microbotanical T\nevidence from Dadiwan\n\nJiajing Wanga,b,∗, Xueye Zhaoc, Hui Wangc,d, Li Liua,b\n\na Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA\nb Stanford Archaeology Center, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA\nc Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f8b12743565d2144313c495a3a07fdbaa0bca268842da5e7537864ce9b0d5c7f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S195_f8b12743565d_S195-F03", "paper_key": "S195_f8b12743565d", "paper_id": "S195", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Modern starch references. A. Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); B. Wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum); C. Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); D.Lily (Lilium\namabile); E. Acorn (Quercus viriabilis); F. Acorn (Quercus mongolica); G. Ginger (Zingiber officinale); H. Lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera); I. Mung bean (Vigna radiate); J.\nYam (Dioscorea polystachya) (scale: A = 10 μm; H = 50 μm; others = 20 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "535f2056e586459ae2187d6fd118c4e7f7bbcc2ca59f3f5cc9f98c6701634ac3", "image_bytes": 3039303, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. 现代淀粉参考样品。A. 黍（Panicum miliaceum）；B. 冰草（Agropyron cristatum）；C. 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；D. 百合（Lilium amabile）；E. 栎属坚果（Quercus variabilis）；F. 栎属坚果（Quercus mongolica）；G. 姜（Zingiber officinale）；H. 莲属根（Nelumbo nucifera）；I. 绿豆（Vigna radiata）；J. 山药（Dioscorea polystachya）（比例尺：A = 10 μm；H = 50 μm；其余 = 20 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Modern starch references. A. Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); B. Wheatgrass (crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum); C. Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); D.Lily (Lilium amabile); E. Acorn (Chinese cork oak, Quercus variabilis); F. Acorn (Mongolian oak, Quercus mongolica); G. Ginger (Zingiber officinale); H. Lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera); I. Mung bean (Vigna radiata); J.\nYam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea polystachya) (scale: A = 10 μm; H = 50 μm; others = 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉参考样本", "title_en": "Modern Starch References", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/535f2056e586459ae2187d6f.png", "image_url": "media/S195_f8b12743565d_S195-F03.png?v=535f2056e586", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "A total of 179 starch granules were recovered. They were classified into eleven types based on morphology and size. Some starch granules (n = 38), classified as UNID, cannot be identified due to damage or the lack of diagnostic features (see Table 1 for detailed starch counts). The morphological characteristics of identified starch types are described below. Type 1 Millets (n = 35). Granules are spherical or polyhedral in shapes, with centric hila and mostly straight arms (Fig. 2A). They are similar in morphology to foxtail (11.21–16.75 μm) and broomcorn millets (5.92–13 μm) in the reference collection (Figs. 3A and 4A). Excavations at Dadiwan have only revealed eight seeds of domesticated broomcorn millet from Phase I deposits (Liu, 2006), but domesticated foxtail millets have been found from other sites in North China dating to this period, such as the Zhuzhai site in the Yellow River region (Bestel et al., 2017). Therefore, it is likely that foxtail millet was also present at Dadiwan, and millet starch granules from the pottery residues are de- rived from two types of domesticated millets. Type 2 Triticeae (n = 19). Granules are lenticular or discoid in shape, with a flat surface and centric hila (Fig. 2B). Lamallae are visible on large granules, and the extinction cross are faint and shaped as either “ × ” or “+.” These starch granules, in morphology and size (16.2–30.44 μm), resemble many taxa in the Triticeae tribe of the grass family indigenous to North China, including many genera of Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus (Fig. 3B). In terms of size they match best with Agro", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Type 5 Acorn (Quercus sp.) (n = 27). Granules are triangular, spherical, round polyhedral, or water drop-shaped (Fig. 2E and F). The fissure is linear and sometimes appears as a deep depression; the arms of extinction crosses are often bent or straight, lamellae are rare, and the hila are either centric or eccentric (size range 9.74–24.93 μm). In terms of morphology, they match to several Quercus species in our re- ference data (Fig. 3E) and other publications (Yang et al. 2009a,b), such as Quercus viriabilis, which is widely distributed in China (Wu and Raven, 2000). Their mean size is slightly larger than that of our re- ference samples, although this bias may result from the small archae- ological sample size (Fig. 4D). Type 6 Ginger (Zingiber sp.) (n = 2). Granules are irregular in shape showing a wide range of size, with extremely eccentric hila and in- visible lamellae. One granule (26.06 μm) is elongate oval (Fig. 2G), and the other (9.81 μm) is hand fan-shaped (Fig. 2H). On both granules hila are located extremely near the edge with a relief visible under the DIC view, which are the most diagnostic features of many Zingiber species (Torrence and Barton, 2006, Plate 27), including ginger (Zingiber offi- cinale) (Fig. 3G). In our modern reference collection, starch assemblages in young ginger roots tend to exhibit more irregular, fan-shaped, and medium-sized granules, while those from mature ginger are pre- dominantly large, elongate oval granules. The two Type 7 granules match well with the morphological variation of ginger. Type 7 Lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera) (n = ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "similarities in morphology and size with the Chinese shanyao yam (Dioscorea polystachya) (Fig. 3J), which has many cultivated and wild variations in north China. Among five D. polystachya samples we col- lected from China, the cultivated ones show smaller granule size ranges (8.83–33.16 μm, 14.01–53.16 μm, 11.16–48.22 μm) than those of two wild ones (16.27–63.08 μm, 22.9–70.62 μm). Type 9 starch is more likely derived from cultivated yam. Type 10 Unidentified Underground Storage Organs (USOs)", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.224547+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S197_aa1194d69fc8_S197-F01", "paper_key": "S197_aa1194d69fc8", "paper_id": "S197", "number": "1", "caption_original": "Figure 1. Native starch grains from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and green bristlegrass. Scale bar: 20 μm. The cultivar name of seventeen millets. (a) Qimengkelake. (b) Gouzhuagu. (c) Maomaodouzhimaliang. (d) Kaoshanmen. (e) Zhushushu. (f) Mingu. (g) Yugu. (h) Qutangxiaomi. (i) Huangkegouweisu. (j) Zheng No. 468. (k) Shaonong No. 11. (l) Baigu. (m) Jishu No. 1. (n) Jinshu No. 4. (o) Jinsegouweicao. (p) Judagouweicao. (q) Zhouyegouweicao.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。原文品种名采用罗马字转写，此处保留，不反向猜译为未经核实的中文品种名。", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ec106fa4b1e8ba2e2324a8f0cf2f39c1ef3532fc6c329b82205dba62b3a6d3e0", "image_bytes": 25098638, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图1. 粟、黍和狗尾草的原生淀粉粒。比例尺：20 μm。17个参照样品的品种/类型名称按原文罗马字保留：(a) 新疆奇梦克拉克; (b) 河北狗爪谷; (c) 陕北毛毛斗芝麻良; (d) 江苏靠山门; (e) 黑龙江祝属粟; (f) 福建闽谷; (g) 河南豫谷; (h) 广西瞿搪小米; (i) 海南黄壳狗尾粟; (j) 河南地方品种郑 468; (k) 内蒙古昭农11号; (l) 西藏白谷; (m) 山西晋黍4号;（o）金色狗尾草 (p) 巨大狗尾草（q）皱叶狗尾草.", "caption_en": "Figure 1. Native starch grains from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and green bristlegrass. Scale bar: 20 μm. The cultivar name of seventeen millets. (a) Qimengkelake. (b) Gouzhuagu. (c) Maomaodouzhimaliang. (d) Kaoshanmen. (e) Zhushushu. (f) Mingu. (g) Yugu. (h) Qutangxiaomi. (i) Huangkegouweisu. (j) Zheng No. 468. (k) Shaonong No. 11. (l) Baigu. (m) Jishu No. 1. (n) Jinshu No. 4. (o) Jinsegouweicao. (p) Judagouweicao. (q) Zhouyegouweicao.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "未加工的粟、黍和狗尾草淀粉粒", "title_zh": "粟、黍与狗尾草的原生淀粉粒参照", "title_en": "Native starch grains of foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and green bristlegrass", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/ec106fa4b1e8ba2e2324a8f0.png", "image_url": "media/S197_aa1194d69fc8_S197-F01.png?v=ec106fa4b1e8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "Starch grain analysis for seeds of foxtail millet. Surface morphology: The surface morphologies of all the recov- ered starches from the twelve different cultivars of foxtail millets are almost identical. The common features of the processed starches include a polyhedral shape, centric hilum, absence of lamellae, and smooth surfaces. Deeply crossed, or winged, astroid and Y-shaped fissures were noted in some grains. Radiating lines occur commonly from the center to the edge on the surfaces of processed grains (Fig. 1a–l). Mean size: In total, 1704 starch grains from 12 foxtail millet samples were measured. The mean maximum length measurements fall between 9.0 μm and 12.2 μm (Mean, 9.0~12.2 μm; Range, 5.0–19.8 μm; Fig. 2; Table 1). The number of starches measuring >14.0 μm is 92, comprising 5.4% of the total (Fig. 2, Table 1).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 2, "quote": "Starch grain analysis for seeds of broomcorn millet. Surface morphology: The surface morphologies of the starch grains from the two broomcorn millet samples are almost identical. Polyhedral starch grains dominate the sam- ple. The hila of the starch grains are centric, and 72% of the grains are unfissured. The remaining 28% grains have slight fissures through the hila, and a very few starch grains have transverse or Y-shaped fissures (Fig. 1m,n). Mean size: More than 100 starch grains were measured for each sample for a total of 266 starches (mean, 6.9 ± 1.8 μm; range, 5.1–12.4 μm; Fig. 2).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 2, "quote": "Starch grain analysis for seeds of green bristlegrass. Surface morphology: All starch grains from the three samples of green bristlegrass have polyhedral or spherical shapes, centric hila, wrinkled surfaces and coarse edges. Few starches from green bristlegrass have fissures through the hila which vary in form (Fig. 1o–q). Mean size: More than 100 starch grains were measured for each sample for a total of 348 starches (mean, 6.7 ± 1.1 μm; range, 5.1–9.9 μm; Fig. 2).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 2, "quote": "Starch grains from residues on the surface of stones used for grinding. Starch grains from grind- ing foxtail millet. Surface morphology: The starch grains extracted from residues on the surfaces of each set of stones used to grind foxtail millet can be divided into two types: A1 with an intact surface and A2 with a damaged surface. The starches of type A1 are morphologically identical to native foxtail millet seed starches. Type A2 starches have both surface damage and internal disruption that result in the disappearance or alteration of the hilum and fissure and a weakened extinction cross. Mean size: In total, 3952 starch grains from 12 samples were measured, and, notably, type A2 starch grains with obvious damage and weakened extinction crosses (Fig. 4a–l) make up 27.0% (n = 1026) of the population. The remaining 73.0% of the starch grains fall into category A1 (n = 2926) within which 737 starches measure >14.0 μm (mean, 10.8–15.4 μm; range, 5.5–34.4 μm; Table 2; Fig. 5).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.275467+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S197_aa1194d69fc8_S197-F04", "paper_key": "S197_aa1194d69fc8", "paper_id": "S197", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4. Damaged starch grains from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and green bristlegrass after grinding. White arrows indicate the damaged areas. Scale bar: 20 μm. (a) Qimengkelake, the occurrence of some fissures radiating from the hilum. (b) Gouzhuagu, fractured surface. (c) Maomaodouzhimaliang, striations in different directions. (d) Kaoshanmen, irregular outline. (e) Zhushushu, rough surface. (f) Mingu, the occurrence of some fissures radiating from the hilum. (g) Yugu, irregular outline. (h) Qutangxiaomi, irregular outline. (i) Huangkegouweisu, broken surface. (j) Zheng No. 468, the occurrence of some fissures radiating from the hilum. (k) Shaonong No. 11, striations in different directions. (l) Baigu, extinction cross. (m) Jishu No. 1, extinction cross. (n) Jinshu No. 4, rough surface. (o) Jinsegouweicao, rough surface. (p) Judagouweicao, rough surface. (q) Zhouyegouweicao, fractured surface.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。l、m原注只写extinction cross，未明确写“消失”或具体变化，不增译为十字消光消失。品种名保留原文转写。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "98c44c0eeec43f0efb352f4e8f4a3b11971ccc26fb48506a98b91b8fbdc5c8f5", "image_bytes": 22931897, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "研磨后的粟、黍和狗尾草受损淀粉粒。白色箭头指示损伤部位，比例尺为20 μm。a，奇梦克拉克，从脐点向外放射的裂隙；b，狗爪谷，断裂表面；c，毛毛斗芝麻良，不同方向的条痕；d，靠山门，不规则轮廓；e，祝属粟，粗糙表面；f，闵谷，从脐点向外放射的裂隙；g，豫谷，不规则轮廓；h，瞿搪小米，不规则轮廓；i，黄壳狗尾粟，破损表面；j，河南地方品种郑 468，从脐点向外放射的裂隙；k，昭农 11 号，不同方向的条痕；l，白谷，十字消光；m，山西晋黍 4 号，十字消光；n，晋黍. 4，粗糙表面；o，金色狗尾草，粗糙表面；p，巨大狗尾草，粗糙表面；q，皱叶狗尾草，断裂表面。", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Damaged starch grains from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and green bristlegrass after grinding. White arrows indicate the damaged areas. Scale bar: 20 μm. (a) Qimengkelake, the occurrence of some fissures radiating from the hilum. (b) Gouzhuagu, fractured surface. (c) Maomaodouzhimaliang, striations in different directions. (d) Kaoshanmen, irregular outline. (e) Zhushushu, rough surface. (f) Mingu, the occurrence of some fissures radiating from the hilum. (g) Yugu, irregular outline. (h) Qutangxiaomi, irregular outline. (i) Huangkegouweisu, broken surface. (j) Zheng No. 468, the occurrence of some fissures radiating from the hilum. (k) Shaonong No. 11, striations in different directions. (l) Baigu, extinction cross. (m) Jishu No. 1, extinction cross. (n) Jinshu No. 4, rough surface. (o) Jinsegouweicao, rough surface. (p) Judagouweicao, rough surface. (q) Zhouyegouweicao, fractured surface.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "研磨后的粟、黍和狗尾草受损淀粉粒", "title_zh": "研磨后的粟、黍和狗尾草受损淀粉粒", "title_en": "Damaged starch grains from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and green bristlegrass after grinding", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/98c44c0eeec43f0efb352f4e.png", "image_url": "media/S197_aa1194d69fc8_S197-F04.png?v=98c44c0eeec4", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "Starch grains from residues on the surface of stones used for grinding. Starch grains from grind- ing foxtail millet. Surface morphology: The starch grains extracted from residues on the surfaces of each set of stones used to grind foxtail millet can be divided into two types: A1 with an intact surface and A2 with a damaged surface. The starches of type A1 are morphologically identical to native foxtail millet seed starches. Type A2 starches have both surface damage and internal disruption that result in the disappearance or alteration of the hilum and fissure and a weakened extinction cross. Mean size: In total, 3952 starch grains from 12 samples were measured, and, notably, type A2 starch grains with obvious damage and weakened extinction crosses (Fig. 4a–l) make up 27.0% (n = 1026) of the population. The remaining 73.0% of the starch grains fall into category A1 (n = 2926) within which 737 starches measure >14.0 μm (mean, 10.8–15.4 μm; range, 5.5–34.4 μm; Table 2; Fig. 5).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 2, "quote": "Starch grains from grinding broomcorn millet. Surface morphology: The starch grains extracted from residues on the surfaces of each set of stones used to grind broomcorn millet can be categorized into two types: B1 is mor- phologically identical to native broomcorn millet seed starch. Only 63% of type B1 starches have no fissure. B2 starches have a damaged surface, altered morphology, and the hilum and fissure have disappeared or been altered in 100% of the grains (Fig. 4m,n).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Starch grains from grinding green bristlegrass. Surface morphology: The starch grains extracted from residues on the surfaces of each set of stone tools after grinding green bristlegrass can be categorized into two types: C1, which are morphologically identical to native green bristlegrass seed starches, and type C2 with various morphologies and a disappearing or ambiguous hilum and fissure (Fig. 4o–q). Mean size: In total, 948 starch grains from 3 group samples were measured. The mean sizes of 730 type C1 starches were 8.1 ± 2.1 μm (range, 5.5–12.3 μm; Table 2; Fig. 5).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.320476+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S198_bbe691c56593_S198-F01", "paper_key": "S198_bbe691c56593", "paper_id": "S198", "number": "1", "caption_original": "Figure 1. Wheat starch granules from different stages (W1 to W6). Scale bar = 20 µm", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "71519df0ea42acaf2b3e15a90a504e969620c61a8c38f4e726f60679716dff5c", "image_bytes": 4579855, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图1. 不同发育阶段的小麦淀粉粒（W1至W6）。比例尺 = 20 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 1. Wheat starch granules from different stages (W1 to W6). Scale bar = 20 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "不同发育阶段的小麦淀粉粒", "title_en": "Wheat starch granules from different stages", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/71519df0ea42acaf2b3e15a9.png", "image_url": "media/S198_bbe691c56593_S198-F01.png?v=71519df0ea42", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Six slides corresponding to W1 to W6 were observed through microscopy. A representative image from each sample is shown in Figure 1. Based on the measurement analysis results (Figure 2), the size of the wheat starch granule gradually increased from 3.23 μm to 22.48 μm during maturity. The starch granules can be divided into two groups, namely, large group (>10 μm) and small group (<10 μm). The percentage of starch granules belonging to the large group exhibited an increasing trend from W1 to W6 (Table 1).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.364766+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S198_bbe691c56593_S198-F03", "paper_key": "S198_bbe691c56593", "paper_id": "S198", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3. (A) Starch granule from millet (Setaria italica), Scale bar = 10 µm. (B) Starch\ngranule from yam (Dioscorea opposita), Scale bar = 30 µm", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d9e91c3e65f9a6e797f1b35f3e2eba46caf4b722181134c7aaf8347f359422cc", "image_bytes": 582864, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. （A） 粟（Setaria italica）的淀粉粒，比例尺 = 10 μm。 （B） 山药（Dioscorea opposita）的淀粉粒，比例尺 = 30 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 3. (A) Starch granule from millet (foxtail millet, Setaria italica), Scale bar = 10 μm. (B) Starch\ngranule from yam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea opposita), Scale bar = 30 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "粟和山药的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from millet and yam", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d9e91c3e65f9a6e797f1b35f.png", "image_url": "media/S198_bbe691c56593_S198-F03.png?v=d9e91c3e65f9", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Millet contains polygon starch granules showing centric and closed hila, as well as indemonstrable lamellae (Figure 3A). Some granules exhibited fissures across the hila under light microscopy. Millet starch granules showed wrinkled surfaces and coarse edges, which may have been caused by contact with the other starch granule. The mean size of millet starch granule was 9.47 μm, which was almost 70% smaller than 15 μm.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Yam is composed of singular starch granules that are oval and exhibiting eccentric hila (Figure 3B), and the mean size is 30.89 μm. Almost 80% of the granules measured within 26.13 μm to 36.76 μm in size. The lamellae of yam starch granule were evident under light microscopy.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Using the same procedure, the starch granule images of millet (Figure 3A) and yam (Figure 3B) can also be processed, and the results are shown in Figures 4E and 4F.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.414946+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S198_bbe691c56593_S198-F04", "paper_key": "S198_bbe691c56593", "paper_id": "S198", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4. ImageJ analysis of microscopy image. (A) Setting the scale; (B) Converting the image \nto 8-bit grayscale; (C) Converting to a binary image; (D) Extracting the outline of wheat starch\ngranule; (E) Outline of millet starch granule; (F) Outline of yam starch granule", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "bb85ea8703b3577ac5b622aa65d81269c12ca176d2d0b9fe513c45b6746916c9", "image_bytes": 1710949, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. ImageJ软件处理后的显微图像分析。 （A） 设置标尺； （B） 将图像转换为8位灰度图； （C） 转换为二值图像； （D） 提取小麦淀粉粒的轮廓； （E） 粟淀粉粒的轮廓； （F） 山药淀粉粒的轮廓", "caption_en": "Figure 4. ImageJ analysis of microscopy image. (A) Setting the scale; (B) Converting the image \nto 8-bit grayscale; (C) Converting to a binary image; (D) Extracting the outline of wheat starch\ngranule; (E) Outline of millet starch granule; (F) Outline of yam starch granule", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "显微图像的ImageJ分析", "title_en": "ImageJ analysis of microscopy image", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/bb85ea8703b3577ac5b622aa.png", "image_url": "media/S198_bbe691c56593_S198-F04.png?v=bb85ea8703b3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "For wheat, each image at different stages was processed using ImageJ software. W4 was considered as representative of the results obtained in each stage because this sample was obtained in the middle stage (Figure 4A). W4 picture was selected as a sample to show how to use ImageJ software for analysis. W4 image was changed to 8-bit grayscale such that only white and black pixels were present. As a result, this image was easily converted to a binary image. In the binary image, the starch granule appeared as a solid black region, and the other components appeared white (Figure 4B). These steps were accomplished through computer-assisted analysis, which was more efficient than the manual process. In the final step (Figure 4C), the software was used to extract the outline of each granule and determine the centroid area. In Figure 4D, the centroid area appears as a small point.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "The roundness and centroid of the granules were also obtained (Table 2 and Figure 4D); similar to Feret’s diameter, these variants can be used as important criteria in future studies. Considering that starch granules, which may also appear as oval granules, are not as round as wheat granules, we cannot easily determine the centroid of the starch granules under a microscopy. Thus, the centroid of granules should be determined to identify other plant species. Similarly, roundness is difficult to determine. Starch granules are usually depicted as round or oval because of the lack of some specific parameters. We found that the roundness of wheat, millet, and yam are distinguishable (Table 2 and Figure 6). The area, perimeter, and other parameters can also be simultaneously determined using ImageJ software. This software can be applied to obtain the above parameters automatically and efficiently, as well as to reduce subjective errors when these parameters are observed by different people (Collins, 2007; Tavarone et al., 2019).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.459571+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S198_bbe691c56593_S198-F05", "paper_key": "S198_bbe691c56593", "paper_id": "S198", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Figure 5. Archaeological starch granule retrieved from tools found in the Xianrendong and\nDiaotonghuan sites. The white arrowhead highlights impurities that are very common in \narchaeological sample. (A~C) Images obtained under a light microscope; (D~F) Images\nprocessed using ImageJ software. Scale bar = 20 µm", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9b863b06e6be1748b031ffc2d31544359055deadfb9d787ce546050af85cde06", "image_bytes": 2231262, "sites": [ "CN018", "CN019" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 从仙人洞和吊桶环遗址出土的工具中提取的考古淀粉粒。白色箭头标示出在考古样品中非常常见的杂质。（A~C） 光学显微镜下获得的图像；（D~F） 使用ImageJ软件处理后的图像。比例尺 = 20 μm", "caption_en": "Figure 5. Archaeological starch granule retrieved from tools found in the Xianrendong and\nDiaotonghuan sites. The white arrowhead highlights impurities that are very common in \narchaeological sample. (A~C) Images obtained under a light microscope; (D~F) Images\nprocessed using ImageJ software. Scale bar = 20 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "仙人洞和吊桶环遗址工具中提取的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch Grains Retrieved from Tools at Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan Sites", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9b863b06e6be1748b031ffc2.png", "image_url": "media/S198_bbe691c56593_S198-F05.png?v=9b863b06e6be", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "The geometric characteristics of the three types of starch granules in wheat, millet, yam, and the ancient starch granule fossils were calculated by ImageJ software, and sufficient variants became available for construction of a discriminant formula by SPSS 20 software. The analysis results are shown in Figure 6, indicating that all scatter points have been clustered into three groups corresponding to wheat, millet, and yam starch granules. The ancient starch granules can thus be automatically allocated to their corresponding groups. Ancient starch granules in Figure 5A are classified as wheat, those in Figure 5B are classified as millet, and those in Figure 5C are classified as yam.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（按用户确认修订；非专家物种复审）", "note": "统一字符、学名空格及中英常用名／类群名", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-20T08:32:53.064125+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN018", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Figure 5. Archaeological starch granule retrieved from tools found in the Xianrendong and\nDiaotonghuan sites. The white arrowhead highlights impurities that are very common in \narchaeological sample. (A~C) Images obtained under a light microscope; (D~F) Images\nprocessed using ImageJ software. Scale bar = 20 µm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xianrendong", "quote": "n the data set of geometric\ncharacteristics of the three types of starch granules, as well as the starch granule fossils from the\nXianrendong and Diaotonghuan archaeological sites. Results are detailed and comparable to the light\nmicroscopy findings. The improved method with ImageJ and SPSS software required less time by direct\nmeasurement with a light microscopy and enhanced the accuracy of starch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "bbe691c565934c2b8643f4e49ea30b5f3400401465e906d8f658059a8e37284e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN019", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Figure 5. Archaeological starch granule retrieved from tools found in the Xianrendong and\nDiaotonghuan sites. The white arrowhead highlights impurities that are very common in \narchaeological sample. (A~C) Images obtained under a light microscope; (D~F) Images\nprocessed using ImageJ software. Scale bar = 20 µm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "diaotonghuan", "quote": "f geometric\ncharacteristics of the three types of starch granules, as well as the starch granule fossils from the\nXianrendong and Diaotonghuan archaeological sites. Results are detailed and comparable to the light\nmicroscopy findings. The improved method with ImageJ and SPSS software required less time by direct\nmeasurement with a light microscopy and enhanced the accuracy of starch granule identifi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "bbe691c565934c2b8643f4e49ea30b5f3400401465e906d8f658059a8e37284e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S199_6f547c0796ef_S199-F03", "paper_key": "S199_6f547c0796ef", "paper_id": "S199", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3 Types of starch granules in Banpo-Jiangzhai residues com- pared with modern reference (each starch grain shows images taken by DIC and polarizers). 1. Type I, millet; 2. Type II, Job’s tears; 3. Type III, Triticeae; 4 and 5. Type IV, snake gourd root; 6. Type V, wild pea; 7. Type VI, foxnut; 8. Modern foxnut for comparison", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3654914dce43b89b33bdabdac9f6c16e0df433ccf69eebe433dc515ff97a7f2f", "image_bytes": 1929869, "sites": [ "CN146", "CN147" ], "caption_zh": "图3 半坡-姜寨残留物中淀粉颗粒的类型与现代参考样本的比较（每个淀粉粒均通过微分干涉显微镜和偏振器拍摄获得）。1. 类型I，粟；2. 类型II，薏苡；3. 类型III，小麦族；4和5. 类型IV，栝楼根；6. 类型V，野豌豆；7. 类型VI，竹芋；8. 现代竹芋作为对比", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Types of starch granules in Banpo-Jiangzhai residues com- pared with modern reference (each starch grain shows images taken by DIC and polarizers). 1. Type I, millet; 2. Type II, Job’s tears; 3. Type III, wheat tribe (Triticeae); 4 and 5. Type IV, snake gourd root; 6. Type V, wild pea; 7. Type VI, foxnut; 8. Modern foxnut for comparison", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "半坡-姜寨残留物中淀粉颗粒类型", "title_en": "Starch Granule Types in Banpo-Jiangzhai Residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/3654914dce43b89b33bdabda.png", "image_url": "media/S199_6f547c0796ef_S199-F03.png?v=3654914dce43", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "into six types. There were 86 (26.2%) starch granules lacking diagnostic characteristics and classified as unidentifiable (UNID) (Table 1; Fig. 3). Type I is identified as Panicoideae, including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), and probably small granules from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 72; 22% of the total; ubiquity 72.7%); the size range is 7.13–19.05 μm, and the shape is polygonal or near-circular, hilum is centric, and fissures are often present. Starch granules from the three species share these common characteristics, making it difficult to separate them precisely (Liu et al. 2014). Type II is identified as Job’s tears (C. lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 33; 10.1% of the total; ubiquity 36.4%), and the size range is 8.61–23.03 μm. Its morphology differs from that of millets but has certain characteristics consistent with Job’s tears, such as larger size, eccentric hilum, and the extinction cross with zig-zag arm (Liu et al. 2014). Type III is identified as Triticeae (n = 103; 31.4% of the total; ubiquity 81.8%), size range is 4.72–44.96 μm, the shape is lenticular, and the hilum is centric. These features are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "similar to those of the genus Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus, which are wild grasses native to northern China (Wu et al. 2006). Type IV is identified as the root of snake gourd Trichosanthes kirilowii (n = 29; 8.8% of the total; ubiquity 63.6%), size range 10.2–32.79 μm; the forms include round, bell-shaped, and semi-circular; the hilum is centric or eccen- tric; and the extinction cross is often curved. This plant is commonly found in China (Wu et al. 2011), and traditionally used as famine food (Zhu 1406). Type V is identified as bean, probably wild pea Vicia sp. (n = 3; 0.9% of the total; ubiquity 18.2%). The size range is 22.57–27.4 μm, the form is irregular oval or kidney-shaped, and the extinction cross has multiple arms with a large black area in the center. There are 17 Vicia species in the Qinling Mountains region near the sites (Northwest Institute of Botany CAS 1981:98–99). Type VI is identified as foxnut Euryale ferox, which ap- peared as two round grains (0.6% of the total, ubiquity 9.1%) measuring 23.28 and 26.89 μm in size, respectively. Within each grain, there are many small compound granules, polyg- onal in shape (n = 22; 2.55–4.24 μm). These features resemble foxnut in our reference data. The modern foxnut starches tend to appear in compound form, round, or oval in shape (9.51– 32.33 μm in diameter), containing numerous small facetted granules (1.71–3.96 μm in size). The two foxnut grains found in BP2 are connected, with one partially broken. For starch quantitative analysis, we count the large starch grains rather than the small compound granules, to avoi", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.516746+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN146", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 3 Types of starch granules in Banpo-Jiangzhai residues com- pared with modern reference (each starch grain shows images taken by DIC and polarizers). 1. Type I, millet; 2. Type II, Job’s tears; 3. Type III, Triticeae; 4 and 5. Type IV, snake gourd root; 6. Type V, wild pea; 7. Type VI, foxnut; 8. Modern foxnut for comparison", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "banpo", "quote": "hods to examine microfossil remains in the residues adhering to the\ninterior walls of eleven among the earliest amphorae from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi province. Multiple lines of\nevidence—taken from starch granules, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the residues—\nindicate that these amphorae were used for brewing alcoholic beverages. The", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6f547c0796ef93a0b5c661ce58b5ee1201dc8133b60282cb2d3dce85c20d32ac" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN147", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 3 Types of starch granules in Banpo-Jiangzhai residues com- pared with modern reference (each starch grain shows images taken by DIC and polarizers). 1. Type I, millet; 2. Type II, Job’s tears; 3. Type III, Triticeae; 4 and 5. Type IV, snake gourd root; 6. Type V, wild pea; 7. Type VI, foxnut; 8. Modern foxnut for comparison", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiangzhai", "quote": "amine microfossil remains in the residues adhering to the\ninterior walls of eleven among the earliest amphorae from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi province. Multiple lines of\nevidence—taken from starch granules, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the residues—\nindicate that these amphorae were used for brewing alcoholic beverages. The ingredients ma", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6f547c0796ef93a0b5c661ce58b5ee1201dc8133b60282cb2d3dce85c20d32ac" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S199_6f547c0796ef_S199-F04", "paper_key": "S199_6f547c0796ef", "paper_id": "S199", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4 Damaged starch granules from Banpo-Jiangzhai amphorae residues (each starch sample shows images taken by DIC and polarizers). 1 Triticeae, showing micro-pitting and deep channels; 2 a cluster of Triticeae starches, some granules relatively com- plete, some appearing expanded and deformed with crosses disappearing, an effect of gelati- nization; 3 possibly millet, show- ing central depression; 4 millet, showing micro-pitting and deep channel; 5 wild pea, central de- pression and damaged edge, with slight gelatinization; 6 snake gourd root, broken edges; 7 gela- tinization due to fermentation, showing swelling and deforma- tion; the center is missing, but the edges remain birefringent; 8 gelatinized starch stained with Congo red", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1e213e77cc43c5917aad4342507978457a4e34e51aa90b0629f791879fd8606b", "image_bytes": 2265949, "sites": [ "CN146", "CN147" ], "caption_zh": "图4 半坡-姜寨陶罐残留物中的受损淀粉粒（每个淀粉样品均通过偏振光显微镜拍摄）。1 小麦族，显示微坑和深沟；2 一簇小麦族淀粉粒，部分粒体相对完整，部分出现膨胀和变形，且十字纹消失，为糊化所致；3 可能为粟，显示中央凹陷；4 粟，显示微坑和深沟；5 豌豆，中央凹陷且边缘受损，伴有轻微糊化；6 草龟根，边缘破碎；7 由于发酵导致的糊化，表现为膨胀和变形，中心缺失，但边缘仍保持双折射；8 经结晶紫染色的糊化淀粉", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Damaged starch granules from Banpo-Jiangzhai amphorae residues (each starch sample shows images taken by DIC and polarizers). 1 wheat tribe (Triticeae), showing micro-pitting and deep channels; 2 a cluster of wheat tribe (Triticeae) starches, some granules relatively com- plete, some appearing expanded and deformed with crosses disappearing, an effect of gelati- nization; 3 possibly millet, show- ing central depression; 4 millet, showing micro-pitting and deep channel; 5 wild pea, central de- pression and damaged edge, with slight gelatinization; 6 snake gourd root, broken edges; 7 gela- tinization due to fermentation, showing swelling and deforma- tion; the center is missing, but the edges remain birefringent; 8 gelatinized starch stained with Congo red", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "半坡-姜寨陶罐残留物中的受损淀粉粒", "title_en": "Damaged starch granules from Banpo-Jiangzhai amphorae residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/1e213e77cc43c5917aad4342.png", "image_url": "media/S199_6f547c0796ef_S199-F04.png?v=1e213e77cc43", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "that were stained red with orange-red gloss in polarized light (Fig. 4). Taken together, the starch granules overall exhibit various damages consistent with beer brewing.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "into six types. There were 86 (26.2%) starch granules lacking diagnostic characteristics and classified as unidentifiable (UNID) (Table 1; Fig. 3). Type I is identified as Panicoideae, including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), and probably small granules from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 72; 22% of the total; ubiquity 72.7%); the size range is 7.13–19.05 μm, and the shape is polygonal or near-circular, hilum is centric, and fissures are often present. Starch granules from the three species share these common characteristics, making it difficult to separate them precisely (Liu et al. 2014). Type II is identified as Job’s tears (C. lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 33; 10.1% of the total; ubiquity 36.4%), and the size range is 8.61–23.03 μm. Its morphology differs from that of millets but has certain characteristics consistent with Job’s tears, such as larger size, eccentric hilum, and the extinction cross with zig-zag arm (Liu et al. 2014). Type III is identified as Triticeae (n = 103; 31.4% of the total; ubiquity 81.8%), size range is 4.72–44.96 μm, the shape is lenticular, and the hilum is centric. These features are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "similar to those of the genus Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus, which are wild grasses native to northern China (Wu et al. 2006). Type IV is identified as the root of snake gourd Trichosanthes kirilowii (n = 29; 8.8% of the total; ubiquity 63.6%), size range 10.2–32.79 μm; the forms include round, bell-shaped, and semi-circular; the hilum is centric or eccen- tric; and the extinction cross is often curved. This plant is commonly found in China (Wu et al. 2011), and traditionally used as famine food (Zhu 1406). Type V is identified as bean, probably wild pea Vicia sp. (n = 3; 0.9% of the total; ubiquity 18.2%). The size range is 22.57–27.4 μm, the form is irregular oval or kidney-shaped, and the extinction cross has multiple arms with a large black area in the center. There are 17 Vicia species in the Qinling Mountains region near the sites (Northwest Institute of Botany CAS 1981:98–99). Type VI is identified as foxnut Euryale ferox, which ap- peared as two round grains (0.6% of the total, ubiquity 9.1%) measuring 23.28 and 26.89 μm in size, respectively. Within each grain, there are many small compound granules, polyg- onal in shape (n = 22; 2.55–4.24 μm). These features resemble foxnut in our reference data. The modern foxnut starches tend to appear in compound form, round, or oval in shape (9.51– 32.33 μm in diameter), containing numerous small facetted granules (1.71–3.96 μm in size). The two foxnut grains found in BP2 are connected, with one partially broken. For starch quantitative analysis, we count the large starch grains rather than the small compound granules, to avoi", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.583042+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN146", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Fig. 4 Damaged starch granules from Banpo-Jiangzhai amphorae residues (each starch sample shows images taken by DIC and polarizers). 1 Triticeae, showing micro-pitting and deep channels; 2 a cluster of Triticeae starches, some granules relatively com- plete, some appearing expanded and deformed with crosses disappearing, an effect of gelati- nization; 3 possibly millet, show- ing central depression; 4 millet, showing micro-pitting and deep channel; 5 wild pea, central de- pression and damaged edge, with slight gelatinization; 6 snake gourd root, broken edges; 7 gela- tinization due to fermentation, showing swelling and deforma- tion; the center is missing, but the edges remain birefringent; 8 gelatinized starch stained with Congo red", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "banpo", "quote": "hods to examine microfossil remains in the residues adhering to the\ninterior walls of eleven among the earliest amphorae from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi province. Multiple lines of\nevidence—taken from starch granules, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the residues—\nindicate that these amphorae were used for brewing alcoholic beverages. The", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6f547c0796ef93a0b5c661ce58b5ee1201dc8133b60282cb2d3dce85c20d32ac" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN147", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Fig. 4 Damaged starch granules from Banpo-Jiangzhai amphorae residues (each starch sample shows images taken by DIC and polarizers). 1 Triticeae, showing micro-pitting and deep channels; 2 a cluster of Triticeae starches, some granules relatively com- plete, some appearing expanded and deformed with crosses disappearing, an effect of gelati- nization; 3 possibly millet, show- ing central depression; 4 millet, showing micro-pitting and deep channel; 5 wild pea, central de- pression and damaged edge, with slight gelatinization; 6 snake gourd root, broken edges; 7 gela- tinization due to fermentation, showing swelling and deforma- tion; the center is missing, but the edges remain birefringent; 8 gelatinized starch stained with Congo red", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiangzhai", "quote": "amine microfossil remains in the residues adhering to the\ninterior walls of eleven among the earliest amphorae from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi province. Multiple lines of\nevidence—taken from starch granules, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the residues—\nindicate that these amphorae were used for brewing alcoholic beverages. The ingredients ma", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6f547c0796ef93a0b5c661ce58b5ee1201dc8133b60282cb2d3dce85c20d32ac" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S199_6f547c0796ef_S199-F05", "paper_key": "S199_6f547c0796ef", "paper_id": "S199", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5 Examples of phytoliths and rod-shaped calcite crystals in Banpo-Jiangzhai amphorae. 1 Variant 1 cross from Job’s tears; 2 cross; 3 bilobate; 4 elongate long cell; 5 rondel; 6 double-peak; 7 Phragmites bulliform; 8 dendri- form; 9 hair cell; 10 prinkle; 11 and 12 rod-shaped calcite crystal (bright field and polarized views); 13 η-type from broomcorn millet husk; 14 Ω type from foxtail mil- let husk", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "95a70ecb45f5e1f1735f25e6bacfbd0a96289a3308a73c3eaa740748d5149de0", "image_bytes": 3187491, "sites": [ "CN146", "CN147" ], "caption_zh": "图5 半坡-姜寨陶罐中植硅体和杆状方解石晶体的例子。1 薏苡的十字型；2 十字型；3 哑铃型；4 平滑棒型；5 帽型；6 双峰型；7 芦苇盾形；8 分枝形；9 尖型；10 尖型；11 和 12 杆状方解石晶体（明场和偏振视图）；13 来自黍稃壳的η型；14 来自粟稃壳的Ω型", "caption_en": "Fig. 5 Examples of phytoliths and rod-shaped calcite crystals in Banpo-Jiangzhai amphorae. 1 Variant 1 cross from Job’s tears; 2 cross; 3 bilobate; 4 elongate long cell; 5 rondel; 6 double-peak; 7 reeds (Phragmites) bulliform; 8 dendri- form; 9 hair cell; 10 prinkle; 11 and 12 rod-shaped calcite crystal (bright field and polarized views); 13 η-type from broomcorn millet husk; 14 Ω type from foxtail mil- let husk", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "半坡-姜寨陶罐中的植硅体和杆状方解石晶体", "title_en": "Phytoliths and rod-shaped calcite crystals in Banpo-Jiangzhai amphorae", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/95a70ecb45f5e1f1735f25e6.png", "image_url": "media/S199_6f547c0796ef_S199-F05.png?v=95a70ecb45f5", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "present. There are also many elongate (psilate/sinuate), bulliform, and rondel phytolith types common in grasses, in- cluding six Phragmites bulliforms from reeds. Hair cells (n = 30) found mainly in stems and leaves of eudicots appeared in ten samples. Hair cells come from plants such as Asteraceae, Ulmaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Urticaceae (Piperno 2006). Snake gourd belongs to Cucurbitaceae, but it is unclear if some of the hair cells come from this plant, and more research is needed in the future. In short, there are a large number of Paniceae husks and a small number of Triticeae and rice husks, coexisting with various grass stems and leaves in the phytolith assemblage (Fig. 5). The presence of Paniceae husks and dendriforms, as well as Variant 1 large cross phytoliths, corroborates the finding of millet, Triticeae and Job’s tears in the starch assemblage.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "A few rod-shaped crystals were found in three samples. Most of them have smooth surfaces, appearing as straight rods with square blunt ends. Birefringent gloss is visible under a polarizer (Fig. 5: 11–12). These characteristics are consistent with the morphology of rod-shaped calcite crystals, which are the result of biomineralization of fungal hyphae. Hyphae re- lease rod-shaped calcite crystals into the surrounding environ- ment after decomposition (Bajnoczi and Kovacs-Kis 2006; Verrecchia 1994). The appearance of such calcite crystals in- dicates the existence of fungi in the residues, which is corrob- orated by the identification of fungal hyphae, mentioned above.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 13, "quote": "Guantaoyuan site in Shaanxi (ca. 5800–4900 cal. BC) (Liu et al. 2019), and Aspergillus and Mucor were identified on amphorae from Dingcun in Henan (ca. 4000–3100 cal. BC) (Liu et al. 2020) (Fig. 1a). As Aspergillus and Rhizopus are the most recurrent molds in traditional qu starters (Huang 2000; Jin et al. 2017), the high concentration of these two molds in one vessel (ZJ2) suggests that without scientific knowledge, the Yangshao people may have intentionally selected desir- able microorganisms for fermentation through hundreds of years of trial-and-error experience. Of the nine samples with molds, three contain no husk phytoliths from malted grains (BP1,2; JZ8), indicating that the alcoholic beverages were likely made by the action of microorganisms in qu starter only. In the other six samples, husk phytoliths from malted grains as well as molds were both found (JZ1,2,4-6,9), suggesting possible simultaneous use of the two brewing methods. It must be pointed out that the method of inferring brewing techniques based on the presence of molds and husks in pottery residues has some limitations. For example, if ancient people brewed beer with qu starter but failed to completely remove the husks from processed grain, then both molds and a small amount of husk phytoliths may be present in the brewing vessels. In general, the two brewing methods inferred from observed remains may have both existed in the Yangshao sites, but we cannot rule out the pos- sibility that in some cases (such as JZ5 with only one husk phytolith), a small number of husk phytoliths unintentionally entered t", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "into six types. There were 86 (26.2%) starch granules lacking diagnostic characteristics and classified as unidentifiable (UNID) (Table 1; Fig. 3). Type I is identified as Panicoideae, including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), and probably small granules from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 72; 22% of the total; ubiquity 72.7%); the size range is 7.13–19.05 μm, and the shape is polygonal or near-circular, hilum is centric, and fissures are often present. Starch granules from the three species share these common characteristics, making it difficult to separate them precisely (Liu et al. 2014). Type II is identified as Job’s tears (C. lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 33; 10.1% of the total; ubiquity 36.4%), and the size range is 8.61–23.03 μm. Its morphology differs from that of millets but has certain characteristics consistent with Job’s tears, such as larger size, eccentric hilum, and the extinction cross with zig-zag arm (Liu et al. 2014). Type III is identified as Triticeae (n = 103; 31.4% of the total; ubiquity 81.8%), size range is 4.72–44.96 μm, the shape is lenticular, and the hilum is centric. These features are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.652013+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN146", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Fig. 5 Examples of phytoliths and rod-shaped calcite crystals in Banpo-Jiangzhai amphorae. 1 Variant 1 cross from Job’s tears; 2 cross; 3 bilobate; 4 elongate long cell; 5 rondel; 6 double-peak; 7 Phragmites bulliform; 8 dendri- form; 9 hair cell; 10 prinkle; 11 and 12 rod-shaped calcite crystal (bright field and polarized views); 13 η-type from broomcorn millet husk; 14 Ω type from foxtail mil- let husk", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "banpo", "quote": "hods to examine microfossil remains in the residues adhering to the\ninterior walls of eleven among the earliest amphorae from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi province. Multiple lines of\nevidence—taken from starch granules, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the residues—\nindicate that these amphorae were used for brewing alcoholic beverages. The", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6f547c0796ef93a0b5c661ce58b5ee1201dc8133b60282cb2d3dce85c20d32ac" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN147", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Fig. 5 Examples of phytoliths and rod-shaped calcite crystals in Banpo-Jiangzhai amphorae. 1 Variant 1 cross from Job’s tears; 2 cross; 3 bilobate; 4 elongate long cell; 5 rondel; 6 double-peak; 7 Phragmites bulliform; 8 dendri- form; 9 hair cell; 10 prinkle; 11 and 12 rod-shaped calcite crystal (bright field and polarized views); 13 η-type from broomcorn millet husk; 14 Ω type from foxtail mil- let husk", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiangzhai", "quote": "amine microfossil remains in the residues adhering to the\ninterior walls of eleven among the earliest amphorae from the Banpo and Jiangzhai sites in Shaanxi province. Multiple lines of\nevidence—taken from starch granules, phytoliths, molds, yeast cells, and rod-shaped calcite crystals found in the residues—\nindicate that these amphorae were used for brewing alcoholic beverages. The ingredients ma", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6f547c0796ef93a0b5c661ce58b5ee1201dc8133b60282cb2d3dce85c20d32ac" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S201_7ac65f041dc1_S201-F02", "paper_key": "S201_7ac65f041dc1", "paper_id": "S201", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Figure 2 Morphological changes of starch grains from rice after dry- and wet-grinding: (a, a ́) single and compound starch grains coexist in the unprocessed rice samples; (b) the oval-shaped compound starch grains under normal light; (b ́) star-shaped extinction cross of the compound starch grains under polarized light; (c, c ́) single starch grains nearly invisible after dry-grinding, the only visible compact compound starch grains are marked with the arrow; (d, d ́) irregular shape aggregates under the normal and polarized light; and (e, e ́, f, f ́) starch grains perform similar features as the un- processed samples.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。湿磨对应关系据图中行标Wet-grinding补入；20 μm据图内标尺补入。原注末项只写“与未加工样品相似”，不能据此扩大为湿磨完全不造成损伤。\n原文复核说明：补充图只有标题／说明，图像未随本地主文保存。应找回出版社独立补充附件后补提；不能把现有主文PDF重复跑MinerU来恢复不存在的图像。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "79ad5915e5726d008e51edb09294c0b200408922edc2ad2e3ec9d775354a6384", "image_bytes": 1886817, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2.稻米淀粉粒在干磨和湿磨后的形态变化。a、a′，未加工稻米样品中单粒与复粒共存；b，普通光下呈椭圆形的淀粉复粒；b′，偏光下复粒呈星状消光；c、c′，干磨后单粒几乎不可见，箭头标出仅有的可见致密复粒；d、d′，普通光与偏光下呈不规则形态的聚集体；e、e′、f、f′，湿磨后淀粉粒仍表现出与未加工样品相似的特征。图内比例尺均为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 2 Morphological changes of starch grains from rice after dry- and wet-grinding: (a, a ́) single and compound starch grains coexist in the unprocessed rice samples; (b) the oval-shaped compound starch grains under normal light; (b ́) star-shaped extinction cross of the compound starch grains under polarized light; (c, c ́) single starch grains nearly invisible after dry-grinding, the only visible compact compound starch grains are marked with the arrow; (d, d ́) irregular shape aggregates under the normal and polarized light; and (e, e ́, f, f ́) starch grains perform similar features as the un- processed samples.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "稻米干磨与湿磨前后的淀粉粒", "title_zh": "稻米干磨与湿磨前后的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Morphological changes of rice starch grains after dry- and wet-grinding", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/79ad5915e5726d008e51edb0.png", "image_url": "media/S201_7ac65f041dc1_S201-F02.png?v=79ad5915e572", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Unprocessed starch grains exhibit various morphologies depending on the plant species, and their morphological types are classified as either compound or single (Tateoka 1962). Both morpho- logical types of starch grains are found in the unprocessed rice samples (Fig. 2, a, b). The shape of single starch grains is polygonal. The average maximum length of the single rice starch grains is 5.64± 1.89 μm (Table 2). The hilum is centric and closed. No fissures or lamellae are visible. Their extinction crosses are radially symmetrical and cross-shaped. Compound rice starch grains consist of an aggregate of single starch grains. In these cases, the compound structure is oval in shape (Fig. 2, b) and has diagnostic reflected star-shaped extinction crosses (Fig. 2, b ́). The dry-grinding technique results in severe damage to the starch grains. The most noticeable change is that few single rice starch grains remained, and more starch aggregates are formed (Fig. 2, c, d). These starch aggregates have irregular shapes (Fig. 2, c, d) and their extinction crosses are invisible or become faint and blurry (Fig. 2, c ́, d ́). Only a few compound starch grains survived with observable birefringence (Fig. 2, c ́). A small number of single starch grains that remained completely lost their extinction crosses (Fig, 3, b). The average maximum length of the single dry-ground starch grains from rice is 8.95± 2.58μm (Table 2 and Fig. 3, a). In sharp contrast to dry-grinding, wet-grinding produced no damage signs to rice starch grains. These starch grains are very similar to the unprocessed samples i", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "No damage features are observed on the samples from rice or Job’s tears after wet-grinding. Wet- grinding only produced noticeable damage patterns to foxtail millet and barley starch grains. In contrast, dry-grinding results in more extensive starch grain modifications. A formula developed in food chemistry research (see the detailed description in Asmeda et al. 2016) also revealed that starch damage during dry-grinding is the most intense. The present study thus adds an additional line of evidence indicating that the type of observed damage patterns is directly related to the employed grinding techniques, in which the use of water for soaking cereals might result in less damage to starch grains. Our experimental results also indicate that dry-grinding produced different types of damage patterns depending on the types of cereal. First, the size of Job’s tears starch grains remains stable after processing. This is possibly because grinding Job’s tears requires only minimal pressure to make flour (Table 1). In other words, the seed coat (endosperm) of this species seems to be softer than in the other plants used in the present study. Previous dry- and wet-grinding experiments comparing damage patterns also revealed a similar relationship between starch enlargement and seed coat hardness (Mickleburgh and Pagán-Jiménez 2012). The collated data suggest that the harder the seed coat, the greater the enlargement of the starch grains due to grinding (Table 2). Polarized light and dark field view are often used to recognize, detect and identify starch grains (e.g., Lu et al. 2005; L", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "grains was then transferred to a clean tube for centrifuging. The next steps of the procedure are identical to the one described above for the ground starch samples. The attributes selected for studying damaged starch grains included (1) starch type (single or compound), (2) shape, (3) size, (4) presence and absence of features on the starch surface (hilum, fissures and lamellae) and (5) extinction cross-morphology (for the description of these starch features, see, e.g., Torrence and Barton, 2006; and García-Granero et al. 2017). Following Gong et al. (2011), starch grains were divided into three categories based on the characteristics of the extinction crosses. Type I refers to starch grains with clear extinction crosses. This category in- cludes the undamaged starch grains and slightly damaged starch grains. Type II are starch grains with faint extinction crosses, which are still visible under polarized light and dark field view. Type III starch grains are represented by those with non-visible extinction crosses (Fig. 3, b). All starch samples were observed under a Leica DM2700P microscope with polarizing light and an attached Leica MC170HD camera. When possible, at least 50 single starch grains from each sample were measured and counted (Fig. 3) using the Leica application suite version 4.8.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "Starch grains from the Triticeae tribe are divided into two types according to their size. Type A refers to starches that were larger than 10 μm, while type B refers to starches < 10 μm in diameter (Lindeboom et al. 2004; Howard et al. 2011). Starch grains from type B are small with very few diagnostic characteristics, so archaeological identifications of starch grains from the Triticeae tribe are largely based on type A starch grains (e.g., Yang et al. 2015a, 2016b). Unprocessed type A barley starch grains are oval shaped. The average maximum length of the barley starch grains measured 21.85 ± 4.43μm (Table 2), which is larger than previously suggested (e.g., 18.0± 4.1 μm in Yang and Perry 2013). The hilum of these starch grains is centric and closed. Shallow lamellae are visible on some starch grains, usually the bigger ones, and the extinction crosses are thick and ‘X’-shaped (additional supporting information Fig. S4, a, a ́, c, c ́). After dry-grinding, lamellae on the starch surfaces of barley became deeper and shallow stri- ations were formed on the surface (additional supporting information Fig. S4, d). These starch grains also became flatter (additional supporting information Fig. S4, c). Some of them (43%) to- tally lost their birefringence features (Fig. 3, b), whereas others (36%) still exhibited extinction crosses resembling the ones registered in unprocessed samples (e.g., additional supporting infor- mation Fig. S4, c ́). In other cases (21%), the extinction crosses became faint but still visible un- der polarized light (Fig. 3, b). The average maximum length", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.811950+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S202_d9f7d25728b3_S202-F06", "paper_key": "S202_d9f7d25728b3", "paper_id": "S202", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Figure 6\nMicrofossils extracted from the gut contents: (a) flat view of a type 1 starch grain; (b) side view of a type 1\nstarch grain; (c) flat view of a type 2 starch grain; (d) rondel phytolith; (e) papillae phytoliths; (f) dendritic phytoliths;\n(g) phytoliths from foxtail millet husk; (h) phytoliths from broomcorn millet husk; and (i) bran fragments showing the\nzig-zag cell pattern. Scale bar = 20 μm. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "94bed11c1b68e26947b518264e2649b196a708c83eaa2825fcb80ecd8b4dc847", "image_bytes": 1245086, "sites": [ "CN132" ], "caption_zh": "图6 从肠道内容物中提取的微化石：（a） 类型1淀粉粒的平视图；（b） 类型1淀粉粒的侧视图；（c） 类型2淀粉粒的平视图；（d） 帽型植硅体；（e） 芽状植硅体；（f） 分枝状植硅体；（g） 从粟稃壳中获得的植硅体；（h） 从黍稃壳中获得的植硅体；（i） 显示锯齿状横细胞模式的麸皮碎片。比例尺 = 20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 6\nMicrofossils extracted from the gut contents: (a) flat view of a type 1 starch grain; (b) side view of a type 1\nstarch grain; (c) flat view of a type 2 starch grain; (d) rondel phytolith; (e) papillae phytoliths; (f) dendritic phytoliths;\n(g) phytoliths from foxtail millet husk; (h) phytoliths from broomcorn millet husk; and (i) bran fragments showing the\nzig-zag cell pattern. Scale bar = 20 μm. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "肠道内容物微化石", "title_en": "Microfossils from gut contents", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/94bed11c1b68e26947b51826.png", "image_url": "media/S202_d9f7d25728b3_S202-F06.png?v=94bed11c1b68", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "Based on the morphology characteristics and possible plant source, all the extracted phytoliths could be divided into three groups. The first group consisted of rondel phytoliths, papillae phytoliths and dendritic phytoliths, which indicates a phytolith combination of tribe Triticeae (Fig. 6, d–f) (Rosen 1992; Tubb et al. 1993). The phytolith morphology of the second group demonstrated that the epidermal long cell walls were Ω-undulated and the ending structures of epidermal long cells were of the cross-wavy type (Fig. 6, g). Moreover, 50 phytoliths of this type were measured and statistically analysed and found to have an average R = 0.32, which fits quite well with that of S. italica. All phytoliths of the third group had smooth surfaces without any pa- pillae. Their epidermal long cell walls were η-undulated and the ending structures of the epider- mal long cells were of the cross-finger type (Fig. 6, h). As this category of phytolith is relatively scarce, it was not possible to measure sufficient individuals and calculate the average R-value. However, they can still be identified as belonging to P. miliaceum mainly based on their morphol- ogy (Lu et al. 2009).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "A total of three starch grains were extracted from the sample and classified into two types based on morphology and size. Starch grains of type 1 were large and round, with some visible lamellae. Their maximum lengths were 16.0 and 22.9μm, respectively. After rotation, they exhibited an ob- long shape and a longitudinal fissure across the grain. One appeared damaged, showing broken edges (Fig. 6, a, b). The characteristics of this type of starch grains were consistent with taxa in tribe Triticeae (Henry and Piperno 2008; Yang and Perry 2013). Type 2 starch grains were polygonal in shape and had a centric hilum, no lamellae with a ‘Y’-shaped fissure. They measured 22.8 μm in size (Fig. 6, c). Compared with the reference collection and previous publications (Yang and Jiang 2010; Tao et al. 2015), this grain was most probably from cereal plants of the Poaceae grass family. However, in view of the scarcity of type 2 starch grains, further identification was prevented.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.861142+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN132", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Figure 6\nMicrofossils extracted from the gut contents: (a) flat view of a type 1 starch grain; (b) side view of a type 1\nstarch grain; (c) flat view of a type 2 starch grain; (d) rondel phytolith; (e) papillae phytoliths; (f) dendritic phytoliths;\n(g) phytoliths from foxtail millet husk; (h) phytoliths from broomcorn millet husk; and (i) bran fragments showing the\nzig-zag cell pattern. Scale bar = 20 μm. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Astana", "quote": "A S T M E A L S I N F E R R E D F R O M T H E P O S S I B L E G U T\n C O N T E N T S O F A M U M M Y: A C A S E S T U D Y F R O M A S TA N A\n C E M E T E RY, X I N J I A N G , C H I N A * *\n\n\n T. CHEN\n Department of Archaeology, School of History and Culture, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d9f7d25728b39ee59553c7986d1c85614b51467f6ebf8b11110ca0ef8fbd5258" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S203_9aa74303ebd6_S203-F02", "paper_key": "S203_9aa74303ebd6", "paper_id": "S203", "number": "2", "caption_original": "FIGURE 2\nStarch grains from some modern plants: (a) Panicum miliaceum; (b) Setaria italica; (c) Sorghum bicolor; (d) Triticum aestivum;\n(e) Hordeum vulgare; (f) Avena sativa; (g) Avena fatua; (h) Secale cereale (scale bar: 20 μm; except (c) 10 μm) [Colour figure can be viewed at\nwileyonlinelibrary.com]", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "09c42874b31f7aba671a8a61cd973aa563d764faf059b5d416abe1e84c69162d", "image_bytes": 10024789, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 一些现代植物的淀粉粒：（a） 黍（Panicum miliaceum）；（b） 粟（Setaria italica）；（c） 高粱属（Sorghum bicolor）；（d） 普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）；（e） 大麦（Hordeum vulgare）；（f） 燕麦（Avena sativa）；（g） 野燕麦（Avena fatua）；（h） 黑麦（Secale cereale）（比例尺：20 μm；除（c）为10 μm）", "caption_en": "FIGURE 2\nStarch grains from some modern plants: (a) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); (b) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (c) Sorghum bicolor; (d) bread wheat (Triticum aestivum);\n(e) barley (Hordeum vulgare); (f) oat (Avena sativa); (g) wild oat (Avena fatua); (h) rye (Secale cereale) (scale bar: 20 μm; except (c) 10 μm) [Colour figure can be viewed at\nwileyonlinelibrary.com]", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "一些现代植物的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from some modern plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/09c42874b31f7aba671a8a61.png", "image_url": "media/S203_9aa74303ebd6_S203-F02.png?v=09c42874b31f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.905393+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S203_9aa74303ebd6_S203-F04", "paper_key": "S203_9aa74303ebd6", "paper_id": "S203", "number": "4", "caption_original": "FIGURE 4\nType 1 starch grains extracted from human dental calculus at Laodaojing (Scale bar: 20 μm, except (a–d) 10 μm) [Colour figure can\nbe viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6eabab4af8fc7c864034c94c3274703a71f00eda429bea0fdf1ae7e185964f55", "image_bytes": 8311257, "sites": [ "CN170" ], "caption_zh": "图4 从老道井人类牙结石中提取的类型1淀粉粒，禾本科淀粉粒，粟、黍等等（除（a–d）为10 μm外，其余为20 μm）", "caption_en": "FIGURE 4\nType 1 starch grains extracted from human dental calculus at Laodaojing (Scale bar: 20 μm, except (a–d) 10 μm) [Colour figure can\nbe viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "老道井人类牙结石中类型1淀粉粒", "title_en": "Type 1 starch grains from human dental calculus at Laodaojing", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6eabab4af8fc7c864034c94c.png", "image_url": "media/S203_9aa74303ebd6_S203-F04.png?v=6eabab4af8fc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:27.964656+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN170", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "FIGURE 4\nType 1 starch grains extracted from human dental calculus at Laodaojing (Scale bar: 20 μm, except (a–d) 10 μm) [Colour figure can\nbe viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "laodaojing", "quote": "ased on multiple evidences:\nStable isotope analysis on human bone and starch grain\nanalysis on dental calculus of humans from the Laodaojing\ncemetery, Central Plains, China\n\n\nDawei Tao1,2 | Guowen Zhang3 | Yawei Zhou1,2 | Haizhou Zhao1,2\n\n\n\n1Center for Historic Cultural Heritage\nConservation and Research, Zhengzhou Abstract\nUniversity, Zhengzhou, China Th", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9aa74303ebd66296c1ccfd0211c19e0336b8bb6747ddeae765c50b61f4c1bd83" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S203_9aa74303ebd6_S203-F05", "paper_key": "S203_9aa74303ebd6", "paper_id": "S203", "number": "5", "caption_original": "FIGURE 5\nType 2 starch grains extracted from human dental calculus at Laodaojing: panels (m–n) show lateral sides of the starch grain (scale\nbar: 20 μm, except (a–b): 10 μm) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "aaef6c90a640c7a508aeb095dbfa14284ad800dc626df5edd87cddbc1d0ffb8e", "image_bytes": 10760341, "sites": [ "CN170" ], "caption_zh": "图5 老道井人类牙结石中提取的类型2淀粉粒：面板（m–n）显示淀粉粒的侧视面（比例尺：20 μm，除（a–b）外为10 μm），小麦族淀粉粒", "caption_en": "FIGURE 5\nType 2 starch grains extracted from human dental calculus at Laodaojing: panels (m–n) show lateral sides of the starch grain (scale\nbar: 20 μm, except (a–b): 10 μm) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "老道井人类牙结石中类型2淀粉粒", "title_en": "Type 2 Starch Grains from Human Dental Calculus at Laodaojing", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/aaef6c90a640c7a508aeb095.png", "image_url": "media/S203_9aa74303ebd6_S203-F05.png?v=aaef6c90a640", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.018097+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN170", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "FIGURE 5\nType 2 starch grains extracted from human dental calculus at Laodaojing: panels (m–n) show lateral sides of the starch grain (scale\nbar: 20 μm, except (a–b): 10 μm) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "laodaojing", "quote": "ased on multiple evidences:\nStable isotope analysis on human bone and starch grain\nanalysis on dental calculus of humans from the Laodaojing\ncemetery, Central Plains, China\n\n\nDawei Tao1,2 | Guowen Zhang3 | Yawei Zhou1,2 | Haizhou Zhao1,2\n\n\n\n1Center for Historic Cultural Heritage\nConservation and Research, Zhengzhou Abstract\nUniversity, Zhengzhou, China Th", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9aa74303ebd66296c1ccfd0211c19e0336b8bb6747ddeae765c50b61f4c1bd83" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S204_04625302c661_S204-F04", "paper_key": "S204_04625302c661", "paper_id": "S204", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Top: Ancient starch grains extracted from Yanshi Shangcheng pottery. Taxa identified as: (A–D) millets and Job's tears (type I); (E–G) snakegourd root (type II,\nG shows characteristic starch grain “twins”); (H–I) Triticeae (type III, I shows side view); (J–K) acorn; (L) tuber (e.g. lily or yam). Scale bars (top): B, D, G: 10 μm; A,\nC, E–F, H–L: 20 μm. Bottom: Modern starch reference samples: (A) broomcorn millet (ref. 977); (B) foxtail millet (ref. 664); (C) Job's tears (ref. 1187A); (D) Job's\ntears (ref. 1287); (E) snakegourd root (ref. 1159); (F) snakegourd root (ref. 1192); (G) snakegourd root, showing starch grain “twins” (ref. 1159); (H) wheat (ref.\n1270); (I) barley (ref. 1256); (J) acorn (ref. 546); (K) lily (ref. 1263); (L) wild yam (ref. 1157). Scale bars (bottom): A–B, E: 10 μm; C–D, F–L: 20 μm. Micrographs\nmade by the author (top) and Li Liu (bottom) using an AxioCam HRc digital camera mounted on a Zeiss Axio Scope.A1 microscope, showing DIC (left) and polarized\n(right) views.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f3f98c9289cacc4f9fb3f48b25df4ea20ceca0c03eee12b91581171e23b60093", "image_bytes": 2615853, "sites": [ "CN126" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 上部：从偃师商城陶器中提取的古代淀粉粒。鉴定结果为：（A–D） 粟黍类和薏苡（类型I）；（E–G） 栝楼根（类型II，G显示淀粉粒“双粒”特征）；（H–I） 小麦族（类型III，I为侧视图）；（J–K） 橡子；（L） 块茎（如百合或山药）。顶部比例尺（B、D、G）：10 μm；A、C、E–F、H–L:20 μm。下部：现代淀粉参考样品：（A） 黍（参考977）；（B） 粟（参考664）；（C） 薏苡（参考1187A）；（D） 薏苡（参考1287）；（E） 栝楼根（参考1159）；（F） 栝楼根（参考1192）；（G） 栝楼根，显示淀粉粒“双粒”（参考1159）；（H） 小麦（参考1270）；（I） 大麦（参考1256）；（J） 橡子（参考546）；（K） 百合（参考1263）；（L） 薯蓣（参考1157）。底部比例尺：A–B、E:10 μm；C–D、F–L:20 μm。上部图像由作者拍摄，下部图像由刘莉拍摄，使用装在ZEISS Axio Scope.A1显微镜上的AxioCam HRc数字相机拍摄，显示明场（左）和偏振（右）视图。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Top: Ancient starch grains extracted from Yanshi Shangcheng pottery. Taxa identified as: (A–D) millets and Job's tears (type I); (E–G) snakegourd root (type II,\nG shows characteristic starch grain “twins”); (H–I) wheat tribe (Triticeae) (type III, I shows side view); (J–K) acorn; (L) tuber (e.g. lily or yam). Scale bars (top): B, D, G: 10 μm; A,\nC, E–F, H–L: 20 μm. Bottom: Modern starch reference samples: (A) broomcorn millet (ref. 977); (B) foxtail millet (ref. 664); (C) Job's tears (ref. 1187A); (D) Job's\ntears (ref. 1287); (E) snakegourd root (ref. 1159); (F) snakegourd root (ref. 1192); (G) snakegourd root, showing starch grain “twins” (ref. 1159); (H) wheat (ref.\n1270); (I) barley (ref. 1256); (J) acorn (ref. 546); (K) lily (ref. 1263); (L) wild yam (ref. 1157). Scale bars (bottom): A–B, E: 10 μm; C–D, F–L: 20 μm. Micrographs\nmade by the author (top) and Li Liu (bottom) using an AxioCam HRc digital camera mounted on a Zeiss Axio Scope.A1 microscope, showing DIC (left) and polarized\n(right) views.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "山西商代陶器中古代淀粉粒鉴定", "title_en": "Starch Grain Identification from Ancient Pottery of Yanshi Shangcheng", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f3f98c9289cacc4f9fb3f48b.png", "image_url": "media/S204_04625302c661_S204-F04.png?v=f3f98c9289ca", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "The ancient starch grain assemblage contained 13 grains (17.8%) assigned to type II on the basis of morphological and morphometric characteristics. Type II starches exhibited various grain shapes, in- cluding bell-shaped, spherical, and semi-spherical forms; an eccentric hilum; fissures on some granules; and an extinction cross with bent arms (Fig. 4.E–G, top). These characteristics are comparable to Tri- chosanthes kirilowii of the Cucurbitaceae gourd family, also known as snakegourd root (Fig. 4.E–G, bottom). Bell-shaped granules and “twins”", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "The ancient starch grain assemblage contained 26 grains (35.6%) classified as type I on the basis of distinctive morphological char- acteristics, including facetted shapes with four to six angular or rounded edges; a central hilum, sometimes depressed; star-shaped fis- sures and lamellae on some grains; and a cross-shaped birefringence pattern under polarized light (Fig. 4.A–D, top). The morphology of these grains is comparable to millets (e.g. Setaria italica, Panicum mili- aceum) and Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) of the Poaceae grass family (Fig. 4.A–D, bottom). Since millets and Job's tears share a number of prominent morphological characteristics as well as overlapping size ranges (e.g. Liu et al., 2014b), these taxa were lumped into a single type. It is well established that millets and Job's tears were an important food source in Paleolithic and Neolithic periods in the region (Liu et al., 2013a, 2013b, 2014a, 2018; Yang et al., 2010, 2012a, 2012b). Quantitative analysis of the maximum length range of ancient and modern reference samples indicates that the size range of ancient type I starch grains overlaps with those of modern millets and Job's tears; however, the ancient granules tend to be larger (Fig. 5, Table 5). This variation is possibly due to the effects of grinding, which has been shown to increase the size of Paniceae grass starch granules (Liu et al., 2011, p. 3528; Liu et al., 2013a, p. 5383). Indeed the enlargement of grain size after milling is confirmed through comparison of ground and unground modern foxtail millet size distributions (Fig. 6, Table ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "A number of grains in the ancient starch assemblage were assigned to type III (n = 5, 6.8%) on the basis of their morphological char- acteristics, including round/oval grains with flat surfaces, lenticular granules (side-view orientation), and cross-shaped extinction patterns on the grain surface (Fig. 4.H–I, top). These morphological character- istics are comparable to starch from grasses of the Triticeae tribe, particularly wheat, wheatgrass, and barley (Fig. 4.H–I, bottom). The lenticular shape of the granules distinguishes Triticeae grasses from their polyhedral counterparts within the Poaceae family (Yang et al., 2012b). Although the sample size of the ancient grains is small, the size range of type III starch grains is reasonably comparable graphically and statistically to modern Triticeae starch grains (Fig. 7, Table 5). The identification of Triticeae starch grains from the ancient assemblage agrees with research that illustrates a long history of wheat, wheat- grass, and barley cultivation in northern China (Jin, 2007; Li et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2011, 2013a, 2014a; Yang and Perry, 2013; Zhang et al., 2011).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "A few additional starch grains distinctive from the three main types were identified in the ancient starch assemblage. These include two grains that appear similar to acorn starch (Fig. 4.J–K, top and Fig. 4.J, bottom). The shape of one of these grains is triangular with rounded edges and the other is irregular and oval; the hilum of both grains is centric or slightly eccentric; lamellae are not visible on either of the grains; one of the grains has a linear fissure; and the arms of the ex- tinction cross on both grains are bent and irregular under polarized light. Although the sample size is too small to compare graphically or statistically, the size range of the ancient grains falls within the range of Quercus reference samples (Table 2). Pollen profiles indicate that Quercus trees were distributed across the northern China plain around 4000 years BP (Ren and Beug, 2002, p. 1406) and starch from Quercus acorns have been found on grinding-implements from the Paleolithic in the middle Yellow River valley (Liu et al., 2011) and the Neolithic in", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.069307+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN126", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Top: Ancient starch grains extracted from Yanshi Shangcheng pottery. Taxa identified as: (A–D) millets and Job's tears (type I); (E–G) snakegourd root (type II,\nG shows characteristic starch grain “twins”); (H–I) Triticeae (type III, I shows side view); (J–K) acorn; (L) tuber (e.g. lily or yam). Scale bars (top): B, D, G: 10 μm; A,\nC, E–F, H–L: 20 μm. Bottom: Modern starch reference samples: (A) broomcorn millet (ref. 977); (B) foxtail millet (ref. 664); (C) Job's tears (ref. 1187A); (D) Job's\ntears (ref. 1287); (E) snakegourd root (ref. 1159); (F) snakegourd root (ref. 1192); (G) snakegourd root, showing starch grain “twins” (ref. 1159); (H) wheat (ref.\n1270); (I) barley (ref. 1256); (J) acorn (ref. 546); (K) lily (ref. 1263); (L) wild yam (ref. 1157). Scale bars (bottom): A–B, E: 10 μm; C–D, F–L: 20 μm. Micrographs\nmade by the author (top) and Li Liu (bottom) using an AxioCam HRc digital camera mounted on a Zeiss Axio Scope.A1 microscope, showing DIC (left) and polarized\n(right) views.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "yanshishangcheng", "quote": "vessels from the early Chinese Bronze Age site T\nof Yanshi Shangcheng: Preliminary evidence of food preparation methods\nthrough starch analysis\nKatrinka Reinhart\nStanford University, Heritage Services, Field Conservation Facility, 477 Oak Rd, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America\n\n\nA R T I C L E I N F O", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "04625302c661cebc92ad7630030594c9cc9fbfa7fb27b249e3654aad5fe0f85e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S204_04625302c661_S204-F08", "paper_key": "S204_04625302c661", "paper_id": "S204", "number": "8", "caption_original": "Fig. 8. (A–F) damaged starch grains of the ancient starch assemblage extracted from grooved kecaopen sherds; (G–L) modern starch after grinding. Identifications of\nancient grains: (A-B) Job's tears; (C–D) Triticeae; (E) possibly Triticeae; (F) snakegourd root. Modern reference starch grains after grinding: (G–H) Job's tears (ref.\n1187B); (I–J) Triticeae (ref. 1040gnd); (K–L) snakegourd root (ref. 1192gnd). Deviations from normal morphology exhibited by the modern ground assemblage\ninclude: (A–B, G–H) enlargement and distortion of grains; (A–B, G) distorted extinction cross; (E, I–J) extinction cross with enlarged arms and dark central circle;\n(A–D, G–J) rough and irregular surface of granules; and (E–F, J–L) radiating and irregular fissures. Micrographs made by the author (A–F) and Li Liu (G–L) using an\nAxioCam HRc digital camera mounted on a Zeiss Axio Scope.A1 microscope, showing DIC (left) and polarized (right) views, except I, K, and L, which show normal\nlight view on left. Scale bars: A–C: 10 μm; D–L: 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c4be0e6a7f892034936dfd5f84e952832c6310776d326dce0f088eafaacb67f7", "image_bytes": 2057450, "sites": [ "CN126" ], "caption_zh": "图8. （A–F） 从刻纹刻槽盆残片中提取的古代淀粉组合中的受损淀粉粒；（G–L） 现代淀粉经研磨后所得。古代淀粉粒的鉴定结果：（A-B） 薏苡；（C–D） 小麦族；（E） 可能为小麦族；（F） 栝楼根。现代研磨后淀粉粒的参考样本：（G–H） 薏苡 （参考1187B）；（I–J） 小麦族 ；（K–L） 栝楼根 。现代研磨后淀粉组合表现出的形态偏离包括：（A–B， G–H） 淀粉粒的放大与变形；（A–B， G） 淀粉粒的十字消光变形；（E， I–J） 十字消光臂部扩大且中央暗圈明显；（A–D， G–J） 淀粉粒表面粗糙不规则；（E–F， J–L） 呈辐射状及不规则裂隙。所有图像由作者（A–F）及李柳（G–L）使用安装在Zeiss Axio Scope.A1显微镜上的AxioCam HRc数字相机拍摄，显示DIC（左）和偏振（右）视图，除I、K和L外，其余均在左侧显示正常明场视图。比例尺：A–C:10 μm；D–L:20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 8. (A–F) damaged starch grains of the ancient starch assemblage extracted from grooved kecaopen sherds; (G–L) modern starch after grinding. Identifications of\nancient grains: (A-B) Job's tears; (C–D) wheat tribe (Triticeae); (E) possibly wheat tribe (Triticeae); (F) snakegourd root. Modern reference starch grains after grinding: (G–H) Job's tears (ref.\n1187B); (I–J) wheat tribe (Triticeae) (ref. 1040gnd); (K–L) snakegourd root (ref. 1192gnd). Deviations from normal morphology exhibited by the modern ground assemblage\ninclude: (A–B, G–H) enlargement and distortion of grains; (A–B, G) distorted extinction cross; (E, I–J) extinction cross with enlarged arms and dark central circle;\n(A–D, G–J) rough and irregular surface of granules; and (E–F, J–L) radiating and irregular fissures. Micrographs made by the author (A–F) and Li Liu (G–L) using an\nAxioCam HRc digital camera mounted on a Zeiss Axio Scope.A1 microscope, showing DIC (left) and polarized (right) views, except I, K, and L, which show normal\nlight view on left. Scale bars: A–C: 10 μm; D–L: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "古代与现代淀粉粒形态对比", "title_en": "Comparison of Ancient and Modern Starch Grains Morphology", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c4be0e6a7f892034936dfd5f.png", "image_url": "media/S204_04625302c661_S204-F08.png?v=c4be0e6a7f89", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "A number of the starch grains extracted from the grooved kecaopen vessel sherds exhibited modifications to the shape and/or surface tex- ture of the grain (n = 18, 24.7%). Damaged grains belong to all four main taxa (millets, Job's tears, snakegourd root, and Triticeae) as well as to the class of unidentified starch. Observed irregularities include rough surfaces, deformed grain shapes, irregular striations and fissures, and altered extinction crosses (Fig. 8.A–F). The morphology and optical properties of the damaged grains were compared with starch grains from ground modern reference samples. Similar types of damage to grains were observed (Fig. 8.G–L), suggesting that the irregularities may be due to milling of plant elements or grinding of foodstuffs in the grooved vessels. Experiments on various plant taxa have demonstrated that starch grain morphology and properties of the extinction cross are affected by milling. Ge et al. (2011) observed damage to modern reference samples of millets and Triticeae (wheat) from northern China, including ra- diating fissures and an altered extinction cross with wider arms and a central dark circle on Triticeae starch grains and fissures and rough surfaces on millet starch grains (p. 196). Babot (2003) observed damage to various South American taxa after milling, including fractured grains, rough surfaces, irregular fissures at the hilum or radiating at the", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "The ancient starch grain assemblage contained 13 grains (17.8%) assigned to type II on the basis of morphological and morphometric characteristics. Type II starches exhibited various grain shapes, in- cluding bell-shaped, spherical, and semi-spherical forms; an eccentric hilum; fissures on some granules; and an extinction cross with bent arms (Fig. 4.E–G, top). These characteristics are comparable to Tri- chosanthes kirilowii of the Cucurbitaceae gourd family, also known as snakegourd root (Fig. 4.E–G, bottom). Bell-shaped granules and “twins”", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Sample number Millets, Job's tears (Type I) Snakegourd root (Type II) Triticeae grasses (Type III) Other (acorn) Other (tuber) UnID Total Damaged", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "P. miliaceum ref. 181 131 7.9 Type II and snakegourd root 4 Ancient type II 13 15.5 857 0.70 T. kirilowii ref. 1085 141 15.4 5 Ancient type II 13 15.5 619.5 0.52 T. kirilowii ref. 1159 107 14.8 6 Ancient type II 13 15.5 842 0.78 T. kirilowii ref. 1192 136 15.3 Type III and Triticeae 7 Ancient type III 5 24.6 33.2 0.50 A. cristatum ref. 1040 162 22.2 8 Ancient type III 5 24.6 209 0.07 Hordeum vulgare ref. 1256 158 19.3 9 Ancient type III 5 24.6 149.5 0.03 ⁎ Triticum sp. ref. 1270 139 18.0", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.126188+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN126", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "Fig. 8. (A–F) damaged starch grains of the ancient starch assemblage extracted from grooved kecaopen sherds; (G–L) modern starch after grinding. Identifications of\nancient grains: (A-B) Job's tears; (C–D) Triticeae; (E) possibly Triticeae; (F) snakegourd root. Modern reference starch grains after grinding: (G–H) Job's tears (ref.\n1187B); (I–J) Triticeae (ref. 1040gnd); (K–L) snakegourd root (ref. 1192gnd). Deviations from normal morphology exhibited by the modern ground assemblage\ninclude: (A–B, G–H) enlargement and distortion of grains; (A–B, G) distorted extinction cross; (E, I–J) extinction cross with enlarged arms and dark central circle;\n(A–D, G–J) rough and irregular surface of granules; and (E–F, J–L) radiating and irregular fissures. Micrographs made by the author (A–F) and Li Liu (G–L) using an\nAxioCam HRc digital camera mounted on a Zeiss Axio Scope.A1 microscope, showing DIC (left) and polarized (right) views, except I, K, and L, which show normal\nlight view on left. Scale bars: A–C: 10 μm; D–L: 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "yanshishangcheng", "quote": "vessels from the early Chinese Bronze Age site T\nof Yanshi Shangcheng: Preliminary evidence of food preparation methods\nthrough starch analysis\nKatrinka Reinhart\nStanford University, Heritage Services, Field Conservation Facility, 477 Oak Rd, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America\n\n\nA R T I C L E I N F O", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "04625302c661cebc92ad7630030594c9cc9fbfa7fb27b249e3654aad5fe0f85e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S205_9f18752b168b_S205-F02", "paper_key": "S205_9f18752b168b", "paper_id": "S205", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2. Starches with characteristics of fermentation found on Dingcun pottery. 1,2. Millet/Job’s tears, showing pitting, deep channels, and central depression; 3,4.\nsnake gourd root, bell-shaped and spherical, with pitting; 5. rice; 6. UNID, damaged with missing part, deep channel, and loss of extinction cross; 7. Triticeae,\nshowing exposed lamellae; 8. UNID, swollen with hollowed center and birefringent periphery (scale 2,4–6: 10 µm; others: 20 µm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0a7174daf251fc5f3a8866dc26aabe64f93400e7757a3cacfe5b0fb79e9265a2", "image_bytes": 2514175, "sites": [ "CN137" ], "caption_zh": "图2. 在丁村陶器上发现的具有发酵特征的淀粉粒。1，2. 粟/薏苡，显示坑穴、深沟和中央凹陷；3，4. 葫芦根，呈铃形和球形，有坑穴；5. 水稻；6. 未鉴定，损坏，缺失部分，深沟，且失去十字消光；7. 小麦族，显示暴露的层纹；8. 未鉴定，肿胀，中心空洞，外围双折射（2，4–6号标尺：10 μm；其余：20 μm）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 2. Starches with characteristics of fermentation found on Dingcun pottery. 1,2. Millet/Job’s tears, showing pitting, deep channels, and central depression; 3,4.\nsnake gourd root, bell-shaped and spherical, with pitting; 5. rice; 6. UNID, damaged with missing part, deep channel, and loss of extinction cross; 7. wheat tribe (Triticeae),\nshowing exposed lamellae; 8. UNID, swollen with hollowed center and birefringent periphery (scale 2,4–6: 10 μm; others: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "丁村陶器上具有发酵特征的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starches with fermentation characteristics on Dingcun pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/0a7174daf251fc5f3a8866dc.png", "image_url": "media/S205_9f18752b168b_S205-F02.png?v=0a7174daf251", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "A total of 149 starch granules were recorded, of which 95 (63.8%) were identified as one of four types, corresponding to certain plant taxa. Many starches (n = 54; 36.2%) were unidentifiable (UNID), due to severe damage or lack of diagnostic features (Fig. 2; Table 1).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type I is identified as Panicoideae (n = 50; 33.6% of the total; ubiquity 89%; size 7.77–21.98 μm), which is the most numerous and ubiquitous type. The granules are mostly faceted, hilum is centric, and cross is “+” shaped. They may come from broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and Job’s tears (Coix lacryma- jobi) (Liu et al., 2014). Due to the severe damage on most granules, it is not possible to further the identification to a generic level. Type II is identified as rice (Oryza sp.; n = 16; 10.7% of the total;", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "ubiquity 22%; size 2.79–6.84 μm); the granules are small and faceted, occurring in a compound form on two samples. Type III is consistent with Triticeae (n = 20; 13.4% of the total; ubiquity 78%; size 16.04–41.39 μm), which is the second-most ubi- quitous starch type. The granules are lenticular in shape, the hilum is centric, and the cross is “+” or “x” in shape. They most likely come from wild grasses, such as the genera of Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus, all native to north China (Wu et al., 2006), but we are unable to further", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "identify these granules to the generic level. Type IV is identified as snake gourd root (Trichosanthes kirilowii; n = 9; 6% of the total; ubiquity 44%; size 8.75–23.22 μm). This tuber exhibits diverse forms of starch granules, including bell-shape, sphe- rical, faceted, and compound. The hilum is centric or eccentric, and the cross is either straight or slightly bend. Snake gourd is commonly found in North China (Wu et al., 2011), and its roots have been used as food and medicine since ancient times (Zhu, 1406). All these plants have been found as ingredients of alcohol fermen- tation from other Yangshao sites in the Wei River valley (Liu et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2016). A great majority of the starches are damaged (n = 127; 85.3%), showing characteristics of enzyme digestion and/or gelatinization, comparable with those from our modern reference (Fig. 3). They can be further classified as affected by fermentation (n = 79; 57%) and cooking (n = 19; 14%). The fermentation damage is caused by enzyme digestion and low-temperature gelatinization due to mashing; the former includes random pitting, deep channels, broken edges, missing", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.186405+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN137", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "Fig. 2. Starches with characteristics of fermentation found on Dingcun pottery. 1,2. Millet/Job’s tears, showing pitting, deep channels, and central depression; 3,4.\nsnake gourd root, bell-shaped and spherical, with pitting; 5. rice; 6. UNID, damaged with missing part, deep channel, and loss of extinction cross; 7. Triticeae,\nshowing exposed lamellae; 8. UNID, swollen with hollowed center and birefringent periphery (scale 2,4–6: 10 µm; others: 20 µm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Dingcun", "quote": "residues. We examined nine Neolithic amphorae from a middle Yangshao culture site at Dingcun in Henan (ca.\nMillet\n 6000–5100 cal. BP), and revealed the evidence of ancient beer as well as brewing techniques. The Yangshao\nJiandiping amphorae\n people there used amphor", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9f18752b168b2c7375bcf7dda1ff23f734bf5ee5eee8716f94d0eb394080e5bc" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S205_9f18752b168b_S205-F03", "paper_key": "S205_9f18752b168b", "paper_id": "S205", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Modern starches from fermented plants. 1. Broomcorn millet; 2. Job’s tears; 3. rice; 4. snake gourd root; 5. millet; 6. wheat (scale 1,3: 10 µm; others: 20 µm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "08c24efb62bd6182bbfc9555bc0f0518bf5b2e7610f411c9559bd6d97a69a937", "image_bytes": 2386107, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. 现代发酵植物的淀粉粒。1. 黍；2. 薏苡；3. 水稻；4. 栝楼根；5. 粟；6. 小麦（1、3号：10 μm；其余：20 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Modern starches from fermented plants. 1. Broomcorn millet; 2. Job’s tears; 3. rice; 4. snake gourd root; 5. millet; 6. wheat (scale 1,3: 10 μm; others: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "今存发酵植物的淀粉", "title_en": "Modern starches from fermented plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/08c24efb62bd6182bbfc9555.png", "image_url": "media/S205_9f18752b168b_S205-F03.png?v=08c24efb62bd", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "identify these granules to the generic level. Type IV is identified as snake gourd root (Trichosanthes kirilowii; n = 9; 6% of the total; ubiquity 44%; size 8.75–23.22 μm). This tuber exhibits diverse forms of starch granules, including bell-shape, sphe- rical, faceted, and compound. The hilum is centric or eccentric, and the cross is either straight or slightly bend. Snake gourd is commonly found in North China (Wu et al., 2011), and its roots have been used as food and medicine since ancient times (Zhu, 1406). All these plants have been found as ingredients of alcohol fermen- tation from other Yangshao sites in the Wei River valley (Liu et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2016). A great majority of the starches are damaged (n = 127; 85.3%), showing characteristics of enzyme digestion and/or gelatinization, comparable with those from our modern reference (Fig. 3). They can be further classified as affected by fermentation (n = 79; 57%) and cooking (n = 19; 14%). The fermentation damage is caused by enzyme digestion and low-temperature gelatinization due to mashing; the former includes random pitting, deep channels, broken edges, missing", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type I is identified as Panicoideae (n = 50; 33.6% of the total; ubiquity 89%; size 7.77–21.98 μm), which is the most numerous and ubiquitous type. The granules are mostly faceted, hilum is centric, and cross is “+” shaped. They may come from broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and Job’s tears (Coix lacryma- jobi) (Liu et al., 2014). Due to the severe damage on most granules, it is not possible to further the identification to a generic level. Type II is identified as rice (Oryza sp.; n = 16; 10.7% of the total;", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "ubiquity 22%; size 2.79–6.84 μm); the granules are small and faceted, occurring in a compound form on two samples. Type III is consistent with Triticeae (n = 20; 13.4% of the total; ubiquity 78%; size 16.04–41.39 μm), which is the second-most ubi- quitous starch type. The granules are lenticular in shape, the hilum is centric, and the cross is “+” or “x” in shape. They most likely come from wild grasses, such as the genera of Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus, all native to north China (Wu et al., 2006), but we are unable to further", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.234159+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S205_9f18752b168b_S205-F04", "paper_key": "S205_9f18752b168b", "paper_id": "S205", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Phytoliths from Dingcun pottery. 1. Large Variant 1 cross (Job’s tears); 2. bilobate; 3. polylobate; 4. rondel; 5. dendriform from wild Triticeae; 6. rice double-\npeak (only one peak visible); 7. η-type broomcorn millet husk; 8. undetermined Paniceae husk; 9. hair cell; 10. common bulliform; 11. Asteraceae; 12. elongate\nsinuate; 13. dendriform silica skeleton from wild Triticeae (scale 9,13: 50 µm; 2,11: 10 µm; others: 20 µm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "035ce515b6e8f19480c739ddea5211ff0437c49154319fcb2145d24285aec41f", "image_bytes": 4026388, "sites": [ "CN137" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 丁村陶器中的植硅体。1. 大型十字形（薏苡）；2. 哑铃型；3. 多铃型；4. 帽形；5. 来自野生小麦族的树状形；6. 水稻双峰型（仅一个峰可见）；7. 黍稃壳η型；8. 未确定的黍族壳；9. 茎尖型；10. 常见扇形；11. 菊科；12. 平滑棒型；13. 来自野生小麦族的树状硅质骨架（比例尺9，13: 50 μm；2，11: 10 μm；其余： 20 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Phytoliths from Dingcun pottery. 1. Large Variant 1 cross (Job’s tears); 2. bilobate; 3. polylobate; 4. rondel; 5. dendriform from wild wheat tribe (Triticeae); 6. rice double-\npeak (only one peak visible); 7. η-type broomcorn millet husk; 8. undetermined panicgrass tribe (Paniceae) husk; 9. hair cell; 10. common bulliform; 11. Asteraceae; 12. elongate\nsinuate; 13. dendriform silica skeleton from wild wheat tribe (Triticeae) (scale 9,13: 50 μm; 2,11: 10 μm; others: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "丁村陶器植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from Dingcun Pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/035ce515b6e8f19480c739dd.png", "image_url": "media/S205_9f18752b168b_S205-F04.png?v=035ce515b6e8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "Panicoideae assemblage may be very low. Taken together, the phytolith and starch profiles from cereals largely corroborate each other, in- dicating the presence of broomcorn millet, wild Triticeae grass, rice, and Job’s tears. Opaque perforated platelets from Asteraceae were found in three samples, but we are unable to determine their taxonomy more precisely. It is noted that millet, Triticeae and rice husks coexist in four samples (POT1,4,7,8), suggesting that these cereals may have been malted as saccharification agents (Fig. 4). Three control samples yielded rather low numbers of phytoliths (3–23), mainly from grass leaves with only one husk, very different in composition from those of the residue samples (Table 2).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type I is identified as Panicoideae (n = 50; 33.6% of the total; ubiquity 89%; size 7.77–21.98 μm), which is the most numerous and ubiquitous type. The granules are mostly faceted, hilum is centric, and cross is “+” shaped. They may come from broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and Job’s tears (Coix lacryma- jobi) (Liu et al., 2014). Due to the severe damage on most granules, it is not possible to further the identification to a generic level. Type II is identified as rice (Oryza sp.; n = 16; 10.7% of the total;", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "ubiquity 22%; size 2.79–6.84 μm); the granules are small and faceted, occurring in a compound form on two samples. Type III is consistent with Triticeae (n = 20; 13.4% of the total; ubiquity 78%; size 16.04–41.39 μm), which is the second-most ubi- quitous starch type. The granules are lenticular in shape, the hilum is centric, and the cross is “+” or “x” in shape. They most likely come from wild grasses, such as the genera of Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus, all native to north China (Wu et al., 2006), but we are unable to further", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "identify these granules to the generic level. Type IV is identified as snake gourd root (Trichosanthes kirilowii; n = 9; 6% of the total; ubiquity 44%; size 8.75–23.22 μm). This tuber exhibits diverse forms of starch granules, including bell-shape, sphe- rical, faceted, and compound. The hilum is centric or eccentric, and the cross is either straight or slightly bend. Snake gourd is commonly found in North China (Wu et al., 2011), and its roots have been used as food and medicine since ancient times (Zhu, 1406). All these plants have been found as ingredients of alcohol fermen- tation from other Yangshao sites in the Wei River valley (Liu et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2016). A great majority of the starches are damaged (n = 127; 85.3%), showing characteristics of enzyme digestion and/or gelatinization, comparable with those from our modern reference (Fig. 3). They can be further classified as affected by fermentation (n = 79; 57%) and cooking (n = 19; 14%). The fermentation damage is caused by enzyme digestion and low-temperature gelatinization due to mashing; the former includes random pitting, deep channels, broken edges, missing", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.294245+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN137", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Phytoliths from Dingcun pottery. 1. Large Variant 1 cross (Job’s tears); 2. bilobate; 3. polylobate; 4. rondel; 5. dendriform from wild Triticeae; 6. rice double-\npeak (only one peak visible); 7. η-type broomcorn millet husk; 8. undetermined Paniceae husk; 9. hair cell; 10. common bulliform; 11. Asteraceae; 12. elongate\nsinuate; 13. dendriform silica skeleton from wild Triticeae (scale 9,13: 50 µm; 2,11: 10 µm; others: 20 µm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Dingcun", "quote": "residues. We examined nine Neolithic amphorae from a middle Yangshao culture site at Dingcun in Henan (ca.\nMillet\n 6000–5100 cal. BP), and revealed the evidence of ancient beer as well as brewing techniques. The Yangshao\nJiandiping amphorae\n people there used amphor", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9f18752b168b2c7375bcf7dda1ff23f734bf5ee5eee8716f94d0eb394080e5bc" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S206_82240dce7e63_S206-F02", "paper_key": "S206_82240dce7e63", "paper_id": "S206", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Figure 2. Microwear traces and starch grains on the grinding tools from Tanghu. (a) microwear traces associated with the dry-grinding\nof cereals, taken on the tool T0314(3):1(area with the red square); (b and c) microwear traces associated with processing bone, taken\nfrom used surface (area with the red square) of the tool H80; (d) microwear traces associated with the contact with hide, taken from the\nopposing surface of tool H80; (e and e’) starch grain from Triticeae tribe; (f and f’) starch grains from millet; (g and g’) starch grains from\nacorns; (h and h’) starch grains from rice; (i and i’) starch grains from unidentified USOs (scale bar of the starch grains: 20 µm, see the\nidentification of the starch grains by Li, 2015; Yang et al., 2015)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "fd5a002e72dcf1ac0a2cb2a6bf11ab953fa38acd539948034b778c342d4b213e", "image_bytes": 3045957, "sites": [ "CN030" ], "caption_zh": "图2. 唐户遗址出土磨制工具上的微痕和淀粉粒。 （a） 与谷物干磨相关的微痕，取自工具T0314（3）：1（红色方框区域）；（b和c） 与骨料处理相关的微痕，取自工具H80使用面（红色方框区域）；（d） 与皮类接触相关的微痕，取自工具H80的对侧表面；（e和e′） 来自小麦族的淀粉粒；（f和f′） 来自粟和黍的淀粉粒；（g和g′） 来自橡子的淀粉粒；（h和h′） 来自水稻的淀粉粒；（i和i′） 来自未鉴定的块根块茎类植物淀粉粒（淀粉粒的比例尺：20 μm，参见Li， 2015；Yang et al.， 2015）", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Microwear traces and starch grains on the grinding tools from Tanghu. (a) microwear traces associated with the dry-grinding\nof cereals, taken on the tool T0314(3):1(area with the red square); (b and c) microwear traces associated with processing bone, taken\nfrom used surface (area with the red square) of the tool H80; (d) microwear traces associated with the contact with hide, taken from the\nopposing surface of tool H80; (e and e′) starch grain from wheat tribe (Triticeae) tribe; (f and f′) starch grains from millet; (g and g′) starch grains from\nacorns; (h and h′) starch grains from rice; (i and i′) starch grains from unidentified USOs (scale bar of the starch grains: 20 μm, see the\nidentification of the starch grains by Li, 2015; Yang et al., 2015)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "唐户磨制工具微痕与淀粉粒", "title_en": "Microwear Traces and Starch Grains from Grinding Tools at Tanghu", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/fd5a002e72dcf1ac0a2cb2a6.png", "image_url": "media/S206_82240dce7e63_S206-F02.png?v=fd5a002e72dc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Starch grain analysis reveals that grinding tools from the site of Tanghu were associated with processing various plant foods (Figure 2(e–j’) and Table 2), including grass seeds from Triticeae Tribes, foxtail millet (Setaria italica), rice, acorns (Quercus spp.), lotus root (root of Nelumbo nucifera), and some other undetermined USOs (Li, 2015; Yang et al., 2015). Further quantitative analysis of the starch data reveals that the grinding tools were used for mainly processing cereals, as the quantity and the ubiquity value of starch grains from cereals are both higher than those from USOs and acorns (Figure 4(a and b)). This result is consistent with the results of the microwear analysis, as all grinding tools apart from one (16 out of 17) show microwear traces resulting from pro- cessing cereals (Table 1). This type of microwear was characterized by a micropolish with a greasy, granular,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.402145+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN030", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Figure 2. Microwear traces and starch grains on the grinding tools from Tanghu. (a) microwear traces associated with the dry-grinding\nof cereals, taken on the tool T0314(3):1(area with the red square); (b and c) microwear traces associated with processing bone, taken\nfrom used surface (area with the red square) of the tool H80; (d) microwear traces associated with the contact with hide, taken from the\nopposing surface of tool H80; (e and e’) starch grain from Triticeae tribe; (f and f’) starch grains from millet; (g and g’) starch grains from\nacorns; (h and h’) starch grains from rice; (i and i’) starch grains from unidentified USOs (scale bar of the starch grains: 20 µm, see the\nidentification of the starch grains by Li, 2015; Yang et al., 2015)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "tanghu", "quote": "CHNOLOGY\nhttps://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2020.1755789\n\n\nPlant Foods and Different Uses of Grinding Tools at the Neolithic Site of Tanghu in\nCentral China\nWeiya Li a, Christina Tsorakib, Yuzhang Yangc, Yingjun Xind and Annelou van Gijna\n\naMaterial Culture Studies, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; bArchaeology and Ancient History, University of\nLeicester, Leices", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "82240dce7e630ce1a594c369ef60da05eca524196b5d341455ec828f17e95b91" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S207_f7548c246a14_S207-F04", "paper_key": "S207_f7548c246a14", "paper_id": "S207", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Starch grains discovered from residue samples.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0acbfed9a15c44c815d17482ebebb84b6c811389bb8a0af19f2e4141d0e23c8f", "image_bytes": 3700216, "sites": [ "CN010" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 从残留物样品中发现的淀粉粒。a 块根块茎；b 香蒲；c 小麦族；d,e 块根块茎类，山药等；f 睡莲；g,h,i,j 根茎类，薏苡；j块根块茎； k橡子；l,m 豆科。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Starch grains discovered from residue samples.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "残留物样品中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains discovered from residue samples.", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/0acbfed9a15c44c815d17482.png", "image_url": "media/S207_f7548c246a14_S207-F04.png?v=0acbfed9a15c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "3DMCS Type 1.1, smaller (diameter ≤10 μm) spheroid body without fissure. The lamella is invisible; the hila are mostly closed and centrally or slightly eccentric located; the extinction crosses are mostly straight and narrow, but some individuals show bent arms (Fig. 4: a); the grain diameter range is 3.66–10 μm, with an average of 8.49 μm. Starch grains of this type could be observed in many plant species, sometimes as immature individuals. However, the grains such as shown in Fig. 3: a, with subtle small facets, present a strong signal of an un- derground storage organ (USO). 3DMCS Type 1.2 (Fig. 4: b), bigger spheroid (diameter > 10 μm) body with or without fissure. The fissures on these grains are mostly star-shaped or radial; the lamellae are visible but fuzzy; the hila are 50% open and mostly centrally-located, or very near the center of the granule; the extinction crosses are mostly straight and narrow; the grain diameter range is 10.96–20.70 μm, with an average of 16.97 μm. These spheroid starch grains can be found in various plant species and tissues, such as the Poaceae. Some granules show a rough surface with small circular concavities all over the body, resembling characteristics of starch from the rhizome of Typha. 3DMCS Type 2 (Fig. 4: c), lenticular body. These starch granules are present as round, nearly round, elliptic or lenticular in microscope; fissure is absent in most of the individuals; the lamellae are fuzzy; hila are mostly closed and centrally located; the extinction crosses are mostly straight and narrow, with non-right angles; the grain diameters", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "a strong signal of Job's tears (Coix lachryma jobi) (Fig. 4: i). However, Job's tears is considered as more common in the southern part of China. It is hard to discuss the presence of Job's tears during the site occupa- tion period with only limited starch remains.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Starch granules of this type (Fig. 4: j) are compound when they are growing. In some species, the compound starch granules present a ball- shape, so that when they separate into sub-granules, a large proportion show an arc face and some facetted faces. The edges between facets tend to be sharp. Most of the granules have eccentric hila. We compared this group to Wan et al. (2011), Wang et al. (2018), and our comparison database, and excluded genera which would not have grown in the study area. These starch granules might be produced by USO of Pinellia, Trichosanthes, Glycyrrhiza, Pseudostellaria, and Rheum plants. 3DMCS Type 7.2 drop-shaped body (Fig. 4: k). Fissure is absent and the lamella is invisible; hila are centric and open, with a low percentage lightly eccentric; the extinction crosses are narrow and bent; the grain diameter range is 12.6–21.91 μm, with an average of 16.87 μm. These features clearly resemble those of several Quercus species which grow in north China today (Yang et al., 2009a). 3DMCS Type 9 kidney bean shaped body (Fig. 4: l, m). Some in- dividuals present fissures and the lamellae are visible but fuzzy; the", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.467034+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN010", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Starch grains discovered from residue samples.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Pigeon Mountain", "quote": "northwest China: T\nEvidence from starch remains from Pigeon Mountain site in Ningxia\nProvince\n\nYing Guana,b,∗, Chuan Tiana, Fei Penga,c, Jialong Guod, Huimin Wangd, Zhenyu Zhoue,\nXing Gaoa,b,f\n\na Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Pa", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f7548c246a14a10731b4e8dd6a15e7b406b282344574ea9262b6c86de7f3666c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S207_f7548c246a14_S207-F05", "paper_key": "S207_f7548c246a14", "paper_id": "S207", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Starch clusters discovered from residue samples.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "40fb91fe21d0b6f4637b67ef8b8b33626490cfcac6e4cc81d8fd58af49deddda", "image_bytes": 4746009, "sites": [ "CN010" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 从残留物样品中发现的淀粉团簇。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Starch clusters discovered from residue samples.", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "淀粉团簇", "title_en": "Starch clusters", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/40fb91fe21d0b6f4637b67ef.png", "image_url": "media/S207_f7548c246a14_S207-F05.png?v=40fb91fe21d0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "hilum is mostly invisible; the center of the extinction crosses appears as a dark linear area; the grain diameter range is 12.0–28.62 μm, with an average of 21.05 μm. This type resembles starch from Fabaceae seeds (Li et al., 2010; Reichert, 1913; Yang et al., 2009b). For example, mung beans (Vigna radiata) and common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in our comparative collections all present similar elliptical morphology and forms of extinction cross. Starch from wild species, such as Vicia (Reichert, 1913), also have similar features. Wild Fabaceae are widely distributed in Ningxia (Ma et al., 2007) and could be the source of this starch type. 3DMCS Type 10, irregular shaped. This type includes starch gran- ules in irregular shapes. We have so far been unable to identify this morphotype. 3DMCS Type 14, compound grains (Fig. 5: a, b), these starch granules are not separated, and are present in the original state when they were formed. One cluster shows a strong signal of USO char- acteristics. 3DMCS Type 15, damaged grains. This type includes broken or in- complete grains, grains without or with very weak extinction cross, and partly gelatinized individuals. In summary, these starch grains are mainly derived from Triticeae, Panicoideae, possibly Fagopyrum, beans (Fabaceae), acorns (Quercus), possibly Typha, Dioscorea or Fritillaria, underground storage organs of other plants, and lotus seed (Nelumbonaceae Adams.) (Fig. 6). In addi- tion, the damaged starch grains indicate the food processing activities", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.531452+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN010", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Starch clusters discovered from residue samples.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Pigeon Mountain", "quote": "northwest China: T\nEvidence from starch remains from Pigeon Mountain site in Ningxia\nProvince\n\nYing Guana,b,∗, Chuan Tiana, Fei Penga,c, Jialong Guod, Huimin Wangd, Zhenyu Zhoue,\nXing Gaoa,b,f\n\na Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Pa", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f7548c246a14a10731b4e8dd6a15e7b406b282344574ea9262b6c86de7f3666c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S208_82b531288797_S208-F02", "paper_key": "S208_82b531288797", "paper_id": "S208", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2. Starch grains extracted from human teeth at Nancheng site (each grain shown in unpolarized and polarized views). a–b Type 1, likely foxtail millet (Setaria italica); c–d type 1, likely Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), the arrow point to the Z-shaped arm, which is a typical morphological characteristics of starch from Job’s tears; e–h type 2, likely wheat (Triticum aestivum); i–l type 3, possible tuber or root; m–n type 4, possible tree nut; o–r damaged starch grains (scale bar = 20 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。保留likely、possible所表达的鉴定不确定性，没有将其改成确定种属。英文按双栏图注的正确阅读顺序重排。\n补入本轮逐项对照PDF的分图释读，保留来源页码及原句。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f9cfe4ac2153f331bcd9d10ff1836f653a94d56127f048a2d4ed4120bf8ae269", "image_bytes": 2686649, "sites": [ "CN162" ], "caption_zh": "图2.从南城遗址人牙结石中提取的淀粉粒，每颗分别展示普通光和偏光图像。a、b，1型，可能为粟（Setaria italica）；c、d，1型，可能为薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi），箭头指示Z形消光臂，这是薏苡淀粉粒的典型形态特征；e—h，2型，可能为小麦（Triticum aestivum）；i—l，3型，可能来自块茎或根；m、n，4型，可能来自坚果；o—r，受损淀粉粒。比例尺为20 μm。\n", "caption_en": "Fig. 2. Starch grains extracted from human teeth at Nancheng site (each grain shown in unpolarized and polarized views). a–b Type 1, likely foxtail millet (Setaria italica); c–d type 1, likely Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), the arrow point to the Z-shaped arm, which is a typical morphological characteristics of starch from Job’s tears; e–h type 2, likely wheat (Triticum aestivum); i–l type 3, possible tuber or root; m–n type 4, possible tree nut; o–r damaged starch grains (scale bar = 20 μm).\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\na–b: Caption: likely foxtail millet. The body text allows Type 1 to include Job’s tears, processed millet and/or other grasses. (PDF p. 5).\nc–d: Caption: likely Job’s tears. The body text notes size overlap with processed millet and allows mixed origins. (PDF p. 5).\ne–h: wheat tribe (Triticeae) morphology; the authors tentatively infer wheat (Triticum aestivum) using morphology and archaeological context. (PDF p. 6).\ni–l: Possible root or tuber starch; more precise identification is not possible. (PDF p. 6).\nm–n: Tentatively a tree nut, possibly beech family (Fagaceae); not assigned to a particular chestnut or oak species. (PDF p. 6).\no–r: Damaged starch, botanical origin unresolved. (PDF p. 5).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "南城人牙结石中的淀粉粒类型", "title_zh": "南城人牙结石中的淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch Grains from Human Teeth at Nancheng Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f9cfe4ac2153f331bcd9d10f.png", "image_url": "media/S208_82b531288797_S208-F02.png?v=f9cfe4ac2153", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "a–b", "type_code": "1", "interpretation_zh": "图注倾向粟；正文强调I型也可能混有薏苡、粟及其他禾本科", "interpretation_en": "Caption: likely foxtail millet. The body text allows Type 1 to include Job’s tears, processed millet and/or other grasses.", "uncertainty": "likely；不能把全部I型确定为薏苡或粟；", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "inspecting all potential candidates, the sizes of rice, \ncommon millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet \n(Setaria italica), are much smaller, while the diameter of \ntype 1 starch grains falls within the range of Job’s tears \n(Coix lacryma-jobi) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Pub-\nlished papers and microscopic observation results show a \nproportion of starch grains from sorghum are decorated \nwith lamellae (Li et al. 2010; Yang and Jiang 2010). Addi-\ntionally, the origin of sorghum in China is still contro-\nversial and no scientifically identified archaeobotanical \nremain has been reported (Liu et al. 2012). We therefore \nargue that sorghum is highly unlikely, but cannot firmly \nconclude that type 1 starches are only from Job’s tears. \nOur processing experiments (discussed below) indicate \nthat the size of millet increases during processing, so type \n1 starches may also represent a mix of Job’s tears, millet \nand/or other Poaceae." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "f9cfe4ac2153f331bcd9d10ff1836f653a94d56127f048a2d4ed4120bf8ae269" }, { "panels": "c–d", "type_code": "1", "interpretation_zh": "图注倾向薏苡；正文保留与加工后粟粒径重叠的可能", "interpretation_en": "Caption: likely Job’s tears. The body text notes size overlap with processed millet and allows mixed origins.", "uncertainty": "likely；正文提出混合来源；", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "inspecting all potential candidates, the sizes of rice, \ncommon millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet \n(Setaria italica), are much smaller, while the diameter of \ntype 1 starch grains falls within the range of Job’s tears \n(Coix lacryma-jobi) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Pub-\nlished papers and microscopic observation results show a \nproportion of starch grains from sorghum are decorated \nwith lamellae (Li et al. 2010; Yang and Jiang 2010). Addi-\ntionally, the origin of sorghum in China is still contro-\nversial and no scientifically identified archaeobotanical \nremain has been reported (Liu et al. 2012). We therefore \nargue that sorghum is highly unlikely, but cannot firmly \nconclude that type 1 starches are only from Job’s tears. \nOur processing experiments (discussed below) indicate \nthat the size of millet increases during processing, so type \n1 starches may also represent a mix of Job’s tears, millet \nand/or other Poaceae." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "f9cfe4ac2153f331bcd9d10ff1836f653a94d56127f048a2d4ed4120bf8ae269" }, { "panels": "e–h", "type_code": "2", "interpretation_zh": "小麦族形态；作者结合同时期考古背景推测为小麦（Triticum aestivum）", "interpretation_en": "wheat tribe (Triticeae) morphology; the authors tentatively infer wheat (Triticum aestivum) using morphology and archaeological context.", "uncertainty": "likely；形态和历史背景共同推测；", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "Type 2  This group contained 29 lenticular or discoid starch \ngrains. They were 13.27–34.35 μm in size, with centric hila \nand no fissure. The extinction cross was symmetrical, with \narms that widened towards the ends. Some had demonstra-\nble lamellae (Fig. 2e–h). When rotated into side view, their \nlenticular shape was apparent. These starch grains clearly \nresemble many taxa in the Triticeae tribe. A small amount \nof them has crater-like depressions on the surface, which \nis also a prominent characteristic of starch grain from the \nTriticeae tribe (Piperno et al. 2004; Yang and Perry 2013). \nConsidering that wheat was introduced into China during \nthis time period and that wheat macroremains were recov-\nered at the proto-Shang site of Zhangdeng (Liu 2012), we \nbelieve that this type of starch grains represents wheat (Triti-\ncum aestivum)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "f9cfe4ac2153f331bcd9d10ff1836f653a94d56127f048a2d4ed4120bf8ae269" }, { "panels": "i–l", "type_code": "3", "interpretation_zh": "可能来自块根、块茎；不能进一步精确鉴定", "interpretation_en": "Possible root or tuber starch; more precise identification is not possible.", "uncertainty": "possible；未定属种；", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "Type 3  Six starch grains were classified to this type, with a \ncharacteristic large size range (14.29–46.77 μm). They were \noval in shape, with an eccentric hilum and visible lamellae \nin most cases. Their extinction crosses were eccentric and \nbent (Fig. 2i–l). The characteristics of this type are consist-\nent with those of a large number of tuber and root plants \n(Wan et al. 2011a; Li et al. 2013). Nevertheless, given that \nthe retrieved number of type 3 is too rare and our modern \nreference from underground storage organs is quite limited, \nfurther precise identification is not currently possible." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "f9cfe4ac2153f331bcd9d10ff1836f653a94d56127f048a2d4ed4120bf8ae269" }, { "panels": "m–n", "type_code": "4", "interpretation_zh": "可能的木本坚果，暂归壳斗科；并未确定为板栗或某一种栎", "interpretation_en": "Tentatively a tree nut, possibly beech family (Fagaceae); not assigned to a particular chestnut or oak species.", "uncertainty": "tentative；可能壳斗科；", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "Type 4  One starch grain belonging to this type was recov-\nered. It is 19.63 μm in size, triangular-ovate in shape, with a \ncentric hilum and radiating fissures. Lamellae are invisible \n(Fig. 2m–n). These morphological features are consistent \nwith starches from Castanea spp. and Quercus spp. (Yang \net al. 2009). Due to the limited number of starch grain, \ntype 4 is tentatively classified as a tree nut, possibly from \nFagaceae.\nIn contrast to the starches recovered from the calculus and \nrinse samples, only two starch grains were discovered from \nthe adhering sediment samples. One starch grain had mor-\nphology matching that of type 1. The other one was round \ngrain, 11 μm in diameter, with no hilum and lamellae. This \nstarch grain was damaged, showing widened extinction cross \nand central depression. Its features were not consistent with \nthe four morphotypes." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "f9cfe4ac2153f331bcd9d10ff1836f653a94d56127f048a2d4ed4120bf8ae269" }, { "panels": "o–r", "type_code": "damaged", "interpretation_zh": "受损淀粉粒", "interpretation_en": "Damaged starch, botanical origin unresolved.", "uncertainty": "未鉴定来源；", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "typical morphological characteristics of starch from Job’s tears; e–h \ntype 2, likely wheat (Triticum aestivum); i–l type 3, possible tuber or \nroot; m–n type 4, possible tree nut; o–r damaged starch grains (scale \nbar = 20 μm)" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "f9cfe4ac2153f331bcd9d10ff1836f653a94d56127f048a2d4ed4120bf8ae269" } ], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Type 1 Forty-three starch grains with a size range of 11.29–25.5 μm were simple, sub-rounded and polygonal overall in shape, without lamellae. The hilum was centric and faint, often traversed by deep, pronounced, Y-shaped or stellate fissures (Fig. 2a–d). Our modern reference material and previous studies all demonstrate that starch grains with polygonal shape are generally, but not always from the grass family Poaceae (Ge et al. 2010; Yang et al. 2012b; Dong et al. 2014; Tao et al. 2015). Nevertheless,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type 2 This group contained 29 lenticular or discoid starch grains. They were 13.27–34.35 μm in size, with centric hila and no fissure. The extinction cross was symmetrical, with arms that widened towards the ends. Some had demonstra- ble lamellae (Fig. 2e–h). When rotated into side view, their lenticular shape was apparent. These starch grains clearly resemble many taxa in the Triticeae tribe. A small amount of them has crater-like depressions on the surface, which is also a prominent characteristic of starch grain from the Triticeae tribe (Piperno et al. 2004; Yang and Perry 2013). Considering that wheat was introduced into China during this time period and that wheat macroremains were recov- ered at the proto-Shang site of Zhangdeng (Liu 2012), we believe that this type of starch grains represents wheat (Triti- cum aestivum).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type 3 Six starch grains were classified to this type, with a characteristic large size range (14.29–46.77 μm). They were oval in shape, with an eccentric hilum and visible lamellae in most cases. Their extinction crosses were eccentric and bent (Fig. 2i–l). The characteristics of this type are consist- ent with those of a large number of tuber and root plants (Wan et al. 2011a; Li et al. 2013). Nevertheless, given that the retrieved number of type 3 is too rare and our modern reference from underground storage organs is quite limited, further precise identification is not currently possible.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type 4 One starch grain belonging to this type was recov- ered. It is 19.63 μm in size, triangular-ovate in shape, with a centric hilum and radiating fissures. Lamellae are invisible (Fig. 2m–n). These morphological features are consistent with starches from Castanea spp. and Quercus spp. (Yang et al. 2009). Due to the limited number of starch grain, type 4 is tentatively classified as a tree nut, possibly from Fagaceae. In contrast to the starches recovered from the calculus and rinse samples, only two starch grains were discovered from the adhering sediment samples. One starch grain had mor- phology matching that of type 1. The other one was round grain, 11 μm in diameter, with no hilum and lamellae. This starch grain was damaged, showing widened extinction cross and central depression. Its features were not consistent with the four morphotypes.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.589016+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN162", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 2. Starch grains extracted from human teeth at Nancheng site (each grain shown in unpolarized and polarized views). a–b Type 1, likely foxtail millet (Setaria italica); c–d type 1, likely Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), the arrow point to the Z-shaped arm, which is a typical morphological characteristics of starch from Job’s tears; e–h type 2, likely wheat (Triticum aestivum); i–l type 3, possible tuber or root; m–n type 4, possible tree nut; o–r damaged starch grains (scale bar = 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "nancheng", "quote": "416-y\n\n ORIGINAL PAPER\n\n\nStarch grains from human teeth reveal the plant consumption\nof proto‑Shang people (c. 2000–1600 BC) from Nancheng site,\nHebei, China\n\nTao Chen1  · Liangliang Hou1 · Hongen Jiang2 · Yan Wu3,4 · Amanda G. Henry5,6\n\n\nReceived: 19 June 2018 / Accepted: 15 July 2021\n© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021\n\nAbst", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "82b531288797a1717eb9c176ac263fbff55c9251eec7478746a5398dfce40126" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S208_82b531288797_S208-F03", "paper_key": "S208_82b531288797", "paper_id": "S208", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3 Different characteris- tics of starch grains from four Poaceae plants, both raw and after processing. Each square is 50 μm wide", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1feb2e5d00172cba60b5fc2590b1a6d54dad07b71203a82c13833780eb91d926", "image_bytes": 6383332, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3.4种禾本科植物在生食材状态及加工后的淀粉粒特征比较。每个方格宽50 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Different characteris- tics of starch grains from four grass family (Poaceae) plants, both raw and after processing. Each square is 50 μm wide", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "四种禾本科植物加工前后的淀粉粒对照", "title_zh": "四种禾本科植物加工前后的淀粉粒对照", "title_en": "Starch Grain Morphology of Four Poaceae Plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/1feb2e5d00172cba60b5fc25.png", "image_url": "media/S208_82b531288797_S208-F03.png?v=1feb2e5d0017", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "6–31%, 11–53%, 5–25% and 6–15% respectively, depending on the processing method (Fig. 3). Importantly, starch grains from foxtail millet increase significantly and show obvious overlap with Job’s tears starches after processing. Given the morphological similarities between these two taxa, and with the knowledge that foxtail millet was recovered during flota- tion at Zhangdeng, as well as being common in North China during this period (Lee et al. 2007; Liu 2012), we expect that several of the type 1 starch grains are processed millet. Recent stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyses applied on human bones from Nancheng also strongly indicated that the indigenous people relied primarily on C4 food, most likely from millet agriculture (Ma et al. 2016).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.633157+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S209_47f9d00e23d3_S209-F03", "paper_key": "S209_47f9d00e23d3", "paper_id": "S209", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3. Starch granule reference material derived from modern species in Jiangxi Province for comparison: a, b, From Coix chinensis; c, d, from Vigna angularis;, e, f, from Castanea mollissima; g, h, from Nymphaea tetragona; i, j, from Sagittaria trifolia; k, l, from Trachy- carpus fortunei. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6cfef6d63cd8baad6fa2c40df70c2a7741c1029464ec66751e4fe406c995b273", "image_bytes": 640744, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. 来自江西省现代物种的淀粉粒参考材料用于比较：a， b，来自薏苡属（Coix chinensis）；c， d，来自赤小豆（Vigna angularis）；e， f，来自板栗（Castanea mollissima）；g， h，来自睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona）；i， j，来自慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia）；k， l，来自棕榈（Trachy-carpus fortunei）。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Starch granule reference material derived from modern species in Jiangxi Province for comparison: a, b, From Job’s tears (Coix chinensis); c, d, from adzuki bean (Vigna angularis);, e, f, from Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima); g, h, from pygmy water lily (Nymphaea tetragona); i, j, from arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia); k, l, from Trachy- carpus fortunei. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "江西省现代物种淀粉粒参考材料", "title_en": "Starch Granule Reference Material from Modern Species in Jiangxi Province", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6cfef6d63cd8baad6fa2c40d.png", "image_url": "media/S209_47f9d00e23d3_S209-F03.png?v=6cfef6d63cd8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "To identify the starch granules extracted from the stone tools, we compiled more than 50 species from 20 families of plants common in China, particularly in the Jiangxi Province, as modern references (Figure 3). The collected genera include cereals such as Triticum, Panicum, Seta- ria, Oryza and Coix; acorns such as Quercus and Casta- nea; roots and tubers such as Lilium, Nelumbo, Dioscorea and Sagittaria; beans such as Vigna and Phaseolus and the stem pith of trees such as Cycas and Trachycarpus. We also consulted descriptions in many other studies of starch granule morphology to categorize the starch gra- nules correctly12,21–24. Samples S1–S9 yielded 165 starch granules that could be classified into seven types, as well as several bordered pits of tracheid (Figure 4). Table 2 shows in detail the distribution of starch granules found in each sample. Starch granules were not obtained from the dust sample KF1. Type A: This group included 42 polygon starch gra- nules with centric hilum and no visible lamellae. Most starch granules of this type have smooth surface with size ranging from 12.3 to 14.6 μm, with the exception of seven starch granules. The size of these granules exceeded 15 μm and reached up to 19.3 μm. The modern reference collection suggested that the starch granules derived from panicoid grasses (Poaceae) such as S. italica, P. milia- ceum, Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays and Coix lacryma-jobi are almost polygon-shaped25. The mean diameter of the starch granules obtained from S. italica and P. miliaceum was less than 10 μm. Z. mays originated from America and was bro", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "ginating from the seeds of leguminous plants (Fabaceae), such as Vigna angularis, Phaseolus vulgaris and Lablab purpureus. Thus, the features of type B are in accordance with those from a type of legume. Type C: This group contained 19 lenticular and oval- shaped starch granules that were characterized by a curved Maltese extinction cross and a distinctive longitu- dinal fissure across the hilum. The size of type C granules ranged from 7.1 to 16.9 μm, overlapping with the starch granule assemblage from acorn and oak (Fagaceae)35. Consequently, the morphological features of type C are identical to those of acorn and oak, thereby suggesting that this granule type may be derived from a Quercus spp. Type D: This group contained 46 starch granules with eccentric hilum. Single granules may have been separated from the compound starch granules, which join two or more individual granules. The size of type D granules ranged from 8.7 to 22.1 μm. According to the modern reference database, this type of starch granule assemblage may originate from Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea tetra- gona or Schizocapsa plantaginea, which are characte- rized by semicircles and long ellipses36. Although these granules cannot be identified at the species level now, they can be identified to originate from some food like lotus root. Type E: This group contained 13 ellipsoid and oblong starch granules with eccentric and open hila, and radiating fissures. Some granules showed demonstrable lamellae. The size of these granules ranged from 17.2 to 42.3 μm. The characteristics of some granules of this type are con", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.690678+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S209_47f9d00e23d3_S209-F04", "paper_key": "S209_47f9d00e23d3", "paper_id": "S209", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4. Representative starch granules and bordered pits of tracheid retrieved from stone tools. Each granule is depicted in unpolarized and polarized light views. Type A: 1–4; type B: 5–8; type C: 9–12; type D: 13–16; type E: 17–20; type F: 21–26; type G: 27–28; bordered pits of tracheid: 29–30. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e1ed121234b8f108cd64804c4365490b6b085a99acb3d4c0590959246930a8d2", "image_bytes": 668664, "sites": [ "CN104" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 从石器中提取的导管细胞中的代表性淀粉粒和边壁气孔。每个淀粉粒均以非偏光和偏光视图展示。类型A:1–4，可来自薏苡属（Coix spp.）；类型B:5–8，与豆科种子淀粉相符；类型C:9–12，可能来自栎属（Quercus spp.）；类型D:13–16，根茎类；类型E:17–20，部分与慈姑属（Sagittaria）相似，也可能包括其他地下贮藏器官；类型F:21–26，为棕榈科茎髓来源；董棕属、槟榔等为比较对象；类型G:27–28，未鉴定：29–30，导管细胞边壁气孔。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Representative starch granules and bordered pits of tracheid retrieved from stone tools. Each granule is depicted in unpolarized and polarized light views. Type A: 1–4; type B: 5–8; type C: 9–12; type D: 13–16; type E: 17–20; type F: 21–26; type G: 27–28; bordered pits of tracheid: 29–30. Scale bar: 20 μm.\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\n1–4 (A): Some grains are considered potentially derived from Coix spp.; the whole group is not assigned to a single species. (PDF pp. 4).\n5–8 (B): Comparable to legume seed starch; adzuki bean, common bean and hyacinth bean are comparators, not individual species diagnoses. (PDF pp. 4).\n9–12 (C): Possibly from Quercus spp. acorns. (PDF pp. 4).\n13–16 (D): Root/rhizome-type starch compared with lotus, water lily and schizocapsa; the authors explicitly cannot identify the species, so the group is not all diagnosed as lotus. (PDF pp. 4).\n17–20 (E): Some compare with Sagittaria; other underground storage organs remain possible. (PDF pp. 4).\n21–26 (F): Attributed by the authors to palm stem pith; Caryota and Areca are comparators rather than confirmed species. (PDF pp. 5).\n27–28 (G): Lacks diagnostic features and is classified as unidentified. (PDF pp. 5).\n29–30 (非淀粉／具缘纹孔): Bordered tracheid pits, which can show an extinction cross but must be distinguished from starch. (PDF pp. 5).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石器中导管细胞的淀粉粒与边壁气孔", "title_en": "Starch Granules and Bordered Pits from Tracheids in Stone Tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e1ed121234b8f108cd64804c.png", "image_url": "media/S209_47f9d00e23d3_S209-F04.png?v=e1ed121234b8", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "1–4", "type_code": "A", "interpretation_zh": "作者认为其中部分颗粒可来自薏苡属（Coix spp.），不将全组鉴定到薏苡种。", "interpretation_en": "Some grains are considered potentially derived from Coix spp.; the whole group is not assigned to a single species.", "uncertainty": "部分／属级。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "Consequently, some type A granules can be regarded as having originated from Coix spp." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e1ed121234b8f108cd64804c4365490b6b085a99acb3d4c0590959246930a8d2" }, { "panels": "5–8", "type_code": "B", "interpretation_zh": "与豆科种子淀粉相符；小豆、菜豆、扁豆为现代比较对象，并非逐粒种级鉴定。", "interpretation_en": "Comparable to legume seed starch; adzuki bean, common bean and hyacinth bean are comparators, not individual species diagnoses.", "uncertainty": "科级。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "Thus, the features of type B are in accordance with those from a type of legume." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e1ed121234b8f108cd64804c4365490b6b085a99acb3d4c0590959246930a8d2" }, { "panels": "9–12", "type_code": "C", "interpretation_zh": "可能来自栎属（Quercus spp.）坚果。", "interpretation_en": "Possibly from Quercus spp. acorns.", "uncertainty": "可能，属级。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "suggesting that this granule type may be derived from a Quercus spp." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e1ed121234b8f108cd64804c4365490b6b085a99acb3d4c0590959246930a8d2" }, { "panels": "13–16", "type_code": "D", "interpretation_zh": "根茎类，比较对象包括莲、睡莲和裂果薯；作者明确无法鉴定到种，不能全部标为莲藕。", "interpretation_en": "Root/rhizome-type starch compared with lotus, water lily and schizocapsa; the authors explicitly cannot identify the species, so the group is not all diagnosed as lotus.", "uncertainty": "替代比较，不定种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "Although these granules cannot be identified at the species level now" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e1ed121234b8f108cd64804c4365490b6b085a99acb3d4c0590959246930a8d2" }, { "panels": "17–20", "type_code": "E", "interpretation_zh": "部分与慈姑属（Sagittaria）相似，也可能包括其他地下贮藏器官。", "interpretation_en": "Some compare with Sagittaria; other underground storage organs remain possible.", "uncertainty": "多来源。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "type E may have been derived from some species of Sagittaria or other USOs." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e1ed121234b8f108cd64804c4365490b6b085a99acb3d4c0590959246930a8d2" }, { "panels": "21–26", "type_code": "F", "interpretation_zh": "作者归为棕榈科茎髓来源；董棕属、槟榔等为比较对象，未确定到种。", "interpretation_en": "Attributed by the authors to palm stem pith; Caryota and Areca are comparators rather than confirmed species.", "uncertainty": "科／器官级。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "this granule type can be considered to have originated from the stem pith of palms." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e1ed121234b8f108cd64804c4365490b6b085a99acb3d4c0590959246930a8d2" }, { "panels": "27–28", "type_code": "G", "interpretation_zh": "缺乏特异特征，原文列为未鉴定。", "interpretation_en": "Lacks diagnostic features and is classified as unidentified.", "uncertainty": "未定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "we regard this type as unidentified." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e1ed121234b8f108cd64804c4365490b6b085a99acb3d4c0590959246930a8d2" }, { "panels": "29–30", "type_code": "非淀粉／具缘纹孔", "interpretation_zh": "管胞具缘纹孔，虽可呈十字消光，原文明示须与淀粉区分。", "interpretation_en": "Bordered tracheid pits, which can show an extinction cross but must be distinguished from starch.", "uncertainty": "排除非淀粉微体。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "原始PDF正文／图注联合复核", "quote": "These pits can exhibit an extinction cross under polarized light, similar to starch granules" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e1ed121234b8f108cd64804c4365490b6b085a99acb3d4c0590959246930a8d2" } ], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "To identify the starch granules extracted from the stone tools, we compiled more than 50 species from 20 families of plants common in China, particularly in the Jiangxi Province, as modern references (Figure 3). The collected genera include cereals such as Triticum, Panicum, Seta- ria, Oryza and Coix; acorns such as Quercus and Casta- nea; roots and tubers such as Lilium, Nelumbo, Dioscorea and Sagittaria; beans such as Vigna and Phaseolus and the stem pith of trees such as Cycas and Trachycarpus. We also consulted descriptions in many other studies of starch granule morphology to categorize the starch gra- nules correctly12,21–24. Samples S1–S9 yielded 165 starch granules that could be classified into seven types, as well as several bordered pits of tracheid (Figure 4). Table 2 shows in detail the distribution of starch granules found in each sample. Starch granules were not obtained from the dust sample KF1. Type A: This group included 42 polygon starch gra- nules with centric hilum and no visible lamellae. Most starch granules of this type have smooth surface with size ranging from 12.3 to 14.6 μm, with the exception of seven starch granules. The size of these granules exceeded 15 μm and reached up to 19.3 μm. The modern reference collection suggested that the starch granules derived from panicoid grasses (Poaceae) such as S. italica, P. milia- ceum, Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays and Coix lacryma-jobi are almost polygon-shaped25. The mean diameter of the starch granules obtained from S. italica and P. miliaceum was less than 10 μm. Z. mays originated from America and was bro", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "ginating from the seeds of leguminous plants (Fabaceae), such as Vigna angularis, Phaseolus vulgaris and Lablab purpureus. Thus, the features of type B are in accordance with those from a type of legume. Type C: This group contained 19 lenticular and oval- shaped starch granules that were characterized by a curved Maltese extinction cross and a distinctive longitu- dinal fissure across the hilum. The size of type C granules ranged from 7.1 to 16.9 μm, overlapping with the starch granule assemblage from acorn and oak (Fagaceae)35. Consequently, the morphological features of type C are identical to those of acorn and oak, thereby suggesting that this granule type may be derived from a Quercus spp. Type D: This group contained 46 starch granules with eccentric hilum. Single granules may have been separated from the compound starch granules, which join two or more individual granules. The size of type D granules ranged from 8.7 to 22.1 μm. According to the modern reference database, this type of starch granule assemblage may originate from Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea tetra- gona or Schizocapsa plantaginea, which are characte- rized by semicircles and long ellipses36. Although these granules cannot be identified at the species level now, they can be identified to originate from some food like lotus root. Type E: This group contained 13 ellipsoid and oblong starch granules with eccentric and open hila, and radiating fissures. Some granules showed demonstrable lamellae. The size of these granules ranged from 17.2 to 42.3 μm. The characteristics of some granules of this type are con", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.754439+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN104", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Figure 4. Representative starch granules and bordered pits of tracheid retrieved from stone tools. Each granule is depicted in unpolarized and polarized light views. Type A: 1–4; type B: 5–8; type C: 9–12; type D: 13–16; type E: 17–20; type F: 21–26; type G: 27–28; bordered pits of tracheid: 29–30. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dawangling", "quote": "preserved in the Latosol, which is widespread in SouthRiver Basin, China. The Dawangling archaeological\n China5. Such macroremains are preserved in the Yellowsite is an important Neolithic site located on the\n River Basin, because t", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "47f9d00e23d3948642b07906d89868e122168cc32856ec5c1b5253a3241e1ed0" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S209_47f9d00e23d3_S209-F05", "paper_key": "S209_47f9d00e23d3", "paper_id": "S209", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Figure 5. Damaged starch granules retrieved from samples S5 and S9 of the stone muller from Dawangling site. a, Interior structure of lamel- lae; b, Interior structure of lamellae under polarized light; c, Starch granule experienced external punching force; d, Starch granule expe- rienced external punching force under polarized light. White arrow- heads indicate damaged parts of the starch granules. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6e971a3039b642b3287849878f50015b99940e5b4c961f6b99303c2aea7e9208", "image_bytes": 384448, "sites": [ "CN104" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 从大旺岭遗址石磨盘样品S5和S9中提取的受损淀粉粒。a，层纹的内部结构；b，层纹在偏光下的内部结构；c，受外部冲击力作用的淀粉粒；d，受外部冲击力作用的淀粉粒在偏光下的内部结构。白箭头指示淀粉粒的受损部分。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 5. Damaged starch granules retrieved from samples S5 and S9 of the stone muller from Dawangling site. a, Interior structure of lamel- lae; b, Interior structure of lamellae under polarized light; c, Starch granule experienced external punching force; d, Starch granule expe- rienced external punching force under polarized light. White arrow- heads indicate damaged parts of the starch granules. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "大旺岭石磨盘样品S5和S9中受损淀粉粒", "title_en": "Damaged starch granules from stone muller samples S5 and S9 at Dawangling site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6e971a3039b642b328784987.png", "image_url": "media/S209_47f9d00e23d3_S209-F05.png?v=6e971a3039b6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "extinction cross to weaken under polarized light. Figure 5 indicates that the interior structure of lamellae can be ob- served clearly under unpolarized light. The left part of the starch granule shown in Figure 5 c may have experienced a strong external punching force; thus, a depressed region was observed on the surface. The left part in Figure 5 d lost the extinction cross property and the border of the granule is marked by an arrowhead. Various starch granules were identified in this study and we can use the information to infer the uses of stone knife and stone muller based on the results of the micro- remains of starch granules. The starch granules from Dawangling may have been derived from Coix spp., food legumes, Quercus spp., lotus root, a unidentified USO and palms. Figure 6 shows the percentage of each type of starch granule. The radar diagram indicates that the main edible plants processed by the stone knife and stone mul- ler were Coix spp. and lotus root. According to the local modern vegetation type and ethnobotanical records, lotus, USO and Arecaceae are common plant resources in the tropical zones5,42. For instance, N. tetragona originated from tropical India. Cassava remains an important staple food resource in tropical America, and indigenous people residing in southeastern Asia still eat sago made from the starch of Arecaceae pith12. Quercus spp. (oak) is currently a common plant in northern China. The Dawangling site is located in South China, which is a rice-farming region. Consequently, the food utilization revealed by starch residues also contained s", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "To identify the starch granules extracted from the stone tools, we compiled more than 50 species from 20 families of plants common in China, particularly in the Jiangxi Province, as modern references (Figure 3). The collected genera include cereals such as Triticum, Panicum, Seta- ria, Oryza and Coix; acorns such as Quercus and Casta- nea; roots and tubers such as Lilium, Nelumbo, Dioscorea and Sagittaria; beans such as Vigna and Phaseolus and the stem pith of trees such as Cycas and Trachycarpus. We also consulted descriptions in many other studies of starch granule morphology to categorize the starch gra- nules correctly12,21–24. Samples S1–S9 yielded 165 starch granules that could be classified into seven types, as well as several bordered pits of tracheid (Figure 4). Table 2 shows in detail the distribution of starch granules found in each sample. Starch granules were not obtained from the dust sample KF1. Type A: This group included 42 polygon starch gra- nules with centric hilum and no visible lamellae. Most starch granules of this type have smooth surface with size ranging from 12.3 to 14.6 μm, with the exception of seven starch granules. The size of these granules exceeded 15 μm and reached up to 19.3 μm. The modern reference collection suggested that the starch granules derived from panicoid grasses (Poaceae) such as S. italica, P. milia- ceum, Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays and Coix lacryma-jobi are almost polygon-shaped25. The mean diameter of the starch granules obtained from S. italica and P. miliaceum was less than 10 μm. Z. mays originated from America and was bro", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "ginating from the seeds of leguminous plants (Fabaceae), such as Vigna angularis, Phaseolus vulgaris and Lablab purpureus. Thus, the features of type B are in accordance with those from a type of legume. Type C: This group contained 19 lenticular and oval- shaped starch granules that were characterized by a curved Maltese extinction cross and a distinctive longitu- dinal fissure across the hilum. The size of type C granules ranged from 7.1 to 16.9 μm, overlapping with the starch granule assemblage from acorn and oak (Fagaceae)35. Consequently, the morphological features of type C are identical to those of acorn and oak, thereby suggesting that this granule type may be derived from a Quercus spp. Type D: This group contained 46 starch granules with eccentric hilum. Single granules may have been separated from the compound starch granules, which join two or more individual granules. The size of type D granules ranged from 8.7 to 22.1 μm. According to the modern reference database, this type of starch granule assemblage may originate from Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea tetra- gona or Schizocapsa plantaginea, which are characte- rized by semicircles and long ellipses36. Although these granules cannot be identified at the species level now, they can be identified to originate from some food like lotus root. Type E: This group contained 13 ellipsoid and oblong starch granules with eccentric and open hila, and radiating fissures. Some granules showed demonstrable lamellae. The size of these granules ranged from 17.2 to 42.3 μm. The characteristics of some granules of this type are con", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.820746+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN104", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Figure 5. Damaged starch granules retrieved from samples S5 and S9 of the stone muller from Dawangling site. a, Interior structure of lamel- lae; b, Interior structure of lamellae under polarized light; c, Starch granule experienced external punching force; d, Starch granule expe- rienced external punching force under polarized light. White arrow- heads indicate damaged parts of the starch granules. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dawangling", "quote": "preserved in the Latosol, which is widespread in SouthRiver Basin, China. The Dawangling archaeological\n China5. Such macroremains are preserved in the Yellowsite is an important Neolithic site located on the\n River Basin, because t", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "47f9d00e23d3948642b07906d89868e122168cc32856ec5c1b5253a3241e1ed0" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S210_adc36fb89e83_S210-F03", "paper_key": "S210_adc36fb89e83", "paper_id": "S210", "number": "3", "caption_original": "FIGURE 3 | Modern plant starch references included in this paper. [1–2, Oryza sativa; 3, Panicum miliaceum; 4, Setaria italica; 5, Triticum aestivum; 6, Dioscorea\nopposita; 7, Vigna vexillata; 8, Smilax china; 9, Bolbostemma paniculatum; 10, Trapa bispinosa; 11, Nelumbo nucifera (root); and 12, Pinellia ternate].", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d0ff36249fa2f7f8025af8891ef9f9b792ef15dcae84fe204f91a0ddef328701", "image_bytes": 12448096, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 | 本论文中包含的现代植物淀粉参考样品。1–2， 水稻（Oryza sativa）； 3， 黍（Panicum miliaceum）； 4， 粟（Setaria italica）； 5， 普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）； 6， 山药（Dioscorea opposita）； 7， 野豇豆（Vigna vexillata）； 8， 菝葜（Smilax china）； 9， Bolbostemma paniculatum； 10， 菱（Trapa bispinosa）； 11， 莲（Nelumbo nucifera） （根）； 和 12， 半夏（Pinellia ternata）。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 3 | Modern plant starch references included in this paper. [1–2, rice (Oryza sativa); 3, broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); 4, foxtail millet (Setaria italica); 5, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum); 6, Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita); 7, zombi pea (Vigna vexillata); 8, China root (Smilax china); 9, Bolbostemma paniculatum; 10, water caltrop (Trapa bispinosa); 11, lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) (root); and 12, pinellia (Pinellia ternata)].", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉参考样本", "title_en": "Modern plant starch references", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d0ff36249fa2f7f8025af889.png", "image_url": "media/S210_adc36fb89e83_S210-F03.png?v=d0ff36249fa2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Procrustes fit and to generate a covariance matrix. CVA assumes that the covariance structure within all groups is the same, therefore, a pooled within-group covariance matrix is used throughout for CVA and for computing Mahalanobis distances between pairs of groups. The Mahalanobis distance matrix and Procrustes distance matrix may help explain group similarities and differences. Our study also applied a supervised machine learning method for model training to modern starch geometric morphometric data. The supporting vector machine (SVM) algorithm was used for model training. SVM is a supervised learning model and related learning algorithm for analyzing data in classification and regression analysis. This algorithm maximizes the margin between class boundaries and is often used in data mining projects (Boser et al., 1992; Steinwart and Christmann, 2008). At present, this method is widely used in the deep learning field, such as in image classification. The geometrical morphometric data on modern starch is thus trained by SVM to yield more precise identifications of unknown starch granules. The species name is used as the classifier, 35 coordinates of x and y, i.e., 70 values constitute the variables. R programming language (version 3.6.2) (R Core Team, 2020) is used for the SVM computing. Species identification, and classification of unknown archeologically derived starch granules were based mainly on comparison with a modern starch database established by our laboratory team and with reference to the recent published record. We have thus far compiled a modern reference d", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "Typology of Starch Granules Archeological starch granules were classified into five types according to the system established by Guan et al. (2020) based on morphology and size (Figure 5): Type 1, polyhedral body, possibly produced by foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (Figure 3: 4), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (Figure 3: 3), or rice (Oryza sativa). The 2D shapes are mostly polygonal or spherical, with invisible lamellae and centric to slightly eccentric hila. Furthermore, many granules classified in this type exhibit pronounced fissures. Among these polyhedron bodies, ones with smaller diameters and sharper edges are likely to derive from rice according to our reference database (Figure 3: 1–2) and the published literature (Liu et al., 2011; Wang S. et al., 2011). Type 2, lenticular body, probably produced by members of the tribe Triticeae. The 2D shapes of these starch granules are nearly round, elliptical, or lenticular, with closed and centrally located hila and fuzzy lamellae. Fissures are absent in most individual grains and the extinction crosses are primarily straight. It should be noted that the Triticeae tribe includes more than 10 genera in China, and both domesticated and wild species. These starch granules resemble the morphology of modern specimens from Aegilops, Roegneria, Secale, and Triticum according to our reference database (Figure 3: 5) and published literature (Wei et al., 2007; Hart, 2014; Wan et al., 2016, 2020). Type 3, ellipsoidal, semi-ellipsoidal and elongated ellipsoidal body, maybe produced by plant underground storage organs, and probab", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "database (Figure 3: 7) and published literature (Wang et al., 2013). Most exhibit visible fissures and lamellae, but the hila are mostly invisible. The center of the extinction crosses appears as a dark linear area. Type 5, includes compound and damaged starch granules. Compound granules are not separated, and damaged starch granules are broken or incomplete; therefore, we were unable to specify their morphological characteristics and identify them to the species level.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.865414+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S210_adc36fb89e83_S210-F05", "paper_key": "S210_adc36fb89e83", "paper_id": "S210", "number": "5", "caption_original": "FIGURE 5 | Starch granules from Level III Liangwangcheng dental residue samples. (a,j,m,s,u: starch granule from M125; b,r: starch granule from M121; c: starch\ngranule from M127; d,h,k,l,n,p,q: starch granule from M147; e: starch granule from M226; f: starch granule from M129; g,i: starch granule from M144; o: starch\ngranule from M251; t: starch granule from M111).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2a87709bbf1df4a3942f4fd62aeab518113fe0d96931ee15cfcbc572fd765c7f", "image_bytes": 15442939, "sites": [ "CN167" ], "caption_zh": "图5 | 来自梁王城文化层III层牙结石样品的淀粉颗粒。 （a，j，m，s，u: 来自M125的淀粉颗粒； b，r: 来自M121的淀粉颗粒； c: 来自M127的淀粉颗粒； d，h，k，l，n，p，q: 来自M147的淀粉颗粒； e: 来自M226的淀粉颗粒； f: 来自M129的淀粉颗粒； g，i: 来自M144的淀粉颗粒； o: 来自M251的淀粉颗粒； t: 来自M111的淀粉颗粒）。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 5 | Starch granules from Level III Liangwangcheng dental residue samples. (a,j,m,s,u: starch granule from M125; b,r: starch granule from M121; c: starch\ngranule from M127; d,h,k,l,n,p,q: starch granule from M147; e: starch granule from M226; f: starch granule from M129; g,i: starch granule from M144; o: starch\ngranule from M251; t: starch granule from M111).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "梁王城III层牙垢样品的淀粉颗粒", "title_en": "Starch granules from Level III Liangwangcheng dental residue samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2a87709bbf1df4a3942f4fd6.png", "image_url": "media/S210_adc36fb89e83_S210-F05.png?v=2a87709bbf1d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "Typology of Starch Granules Archeological starch granules were classified into five types according to the system established by Guan et al. (2020) based on morphology and size (Figure 5): Type 1, polyhedral body, possibly produced by foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (Figure 3: 4), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (Figure 3: 3), or rice (Oryza sativa). The 2D shapes are mostly polygonal or spherical, with invisible lamellae and centric to slightly eccentric hila. Furthermore, many granules classified in this type exhibit pronounced fissures. Among these polyhedron bodies, ones with smaller diameters and sharper edges are likely to derive from rice according to our reference database (Figure 3: 1–2) and the published literature (Liu et al., 2011; Wang S. et al., 2011). Type 2, lenticular body, probably produced by members of the tribe Triticeae. The 2D shapes of these starch granules are nearly round, elliptical, or lenticular, with closed and centrally located hila and fuzzy lamellae. Fissures are absent in most individual grains and the extinction crosses are primarily straight. It should be noted that the Triticeae tribe includes more than 10 genera in China, and both domesticated and wild species. These starch granules resemble the morphology of modern specimens from Aegilops, Roegneria, Secale, and Triticum according to our reference database (Figure 3: 5) and published literature (Wei et al., 2007; Hart, 2014; Wan et al., 2016, 2020). Type 3, ellipsoidal, semi-ellipsoidal and elongated ellipsoidal body, maybe produced by plant underground storage organs, and probab", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.921809+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN167", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "FIGURE 5 | Starch granules from Level III Liangwangcheng dental residue samples. (a,j,m,s,u: starch granule from M125; b,r: starch granule from M121; c: starch\ngranule from M127; d,h,k,l,n,p,q: starch granule from M147; e: starch granule from M226; f: starch granule from M129; g,i: starch granule from M144; o: starch\ngranule from M251; t: starch granule from M111).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Liangwangcheng", "quote": "hropology, University of Arizona,\n Tucson, AZ, United States\n\n\n The Liangwangcheng site, located in Pizhou County, Xuzhou City, northern Jiangsu\n Province, is one of the most important Neolithic Dawenkou Culture archeological sites\n in the Haidai area of China’s eastern seaboa", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "adc36fb89e83b5cbea0bfd79b3c1cdc5a942bfc98f6bbd047e6170c1d318ca88" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S210_adc36fb89e83_S210-F06", "paper_key": "S210_adc36fb89e83", "paper_id": "S210", "number": "6", "caption_original": "FIGURE 6 | Phytoliths recovered from Liangwangcheng dental residues. (A–F, Bulliform cells; G–L, Bilobate short cells; M, broomcorn millet husk; N–P, foxtail millet\nhusk; Q, Wavy–trapezoid; R, short cell; S, Rondel; T–V, Elongate; W, Bilobate short cells).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "41acb75d01d7da32a4a4be0c14230e957f046dfe8db3d0f8270621b31e7441b0", "image_bytes": 24845113, "sites": [ "CN167" ], "caption_zh": "图6 | 从梁王城牙结石中提取的植硅体。 （A–F， 扇型；G–L， 哑铃型；M， 黍的颖壳；N–P， 粟的颖壳；Q， 方型；R， 短细胞；S， 帽形；T–V， 刺棒型；W， 竖排哑铃型）。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 6 | Phytoliths recovered from Liangwangcheng dental residues. (A–F, Bulliform cells; G–L, Bilobate short cells; M, broomcorn millet husk; N–P, foxtail millet\nhusk; Q, Wavy–trapezoid; R, short cell; S, Rondel; T–V, Elongate; W, Bilobate short cells).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "梁王城牙垢中植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from Liangwangcheng Dental Residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/41acb75d01d7da32a4a4be0c.png", "image_url": "media/S210_adc36fb89e83_S210-F06.png?v=41acb75d01d7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:28.972175+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN167", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "FIGURE 6 | Phytoliths recovered from Liangwangcheng dental residues. (A–F, Bulliform cells; G–L, Bilobate short cells; M, broomcorn millet husk; N–P, foxtail millet\nhusk; Q, Wavy–trapezoid; R, short cell; S, Rondel; T–V, Elongate; W, Bilobate short cells).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Liangwangcheng", "quote": "hropology, University of Arizona,\n Tucson, AZ, United States\n\n\n The Liangwangcheng site, located in Pizhou County, Xuzhou City, northern Jiangsu\n Province, is one of the most important Neolithic Dawenkou Culture archeological sites\n in the Haidai area of China’s eastern seaboa", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "adc36fb89e83b5cbea0bfd79b3c1cdc5a942bfc98f6bbd047e6170c1d318ca88" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S210_adc36fb89e83_S210-F07", "paper_key": "S210_adc36fb89e83", "paper_id": "S210", "number": "7", "caption_original": "FIGURE 7 | Fungi remains recovered from Liangwangcheng dental residues.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "af70be3bbec7add343500fec3e2effeaab5875309d5679151db25a2d32316581", "image_bytes": 714577, "sites": [ "CN167" ], "caption_zh": "图7 | 从梁王城遗址牙垢中提取的真菌遗存。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 7 | Fungi remains recovered from Liangwangcheng dental residues.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "梁王城牙垢中真菌遗存", "title_en": "Fungi remains from Liangwangcheng dental residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/af70be3bbec7add343500fec.png", "image_url": "media/S210_adc36fb89e83_S210-F07.png?v=af70be3bbec7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "Other Plant Organ Fragments and Remains of Fungi Bordered pits, fibers, cells of unknown biological origin, and other fragments were discovered in all the residue samples, including Level I, Level II, and Level III. However, these organ fragments lack biological attributes and are, thus, not identifiable. In addition, these remains are extremely fragmentary, and were recovered in only minor quantities, therefore, such fragments were not included in this paper. One discovery is particularly noteworthy. In addition to starch granules, phytoliths, and other tissue fragments, we also observed some biological granules. These smaller granules are spheroidal, oval, and radial in shape and display extinction crosses under polarized light. Initially, these granules were identified as damaged starch. However, after comparison with relevant published data (Haslam, 2006; Torrence, 2006; Krull et al., 2013; Atsatt and Whiteside, 2014; Walsh et al., 2018; Shen et al., 2019), we consider these granules to be molds; even hyphae were observed in some individual specimens. These mold granules have smaller average diameters than regular starch granules; generally <10 μm. Their extinction crosses caused initial misidentification, further emphasizing the importance of ensuring the precision of plant starch identification. In Level III samples, 19 such mold bodies were observed. These fungi remains can be classified into three types based on their morphological features (Figure 7). Because of the integrity of their spore structure, we believe these fungi are generated later in the samples. Howev", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:29.031147+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN167", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 12 ], "quote": "FIGURE 7 | Fungi remains recovered from Liangwangcheng dental residues.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Liangwangcheng", "quote": "hropology, University of Arizona,\n Tucson, AZ, United States\n\n\n The Liangwangcheng site, located in Pizhou County, Xuzhou City, northern Jiangsu\n Province, is one of the most important Neolithic Dawenkou Culture archeological sites\n in the Haidai area of China’s eastern seaboa", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "adc36fb89e83b5cbea0bfd79b3c1cdc5a942bfc98f6bbd047e6170c1d318ca88" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S211_ecaef83b0ceb_S211-F03", "paper_key": "S211_ecaef83b0ceb", "paper_id": "S211", "number": "3", "caption_original": "FIGURE 3\nMicroscopic morphology of Hemudu residues (HMD01) and the sizes distribution of the particles observed [Colour figure can be\nviewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "恢复完整原图，使当前双语图注描述的所有分图均可见。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ccd8bf9c80ae9dca6f83b4cd9d2eb3dcd550efeab872ec5292a1882eb6115fb6", "image_bytes": 3160957, "sites": [ "CN084" ], "caption_zh": "图3 河姆渡残留物（HMD01）的显微形态及其颗粒大小分布", "caption_en": "FIGURE 3\nMicroscopic morphology of Hemudu residues (HMD01) and the sizes distribution of the particles observed [Colour figure can be\nviewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "河姆渡残留物显微形态及颗粒大小分布", "title_en": "Microscopic morphology and particle size distribution of Hemudu residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ccd8bf9c80ae9dca6f83b4cd.png", "image_url": "media/S211_ecaef83b0ceb_S211-F03.png?v=ccd8bf9c80ae", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S211_ecaef83b0ceb", "page": 4, "bbox_points": [ 96, 481, 499, 706 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "ecaef83b0ceb8d95f5cb95fc5c316400f1c37646bfd39d412c8b7ba07dda031f" }, "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:29.124339+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN084", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "FIGURE 3\nMicroscopic morphology of Hemudu residues (HMD01) and the sizes distribution of the particles observed [Colour figure can be\nviewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "hemudu", "quote": "0.1002/oa.3026\n\n\nR E S E A R C H A R T I C L E\n\n\nNeolithic bone meal with acorn: Analyses on crusts in pottery\nbowls from 7000 BP Hemudu, China\n\n\nWei Ge1 | Li Liu2 | Weijin Huang3 | Shuqin Tao4 | Xueliang Hou5 |\nXijie Yin4 | Yuanfei Wu6\n\n\n\n1School of Humanities, Xiamen University,\nXiamen, China Abstract\n2Department of East Asian Languages and", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ecaef83b0ceb8d95f5cb95fc5c316400f1c37646bfd39d412c8b7ba07dda031f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S211_ecaef83b0ceb_S211-F09", "paper_key": "S211_ecaef83b0ceb", "paper_id": "S211", "number": "9", "caption_original": "FIGURE 9\nExamples of starch recovered from bo bowls. 1a, 1b: Starch granule in round shape; 3a, 3b: Starch granule in bell shape; 5a, 5b:\nStarch granule in irregular shape; 2a, 2b and 6a, 6b: Starch in twins; 4a, 4b: Starch in a triplet. (a) Bright view; (b) View under polarized light", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "cf5e3036730b54820bdd0902d55292a4383a84bb6364f2e5da1b4b851c5e18ea", "image_bytes": 3798692, "sites": [ "CN084" ], "caption_zh": "图9 从陶罐中提取的淀粉粒示例。1a， 1b：圆形淀粉粒；3a， 3b：铃形淀粉粒；5a， 5b：不规则形状淀粉粒；2a， 2b 和 6a， 6b：复粒淀粉；4a， 4b：三粒淀粉。（a）明场视图；（b）偏光视图", "caption_en": "FIGURE 9\nExamples of starch recovered from bo bowls. 1a, 1b: Starch granule in round shape; 3a, 3b: Starch granule in bell shape; 5a, 5b:\nStarch granule in irregular shape; 2a, 2b and 6a, 6b: Starch in twins; 4a, 4b: Starch in a triplet. (a) Bright view; (b) View under polarized light", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "陶罐中淀粉粒示例", "title_en": "Starch grains from bo bowls", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/cf5e3036730b54820bdd0902.png", "image_url": "media/S211_ecaef83b0ceb_S211-F09.png?v=cf5e3036730b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:29.180426+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN084", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "FIGURE 9\nExamples of starch recovered from bo bowls. 1a, 1b: Starch granule in round shape; 3a, 3b: Starch granule in bell shape; 5a, 5b:\nStarch granule in irregular shape; 2a, 2b and 6a, 6b: Starch in twins; 4a, 4b: Starch in a triplet. (a) Bright view; (b) View under polarized light", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "hemudu", "quote": "0.1002/oa.3026\n\n\nR E S E A R C H A R T I C L E\n\n\nNeolithic bone meal with acorn: Analyses on crusts in pottery\nbowls from 7000 BP Hemudu, China\n\n\nWei Ge1 | Li Liu2 | Weijin Huang3 | Shuqin Tao4 | Xueliang Hou5 |\nXijie Yin4 | Yuanfei Wu6\n\n\n\n1School of Humanities, Xiamen University,\nXiamen, China Abstract\n2Department of East Asian Languages and", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ecaef83b0ceb8d95f5cb95fc5c316400f1c37646bfd39d412c8b7ba07dda031f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S211_ecaef83b0ceb_S211-F10", "paper_key": "S211_ecaef83b0ceb", "paper_id": "S211", "number": "10", "caption_original": "FIGURE 10\nStarch granules of modern oak (Cyclobalanopsis glauca). 1a, 1b and 2a, 2b: Starch in twins; 3a, 3b: Assemblages, where many\nvariations can be found; 4a, 4b: Starch granule in bell shape; 5a, 5b: Starch in a triplet", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "14454a442e19732b1073d6d30db0a4b4583347dffc5ae46a2ec8452129ec72bd", "image_bytes": 4308263, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图10 现代青冈栎（Cyclobalanopsis glauca）的淀粉颗粒。1a、1b 和 2a、2b：双生淀粉；3a、3b：组合体，其中可发现多种变异；4a、4b：铃形淀粉颗粒；5a、5b：三联淀粉", "caption_en": "FIGURE 10\nStarch granules of modern oak (ring-cupped oak, Cyclobalanopsis glauca). 1a, 1b and 2a, 2b: Starch in twins; 3a, 3b: Assemblages, where many\nvariations can be found; 4a, 4b: Starch granule in bell shape; 5a, 5b: Starch in a triplet", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代栎树淀粉颗粒形态", "title_en": "Starch Granule Morphology in Modern Oak", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/14454a442e19732b1073d6d3.png", "image_url": "media/S211_ecaef83b0ceb_S211-F10.png?v=14454a442e19", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:29.075488+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S212_5d04397a1de4_S212-F04", "paper_key": "S212_5d04397a1de4", "paper_id": "S212", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Starch types in the residues from the Xipo vessels (shown in DIC/bright-field [left] and polarized [right] views). 1. Panicoideae, likely broomcorn millet; 2. \nPanicoideae, likely Job’s tears; 3. Triticeae; 4. USO, likely lily; 5 and 6. Snake gourd root; 7. rice; 8. USO, likely yam.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S212_79ac40680b32_S212-F04。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "397168d32ad8813512615b75897aa307f85da3731232ad3e4a717f211ce19258", "image_bytes": 3882994, "sites": [ "CN154" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 西坡器物残留物中的淀粉类型（左图为微分干涉/明场视图，右图为偏振视图）。1. 黍亚科，可能为黍；2. 黍亚科，可能为薏苡；3. 小麦族；4. 地下贮藏器官，可能为百合；5和6. 栝楼根；7. 水稻；8. 地下贮藏器官，可能为山药。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Starch types in the residues from the Xipo vessels (shown in DIC/bright-field [left] and polarized [right] views). 1. panicoid grasses (Panicoideae), likely broomcorn millet; 2. \npanicoid grasses (Panicoideae), likely Job’s tears; 3. wheat tribe (Triticeae); 4. USO, likely lily; 5 and 6. Snake gourd root; 7. rice; 8. USO, likely yam.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西坡器物残留物中的淀粉类型", "title_en": "Starch Types in Residues from Xipo Vessels", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/397168d32ad8813512615b75.png", "image_url": "media/S212_5d04397a1de4_S212-F04.png?v=397168d32ad8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "In total, we recorded 789 starch granules or granule compounds in the residue samples from the Xipo vessels (Table A.1). There are many starch compounds containing unknown numbers of starch granules, which are too blurry to count or measure due to either damage (e.g., gelatinized starches in Fig. 6: 8) or the small sizes of the granules (e.g., rice starch cluster in Fig. 4: 7). In this research, each starch compound (mainly from rice and Triticeae) was counted as one entity. Among the 789 observed starches, 522 (66.16% of the total, 100% ubiquity) were identified to one of five taxa/groups: Panicoideae, Oryza sativa rice, Triticeae, Trichosanthes kirilowii snake gourd root, or other underground storage organs (USOs). There are a considerable number of unidentified starches (UNID; n = 267, 33.84% of the total, 93.33% ubiquity) because they are too damaged to identify or show no diagnostic features which match our current reference samples. Examples of each taxon/group are given in Fig. 4. The slides of control samples are generally clean, with a small number of starches, none of which show gelatinized features (Table A.1). This pattern is clearly different from that of the residues, supporting the credibility of the data from residue samples. Group 1: Panicoideae (n = 270, 34.22% of the total, 93.33% ubiq uity) is the most numerous taxon in the starch assemblage. There are two subtypes in this group. One type is characterized by a polygonal or round form with centric hilum, and the size range is 6.86–18.76 μm. These features are consistent with broomcorn millet (Panicum mili", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:29.232959+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN154", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Starch types in the residues from the Xipo vessels (shown in DIC/bright-field [left] and polarized [right] views). 1. Panicoideae, likely broomcorn millet; 2. \nPanicoideae, likely Job’s tears; 3. Triticeae; 4. USO, likely lily; 5 and 6. Snake gourd root; 7. rice; 8. USO, likely yam.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xipo", "quote": "In this paper, we focus on a Neolithic Yangshao culture community with emergent social hierarchy associated\nXipo site with feasting activities. We analyzed the microfossil remains (micro-botanical and fungi) on 15 vessels excavated\nLarge vat from the cemetery section of the Xipo site in northern Ch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5d04397a1de415806b6e306b9e6624323b6d98692938da5810a3d8e3a5edd7a2" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S212_5d04397a1de4_S212-F05", "paper_key": "S212_5d04397a1de4", "paper_id": "S212", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Damaged starches from Xipo large vats (Pot 25–28) (shown in DIC/bright-field [left] and polarized [right] views). 1. Panicoideae starch showing enlarged \nfissures (Pot 25); 2. Unidentified (UNID) starch showing tunnels and random pitting (Pot 27); 3. UNID partially gelatinized starch showing swelling and melting (Pot \n25); 4. Gelatinized rice compound starch (Pot 27); 5. UNID fermented starch showing disappearing extinction cross (Pot 25); 6. Panicoideae starch showing deep \nfissures and pitting (Pot 25); 7. UNID fermented starch showing swelling and distortion due to gelatinization during fermentation (Pot 26); 8. UNID fermented starch \nshowing gelatinization, central depression, and partial digestion (Pot 27).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S212_79ac40680b32_S212-F05。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2eb309d83998b28ca6b16f1758db73f1e440d51ab76883c0244a7221a3e48dba", "image_bytes": 3318823, "sites": [ "CN154" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 西坡大型发酵罐中受损的淀粉（编号25–28）（分别以DIC/明场[左]和偏振[右]显微镜观察）。1. 黍亚科淀粉显示扩大裂隙（编号25）；2. 未鉴定（UNID）淀粉显示通道和随机坑洞（编号27）；3. 未鉴定（UNID）部分糊化淀粉显示膨胀和熔融（编号25）；4. 糊化水稻复合淀粉（编号27）；5. 未鉴定（UNID）发酵淀粉显示消光十字消失（编号25）；6. 黍亚科淀粉显示深裂隙和坑洞（编号25）；7. 未鉴定（UNID）发酵淀粉显示因发酵过程中的糊化而出现膨胀和变形（编号26）；8. 未鉴定（UNID）发酵淀粉显示糊化、中心凹陷及部分消化（编号27）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Damaged starches from Xipo large vats (Pot 25–28) (shown in DIC/bright-field [left] and polarized [right] views). 1. panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) starch showing enlarged \nfissures (Pot 25); 2. Unidentified (UNID) starch showing tunnels and random pitting (Pot 27); 3. UNID partially gelatinized starch showing swelling and melting (Pot \n25); 4. Gelatinized rice compound starch (Pot 27); 5. UNID fermented starch showing disappearing extinction cross (Pot 25); 6. panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) starch showing deep \nfissures and pitting (Pot 25); 7. UNID fermented starch showing swelling and distortion due to gelatinization during fermentation (Pot 26); 8. UNID fermented starch \nshowing gelatinization, central depression, and partial digestion (Pot 27).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西坡大型发酵罐中受损淀粉显微特征", "title_en": "Microscopic Characteristics of Damaged Starches from Xipo Large Fermentation Vats", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2eb309d83998b28ca6b16f17.png", "image_url": "media/S212_5d04397a1de4_S212-F05.png?v=2eb309d83998", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "More than half of the starches were damaged to some extent (n = 539, 68.31% of the total, 100% ubiquity). The damage types were identified using multiple published works (Henry et al., 2009; Hut schenreuther et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017) and our reference dataset. We classified the damage into two types. The first type (n = 237, 30.04% of the total, 93.33% ubiquity) includes damage features like random pitting, central depressions, or tunnels. They might be the result of human interventions like fermentation during which the granules were digested by enzymes, but are also likely to have been caused by natural taphonomic processes (Fig. 5: 1–2). The other type shows clearer pat terns of anthropogenic modifications, such as cooking and fermentation. In this group, some starches (n = 243, 30.8% of the total, 100% ubiq uity) showing distortion, folding, swelling, melting, and loss of the extinction cross, were identified as being gelatinized (Fig. 5: 3–4, Fig. 6: 2–4, 6–8). These starches might have experienced relatively high- temperature heating in the presence of water. Other starches show a combination of moderate gelatinization and enzyme digestion (n = 59, 7.48% of the total, 60% ubiquity) (Fig. 5: 5–8, Fig. 6: 1, 5), where the granules are slightly expanded or distorted with the extinction cross preserved, and partially (usually including the center) consumed by enzymes. This is a diagnostic feature of the damage caused by saccharification and fermentation.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:29.283040+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN154", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Damaged starches from Xipo large vats (Pot 25–28) (shown in DIC/bright-field [left] and polarized [right] views). 1. Panicoideae starch showing enlarged \nfissures (Pot 25); 2. Unidentified (UNID) starch showing tunnels and random pitting (Pot 27); 3. UNID partially gelatinized starch showing swelling and melting (Pot \n25); 4. Gelatinized rice compound starch (Pot 27); 5. UNID fermented starch showing disappearing extinction cross (Pot 25); 6. Panicoideae starch showing deep \nfissures and pitting (Pot 25); 7. UNID fermented starch showing swelling and distortion due to gelatinization during fermentation (Pot 26); 8. UNID fermented starch \nshowing gelatinization, central depression, and partial digestion (Pot 27).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xipo", "quote": "In this paper, we focus on a Neolithic Yangshao culture community with emergent social hierarchy associated\nXipo site with feasting activities. We analyzed the microfossil remains (micro-botanical and fungi) on 15 vessels excavated\nLarge vat from the cemetery section of the Xipo site in northern Ch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5d04397a1de415806b6e306b9e6624323b6d98692938da5810a3d8e3a5edd7a2" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S212_79ac40680b32_S212-F06", "paper_key": "S212_79ac40680b32", "paper_id": "S212", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Damaged starches from vessels other than large vats (shown in DIC/bright-field [left] and polarized [right] views). 1. UNID fermented starch showing partial \ngelatinization and central depression (Pot 31); 2. UNID gelatinized starch showing swelling and distortion (Pot 31); 3. UNID gelatinized starch showing melting and \ndistortion (Pot 34); 4. UNID gelatinized starch showing disappearing extinction cross (Pot 35); 5. UNID fermented starch showing gelatinization and hollowed center \n(Pot 37); 6. UNID gelatinized starch showing melting and partial swelling (Pot 37); 7. UNID gelatinized starch showing partially melting and flattening (Pot 39); 8. \nUNID gelatinized starch cluster showing melting and flattening (Pot 39).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S212_5d04397a1de4_S212-F06。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f097f01b24f0a97beafa0955041953053cc047617247f6912e4e80d8607a967e", "image_bytes": 2303534, "sites": [ "CN154" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 来自非大型储罐容器的受损淀粉（显示在DIC/明场[左]和偏振[右]视图中）。1. 未鉴定发酵淀粉显示部分糊化及中央凹陷（陶罐31）；2. 未鉴定糊化淀粉显示膨胀和变形（陶罐31）；3. 未鉴定糊化淀粉显示熔融和变形（陶罐34）；4. 未鉴定糊化淀粉显示消光十字消失（陶罐35）；5. 未鉴定发酵淀粉显示糊化及中心空洞（陶罐37）；6. 未鉴定糊化淀粉显示熔融和部分膨胀（陶罐37）；7. 未鉴定糊化淀粉显示部分熔融和扁平化（陶罐39）；8. 未鉴定糊化淀粉团聚显示熔融和扁平化（陶罐39）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Damaged starches from vessels other than large vats (shown in DIC/bright-field [left] and polarized [right] views). 1. UNID fermented starch showing partial \ngelatinization and central depression (Pot 31); 2. UNID gelatinized starch showing swelling and distortion (Pot 31); 3. UNID gelatinized starch showing melting and \ndistortion (Pot 34); 4. UNID gelatinized starch showing disappearing extinction cross (Pot 35); 5. UNID fermented starch showing gelatinization and hollowed center \n(Pot 37); 6. UNID gelatinized starch showing melting and partial swelling (Pot 37); 7. UNID gelatinized starch showing partially melting and flattening (Pot 39); 8. \nUNID gelatinized starch cluster showing melting and flattening (Pot 39).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "非大型储罐容器中受损淀粉", "title_en": "Damaged starches from non-large storage vessels", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f097f01b24f0a97beafa0955.png", "image_url": "media/S212_79ac40680b32_S212-F06.png?v=f097f01b24f0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "In total, we recorded 789 starch granules or granule compounds in the residue samples from the Xipo vessels (Table A.1). There are many starch compounds containing unknown numbers of starch granules, which are too blurry to count or measure due to either damage (e.g., gelatinized starches in Fig. 6: 8) or the small sizes of the granules (e.g., rice starch cluster in Fig. 4: 7). In this research, each starch compound (mainly from rice and Triticeae) was counted as one entity. Among the 789 observed starches, 522 (66.16% of the total, 100% ubiquity) were identified to one of five taxa/groups: Panicoideae, Oryza sativa rice, Triticeae, Trichosanthes kirilowii snake gourd root, or other underground storage organs (USOs). There are a considerable number of unidentified starches (UNID; n = 267, 33.84% of the total, 93.33% ubiquity) because they are too damaged to identify or show no diagnostic features which match our current reference samples. Examples of each taxon/group are given in Fig. 4. The slides of control samples are generally clean, with a small number of starches, none of which show gelatinized features (Table A.1). This pattern is clearly different from that of the residues, supporting the credibility of the data from residue samples. Group 1: Panicoideae (n = 270, 34.22% of the total, 93.33% ubiq uity) is the most numerous taxon in the starch assemblage. There are two subtypes in this group. One type is characterized by a polygonal or round form with centric hilum, and the size range is 6.86–18.76 μm. These features are consistent with broomcorn millet (Panicum mili", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "More than half of the starches were damaged to some extent (n = 539, 68.31% of the total, 100% ubiquity). The damage types were identified using multiple published works (Henry et al., 2009; Hut schenreuther et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017) and our reference dataset. We classified the damage into two types. The first type (n = 237, 30.04% of the total, 93.33% ubiquity) includes damage features like random pitting, central depressions, or tunnels. They might be the result of human interventions like fermentation during which the granules were digested by enzymes, but are also likely to have been caused by natural taphonomic processes (Fig. 5: 1–2). The other type shows clearer pat terns of anthropogenic modifications, such as cooking and fermentation. In this group, some starches (n = 243, 30.8% of the total, 100% ubiq uity) showing distortion, folding, swelling, melting, and loss of the extinction cross, were identified as being gelatinized (Fig. 5: 3–4, Fig. 6: 2–4, 6–8). These starches might have experienced relatively high- temperature heating in the presence of water. Other starches show a combination of moderate gelatinization and enzyme digestion (n = 59, 7.48% of the total, 60% ubiquity) (Fig. 5: 5–8, Fig. 6: 1, 5), where the granules are slightly expanded or distorted with the extinction cross preserved, and partially (usually including the center) consumed by enzymes. This is a diagnostic feature of the damage caused by saccharification and fermentation.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "mold elements, including Monascus, suggesting that they were once in contact with fermented beverages (Tables A.1 and A.3). The gui cups from Xipo are made of thick coarse sandy clay, often fitted with lids, and unlikely to have been used for drinking. This vessel type may have been used for preparing some special starchy substance, although remains to be tested. The large vats might have been used for fermentation as well as potentially for serving alcoholic drinks. The damage types on starch granules, which are consistent with enzymatic attack and gelatinization during fermentation, are present in the residues of all four vats. Some moderately gelatinized starch granules still preserve their contour well with traces of enzyme digestion, while highly gelatinized rice starches seldom appear in discernible shapes. This result suggests that the starchy substances inside the vats had been heated in presence of water, and went through saccharification and fermentation. Starches showing different degrees of gelatinization might be relevant to understanding the heating processes during fermentation (as discussed in the following section). There is a clear contrast between the discernible shapes of the moderately gelatinized starch granules in the vats and the deeply damaged forms of the highly cooked starches. Experiments have shown that starches, even relatively large ones, that have gone through extensive boiling or other high-temperature processes, become highly swollen, expanded, and usually too damaged to be recognized. Their extinction crosses, and even their outer contours", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:29.341186+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN154", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Damaged starches from vessels other than large vats (shown in DIC/bright-field [left] and polarized [right] views). 1. UNID fermented starch showing partial \ngelatinization and central depression (Pot 31); 2. UNID gelatinized starch showing swelling and distortion (Pot 31); 3. UNID gelatinized starch showing melting and \ndistortion (Pot 34); 4. UNID gelatinized starch showing disappearing extinction cross (Pot 35); 5. UNID fermented starch showing gelatinization and hollowed center \n(Pot 37); 6. UNID gelatinized starch showing melting and partial swelling (Pot 37); 7. UNID gelatinized starch showing partially melting and flattening (Pot 39); 8. \nUNID gelatinized starch cluster showing melting and flattening (Pot 39).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xipo", "quote": "In this paper, we focus on a Neolithic Yangshao culture community with emergent social hierarchy associated\nXipo site with feasting activities. We analyzed the microfossil remains (micro-botanical and fungi) on 15 vessels excavated\nLarge vat from the cemetery section of the Xipo site in northern Ch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "79ac40680b327cd93b223aadbffe92c1684a5a2c23fb80862da7375b7bc147c3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S212_79ac40680b32_S212-F07", "paper_key": "S212_79ac40680b32", "paper_id": "S212", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig. 7. Phytolith types in Xipo residue and control samples. 1. Bilobate (Pot 26); 2. Rice double peak (Pot 32); 3. Rondel (Control Pot 25); 4. Trichome (Pot 34); 5. \nHair cell (Pot 26); 6. Phragmites bulliform (Control Pot 25); 7. Common bulliform from grass (Pot 25); 8. Raphide (Pot 33); 9. Broomcorn millet husk (η-type long cell) \n(Pot 25); 10. Dendriform (Pot 39); 11. Epidermal cells (Pot 26); 12. Grass leaf long cells (Pot 29).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S212_5d04397a1de4_S212-F07。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3cda9acb7dbbe4efe46d97ac6e2e035de30f42489cf14ef0e65721ff4cd91d62", "image_bytes": 2448113, "sites": [ "CN154" ], "caption_zh": "图7. 西坡残留物及对照样品中的植硅体类型。1. 哑铃型（26号陶片）；2. 水稻双峰型（32号陶片）；3. 帽形（25号对照陶片）；4. 尖型（34号陶片）；5. 尖型（26号陶片）；6. 芦苇盾形（25号对照陶片）；7. 常见扇形（25号陶片）；8. 鞘状（33号陶片）；9. 黍颖壳植硅体（η型长细胞）（25号陶片）；10. 分枝状（39号陶片）；11. 表皮细胞（26号陶片）；12. 方型（29号陶片）。\n", "caption_en": "Fig. 7. Phytolith types in Xipo residue and control samples. 1. Bilobate (Pot 26); 2. Rice double peak (Pot 32); 3. Rondel (Control Pot 25); 4. Trichome (Pot 34); 5. \nHair cell (Pot 26); 6. reeds (Phragmites) bulliform (Control Pot 25); 7. Common bulliform from grass (Pot 25); 8. Raphide (Pot 33); 9. Broomcorn millet husk (η-type long cell) \n(Pot 25); 10. Dendriform (Pot 39); 11. Epidermal cells (Pot 26); 12. Grass leaf long cells (Pot 29).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西坡残留物及对照样品中的植硅体类型", "title_en": "Phytolith types in Xipo residue and control samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/3cda9acb7dbbe4efe46d97ac.png", "image_url": "media/S212_79ac40680b32_S212-F07.png?v=3cda9acb7dbb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "In total, we recorded 789 starch granules or granule compounds in the residue samples from the Xipo vessels (Table A.1). There are many starch compounds containing unknown numbers of starch granules, which are too blurry to count or measure due to either damage (e.g., gelatinized starches in Fig. 6: 8) or the small sizes of the granules (e.g., rice starch cluster in Fig. 4: 7). In this research, each starch compound (mainly from rice and Triticeae) was counted as one entity. Among the 789 observed starches, 522 (66.16% of the total, 100% ubiquity) were identified to one of five taxa/groups: Panicoideae, Oryza sativa rice, Triticeae, Trichosanthes kirilowii snake gourd root, or other underground storage organs (USOs). There are a considerable number of unidentified starches (UNID; n = 267, 33.84% of the total, 93.33% ubiquity) because they are too damaged to identify or show no diagnostic features which match our current reference samples. Examples of each taxon/group are given in Fig. 4. The slides of control samples are generally clean, with a small number of starches, none of which show gelatinized features (Table A.1). This pattern is clearly different from that of the residues, supporting the credibility of the data from residue samples. Group 1: Panicoideae (n = 270, 34.22% of the total, 93.33% ubiq uity) is the most numerous taxon in the starch assemblage. There are two subtypes in this group. One type is characterized by a polygonal or round form with centric hilum, and the size range is 6.86–18.76 μm. These features are consistent with broomcorn millet (Panicum mili", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "The residue samples yielded 146 phytoliths total (100% ubiquity) (Table A.2). More than half were identified as epidermal multi-cell skeletons (n = 45, 30.82% of the total, 53.33% ubiquity) or common bulliforms (n = 33, 22.6% of the total, 60% ubiquity). Only one η-type husk phytolith, likely from broomcorn millet (Pot 25), and one rice double peak phytolith (Pot 32) were found. The phytoliths seem mostly derived from grass leaves with very few seed husks (Fig. 7), indicating that germination might not have been involved in processing. There are several possible sources for the leaf phytoliths, such as caoqu herb starter for fermentation and additives for special aromas or medicinal proper ties (Huang, 2000), though there is not enough data to identify them. The presence of rice and millet husks supports the identification of rice and Panicoideae starch granules in the residue samples. Two raphides were found from the gui cup (Pot 33), probably from a USO, as this vessel also yielded starches from USOs. There were 58 phytoliths recovered in the control samples collected from the exterior surface of the vessels, likely representing the soils in the burial environments, The phytoliths were mostly from the control samples of Pot 25 (n = 24) and Pot 26 (n = 27) (Table A.2). The control samples of these two vessels have a higher concentration of phytoliths than their associated residue samples (in residue samples, there are eight phytoliths in Pot 25, and 22 in Pot 26). Among the phytoliths from six control samples, 28 are common bulliform cells (48.28% of the total, 33.33% ubiq", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:15:29.393009+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN154", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Fig. 7. Phytolith types in Xipo residue and control samples. 1. Bilobate (Pot 26); 2. Rice double peak (Pot 32); 3. Rondel (Control Pot 25); 4. Trichome (Pot 34); 5. \nHair cell (Pot 26); 6. Phragmites bulliform (Control Pot 25); 7. Common bulliform from grass (Pot 25); 8. Raphide (Pot 33); 9. Broomcorn millet husk (η-type long cell) \n(Pot 25); 10. Dendriform (Pot 39); 11. Epidermal cells (Pot 26); 12. Grass leaf long cells (Pot 29).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xipo", "quote": "In this paper, we focus on a Neolithic Yangshao culture community with emergent social hierarchy associated\nXipo site with feasting activities. We analyzed the microfossil remains (micro-botanical and fungi) on 15 vessels excavated\nLarge vat from the cemetery section of the Xipo site in northern Ch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "79ac40680b327cd93b223aadbffe92c1684a5a2c23fb80862da7375b7bc147c3" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S213_75c74a9580b3_S213-F03", "paper_key": "S213_75c74a9580b3", "paper_id": "S213", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Native starch granules for comparison discussed in this paper (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views). a. Broomcorn millet Panicum mil­\niaceum; b. Foxtail millet Setaria italica; c. Leymus secalinus; d. barley Hordeum vulgare; e. fermented rice Oryza sativa (concave center in bright field, blurry or absent \nbirefringence in polarized light); f. lily Lilium lancifolium; g. snake gourd root Trichosanthes kirilowii; h. ginger Zingiber officinale; i. turmeric Curcuma longa; j. bean, \nVicia sp. (Scales: 20 um).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "121c566576892364f1a0e8df1e40af2f69c058f336e68afd32ec0d7d7e69daaf", "image_bytes": 2316424, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. 本文讨论的原生淀粉粒用于对比（每张淀粉图像均显示在明场和偏光视图中）。a. 黍 Panicum miliaceum；b. 粟 Setaria italica；c. 赖草（Leymus secalinus）；d. 大麦 Hordeum vulgare；e. 发酵水稻 Oryza sativa（明场中中心凹陷，偏光下模糊或无双折射）；f. 卷丹（Lilium lancifolium）；g. 栝楼根（Trichosanthes kirilowii）；h. 姜（Zingiber officinale）；i. 姜黄（Curcuma longa）；j. 豆类 野豌豆属（Vicia sp.）（尺度：20 μm）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Native starch granules for comparison discussed in this paper (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views). a. broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); b. Foxtail millet Setaria italica; c. wildrye (Leymus secalinus); d. barley Hordeum vulgare; e. fermented rice Oryza sativa (concave center in bright field, blurry or absent \nbirefringence in polarized light); f. lily tiger lily (Lilium lancifolium); g. snake gourd root Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii); h. ginger Zingiber officinale; i. turmeric Curcuma longa; j. bean, \nvetches (Vicia sp.) (Scales: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "原生淀粉粒对比图", "title_en": "Comparison of Native Starch Granules", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/121c566576892364f1a0e8df.png", "image_url": "media/S213_75c74a9580b3_S213-F03.png?v=121c56657689", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "We have identified 840 starch granules from the Shimao pottery residue samples. 53.93% of them can be classified into seven types, each corresponding to a specific plant taxon (Table 2, Fig. 5). Type I starch granules resemble those from the Paniceae tribe (n = 248, 29.52% of the total, 93.75% ubiquity), characterized by round and polygonal shapes with a centric hilum and a linear or “Y” fissure. The extinction cross is “+” in shape (Fig. 5a). The size range is 4.71–21.05 μm, overlapping with the size ranges of native starch granules from broomcorn millet (3.03–12.8 μm) and foxtail millet (4.84–21.17 μm) in modern reference samples (Liu et al., 2014a, 2014b; Liu et al., 2019) (Fig. 3a-b). Type II starch granules are comparable with those from the Triticeae tribe (n = 89, 10.60% of the total, 62.50% ubiquity), characterized by a lenticular form with a centric hilum. The extinction cross is “+” or “x” in shape (Fig. 5b). The size range is 11.71–34.2 μm. Based on their morphology and size, these starch granules resemble many genera in the Triticeae tribe native to China, including Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus. However, we cannot assign the starch granules to any specific genera at this moment (Fig. 3c). Type III starch granules are identified as rice (Oryza sativa) (n = 62, 7.38% of the total, 18.75% ubiquity). They are small and usually in a compound form, and the size range of individual granules is 3.32–10.48 μm (Fig. 5c). The granules are polygonal in shape, and the extinction crosses are often blurry. These characteristics resemble fermented rice starch in our reference ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Typically, the raw materials for making this millet beer include sprouted wheat Triticum aestivum or maize as a saccharification starter and broomcorn millet as the main ingredient, without artificially adding yeasts. DNA tests of such a beer made by present-day locals at Shimao show that it contains two yeast species, predominantly Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a lesser amount of Pichia kudriavzevii, suggesting that the yeasts are available in the environment (Liu et al., 2019). To better understand the production of millet beer, we replicated the process following the above-mentioned north Shaanxi ethnographic record. The results of this experiment provide comparative data for the analysis of ancient residue samples (Table 1). In the experiment, we used sprouted barley (Hordeum vulgare) as the saccharification agent and broomcorn millet as the main ingredient. The reason for using barley (belonging to the Triticeae tribe) is because wild Triticeae grasses are prevalent today and likely were also growing during the Neolithic period in north China. Starch granules from most Triticeae grasses, and their alteration during alcohol making, are similar (Wang et al., 2017). The experimental brewing was carried out as follows: (1) Husked barley (10 g) was soaked in water for 12–24 h, then drained, spread out on a clean surface, and kept in a cool, dark, and humid place for germination. (2) Broomcorn millet (50 g) was soaked in water for 1 h, drained, and milled into flour with a grinder. In the steaming process, a thin layer of this millet flour was spread on a steamer, and another", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "comprising three or four granules (Fig. 5e-g). The size range is 5.60–19.15 μm, consistent with modern snake gourd root starch gran ules (Fig. 3g). A Type VI starch granule is identified as the Zingiberaceae family (n = 1, 0.12% of the total, 6.25% ubiquity). It is elongate oval in shape with an exaggeratedly eccentric hilum, and the size is 27.41 μm (Fig. 5h). There is a relief on the edge of the hilum side, observable under DIC. This unique feature is often present on starch granules of the Zingiber genus (see Torrence & Barton, 2006: Plate 27), including ginger (Z. officinale). Such a feature can also be seen on some starch granules from turmeric (Curcuma longa). Both Zingiber and Curcuma belong to the Zingiberaceae family. The Type VI granule is comparable with those from ginger and", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "turmeric starch in our database (Fig. 3h-i), but it appears more consis tent with ginger. Since only one Type VI starch granule was found, we tentatively identify it as Zingiberaceae. Type VII starch granules are similar to those from beans, possibly wild pea (Vicia sp.) (n = 3, 0.36% of the total, 12.50% ubiquity), characterized by oval or kidney-like shapes (Fig. 5i) with a size range of 23.03–38.26 μm. Lamellae and fissures are observable. One of the most distinctive features is the multiple arms on the extinction cross. Bean starches, probably derived from Vicia or Vigna, have been found on ar tifacts dating to the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic periods in north China (Liu et al., 2019, 2016a, 2013). Shimao Type VII starch granules are likely derived from Vicia spp. (Fig. 3j), as this genus is widely", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T10:23:48.833233+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S213_75c74a9580b3", "page": 6, "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "20b476fccc3ca2d234b42f58538e50bdd127e1794e0decec8da80b60c839e74e" }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S213_75c74a9580b3_S213-F04", "paper_key": "S213_75c74a9580b3", "paper_id": "S213", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Starch granules and yeasts in experimental fermentation samples (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views). a. Ground broomcorn millet (arrows 1, 2 pointing to cracks and deep channels); b. steamed ground broomcorn millet (arrow 3: amorphous and in clusters, arrow 4: showing clear birefringence in polarized light); c. sprouted barley, showing fissures and concentric channels; d. ground sprouted barley (arrow 5: deep cracks, arrow 6: pitting); e. fermented broomcorn millet showing concave center in bright field, and disappearance of birefringence in polarized light; f. fermented starch granules (arrows 7, 8: broomcorn millet, heavy gelatinization and amorphous, arrow 9: barley, concave channels); g. gelatinized broom- corn millet starch granules stained with Congo red; h. yeast cells showing budding features in a modern experimental sample; i. yeast cells in the modern- day millet beer, hunjiu, produced in Yulin, Shaanxi, DNA tested as S. cerevisiae. (Scales, a-f: 20 μm; g: 50 μm; h-i: 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "158f348cd88f30f9903098afb429c9994742904b716e34a2446ab76c498175fb", "image_bytes": 1914419, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 实验发酵样品中的淀粉粒和酵母（每张淀粉图像均显示在明场和偏光视图下）。a. 研磨的黍（箭头1、2指向裂隙和深通道）；b. 蒸煮后的研磨黍（箭头3：无定形且成簇，箭头4：在偏光下显示明显的双折射）；c. 发芽的大麦，显示裂隙和同心通道；d. 研磨的发芽大麦（箭头5：深裂隙，箭头6：出现坑洞）；e. 发酵的黍，在明场下显示中心凹陷，偏光下双折射消失；f. 发酵的淀粉粒（箭头7、8：黍，严重糊化且无定形，箭头9：大麦，中心凹陷）；g. 糊化的黍淀粉粒经结晶紫染色；h. 现代实验样品中显示出芽特征的酵母细胞；i. 现代黍酒（hunjiu）中酵母细胞，产自陕西榆林，经DNA检测为酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）。（尺度，a-f:20 μm；g:50 μm；h-i:10 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Starch granules and yeasts in experimental fermentation samples (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views). a. Ground broomcorn millet (arrows 1, 2 pointing to cracks and deep channels); b. steamed ground broomcorn millet (arrow 3: amorphous and in clusters, arrow 4: showing clear birefringence in polarized light); c. sprouted barley, showing fissures and concentric channels; d. ground sprouted barley (arrow 5: deep cracks, arrow 6: pitting); e. fermented broomcorn millet showing concave center in bright field, and disappearance of birefringence in polarized light; f. fermented starch granules (arrows 7, 8: broomcorn millet, heavy gelatinization and amorphous, arrow 9: barley, concave channels); g. gelatinized broom- corn millet starch granules stained with Congo red; h. yeast cells showing budding features in a modern experimental sample; i. yeast cells in the modern- day millet beer, hunjiu, produced in Yulin, Shaanxi, DNA tested as brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). (Scales, a-f: 20 μm; g: 50 μm; h-i: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "实验发酵样品中的淀粉粒与酵母", "title_en": "Starch Granules and Yeasts in Experimental Fermentation Samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/158f348cd88f30f9903098af.png", "image_url": "media/S213_75c74a9580b3_S213-F04.png?v=158f348cd88f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Typically, the raw materials for making this millet beer include sprouted wheat Triticum aestivum or maize as a saccharification starter and broomcorn millet as the main ingredient, without artificially adding yeasts. DNA tests of such a beer made by present-day locals at Shimao show that it contains two yeast species, predominantly Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a lesser amount of Pichia kudriavzevii, suggesting that the yeasts are available in the environment (Liu et al., 2019). To better understand the production of millet beer, we replicated the process following the above-mentioned north Shaanxi ethnographic record. The results of this experiment provide comparative data for the analysis of ancient residue samples (Table 1). In the experiment, we used sprouted barley (Hordeum vulgare) as the saccharification agent and broomcorn millet as the main ingredient. The reason for using barley (belonging to the Triticeae tribe) is because wild Triticeae grasses are prevalent today and likely were also growing during the Neolithic period in north China. Starch granules from most Triticeae grasses, and their alteration during alcohol making, are similar (Wang et al., 2017). The experimental brewing was carried out as follows: (1) Husked barley (10 g) was soaked in water for 12–24 h, then drained, spread out on a clean surface, and kept in a cool, dark, and humid place for germination. (2) Broomcorn millet (50 g) was soaked in water for 1 h, drained, and milled into flour with a grinder. In the steaming process, a thin layer of this millet flour was spread on a steamer, and another", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "is 9.87–30.00 μm, with an average of 21.51 μm. After germination, four types of damage caused by continuous enzymatic attack are present: random pits or fissures, more pronounced lamellae, hollowed centers, and disappeared extinction crosses (Fig. 4c). These observations are consistent with the previous experimental study (Wang et al., 2017). The sizes of malted barley starch granules tend to be more variable in shape and slightly larger in size, ranging from 12.44 to 42.54 μm, with an average of 22.03 μm. After being ground, barley malts are more damaged by the physical forces. Some starch granules are only partially intact or have more fissures on the surface (Fig. 4d). After fermentation, the starch granules are largely swelled and concave in the center with a folded edge in a “pizza shape” (Fig. 4f: arrow 9). In polarized light, the starch granules are still birefringent, commonly with blurry small arms on the extinction crosses. When stained with Congo red, starch granule com pounds of broomcorn millet are red or pink in bright field and appear red or orange in polarized light (Fig. 4g). Yeast cells morphologically similar to S. cerevisiae, characterized by budding reproduction and clustering, were also found in the sample (Fig. 4h).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "A great percentage of the starch granules are damaged or morpho logically altered (Table 2, Fig. 5). Several types of damage are observ able in our alcohol brewing experiment, as follows. (1) Non-gelatinized damage (n = 160, 19.05% of the total), likely caused by pounding or grinding, as well as by enzymatic attack during malting (Fig. 5 a-b, j). (2) Gelatinized damage (Fig. 5 k-n), which can be further categorized into fermentation damage (n = 122, 20.95% of the total) and non- fermentation damage (n = 176, 27.98% of the total). When Congo red stain (Lamb and Loy, 2005) was applied to two samples, gelatinized starch granules were dyed red in brightfield and appeared red or orange in polarized light (Fig. 5o). The presence of both fermentation and non- fermentation gelatinized alteration in the Shimao samples is consistent with the brewing experiment results (Wang et al., 2017). The phytoliths from Paniceae husk, dendriforms from Triticeae husk, and double-peaks from rice husk correspond to the identification of starches from millet, Triticeae, and rice, suggesting that these cereals were the main fermentation ingredients. The considerable number of husk phytoliths from Paniceae, particularly from broomcorn millet, further suggests that the malting of primarily broomcorn millet was likely part of the saccharification method used in alcohol production at Shimao. In addition, yeast cells were also found in the Shimao samples (Fig. 5 p-q). They are round or oval with a size range of 3.48–8.72 μm and are morphologically similar to S. cerevisiae (Fig. 4 h-i), with some cells sho", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "We have identified 840 starch granules from the Shimao pottery residue samples. 53.93% of them can be classified into seven types, each corresponding to a specific plant taxon (Table 2, Fig. 5). Type I starch granules resemble those from the Paniceae tribe (n = 248, 29.52% of the total, 93.75% ubiquity), characterized by round and polygonal shapes with a centric hilum and a linear or “Y” fissure. The extinction cross is “+” in shape (Fig. 5a). The size range is 4.71–21.05 μm, overlapping with the size ranges of native starch granules from broomcorn millet (3.03–12.8 μm) and foxtail millet (4.84–21.17 μm) in modern reference samples (Liu et al., 2014a, 2014b; Liu et al., 2019) (Fig. 3a-b). Type II starch granules are comparable with those from the Triticeae tribe (n = 89, 10.60% of the total, 62.50% ubiquity), characterized by a lenticular form with a centric hilum. The extinction cross is “+” or “x” in shape (Fig. 5b). The size range is 11.71–34.2 μm. Based on their morphology and size, these starch granules resemble many genera in the Triticeae tribe native to China, including Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus. However, we cannot assign the starch granules to any specific genera at this moment (Fig. 3c). Type III starch granules are identified as rice (Oryza sativa) (n = 62, 7.38% of the total, 18.75% ubiquity). They are small and usually in a compound form, and the size range of individual granules is 3.32–10.48 μm (Fig. 5c). The granules are polygonal in shape, and the extinction crosses are often blurry. These characteristics resemble fermented rice starch in our reference ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T10:24:15.881836+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S213_75c74a9580b3", "page": 7, "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "20b476fccc3ca2d234b42f58538e50bdd127e1794e0decec8da80b60c839e74e" }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S213_75c74a9580b3_S213-F05", "paper_key": "S213_75c74a9580b3", "paper_id": "S213", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Starch types (a-i), damage features (j-n), Congo red stain (o) and yeast cells (p-q) in Shimao pottery residues (each starch image is shown in DIC/brightfield and polarized views). a. Type I Paniceae, showing deep channels on the surface; b. Type II Triticeae, showing pitting and concentric fissures; c. Type III rice (in a cluster, gelatinized); d. Type IV lily; e, f, g. Type V snake gourd root (e: in bell shape, f: oval shape, g: in compound form); h. Type VI ginger or turmeric; i. VII bean, j. possibly Triticeae, showing signs of enzymatic attack: deep concentric channels in bright field and blurry birefringence in polarized light; k. possibly Triticeae, showing signs of fermentation: thick and folded edge and concave center in bright field, and disap- pearance of birefringence in polarized light; l. an unidentified starch granule, showing signs of fermentation, thick and folded edge and concave center in bright field, and birefringence at the edge in polarized light; m. heavily gelatinized starch granule, in amorphous shape and with no birefringence in polarized light; n. a cluster of gelatinized Triticeae starch granules, only some still birefringent; o. gelatinized starch dyed with Congo red; p. a cluster yest c al shapeand wihudi tues; q. a yeast cell showing protuberance indicating the budding pro- cess. (Scales: 20 μm). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ecb4abdb12f6dfce5360be9419ba06c8908669cd6492eaf1fd92b4779269b6e0", "image_bytes": 2223219, "sites": [ "CN123" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 石峁陶器残留物中的淀粉类型（a-i）、损伤特征（j-n）、结晶紫染色（o）和酵母细胞（p-q）。a. I型黍族，表面有深沟；b. II型小麦族，有凹坑和同心裂纹；c. III型水稻（成簇，糊化）；d. IV型百合；e， f， g. V型葫芦根（e: 葫芦形，f: 椭圆形，g: 复合形）；h. VI型姜或姜黄；i. VII型豆类；j. 可能为小麦族，显示酶作用迹象：明场下有深同心沟，偏光下呈模糊双折射；k. 可能为小麦族，显示发酵迹象：明场下边缘厚且折叠、中心凹陷，偏光下无双折射；l. 未鉴定的淀粉粒，显示发酵迹象：明场下边缘厚且折叠、中心凹陷，偏光下边缘有双折射；m. 严重糊化的淀粉粒，呈无定形，偏光下无双折射；n. 一簇糊化的小麦族淀粉粒，部分仍呈双折射；o. 用结晶紫染色的糊化淀粉；p. 一簇酵母细胞呈簇状且有突起；q. 一个酵母细胞显示突起，表明出芽过程。（比例尺：20 μm）。（关于本图例中颜色的参考，请参见本文的网络版本。）", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Starch types (a-i), damage features (j-n), Congo red stain (o) and yeast cells (p-q) in Shimao pottery residues (each starch image is shown in DIC/brightfield and polarized views). a. Type I panicgrass tribe (Paniceae), showing deep channels on the surface; b. Type II wheat tribe (Triticeae), showing pitting and concentric fissures; c. Type III rice (in a cluster, gelatinized); d. Type IV lily; e, f, g. Type V snake gourd root (e: in bell shape, f: oval shape, g: in compound form); h. Type VI ginger or turmeric; i. VII bean, j. possibly wheat tribe (Triticeae), showing signs of enzymatic attack: deep concentric channels in bright field and blurry birefringence in polarized light; k. possibly wheat tribe (Triticeae), showing signs of fermentation: thick and folded edge and concave center in bright field, and disap- pearance of birefringence in polarized light; l. an unidentified starch granule, showing signs of fermentation, thick and folded edge and concave center in bright field, and birefringence at the edge in polarized light; m. heavily gelatinized starch granule, in amorphous shape and with no birefringence in polarized light; n. a cluster of gelatinized wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch granules, only some still birefringent; o. gelatinized starch dyed with Congo red; p. a cluster yest c al shapeand wihudi tues; q. a yeast cell showing protuberance indicating the budding pro- cess. (Scales: 20 μm). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石峁陶器残留物中的淀粉类型与酵母细胞", "title_en": "Starch Types and Yeast Cells in Shimao Pottery Residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ecb4abdb12f6dfce5360be94.png", "image_url": "media/S213_75c74a9580b3_S213-F05.png?v=ecb4abdb12f6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "We have identified 840 starch granules from the Shimao pottery residue samples. 53.93% of them can be classified into seven types, each corresponding to a specific plant taxon (Table 2, Fig. 5). Type I starch granules resemble those from the Paniceae tribe (n = 248, 29.52% of the total, 93.75% ubiquity), characterized by round and polygonal shapes with a centric hilum and a linear or “Y” fissure. The extinction cross is “+” in shape (Fig. 5a). The size range is 4.71–21.05 μm, overlapping with the size ranges of native starch granules from broomcorn millet (3.03–12.8 μm) and foxtail millet (4.84–21.17 μm) in modern reference samples (Liu et al., 2014a, 2014b; Liu et al., 2019) (Fig. 3a-b). Type II starch granules are comparable with those from the Triticeae tribe (n = 89, 10.60% of the total, 62.50% ubiquity), characterized by a lenticular form with a centric hilum. The extinction cross is “+” or “x” in shape (Fig. 5b). The size range is 11.71–34.2 μm. Based on their morphology and size, these starch granules resemble many genera in the Triticeae tribe native to China, including Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus. However, we cannot assign the starch granules to any specific genera at this moment (Fig. 3c). Type III starch granules are identified as rice (Oryza sativa) (n = 62, 7.38% of the total, 18.75% ubiquity). They are small and usually in a compound form, and the size range of individual granules is 3.32–10.48 μm (Fig. 5c). The granules are polygonal in shape, and the extinction crosses are often blurry. These characteristics resemble fermented rice starch in our reference ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "comprising three or four granules (Fig. 5e-g). The size range is 5.60–19.15 μm, consistent with modern snake gourd root starch gran ules (Fig. 3g). A Type VI starch granule is identified as the Zingiberaceae family (n = 1, 0.12% of the total, 6.25% ubiquity). It is elongate oval in shape with an exaggeratedly eccentric hilum, and the size is 27.41 μm (Fig. 5h). There is a relief on the edge of the hilum side, observable under DIC. This unique feature is often present on starch granules of the Zingiber genus (see Torrence & Barton, 2006: Plate 27), including ginger (Z. officinale). Such a feature can also be seen on some starch granules from turmeric (Curcuma longa). Both Zingiber and Curcuma belong to the Zingiberaceae family. The Type VI granule is comparable with those from ginger and", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "turmeric starch in our database (Fig. 3h-i), but it appears more consis tent with ginger. Since only one Type VI starch granule was found, we tentatively identify it as Zingiberaceae. Type VII starch granules are similar to those from beans, possibly wild pea (Vicia sp.) (n = 3, 0.36% of the total, 12.50% ubiquity), characterized by oval or kidney-like shapes (Fig. 5i) with a size range of 23.03–38.26 μm. Lamellae and fissures are observable. One of the most distinctive features is the multiple arms on the extinction cross. Bean starches, probably derived from Vicia or Vigna, have been found on ar tifacts dating to the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic periods in north China (Liu et al., 2019, 2016a, 2013). Shimao Type VII starch granules are likely derived from Vicia spp. (Fig. 3j), as this genus is widely", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "A great percentage of the starch granules are damaged or morpho logically altered (Table 2, Fig. 5). Several types of damage are observ able in our alcohol brewing experiment, as follows. (1) Non-gelatinized damage (n = 160, 19.05% of the total), likely caused by pounding or grinding, as well as by enzymatic attack during malting (Fig. 5 a-b, j). (2) Gelatinized damage (Fig. 5 k-n), which can be further categorized into fermentation damage (n = 122, 20.95% of the total) and non- fermentation damage (n = 176, 27.98% of the total). When Congo red stain (Lamb and Loy, 2005) was applied to two samples, gelatinized starch granules were dyed red in brightfield and appeared red or orange in polarized light (Fig. 5o). The presence of both fermentation and non- fermentation gelatinized alteration in the Shimao samples is consistent with the brewing experiment results (Wang et al., 2017). The phytoliths from Paniceae husk, dendriforms from Triticeae husk, and double-peaks from rice husk correspond to the identification of starches from millet, Triticeae, and rice, suggesting that these cereals were the main fermentation ingredients. The considerable number of husk phytoliths from Paniceae, particularly from broomcorn millet, further suggests that the malting of primarily broomcorn millet was likely part of the saccharification method used in alcohol production at Shimao. In addition, yeast cells were also found in the Shimao samples (Fig. 5 p-q). They are round or oval with a size range of 3.48–8.72 μm and are morphologically similar to S. cerevisiae (Fig. 4 h-i), with some cells sho", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T10:24:42.442017+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S213_75c74a9580b3", "page": 9, "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "20b476fccc3ca2d234b42f58538e50bdd127e1794e0decec8da80b60c839e74e" }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN123", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Starch types (a-i), damage features (j-n), Congo red stain (o) and yeast cells (p-q) in Shimao pottery residues (each starch image is shown in DIC/brightfield and polarized views). a. Type I Paniceae, showing deep channels on the surface; b. Type II Triticeae, showing pitting and concentric fissures; c. Type III rice (in a cluster, gelatinized); d. Type IV lily; e, f, g. Type V snake gourd root (e: in bell shape, f: oval shape, g: in compound form); h. Type VI ginger or turmeric; i. VII bean, j. possibly Triticeae, showing signs of enzymatic attack: deep concentric channels in bright field and blurry birefringence in polarized light; k. possibly Triticeae, showing signs of fermentation: thick and folded edge and concave center in bright field, and disap- pearance of birefringence in polarized light; l. an unidentified starch granule, showing signs of fermentation, thick and folded edge and concave center in bright field, and birefringence at the edge in polarized light; m. heavily gelatinized starch granule, in amorphous shape and with no birefringence in polarized light; n. a cluster of gelatinized Triticeae starch granules, only some still birefringent; o. gelatinized starch dyed with Congo red; p. a cluster yest c al shapeand wihudi tues; q. a yeast cell showing protuberance indicating the budding pro- cess. (Scales: 20 μm). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shimao", "quote": "sevier.com/locate/jaa\n\n\n“Proposing a toast” from the first urban center in the north Loess Plateau,\nChina: Alcoholic beverages at Shimao\nYahui He a,b,*, Li Liu a,b, Zhouyong Sun c, Jing Shao c, Nan Di c,*\na Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA\nb Stanford Archaeology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA\nc Shaanxi Academy o", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "20b476fccc3ca2d234b42f58538e50bdd127e1794e0decec8da80b60c839e74e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S213_75c74a9580b3_S213-F06", "paper_key": "S213_75c74a9580b3", "paper_id": "S213", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Phytolith morphotypes and charred plant remains in Shimao pottery residues (a-o) compared with modern samples (p-s). a. η-type broomcorn millet husk; b. \ndendriform Triticeae husk; c. double-peak rice husk; d. bilobate; e. cross; f. rondel; g. saddle; h. common bulliform; i. Phragmite bulliform; j, k. opaque perforated \nplatelets; l. Elongate echinate; m. hair cell; n. prinkle; o, p. Shimao possible charred plant remains; q. modern daisy Asteraceae inflorescences; r. modern Chenopod, \nChenopodium sp. stems; s. modern joint pine Ephedra stems; t. modern saffron Crocus sativus flower thread. (Scales, a, c-h, j-l, o, q-s: 20 μm; b, I, m-n, p, t: 50 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b74e229920f86ba6ddcdf7045e8796a789ae817c11de41b6b2afada5a1f18de2", "image_bytes": 3673407, "sites": [ "CN123" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 石峁陶器残留物中的植硅体形态和炭化植物遗存（a-o）与现代样品（p-s）的对比。a. η型黍壳；b. 分枝状小麦族壳；c. 双峰稻壳；d. 双叶状；e. 跨形；f. 圆环形；g. 马鞍形；h. 常见牛形；i. 水莎草牛形；j， k. 不透明孔状板片；l. 延长刺状；m. 细毛细胞；n. 点状纹；o， p. 石峁可能的炭化植物遗存；q. 现代菊科植物头状花序；r. 现代藜科，Chenopodium sp. 茎；s. 现代刺柏 Ephedra 茎；t. 现代藏红花 Crocus sativus 花丝。（尺度，a， c-h， j-l， o， q-s: 20 μm；b， i， m-n， p， t: 50 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Phytolith morphotypes and charred plant remains in Shimao pottery residues (a-o) compared with modern samples (p-s). a. η-type broomcorn millet husk; b. \ndendriform wheat tribe (Triticeae) husk; c. double-peak rice husk; d. bilobate; e. cross; f. rondel; g. saddle; h. common bulliform; i. Phragmite bulliform; j, k. opaque perforated \nplatelets; l. Elongate echinate; m. hair cell; n. prinkle; o, p. Shimao possible charred plant remains; q. modern daisy Asteraceae inflorescences; r. modern Chenopod, \nChenopodium sp. stems; s. modern joint pine Ephedra stems; t. modern saffron Crocus sativus flower thread. (Scales, a, c-h, j-l, o, q-s: 20 μm; b, I, m-n, p, t: 50 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石峁陶器残留物中的植硅体与炭化植物遗存", "title_en": "Phytoliths and Charred Plant Remains in Shimao Pottery Residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b74e229920f86ba6ddcdf704.png", "image_url": "media/S213_75c74a9580b3_S213-F06.png?v=b74e229920f8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "A total of 403 phytoliths were recovered from the Shimao residue samples (Table 3, Fig. 6). Phytoliths from Paniceae husks were identified in four samples, including ƞ-type from broomcorn millet (n = 18, 4.47% of the total, 25% ubiquity) (Fig. 6a) and indeterminant millets (n = 17, 4.22% of the total, 31.25% ubiquity). In addition, bilobate, polylobate, and cross phytoliths were present in eight samples (n = 51, 12.66% of the total, 50% ubiquity) (Fig. 6 d-e). They are likely from Panicoideae, consistent with the presence of Paniceae husk phytoliths. Articulated dendritic epidermal phytoliths (n = 5, 1.24% of the total, 6.25% ubiquity) were recovered as an indication of Pooideae husk phytoliths (Fig. 6b). The presence of Triticeae starch granules in residue samples suggests that these dendritic phytoliths may come from Triti ceae husks. Morphometric analysis of dendriforms can further help with their genus-level discrimination (Ball et al., 2017, 2016). However, the", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "measurement of the 42 wave lobes from these dendriforms did not show clear association with any species in our current Triticeae husk phytolith database, which includes 20 wild and domesticated Triticeae species. Therefore, these dendriforms from Shimao may belong to taxa not in our database, and more references need to be collected in the future. Double-peak phytoliths from rice husks (n = 3, 0.74% of the total, 6.25% ubiquity) (Fig. 6c) were recovered only from Cup 1. Grass phy toliths, including rondel, saddle, common bulliform, and phragmite bulliform, were present in seven samples (n = 26, 6.45% of the total, 43.75% ubiquity) (Fig. 6 f-i). Hair cells, which may have come from eudicots, were identified in five samples (n = 19, 4.71% of the total, 31.25% ubiquity) (Fig. 6m). Opaque perforated platelets (n = 20, 4.96% of the total, 56.25% ubiquity) were found in nine samples. Their forms vary considerably, exhibiting either regular or irregular perforations (Fig. 6 j-k). Such platelets can be found in inflorescences of daisy (Asteraceae) (see Piperno, 2006, 196), but also occur in Chenopod (Chenopodium sp.) stems, joint pine stems (Ephedra sp.), and saffron (Crocus sativus) threads in our dataset (Fig. 6 q-t). Interestingly, among these plants, Ephedra sp., which have hallucinogenic effects on humans, grows widely in the Loess Plateau region around Shimao. In addition, there are numerous undiagnostic, opaque, non-perforated platelets in various forms from Pitchers 3, 8, and 9. Some are long and thin, and others are platy or irregular in shape (Fig. 6 o-p). Such remains ma", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "We have identified 840 starch granules from the Shimao pottery residue samples. 53.93% of them can be classified into seven types, each corresponding to a specific plant taxon (Table 2, Fig. 5). Type I starch granules resemble those from the Paniceae tribe (n = 248, 29.52% of the total, 93.75% ubiquity), characterized by round and polygonal shapes with a centric hilum and a linear or “Y” fissure. The extinction cross is “+” in shape (Fig. 5a). The size range is 4.71–21.05 μm, overlapping with the size ranges of native starch granules from broomcorn millet (3.03–12.8 μm) and foxtail millet (4.84–21.17 μm) in modern reference samples (Liu et al., 2014a, 2014b; Liu et al., 2019) (Fig. 3a-b). Type II starch granules are comparable with those from the Triticeae tribe (n = 89, 10.60% of the total, 62.50% ubiquity), characterized by a lenticular form with a centric hilum. The extinction cross is “+” or “x” in shape (Fig. 5b). The size range is 11.71–34.2 μm. Based on their morphology and size, these starch granules resemble many genera in the Triticeae tribe native to China, including Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus. However, we cannot assign the starch granules to any specific genera at this moment (Fig. 3c). Type III starch granules are identified as rice (Oryza sativa) (n = 62, 7.38% of the total, 18.75% ubiquity). They are small and usually in a compound form, and the size range of individual granules is 3.32–10.48 μm (Fig. 5c). The granules are polygonal in shape, and the extinction crosses are often blurry. These characteristics resemble fermented rice starch in our reference ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T10:25:03.587026+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S213_75c74a9580b3", "page": 11, "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "20b476fccc3ca2d234b42f58538e50bdd127e1794e0decec8da80b60c839e74e" }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN123", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Phytolith morphotypes and charred plant remains in Shimao pottery residues (a-o) compared with modern samples (p-s). a. η-type broomcorn millet husk; b. \ndendriform Triticeae husk; c. double-peak rice husk; d. bilobate; e. cross; f. rondel; g. saddle; h. common bulliform; i. Phragmite bulliform; j, k. opaque perforated \nplatelets; l. Elongate echinate; m. hair cell; n. prinkle; o, p. Shimao possible charred plant remains; q. modern daisy Asteraceae inflorescences; r. modern Chenopod, \nChenopodium sp. stems; s. modern joint pine Ephedra stems; t. modern saffron Crocus sativus flower thread. (Scales, a, c-h, j-l, o, q-s: 20 μm; b, I, m-n, p, t: 50 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shimao", "quote": "sevier.com/locate/jaa\n\n\n“Proposing a toast” from the first urban center in the north Loess Plateau,\nChina: Alcoholic beverages at Shimao\nYahui He a,b,*, Li Liu a,b, Zhouyong Sun c, Jing Shao c, Nan Di c,*\na Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA\nb Stanford Archaeology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA\nc Shaanxi Academy o", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "20b476fccc3ca2d234b42f58538e50bdd127e1794e0decec8da80b60c839e74e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S214_ec5c7d883ca3_MAN_63a0603bff47", "paper_key": "S214_ec5c7d883ca3", "paper_id": "S214", "number": "6", "title_zh": "历史纸张中的淀粉与碳酸钙参照", "title_en": "Starch and calcium carbonate in historical paper", "caption_original": "", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 6. the observation of unaltered starch grains under transmitted light (a) and under polarized light (b) as well as by SEM (c). (d) is the observation of calcium \ncarbonate particles by SEM. More SEM observation images as well as the EDS analysis results are provided in Figs. S5, S6 and Table S1 in Supplementary Information.", "caption_zh": "图6 （a）未改变淀粉粒的透射光照片、（b）偏光照片及（c）扫描电镜照片；（d）碳酸钙颗粒的扫描电镜照片。更多扫描电镜照片及能谱分析见原论文补充材料图S5、S6及表S1。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. the observation of unaltered starch grains under transmitted light (a) and under polarized light (b) as well as by SEM (c). (d) is the observation of calcium \ncarbonate particles by SEM. More SEM observation images as well as the EDS analysis results are provided in Figs. S5, S6 and Table S1 in Supplementary Information.", "source_language": "en", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "notes": "原PDF复核后恢复的现代参照图版。原人工排除；现代参照备选，非本轮确认漏提。原人工筛选记录及PDF均未修改。", "sites": [], "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2f0043ec4eb9b1257178f12489dec5cd520af9cda26fef28afdc4e0a41024865", "image_bytes": 4815380, "thumbnail": "previews/2f0043ec4eb9b1257178f124.png", "image_url": "media/S214_ec5c7d883ca3_MAN_63a0603bff47.png?v=2f0043ec4eb9", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S214_ec5c7d883ca3", "page": 9, "bbox_points": [ 68, 53, 527, 353 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "ec5c7d883ca369ccff26c96e8c4b0ce31b0d5b1e3a84acda5cd3e7b02ef694bc" }, "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:05.759640+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S215_96be9585eec6_SUP_F04", "paper_key": "S215_96be9585eec6", "paper_id": "S215", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig 4. Starch granules from Qiaotou pots compared with rice brewing experiment samples. Qiaotou samples: (a) Qiaotou Type I starch (rice),\ncompared with (b); (c) and (e) Compound rice starch granules showing central pitting (pointed by red arrows) and gelatinization (starch damage type 1),\ncompared with (d) and (f); (g) Slightly gelatinized rice granules without pitting (starch damage type 2), compared with (h); (i) A gelatinized starch\ngranule from Qiaotou, possibly from a USO (starch damage type 2); (j) A gelatinized starch granule from Qiaotou (starch damage type 2). Rice\nfermentation experiment samples: (b) A cluster of unmodified rice (Oryza sativa) starch granules; (c) and (f) Compound rice starch granules showing\ncentral pitting (pointed by red arrows) and gelatinization, a result of the combined effects of heating and enzymatic hydrolysis during the fermentation\nprocess; (h) Slightly gelatinized rice starch granules, showing faint extinction crosses under polarized light. Starch granules in c, e, f, h, i, and j are stained\nwith Congo Red. They are stained red under in bright field light, with an orange-red glow in polarized light, indicating gelatinization. Each starch\ngranule/compound is shown in bright field and polarized views (scale bars: 20 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对账后从原PDF补提整图；未改动原人工筛选记录。", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "caption_pdf_pages": [ 9, 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b563e80b867ce4c3005f0491f684aacd9fc0d047f481244192f234b444da14c5", "image_bytes": 8852769, "sites": [], "recovery_provenance": { "method": "whole_embedded_plate_roi_pdf_render", "dpi": 600, "pdf_page": 9, "bbox": [ 92.63619995117188, 78.010009765625, 575.9432373046875, 680.3720092773438 ] }, "title_zh": "桥头陶罐淀粉颗粒与水稻发酵实验样品比较", "title_en": "Starch Granules from Qiaotou Pots Compared with Rice Brewing Experiment Samples", "title_original": "", "caption_zh": "图4 桥头遗址陶器中的淀粉粒与稻米酿造实验样品的比较。桥头样品：（a）Ⅰ型淀粉（稻米），与（b）比较；（c）、（e）复合稻米淀粉粒，显示中心蚀坑（红箭头）和糊化现象（损伤类型1），与（d）、（f）比较；（g）轻度糊化、未见蚀坑的稻米淀粉粒（损伤类型2），与（h）比较；（i）桥头的一颗糊化淀粉粒，可能来自地下贮藏器官（USO）（损伤类型2）；（j）桥头的一颗糊化淀粉粒（损伤类型2）。稻米发酵实验样品：（b）一簇未经改性的稻米（Oryza sativa）淀粉粒；（c）、（f）复合稻米淀粉粒，中心蚀坑（红箭头）与糊化由发酵过程中的加热和酶水解共同作用形成；（h）轻度糊化的稻米淀粉粒，在偏光下仍见微弱的消光十字。c、e、f、h、i、j中的淀粉粒以刚果红染色，在明场下呈红色、偏光下呈橙红色光，指示糊化。每个颗粒或复合颗粒均显示明场与偏光图像。比例尺：20 μm。[原图注将c同时列入考古样品和实验样品，分图归属存在疑点；此处保留其表述，未自行改为d。]", "caption_en": "Fig 4. Starch granules from Qiaotou pots compared with rice brewing experiment samples. Qiaotou samples: (a) Qiaotou Type I starch (rice),\ncompared with (b); (c) and (e) Compound rice starch granules showing central pitting (pointed by red arrows) and gelatinization (starch damage type 1),\ncompared with (d) and (f); (g) Slightly gelatinized rice granules without pitting (starch damage type 2), compared with (h); (i) A gelatinized starch\ngranule from Qiaotou, possibly from a USO (starch damage type 2); (j) A gelatinized starch granule from Qiaotou (starch damage type 2). Rice\nfermentation experiment samples: (b) A cluster of unmodified rice (Oryza sativa) starch granules; (c) and (f) Compound rice starch granules showing\ncentral pitting (pointed by red arrows) and gelatinization, a result of the combined effects of heating and enzymatic hydrolysis during the fermentation\nprocess; (h) Slightly gelatinized rice starch granules, showing faint extinction crosses under polarized light. Starch granules in c, e, f, h, i, and j are stained\nwith Congo Red. They are stained red under in bright field light, with an orange-red glow in polarized light, indicating gelatinization. Each starch\ngranule/compound is shown in bright field and polarized views (scale bars: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b563e80b867ce4c3005f0491.png", "image_url": "media/S215_96be9585eec6_SUP_F04.png?v=b563e80b867c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "our reference data. Most unidentified starch granules are gelatinized and characterized by swelling, folding, and distortion, indicating that many vessels held cooked starchy foods or drinks. Among the identified starches, rice (Oryza sp.) is the most ubiquitous type, followed by Job’ tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), unidentified underground storage organs (USOs), and acorns (Quercus sp.) (Figs 4 and 5). Type 1, rice starches (55% ubiquity; n = 31; 2.18–10.67 μm; Fig 4A), are polyhedral or round polyhedral, with centric hila and “x” shaped extinction crosses. The granules are small and appear in a compound form. Most granules are gelatinized, and their modification pat- terns match rice starch in our fermentation experiment (see below). Type II, Job’s tears starches (45% ubiquity; n = 24; 10.71–22.74μm; Fig 5A), are spherical or polyhedral with two or more flat facets and centric hila that normally have T- or linear-shaped fissures. Some granules exhibit diagnostic features, including an eccentricity ratio greater than 1.47 and the presence of a Z-shaped arm on the extinction cross [39]. Type III granules are classified as unidentified underground storage organs (USOs) (45% ubiquity; n = 25; Fig 5C and 5D). They are oval, showing extremely eccentric hilum and bright extinction crosses with bent arms. However, they lack the features that would allow for identi- fication at more specific taxonomic levels. Type IV, acorns starches (30% ubiquity; 10.43–23.59 μm; n = 15; Fig 5E), are mostly trian- gular with round corners in shape. The fissure is linear and sometimes appears as a deep", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "the combined effects of enzymatic hydrolysis and heating during the brewing process (Fig 4D and 4F); 2) granules that only show gelatinization without missing parts (starch damage type 2; Fig 4G), consistent with the modifications from ordinary cooking, such as steaming (Fig 4H); and 3) unmodified granules resembling native rice starches (Fig 4A and 4B). While the first type represents the most diagnostic damage from fermentation, the latter two types are also present because starch granules within the same population may have varied responses to the same food processing technique. The residue assemblage also includes other larger gelati- nized starch granules (Fig 4I and 4J), some of which are likely from Job’s tears and tubers because their unmodified starch granules are present in the same residue assemblage. Second, analyses of fungal particles (Table 2) revealed abundant fermentation-related molds and yeast cells. The molds are morphologically consistent with Aspergillus and Rhizopus (Fig 6), typical microorganisms used for making rice beer in East and Southeast Asia [40–43]. Aspergillus is characterized by the presence of hyaline hyphae, vesicle, and conidiophores that originate from a basal foot cell and terminate in an apical vesicle. Rhizopus has a body of branched mycelium composed of stolon, rhizoids, and brown sporangiophores, with a grey- ish-black and spherical sporangia located at the tips of the sporangiophores [27]. The yeast cells show small protuberances indicative of budding processes (Fig 6E) [44]. About 81% of the fungal elements (N = 205; 25.6/sample)", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:05.812187+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S215_96be9585eec6_SUP_F05", "paper_key": "S215_96be9585eec6", "paper_id": "S215", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig 5. Starch remains from Qiaotou pottery compared with modern references. (a) Qiaotou Type II starch (Job’s tears); (b) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi, from\nYunnan); (c) and (d) Qiaotou Type III starch (Unidentified USOs); (e) Qiaotou Type IV starch (acorn); (f) Acorn (Quercus fabri, from Zhejiang). Each starch\ngranule/compound is shown in bright field and polarized views.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对账后从原PDF补提整图；未改动原人工筛选记录。", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "caption_pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "30e219c60bb28094f88f4af99184430eec3dfb6c06e2976506ad9f591d347dcb", "image_bytes": 3314608, "sites": [ "CN082" ], "recovery_provenance": { "method": "whole_embedded_plate_roi_pdf_render", "dpi": 600, "pdf_page": 10, "bbox": [ 61.17169952392578, 298.2050476074219, 575.9436645507812, 674.759033203125 ] }, "title_zh": "桥头陶器淀粉残留与现代样本比较", "title_en": "Starch Remains from Qiaotou Pottery Compared with Modern References", "title_original": "", "caption_zh": "图5 桥头遗址陶器中的淀粉粒遗存与现代参照标本的比较。（a）桥头Ⅱ型淀粉（薏苡）；（b）薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi，云南）；（c）、（d）桥头Ⅲ型淀粉（未确定种属的地下贮藏器官）；（e）桥头Ⅳ型淀粉（橡子）；（f）橡子（Quercus fabri，浙江）。各颗粒或复合颗粒均显示明场和偏光图像。", "caption_en": "Fig 5. Starch remains from Qiaotou pottery compared with modern references. (a) Qiaotou Type II starch (Job’s tears); (b) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi, from\nYunnan); (c) and (d) Qiaotou Type III starch (Unidentified USOs); (e) Qiaotou Type IV starch (acorn); (f) Acorn (oak, Quercus fabri, from Zhejiang). Each starch\ngranule/compound is shown in bright field and polarized views.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/30e219c60bb28094f88f4af9.png", "image_url": "media/S215_96be9585eec6_SUP_F05.png?v=30e219c60bb2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "our reference data. Most unidentified starch granules are gelatinized and characterized by swelling, folding, and distortion, indicating that many vessels held cooked starchy foods or drinks. Among the identified starches, rice (Oryza sp.) is the most ubiquitous type, followed by Job’ tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), unidentified underground storage organs (USOs), and acorns (Quercus sp.) (Figs 4 and 5). Type 1, rice starches (55% ubiquity; n = 31; 2.18–10.67 μm; Fig 4A), are polyhedral or round polyhedral, with centric hila and “x” shaped extinction crosses. The granules are small and appear in a compound form. Most granules are gelatinized, and their modification pat- terns match rice starch in our fermentation experiment (see below). Type II, Job’s tears starches (45% ubiquity; n = 24; 10.71–22.74μm; Fig 5A), are spherical or polyhedral with two or more flat facets and centric hila that normally have T- or linear-shaped fissures. Some granules exhibit diagnostic features, including an eccentricity ratio greater than 1.47 and the presence of a Z-shaped arm on the extinction cross [39]. Type III granules are classified as unidentified underground storage organs (USOs) (45% ubiquity; n = 25; Fig 5C and 5D). They are oval, showing extremely eccentric hilum and bright extinction crosses with bent arms. However, they lack the features that would allow for identi- fication at more specific taxonomic levels. Type IV, acorns starches (30% ubiquity; 10.43–23.59 μm; n = 15; Fig 5E), are mostly trian- gular with round corners in shape. The fissure is linear and sometimes appears as a deep", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:05.877079+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN082", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Fig 5. Starch remains from Qiaotou pottery compared with modern references. (a) Qiaotou Type II starch (Job’s tears); (b) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi, from\nYunnan); (c) and (d) Qiaotou Type III starch (Unidentified USOs); (e) Qiaotou Type IV starch (acorn); (f) Acorn (Quercus fabri, from Zhejiang). Each starch\ngranule/compound is shown in bright field and polarized views.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "qiaotou", "quote": "t of burial ritual in early Holocene southern\n China. Recent archaeological investigations at Qiaotou (9,000–8,700 cal. BP) have\n revealed a platform mound containing human burials and high concentrations of painted OPEN ACCESS\n pottery, encircled by a human-made ditch. By applying", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "96be9585eec665b6c103505188080a1ce69e08d906140a8daf1874deac19d4fe" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S215_96be9585eec6_SUP_F07", "paper_key": "S215_96be9585eec6", "paper_id": "S215", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig 7. Phytolith remains from Qiaotou pottery. (a) Double peak (Oryza, rice husk); (b) elongate skeletons (Poaceae); (c) Oryza-type bulliform (Oryza, rice leaf/\nstem); (d) Parallel scooped bilobate (Ehrhartoideae); (f) Cross (cf. Job’s tears); (g) Rondel (Poaceae); (h) Articulated quadrilobate (Panicoideae) (i) Crenate\nelongate skeleton (cf. Poaceae husk).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对账后从原PDF补提整图；未改动原人工筛选记录。", "pdf_pages": [ 13 ], "caption_pdf_pages": [ 13 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "52075634c6f8c208736c16aacb039f576565dccf92d7cea39df9b8fe931e4eaf", "image_bytes": 5083246, "sites": [ "CN082" ], "recovery_provenance": { "method": "whole_embedded_plate_roi_pdf_render", "dpi": 600, "pdf_page": 13, "bbox": [ 65.02680206298828, 78.009033203125, 575.9437866210938, 671.9810180664062 ] }, "title_zh": "桥头陶器植硅体残留", "title_en": "Phytolith Remains from Qiaotou Pottery", "title_original": "", "caption_zh": "图7 桥头遗址陶器中的植硅体遗存。（a）双峰型（稻属Oryza，稻壳）；（b）长细胞骨架（禾本科Poaceae）；（c）稻型扇形植硅体（稻属，叶/茎）；（d）平行排列的哑铃型（稻亚科Ehrhartoideae）；（e）十字型（疑似薏苡）；（f）帽型（禾本科）；（g）连体四叶型（黍亚科Panicoideae）；（i）树枝状植硅体（疑似禾本科稃壳）.", "caption_en": "Fig 7. Phytolith remains from Qiaotou pottery. (a) Double peak (rice, Oryza, rice husk); (b) elongate skeletons (grass family, Poaceae); (c) rice (Oryza)-type bulliform (rice, Oryza, rice leaf/\nstem); (d) Parallel scooped bilobate (Ehrhartoideae); (f) Cross (cf. Job’s tears); (g) Rondel (grass family, Poaceae); (h) Articulated quadrilobate (panicoid grasses, Panicoideae) (i) Crenate\nelongate skeleton (cf. grass family (Poaceae) husk).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/52075634c6f8c208736c16aa.png", "image_url": "media/S215_96be9585eec6_SUP_F07.png?v=52075634c6f8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "the combined effects of enzymatic hydrolysis and heating during the brewing process (Fig 4D and 4F); 2) granules that only show gelatinization without missing parts (starch damage type 2; Fig 4G), consistent with the modifications from ordinary cooking, such as steaming (Fig 4H); and 3) unmodified granules resembling native rice starches (Fig 4A and 4B). While the first type represents the most diagnostic damage from fermentation, the latter two types are also present because starch granules within the same population may have varied responses to the same food processing technique. The residue assemblage also includes other larger gelati- nized starch granules (Fig 4I and 4J), some of which are likely from Job’s tears and tubers because their unmodified starch granules are present in the same residue assemblage. Second, analyses of fungal particles (Table 2) revealed abundant fermentation-related molds and yeast cells. The molds are morphologically consistent with Aspergillus and Rhizopus (Fig 6), typical microorganisms used for making rice beer in East and Southeast Asia [40–43]. Aspergillus is characterized by the presence of hyaline hyphae, vesicle, and conidiophores that originate from a basal foot cell and terminate in an apical vesicle. Rhizopus has a body of branched mycelium composed of stolon, rhizoids, and brown sporangiophores, with a grey- ish-black and spherical sporangia located at the tips of the sporangiophores [27]. The yeast cells show small protuberances indicative of budding processes (Fig 6E) [44]. About 81% of the fungal elements (N = 205; 25.6/sample)", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "our reference data. Most unidentified starch granules are gelatinized and characterized by swelling, folding, and distortion, indicating that many vessels held cooked starchy foods or drinks. Among the identified starches, rice (Oryza sp.) is the most ubiquitous type, followed by Job’ tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), unidentified underground storage organs (USOs), and acorns (Quercus sp.) (Figs 4 and 5). Type 1, rice starches (55% ubiquity; n = 31; 2.18–10.67 μm; Fig 4A), are polyhedral or round polyhedral, with centric hila and “x” shaped extinction crosses. The granules are small and appear in a compound form. Most granules are gelatinized, and their modification pat- terns match rice starch in our fermentation experiment (see below). Type II, Job’s tears starches (45% ubiquity; n = 24; 10.71–22.74μm; Fig 5A), are spherical or polyhedral with two or more flat facets and centric hila that normally have T- or linear-shaped fissures. Some granules exhibit diagnostic features, including an eccentricity ratio greater than 1.47 and the presence of a Z-shaped arm on the extinction cross [39]. Type III granules are classified as unidentified underground storage organs (USOs) (45% ubiquity; n = 25; Fig 5C and 5D). They are oval, showing extremely eccentric hilum and bright extinction crosses with bent arms. However, they lack the features that would allow for identi- fication at more specific taxonomic levels. Type IV, acorns starches (30% ubiquity; 10.43–23.59 μm; n = 15; Fig 5E), are mostly trian- gular with round corners in shape. The fissure is linear and sometimes appears as a deep", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "panel_note": "原文图注的分图字母与图内标识存在不一致；保留原文，未猜补缺失对应。", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:05.997097+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN082", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 13 ], "quote": "Fig 7. Phytolith remains from Qiaotou pottery. (a) Double peak (Oryza, rice husk); (b) elongate skeletons (Poaceae); (c) Oryza-type bulliform (Oryza, rice leaf/\nstem); (d) Parallel scooped bilobate (Ehrhartoideae); (f) Cross (cf. Job’s tears); (g) Rondel (Poaceae); (h) Articulated quadrilobate (Panicoideae) (i) Crenate\nelongate skeleton (cf. Poaceae husk).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "qiaotou", "quote": "t of burial ritual in early Holocene southern\n China. Recent archaeological investigations at Qiaotou (9,000–8,700 cal. BP) have\n revealed a platform mound containing human burials and high concentrations of painted OPEN ACCESS\n pottery, encircled by a human-made ditch. By applying", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "96be9585eec665b6c103505188080a1ce69e08d906140a8daf1874deac19d4fe" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S215_96be9585eec6_SUP_F09", "paper_key": "S215_96be9585eec6", "paper_id": "S215", "number": "9", "caption_original": "Fig 9. Beer-related microfossil remains. (a) Rice starch granules; (b) A starch granule from an unidentified USO; (c)\nA starch granule from Job’s tears, showing a characteristic Z-shaped arm; (d) A double-peak phytolith from rice husk;\n(e) Yeast cells in budding process; (f) and (g) vesicle/sporangia without phialides/spores attached, compared with\nAspergillus oryzae in Fig 6; (h) Black sporangia connecting to sporangiophores, compared with Rhizopus in Fig 6 (scale\nbars: 20 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对账后从原PDF补提整图；未改动原人工筛选记录。", "pdf_pages": [ 15 ], "caption_pdf_pages": [ 15 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "709ed6d13b38ba43de8e54be11a684782d3e2b6e56ae38e7a04baa72c70e3f20", "image_bytes": 1913346, "sites": [ "CN082" ], "recovery_provenance": { "method": "whole_embedded_plate_roi_pdf_render", "dpi": 600, "pdf_page": 15, "bbox": [ 200.01300048828125, 279.26898193359375, 566.7030029296875, 645.2219848632812 ] }, "title_zh": "与啤酒相关的微化石遗存", "title_en": "Beer-related microfossil remains", "title_original": "", "caption_zh": "图9 与酿酒有关的微体遗存。（a）稻米淀粉粒；（b）未确定种属的地下贮藏器官淀粉粒；（c）薏苡淀粉粒，显示特征性的Z形消光臂；（d）稻壳双峰型植硅体；（e）出芽过程中的酵母细胞；（f）、（g）未附着瓶梗/孢子的顶囊/孢子囊，与图6中的米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）比较；（h）与孢囊梗相连的黑色孢子囊，与图6中的根霉（Rhizopus）比较。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig 9. Beer-related microfossil remains. (a) Rice starch granules; (b) A starch granule from an unidentified USO; (c)\nA starch granule from Job’s tears, showing a characteristic Z-shaped arm; (d) A double-peak phytolith from rice husk;\n(e) Yeast cells in budding process; (f) and (g) vesicle/sporangia without phialides/spores attached, compared with\nkoji mold (Aspergillus oryzae) in Fig 6; (h) Black sporangia connecting to sporangiophores, compared with bread molds (Rhizopus) in Fig 6 (scale\nbars: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/709ed6d13b38ba43de8e54be.png", "image_url": "media/S215_96be9585eec6_SUP_F09.png?v=709ed6d13b38", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 11, "quote": "yeasts. Beer, on the other hand, is made from cereal grains or other starchy substances, such as rice, millet, barley, maize, and tubers. These raw materials contain nonfermentable starches that must be saccharified before fermentation [46]. Our analysis shows that the fermented bev- erage at Qiaotou was likely a beer made from rice, Job’s tears, and tubers. Starch and phytoliths from rice are the most ubiquitous in the beer-related pots (100% ubiquity), suggesting that the beverage was likely a “rice beer”. According to historical records, beer making in ancient China relied on three saccharifica- tion agents: human saliva (mastication), sprouted grains (malts), and mold starters(qu) [47]. The mold starter method was first invented in China and later spread into other regions in Asia [48]. For example, the Khmer people in Cambodia made Rhizopus-rich starters by mixing rice powder with rice husks and various dried local plants [49,50]. Taiwanese indigenous peo- ples produced rice and millet alcoholic beverages using starters made of moldy cooked rice grains and different local herbs (e.g., Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae) [51,52]. These herbal plants are rich in fungi and yeasts and can significantly increase the microorganism activity during brewing. If a mold starter was used for alcohol fermentation in antiquity, we would expect to find starch granules showing typical damage patterns from enzyme digestion and gelatinization due to brewing, filamentous fungi, yeasts, and grass phytoliths. All of these are indeed present in Qiaotou pottery (Fig 9).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "our reference data. Most unidentified starch granules are gelatinized and characterized by swelling, folding, and distortion, indicating that many vessels held cooked starchy foods or drinks. Among the identified starches, rice (Oryza sp.) is the most ubiquitous type, followed by Job’ tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), unidentified underground storage organs (USOs), and acorns (Quercus sp.) (Figs 4 and 5). Type 1, rice starches (55% ubiquity; n = 31; 2.18–10.67 μm; Fig 4A), are polyhedral or round polyhedral, with centric hila and “x” shaped extinction crosses. The granules are small and appear in a compound form. Most granules are gelatinized, and their modification pat- terns match rice starch in our fermentation experiment (see below). Type II, Job’s tears starches (45% ubiquity; n = 24; 10.71–22.74μm; Fig 5A), are spherical or polyhedral with two or more flat facets and centric hila that normally have T- or linear-shaped fissures. Some granules exhibit diagnostic features, including an eccentricity ratio greater than 1.47 and the presence of a Z-shaped arm on the extinction cross [39]. Type III granules are classified as unidentified underground storage organs (USOs) (45% ubiquity; n = 25; Fig 5C and 5D). They are oval, showing extremely eccentric hilum and bright extinction crosses with bent arms. However, they lack the features that would allow for identi- fication at more specific taxonomic levels. Type IV, acorns starches (30% ubiquity; 10.43–23.59 μm; n = 15; Fig 5E), are mostly trian- gular with round corners in shape. The fissure is linear and sometimes appears as a deep", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.059104+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN082", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 15 ], "quote": "Fig 9. Beer-related microfossil remains. (a) Rice starch granules; (b) A starch granule from an unidentified USO; (c)\nA starch granule from Job’s tears, showing a characteristic Z-shaped arm; (d) A double-peak phytolith from rice husk;\n(e) Yeast cells in budding process; (f) and (g) vesicle/sporangia without phialides/spores attached, compared with\nAspergillus oryzae in Fig 6; (h) Black sporangia connecting to sporangiophores, compared with Rhizopus in Fig 6 (scale\nbars: 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "qiaotou", "quote": "t of burial ritual in early Holocene southern\n China. Recent archaeological investigations at Qiaotou (9,000–8,700 cal. BP) have\n revealed a platform mound containing human burials and high concentrations of painted OPEN ACCESS\n pottery, encircled by a human-made ditch. By applying", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "96be9585eec665b6c103505188080a1ce69e08d906140a8daf1874deac19d4fe" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S216_1ee968086a29_S216-F03", "paper_key": "S216_1ee968086a29", "paper_id": "S216", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3 Starch grain microfossils observed in the dental calculus offrom the bean family. (f1–j2) Starch grains from roots and tubers. Xueshan individuals. (a1–a4) Starch grains from the Triticeae family.(k1–q2) Starch grains that show traces of processing or cooking (odd (b1, b2) Starch grains from foxtail millet. (c1, c2) Starch grains fromnumbered: transmitted light, 500 × , scale bars = 20  μm; even num- rice. (d1, d2) Starch grains from buckwheat. (e1, e2) Starch grainsbered: cross-polarized light, 500 × , scale bars = 20 μm)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "双栏图注应先读完左栏，再接右栏；当前逐行交错\n原英文图注把Triticeae写作family；中文和编辑英文按分类层级写“小麦族／tribe”，原文校录保留其原貌。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "da5bd58882b8a5bdc4a3a5fc47c349ab398a9fcfa801ed7d90c9188f4c54af9d", "image_bytes": 5793025, "sites": [ "CN166" ], "caption_zh": "图3 学山遗址人牙结石中观察到的淀粉粒。（a1–a4）小麦族淀粉粒；（b1、b2）粟淀粉粒；（c1、c2）水稻淀粉粒；（d1、d2）荞麦淀粉粒；（e1、e2）豆科淀粉粒；（f1–j2）块根、块茎淀粉粒；（k1–q2）显示加工或炊煮痕迹的淀粉粒。奇数编号为透射光照片，偶数编号为正交偏光照片；放大倍数均为500倍，比例尺均为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 Starch grain microfossils observed in the dental calculus of Xueshan individuals. (a1–a4) Starch grains from the wheat tribe (Triticeae) tribe. (b1, b2) Starch grains from foxtail millet. (c1, c2) Starch grains from rice. (d1, d2) Starch grains from buckwheat. (e1, e2) Starch grains from the bean family. (f1–j2) Starch grains from roots and tubers. (k1–q2) Starch grains that show traces of processing or cooking (odd numbered: transmitted light, 500 ×, scale bars = 20 μm; even numbered: cross-polarized light, 500 ×, scale bars = 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "豆科牙结石中淀粉粒微化石", "title_en": "Starch Grains in Dental Calculus from Leguminosae", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/da5bd58882b8a5bdc4a3a5fc.png", "image_url": "media/S216_1ee968086a29_S216-F03.png?v=da5bd58882b8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "visible lamellae and craters, but no obvious fissures were present in the front view (Fig. 3: a1, a2). However, these starch grains were observed to have an oval shape with a longitude fissure from the side view after compression and rotation (Fig. 3: a3, a4). These morphological features are consistent with starch grains from Triticeae (Li et al. 2010a; Yang and Perry 2013). In particular, given the distribution of Triticeae grasses in China, the identification criteria of", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Triticeae starches proposed by Yang and Perry (Yang and Perry 2013), as well as the archaeobotanical assemblage of Xueshan (Wang et al. 2019a), these starch grains most likely originated from wheat (Triticum aestivum) and/or bar- ley (Hordeum vulgare) (Ge 2010; Li et al. 2010a; Yang and Jiang 2010; Ma et al. 2014). In addition, 10 starch grains (14.9%) were identified to be possibly from millets, 2 from rice (3.0%), 2 from buckwheat (3.0%), and 6 from beans (9.0%). The starch grains of millet, rice, and buckwheat are polygonal-shaped. However, millet starches generally display deep radical fissures around their centric hila (Fig. 3: b1 and b2) (Wan et al. 2011b; Yang et al. 2012; Yang and Perry 2013)), while rice starches are flat on their surface and generally exhibit sharp edges (Fig. 3: c1 and c2) (Ge 2010). In contrast, buckwheat starches are uneven on their surface and have no fissures around the hila area (Fig. 3: d1 and d2) (Yang and Perry 2013). Notably, 2 of these millet starches are larger than 14 μm, a size class that is only documented in foxtail millet, while the remain- ing 8 millet starches are smaller than 14 μm and have a smooth surface that are the same as starch grains from both foxtail and broomcorn millet (Yang et al. 2012). However, we refrain from making a more secure identification as the starch grains from both foxtail and broomcorn millets over- lap with one another in this size zone (Yang et al. 2005, 2012). The starch grains identified from the bean family are oval or ovoid shaped and generally characterized with lamellae and longitudinal cleft f", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "sweet potato starches may also be confused with giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza) and Polynesian arrowroot (Tacca leontopetaloides). However, giant taro can be eliminated based on the shape (polyhedral), the size (2–10 μm, but gen- erally 6 μm), and the absence of visible hilum and fissures on the starches (Tromp and Dudgeon 2015). While Polynesian arrowroot grows wild in some regions of Australia and the Polynesian islands, it seem unlikely to have been introduced into the diet of the Xueshan population (Whistler 2009). However, although it is difficult to identify these starches to a species level, an origin derived from roots and tubers is secure (Horrocks et al. 2012; Tromp and Dudgeon 2015). In addition, two pear-shaped starch grains were observed. One is diagnostic of starches from the edible parts of yam (Dioscoreaceae) as it exhibits an eccentric hilum and eccen- tric polarization cross (Fig. 3: h1 and h2) (Wang 2017). The other displays a centric hilum and diminished centric polari- zation cross (Fig. 3: i1 and i2), and is possibly from the seeds of the water lily family (Nymphaeaceae), such as lotus nut (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) (Wan et al. 2011a; Dong et al. 2014). Finally, two bell-shaped starch grains with “pleats” (see Fig. 3: j1 and j2) were also observed, and are possibly from plants of the Cucurbitaceae family, such as Trichosan- thes kirilowii (Liu et al. 2013). Many starch grains displayed evidence attributed to food processing and cooking (Henry et al. 2009; Buckley et al. 2014). As seen in Fig. 3 (k1 and k2), most of the Triticeae starches showed large", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 3 Starch grain microfossils observed in the dental calculus of Xueshan individuals. (a1–a4) Starch grains from the Triticeae family. (b1, b2) Starch grains from foxtail millet. (c1, c2) Starch grains from rice. (d1, d2) Starch grains from buckwheat. (e1, e2) Starch grains from the bean family. (f1–j2) Starch grains from roots and tubers. (k1–q2) Starch grains that show traces of processing or cooking (odd numbered: transmitted light, 500 ×, scale bars = 20 μm; even numbered: cross-polarized light, 500 ×, scale bars = 20 μm).", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:54.940734+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN166", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3 Starch grain microfossils observed in the dental calculus of Xueshan individuals. (a1–a4) Starch grains from the Triticeae family. (b1, b2) Starch grains from foxtail millet. (c1, c2) Starch grains from rice. (d1, d2) Starch grains from buckwheat. (e1, e2) Starch grains from the bean family. (f1–j2) Starch grains from roots and tubers. (k1–q2) Starch grains that show traces of processing or cooking (odd numbered: transmitted light, 500 ×, scale bars = 20 μm; even numbered: cross-polarized light, 500 ×, scale bars = 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xueshan", "quote": "and phytolith analysis of dental calculus as well as stable isotope ratio analysis of bulk\ndentinal collagen. The site studied is Xueshan which is a Late Bronze Age (2700–1700 BP) settlement in Yunnan Prov-\nince, China. Isotopic results show that this population consumed a predominately ­C3 diet except for one individual that\nconsumed a mixed ­C3/C4 diet. Starch grains and phytoliths embedded i", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1ee968086a2907d128857587eadd75a4d58119d42243040242f93459903a05ae" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S216_1ee968086a29_S216-F04", "paper_key": "S216_1ee968086a29", "paper_id": "S216", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4 Photographs of phytoliths, diatoms, sponge spicule, pollen, fungi spore, and micro-charcoal observed in the dental calculus of Xueshan individuals (scale = 20 μm). (1, 3 and 4) Bulliform fabellate phytoliths; (2) double peak glume cell; (5) blocky phytolith; (6, 7) silicifed epidermal long cell walls; (8) spheroid ornate phytolith; (9)\nhemispheroid ornate phytolith; (10) secretory cell; (11) oblong con- cave saddle phytolith; (12) square saddle phytolith; (13) bilobate phy- tolith; (14) cross phytolith; (15) acute phytolith; (16) rondel phytolith; (17) crenate phytolith; (18) elongate phytolith; (19, 20) diatoms; (21) sponge spicule; (22) pollen; (23) fungi spore; (24) micro-charcoal", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "88fed673a749eb51e6d280f462ba1c9b92d1fbb9894b9f1fd7abe32bac177131", "image_bytes": 2456983, "sites": [ "CN166" ], "caption_zh": "图4 学山遗址个体牙结石中观察到的植硅体、硅藻、海绵刺、花粉、真菌孢子和微炭屑的显微照片（比例尺 = 20 μm）。（1、3和4）扇形植硅体；（2）水稻双峰型植硅体；（5）方型植硅体；（6、7）硅质表皮长细胞壁；（8）刺球型植硅体；（9）半球形饰纹植硅体；（10）分泌细胞；（11）竹节型植硅体；（12）鞍型植硅体；（13）哑铃型植硅体；（14）十字型植硅体；（15）尖型植硅体；（16）帽型植硅体；（17）平滑棒型植硅体；（18）刺棒型植硅体；（19、20）硅藻；（21）海绵骨针；（22）花粉；（23）真菌孢子；（24）微炭屑", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 Photographs of phytoliths, diatoms, sponge spicule, pollen, fungi spore, and micro-charcoal observed in the dental calculus of Xueshan individuals (scale = 20 μm). (1, 3 and 4) Bulliform fabellate phytoliths; (2) double peak glume cell; (5) blocky phytolith; (6, 7) silicifed epidermal long cell walls; (8) spheroid ornate phytolith; (9)\nhemispheroid ornate phytolith; (10) secretory cell; (11) oblong con- cave saddle phytolith; (12) square saddle phytolith; (13) bilobate phy- tolith; (14) cross phytolith; (15) acute phytolith; (16) rondel phytolith; (17) crenate phytolith; (18) elongate phytolith; (19, 20) diatoms; (21) sponge spicule; (22) pollen; (23) fungi spore; (24) micro-charcoal", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "学山个体牙结石中植硅体等微痕物显微照片", "title_en": "Microfossils in Dental Calculus from Xueshan Individuals", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/88fed673a749eb51e6d280f4.png", "image_url": "media/S216_1ee968086a29_S216-F04.png?v=88fed673a749", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "and parallepipedal blocky phytoliths (a.k.a. bulliform par- allepipedal phytoliths according to Madella et al. (2005), including blocky rectangular and blocky cubic phytoliths: see Fig. 4: 5). Previous work demonstrated that some par- allepipedal blocky phytoliths can actually be a side-on view of a bulliform flabellate cell (An et al. 2015), and these two types of phytoliths are derived from the motor cells of Bambusoideae, Panicoideae, Chloridoideae, and Oryzoideae (Wang and Lu 1993). However, the distinctive morphologi- cal characteristics of bulliform flabellate phytoliths permit reliable sub-family-level classification, enabling rice bulli- form flabellate cells (Fig. 4: 1) to be separated from other bulliform flabellate cell phytoliths (Fig. 4: 3 and 4) by the distinct cracks and spines along their front edges (An et al. 2015). Double peak glume cells (Fig. 4: 2) are abundant in the epidermal short cell of Oryza and the peaks are actually the microstructure of hairs on the surface of the rice glume (husk) (Pearsall et al. 1995; Zhao 1998; Wu et al. 2014). The findings of these Oryzoideae-derived phytoliths are con- sistent with the identification of starch grains in the dental", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "calculus as well as the archaeobotanical data of the Xueshan site (Wang et al. 2019a). In addition, silicified epidermal long cell walls with undulated textures (Fig. 4: 6 and 7) were also identified, and this type of phytolith is believed to be from Poaceae (Lu et al. 2009). In particular, the ones with specialized textures (i.e. Ω; see Fig. 4: 7) are likely produced by foxtail millet (Lu et al. 2009). This finding agrees with the starch grain and archaeobotanical results of Xueshan (Lu et al. 2009). A Cucurbitaceae phytolith assemblage was also identified with a large number of spheroid phytoliths, such as spheroid ornate (Fig. 4: 8) and hemispheroid ornate (Fig. 4: 9) (Piperno et al. 2000a), while other root and tuber foods, such as spurge (Euphorbiacae), are also diagnosed with the appearance of phytoliths from its secretory cells (Fig. 4: 10) (Ezell et al. 2006). A large number of saddle and lobate phytoliths were also found, such as oblong concave saddle, trapeziform sad- dle, square saddle, bilobate, cross, and cylindrical polylo- bate. Generally, Bambusoideae contributes large numbers of oblong concave saddles (collapsed saddles, including long saddle and bamboo saddle; see Fig. 4: 11), and Arun- dinoideae produces many distinctive trapeziform saddle phytoliths (plateau saddles) (Wang and Lu 1993; An et al. 2015). Square saddle phytoliths (short saddle; see Fig. 4: 12) are mainly found in Chloridoideae (Wang and Lu 1993; Li et al. 2010b; An et al. 2015). The lobate phytoliths, which include bilobate (see Fig. 4: 13), cross (see Fig. 4: 14), and polylobate, are deriv", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "Starch grains from non-cereal plants, especially the root and tuber species from the family of Dioscoreaceae and Cucurbitaceae, were also found in the Xueshan dental cal- culus. Considered as staple foods for some prehistoric pop- ulations, roots and tubers generally contain high amounts of dietary glycemic carbohydrate which is essential for brain, kidney, red blood cells, and reproductive tissues (Ezell et al. 2006; Wang 2017; Hardy et al. 2018). Thus, roots and tubers are believed to be vital food resources for early humans, and consumption of these foods is suggested to be an important factor for the physical evolution of early Homo sapiens (Hawkes et al. 1998; Peroni et al. 2006). However, roots and tubers are generally bulky in nature, and high in moisture content (60–90%), which makes them perishable and not suitable for long-term preservation. Consequently, this type of plant is typically underrepre- sented or even absent in assemblages of charred archaeobo- tanical macro-remains (Piperno et al. 2000b; Hoover 2001). In contrast, micro-remains such as starch grains, extracted from dental calculus, can provide direct evidence about the consumption of root and tuber plants (Piperno et al. 2000b; Ezell et al. 2006). A review of the past research identified starch grains of roots and tubers from most of the sites that have been studied in China (Li et al. 2010a; Wan et al. 2012b; Wang 2017; Zhang et al. 2017). As seen in Table 1 and Fig. 6, to date, only 12 archaeological sites have been studied for microfossil analysis of human dental calculus in China. This includes th", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:22:57.669241+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN166", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 4 Photographs of phytoliths, diatoms, sponge spicule, pollen, fungi spore, and micro-charcoal observed in the dental calculus of Xueshan individuals (scale = 20 μm). (1, 3 and 4) Bulliform fabellate phytoliths; (2) double peak glume cell; (5) blocky phytolith; (6, 7) silicifed epidermal long cell walls; (8) spheroid ornate phytolith; (9)\nhemispheroid ornate phytolith; (10) secretory cell; (11) oblong con- cave saddle phytolith; (12) square saddle phytolith; (13) bilobate phy- tolith; (14) cross phytolith; (15) acute phytolith; (16) rondel phytolith; (17) crenate phytolith; (18) elongate phytolith; (19, 20) diatoms; (21) sponge spicule; (22) pollen; (23) fungi spore; (24) micro-charcoal", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xueshan", "quote": "and phytolith analysis of dental calculus as well as stable isotope ratio analysis of bulk\ndentinal collagen. The site studied is Xueshan which is a Late Bronze Age (2700–1700 BP) settlement in Yunnan Prov-\nince, China. Isotopic results show that this population consumed a predominately ­C3 diet except for one individual that\nconsumed a mixed ­C3/C4 diet. Starch grains and phytoliths embedded i", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "1ee968086a2907d128857587eadd75a4d58119d42243040242f93459903a05ae" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S217_d487a64f0c96_S217-F05", "paper_key": "S217_d487a64f0c96", "paper_id": "S217", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5 Starch types from Yuchisi residues showing various forms of damage due to fermentation. 1 Cluster of rice granules, showing damaged surface and loss of extinc- tion crosses. 2 Possibly rice, showing pitting on surface. 3 Panicoideae starch, likely millet, showing pitting and deep channels. 4 Job’s tears starch showing typical zig-zag shaped arm of extinction cross. 5 Triticeae starch, showing pit- ting, deep channels, and missing edge. 6 UNID starch showing central depression and pitting. 7 Bell-shaped starch from snake gourd root, showing deep fs- sures. 8 Compound starch from snake gourd root. 9 Fermented and gelatinized starch, showing swelling shape and hollowed center. 10 Gelatinized starch mass (scales, 1–4, 6–8: 10 µm; 5, 9, 10: 20 µm; each image showing brightfeld/DIC and polarized views)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "dfe78f28f387b22c88b502106ebd8a69396499a089b1fe46aea6cbf2280c34e5", "image_bytes": 2114718, "sites": [ "CN150" ], "caption_zh": "图5 尉迟寺残留物中提取的淀粉类型，显示了因发酵造成的各种损伤形态。1 稻粒聚集体，表面受损且消光十字消失。2 可能为稻米，表面有凹坑。3 黍亚科淀粉，可能为粟，表面有凹坑和深沟。4 薏苡淀粉，显示典型的消光十字锯齿状臂。5 小麦族淀粉，显示凹坑、深沟及边缘缺失。6 未知淀粉粒，显示中央凹陷和凹坑。7 栝楼根的钟形淀粉，显示深沟。8 栝楼根的复合淀粉。9 发酵并糊化淀粉，显示膨胀形状和中空中心。10 糊化淀粉团块（比例尺1–4、6–8:10 μm；5、9、10:20 μm；每幅图像均显示明场/DIC和偏振视图）", "caption_en": "Fig. 5 Starch types from Yuchisi residues showing various forms of damage due to fermentation. 1 Cluster of rice granules, showing damaged surface and loss of extinc- tion crosses. 2 Possibly rice, showing pitting on surface. 3 panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) starch, likely millet, showing pitting and deep channels. 4 Job’s tears starch showing typical zig-zag shaped arm of extinction cross. 5 wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch, showing pit- ting, deep channels, and missing edge. 6 UNID starch showing central depression and pitting. 7 Bell-shaped starch from snake gourd root, showing deep fs- sures. 8 Compound starch from snake gourd root. 9 Fermented and gelatinized starch, showing swelling shape and hollowed center. 10 Gelatinized starch mass (scales, 1–4, 6–8: 10 μm; 5, 9, 10: 20 μm; each image showing brightfeld/DIC and polarized views)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "尉迟寺残留物中的淀粉类型及发酵损伤", "title_en": "Starch Types from Yuchisi Residues Showing Fermentation Damage", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/dfe78f28f387b22c88b50210.png", "image_url": "media/S217_d487a64f0c96_S217-F05.png?v=dfe78f28f387", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "A total of 372 starch granules were found in the eight residue samples, of which 284 (74.2%) were classified into five types, which correspond to certain taxa. Four gran- ules (1.1%) exhibit characteristics of tubers but cannot be further identified taxonomically. There were 64 (17.2%) starch granules lacking diagnostic characteristics and clas- sified as unidentifiable (UNID). Some starches appear to be fused together, forming big masses due to gelatinization (n = 28; 7.5% of the total). A great majority of starches are damaged (n = 313; 84.1% of the total; 100% ubiquity), showing all three categories of morphological alternation induced by fermentation, as described above (Table 2). The damage patterns include disappearance of extinction crosses (Fig. 5: 1 and 2), pitting, deep channels, and bro- ken edges (Fig. 5: 3–5), central depression (Fig. 5: 6), and gelatinization (Fig. 5: 9 and 10). These damaged types are consistent with those appearing on fermented cereal starch granules in our reference data (Fig. 6). Type I starch is identified as rice (Oryza sp.) appearing in a compound form consisting of multiple small granules (3.13–8.75 μm). We count the percentage of Type I starch based on visible individual granules, which give the most numerous counts and the highest ubiquity in the assem- blage (n = 175 granules, 50 compounds; 47% of the total; 100% ubiquity). Most individual granules are blurry, but when visible, they are polygonal in shape. The granules are weakly birefringent, but no extinction cross is visible (Fig. 5: 1 and 2). These forms match rice starch in fer", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "tears (C. lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 39; 10.5% of the total; 50% ubiquity). Starch granules from the three species share some common characteristics, making it difficult to separate them precisely (Liu et al. 2014). The size range of Type III granules is 5.43–18.69 μm, and the shape is polygonal or near-circular, the hilum is centric, and fissures are often present (Fig. 5: 3). The damaged granules show diagnostic features consistent with fer- mentation in our modern reference (Fig. 6: 3). Type III starch is identified as Job’s tears (C. lacryma- jobi L.) (n = 4; 1.1% of the total; 50% ubiquity). They are polygonal in shape, and the size range is 16.54–22.3 μm. Its morphology differs from that of millets, but has certain char- acteristics consistent with Job’s tears, such as larger size, eccentric hilum, and the extinction cross with zig-zag arm (Liu et al. 2014) (Fig. 5: 4). Type IV starch is identified as Triticeae (n = 28; 7.5% of the total; 38% ubiquity). The size range is 13.77–32.86 μm, the shape is lenticular, and the hilum is centric. These features are similar to those of Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus, which are wild grasses native to China (Wu et al. 2006) (Fig. 5: 5). The damaged granules also show fea- tures, such as deep channels and missing edges, which are observable in fermented Triticeae from our modern data- base (Fig. 6: 4). Type V starch is identified as the root of snake gourd Trichosanthes kirilowii (n = 30; 8.1% of the total; ubiq- uity 38%) of the Cucurbitaceae family. The size range is 8.08–24.34 μm; the forms include round, bell-shaped, and semi-circula", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.220595+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN150", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "Fig. 5 Starch types from Yuchisi residues showing various forms of damage due to fermentation. 1 Cluster of rice granules, showing damaged surface and loss of extinc- tion crosses. 2 Possibly rice, showing pitting on surface. 3 Panicoideae starch, likely millet, showing pitting and deep channels. 4 Job’s tears starch showing typical zig-zag shaped arm of extinction cross. 5 Triticeae starch, showing pit- ting, deep channels, and missing edge. 6 UNID starch showing central depression and pitting. 7 Bell-shaped starch from snake gourd root, showing deep fs- sures. 8 Compound starch from snake gourd root. 9 Fermented and gelatinized starch, showing swelling shape and hollowed center. 10 Gelatinized starch mass (scales, 1–4, 6–8: 10 µm; 5, 9, 10: 20 µm; each image showing brightfeld/DIC and polarized views)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "yuchisi", "quote": "nd fungi) in the\nresidues on DKG and hypothetical drinking vessels (jars and cups) unearthed from a late Dawenkou culture site at Yuchisi\nin Anhui province, we conclude that these vessels were used for production and consumption of fermented beverages. The\ningredients include rice, millet, Job’s tears, Triticeae, and snake gourd root; the fermentation method was to prepare a qu\nstarter predomin", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d487a64f0c96f893313c8d2a022907e0472a63d269ab1dd8cc1b80832b64375a" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S217_d487a64f0c96_S217-F06", "paper_key": "S217_d487a64f0c96", "paper_id": "S217", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6   Modern starch references comparable with Yuchisi samples. 1, 2 Fermented rice showing damaged surface and loss of extinction crosses. 3 Fermented broomcorn millet showing pitting, deep fis-sures, and central depression. 4 Fermented Triticeae showing deep channels, broken edges, and disappearing extinction cross. 5 Snake gourd root. 6, 7 Gelatinized starch masses in fermented millet beer (scales 1–4: 10 µm; 5–7: 20 µm; 1–5: each image showing DIC and polarized views)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "079be35d9d802a63c90259b31b608f59a3ecb503cb0ce7e9130eed26af30edf2", "image_bytes": 2946793, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图6 与尉迟寺遗址样品可比的现代淀粉粒样品。1， 2 发酵稻谷显示表面损伤和消光十字消失。3 发酵黍显示坑洞、深裂隙和中央凹陷。4 发酵小麦族显示深沟、边缘破碎和消光十字消失。5 蛇瓜根。6， 7 发酵黍酒中的糊化淀粉团块（比例尺1–4:10 μm；5–7:20 μm；1–5：每幅图像均显示明场和偏振视图）", "caption_en": "Fig. 6   Modern starch references comparable with Yuchisi samples. 1, 2 Fermented rice showing damaged surface and loss of extinction crosses. 3 Fermented broomcorn millet showing pitting, deep fis-sures, and central depression. 4 Fermented wheat tribe (Triticeae) showing deep channels, broken edges, and disappearing extinction cross. 5 Snake gourd root. 6, 7 Gelatinized starch masses in fermented millet beer (scales 1–4: 10 μm; 5–7: 20 μm; 1–5: each image showing DIC and polarized views)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "与尉迟寺样品可比的现代淀粉参考样本", "title_en": "Modern starch references comparable with Yuchisi samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/079be35d9d802a63c90259b3.png", "image_url": "media/S217_d487a64f0c96_S217-F06.png?v=079be35d9d80", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "A total of 372 starch granules were found in the eight residue samples, of which 284 (74.2%) were classified into five types, which correspond to certain taxa. Four gran- ules (1.1%) exhibit characteristics of tubers but cannot be further identified taxonomically. There were 64 (17.2%) starch granules lacking diagnostic characteristics and clas- sified as unidentifiable (UNID). Some starches appear to be fused together, forming big masses due to gelatinization (n = 28; 7.5% of the total). A great majority of starches are damaged (n = 313; 84.1% of the total; 100% ubiquity), showing all three categories of morphological alternation induced by fermentation, as described above (Table 2). The damage patterns include disappearance of extinction crosses (Fig. 5: 1 and 2), pitting, deep channels, and bro- ken edges (Fig. 5: 3–5), central depression (Fig. 5: 6), and gelatinization (Fig. 5: 9 and 10). These damaged types are consistent with those appearing on fermented cereal starch granules in our reference data (Fig. 6). Type I starch is identified as rice (Oryza sp.) appearing in a compound form consisting of multiple small granules (3.13–8.75 μm). We count the percentage of Type I starch based on visible individual granules, which give the most numerous counts and the highest ubiquity in the assem- blage (n = 175 granules, 50 compounds; 47% of the total; 100% ubiquity). Most individual granules are blurry, but when visible, they are polygonal in shape. The granules are weakly birefringent, but no extinction cross is visible (Fig. 5: 1 and 2). These forms match rice starch in fer", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "tears (C. lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 39; 10.5% of the total; 50% ubiquity). Starch granules from the three species share some common characteristics, making it difficult to separate them precisely (Liu et al. 2014). The size range of Type III granules is 5.43–18.69 μm, and the shape is polygonal or near-circular, the hilum is centric, and fissures are often present (Fig. 5: 3). The damaged granules show diagnostic features consistent with fer- mentation in our modern reference (Fig. 6: 3). Type III starch is identified as Job’s tears (C. lacryma- jobi L.) (n = 4; 1.1% of the total; 50% ubiquity). They are polygonal in shape, and the size range is 16.54–22.3 μm. Its morphology differs from that of millets, but has certain char- acteristics consistent with Job’s tears, such as larger size, eccentric hilum, and the extinction cross with zig-zag arm (Liu et al. 2014) (Fig. 5: 4). Type IV starch is identified as Triticeae (n = 28; 7.5% of the total; 38% ubiquity). The size range is 13.77–32.86 μm, the shape is lenticular, and the hilum is centric. These features are similar to those of Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus, which are wild grasses native to China (Wu et al. 2006) (Fig. 5: 5). The damaged granules also show fea- tures, such as deep channels and missing edges, which are observable in fermented Triticeae from our modern data- base (Fig. 6: 4). Type V starch is identified as the root of snake gourd Trichosanthes kirilowii (n = 30; 8.1% of the total; ubiq- uity 38%) of the Cucurbitaceae family. The size range is 8.08–24.34 μm; the forms include round, bell-shaped, and semi-circula", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.265427+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S217_d487a64f0c96_S217-F07", "paper_key": "S217_d487a64f0c96", "paper_id": "S217", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig. 7   Phytoliths found in Yuchisi vessels. 1 Bilobate. 2 Variant-1 cross, likely from Job’s tears. 3 Polylobate. 4 Rondel. 5 Hair cell. 6 Elongate. \n7 Common bulliform. 8 Paniceae husk. 9, 10 Rice double-peak. 11 Similar to η-type, probably from broomcorn millet husk", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 13 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f354a60bf08c557b92722d8a3b831272bfa4bb4c59123c84d235237ea0d8ec1d", "image_bytes": 3445978, "sites": [ "CN150" ], "caption_zh": "图7 尉迟寺遗址器物中发现的植硅体。1 哑铃型。2 十字型，可能来自薏苡。3 多铃型。4 帽型。5 尖型。6 刺棒。7 常见扇形。8 黍族颖壳。9、10 水稻双峰型。11 类似η型，可能来自黍族颖壳。", "caption_en": "Fig. 7   Phytoliths found in Yuchisi vessels. 1 Bilobate. 2 Variant-1 cross, likely from Job’s tears. 3 Polylobate. 4 Rondel. 5 Hair cell. 6 Elongate. \n7 Common bulliform. 8 panicgrass tribe (Paniceae) husk. 9, 10 Rice double-peak. 11 Similar to η-type, probably from broomcorn millet husk", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "尉迟寺器物中的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from Yuchisi Vessels", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f354a60bf08c557b92722d8a.png", "image_url": "media/S217_d487a64f0c96_S217-F07.png?v=f354a60bf08c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 12, "quote": "in width. On the other hand, broomcorn millet and foxtail millet produce smaller Variant-1 crosses (< 13 μm) (Duncan et al. 2019). In our samples, five crosses can be classified as medium-size Variant-1 type (width range 13.06–15.62 μm) (Fig. 7: 2). These crosses were found in two DKG samples (DKG1, 3), which also revealed Job’s tear starch granules; such a correlation strongly supports the existence of Job’s tears (Tables 2 and 3). Phytoliths from millet husks were found (n = 2), including one possible η-type from broomcorn millet and one identifi- able as Paniceae. These are consistent with the presence of millet starch. Double-peak phytoliths from rice husk (n = 17) were present, also echoing the identification of rice starch. Hair cells (n = 7) from eudicots, which include Cucurbita- ceae, were also present (Fig. 7; Table 3). The origins of hair cells are uncertain; one possible source may be snake gourd, but more research is needed.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "A total of 372 starch granules were found in the eight residue samples, of which 284 (74.2%) were classified into five types, which correspond to certain taxa. Four gran- ules (1.1%) exhibit characteristics of tubers but cannot be further identified taxonomically. There were 64 (17.2%) starch granules lacking diagnostic characteristics and clas- sified as unidentifiable (UNID). Some starches appear to be fused together, forming big masses due to gelatinization (n = 28; 7.5% of the total). A great majority of starches are damaged (n = 313; 84.1% of the total; 100% ubiquity), showing all three categories of morphological alternation induced by fermentation, as described above (Table 2). The damage patterns include disappearance of extinction crosses (Fig. 5: 1 and 2), pitting, deep channels, and bro- ken edges (Fig. 5: 3–5), central depression (Fig. 5: 6), and gelatinization (Fig. 5: 9 and 10). These damaged types are consistent with those appearing on fermented cereal starch granules in our reference data (Fig. 6). Type I starch is identified as rice (Oryza sp.) appearing in a compound form consisting of multiple small granules (3.13–8.75 μm). We count the percentage of Type I starch based on visible individual granules, which give the most numerous counts and the highest ubiquity in the assem- blage (n = 175 granules, 50 compounds; 47% of the total; 100% ubiquity). Most individual granules are blurry, but when visible, they are polygonal in shape. The granules are weakly birefringent, but no extinction cross is visible (Fig. 5: 1 and 2). These forms match rice starch in fer", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "tears (C. lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 39; 10.5% of the total; 50% ubiquity). Starch granules from the three species share some common characteristics, making it difficult to separate them precisely (Liu et al. 2014). The size range of Type III granules is 5.43–18.69 μm, and the shape is polygonal or near-circular, the hilum is centric, and fissures are often present (Fig. 5: 3). The damaged granules show diagnostic features consistent with fer- mentation in our modern reference (Fig. 6: 3). Type III starch is identified as Job’s tears (C. lacryma- jobi L.) (n = 4; 1.1% of the total; 50% ubiquity). They are polygonal in shape, and the size range is 16.54–22.3 μm. Its morphology differs from that of millets, but has certain char- acteristics consistent with Job’s tears, such as larger size, eccentric hilum, and the extinction cross with zig-zag arm (Liu et al. 2014) (Fig. 5: 4). Type IV starch is identified as Triticeae (n = 28; 7.5% of the total; 38% ubiquity). The size range is 13.77–32.86 μm, the shape is lenticular, and the hilum is centric. These features are similar to those of Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus, which are wild grasses native to China (Wu et al. 2006) (Fig. 5: 5). The damaged granules also show fea- tures, such as deep channels and missing edges, which are observable in fermented Triticeae from our modern data- base (Fig. 6: 4). Type V starch is identified as the root of snake gourd Trichosanthes kirilowii (n = 30; 8.1% of the total; ubiq- uity 38%) of the Cucurbitaceae family. The size range is 8.08–24.34 μm; the forms include round, bell-shaped, and semi-circula", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.316092+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN150", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 13 ], "quote": "Fig. 7   Phytoliths found in Yuchisi vessels. 1 Bilobate. 2 Variant-1 cross, likely from Job’s tears. 3 Polylobate. 4 Rondel. 5 Hair cell. 6 Elongate. \n7 Common bulliform. 8 Paniceae husk. 9, 10 Rice double-peak. 11 Similar to η-type, probably from broomcorn millet husk", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "yuchisi", "quote": "nd fungi) in the\nresidues on DKG and hypothetical drinking vessels (jars and cups) unearthed from a late Dawenkou culture site at Yuchisi\nin Anhui province, we conclude that these vessels were used for production and consumption of fermented beverages. The\ningredients include rice, millet, Job’s tears, Triticeae, and snake gourd root; the fermentation method was to prepare a qu\nstarter predomin", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d487a64f0c96f893313c8d2a022907e0472a63d269ab1dd8cc1b80832b64375a" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S218_477ae0f38b0f_S218-P0006-B024", "paper_key": "S218_477ae0f38b0f", "paper_id": "S218", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "F I G U R E 3 Modern reference under DIC and polarized filters", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "15e92f4082e56244edb935db1e3ee832f549ef4b19183ea9fa95f40870d8957d", "image_bytes": 5217738, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 现代参考样品在偏振光和微分干涉显微镜下的观察", "caption_en": "F I G U R E 3 Modern reference under DIC and polarized filters", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代参考样品在偏振光和微分干涉显微镜下的观察", "title_en": "Modern reference under DIC and polarized filters", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/15e92f4082e56244edb935db.png", "image_url": "media/S218_477ae0f38b0f_S218-P0006-B024.png?v=15e92f4082e5", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "A total of 1,050 starch grains were retrieved from the six examined samples. Of these, only two starch grains came from unused and fractured surfaces, and the natural sandstone rock, as a contrast sample, only yielded one starch grain. In addition, no starch grains were observed in the blank control samples. Therefore, the amount of starch grains from the used surfaces was much higher than that of the unused or fractured surfaces, as well as the contrast sample. In this case, it is believed that starch grains recovered from the six stone artefacts are associated with human behaviours in processing plant foods (Barton, 2007; Hart, 2011). In all, 1,048 starch grains were classified into five broad categories based on their morphology and size (Figure 4, see the supplementary material for details about the statistical result). The morphological char- acteristics of the identified starch types are described below: Type I Triticeae (n = 510). These types of starches can be divided into two subtypes according to their size. Type IA includes nearly circular grains with smaller size (3.33–9.18 μm), and type IB contains individual lenticular or discoid larger grains (6.12–41.01 μm) with flat sur- face, centric hila, and visible lamellae. The extinction cross has a \u0003 or + shape (Figure 4a, a’, b, b’). The morphology and size of these grains resemble wheat (T. aestivum) and Agropyron mongolicum Keng in the Triticeae tribe (Figure 3a, a’, b, b’; Figure 5a). However, wheat was introduced into China after 4,500 yr BP, and the morphology and size of different genera in Triticeae overlap w", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "above. The extinction cross is x-shaped, and the two short arms and two long arms can be dis- tinguished clearly under polarised light microscope (Figure 4g, g‘, h, h’). The morphology and size of these grains resemble that of the lotus root (Figure 3g, g‘, h, h’; Figure 5d). In this case, we infer that Type IV starches originate from the lotus root. Type V Bean (Vigna spp.) (n = 13). Grains are nearly kidney-shaped with radiated fissures, and lamella are visible, especially near the edges. The hila are open and the extinction cross is x-shaped, often exhibiting many arms (Figure 4i, i‘, j, j’). The morphology of these grains is very similar to that of Vigna (Figure 3i, i‘, j, j’). Comparative analysis of size distribution ranges indicates the size of Type V starch grains (15.94–33.03 μm) is very close to that of mung bean (Vigna radiata) or wild vicia (Vicia sepium) (Figure 5e). However, because of the limited number of this type of starch, we were unable to identify Type V starch at more specific taxo- nomic levels.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T10:22:19.992008+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S218_477ae0f38b0f", "page": 6, "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "ec3e52066b855bb15e58e51047f9c69473122249a445480b4ce0cfcf89d9c4fb" }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S218_477ae0f38b0f_S218-P0008-B024", "paper_key": "S218_477ae0f38b0f", "paper_id": "S218", "number": "未编号2", "caption_original": "F I G U R E 4 Starch grains recovered from the Shuangdun site", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "24b75e18ee11fcdab7ff323498eb879f69d167c5d2a681881f287d7f05a8dcba", "image_bytes": 3639855, "sites": [ "CN089" ], "caption_zh": "图4 双墩遗址出土的淀粉粒", "caption_en": "F I G U R E 4 Starch grains recovered from the Shuangdun site", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "双墩遗址淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from the Shuangdun site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/24b75e18ee11fcdab7ff3234.png", "image_url": "media/S218_477ae0f38b0f_S218-P0008-B024.png?v=24b75e18ee11", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "A total of 1,050 starch grains were retrieved from the six examined samples. Of these, only two starch grains came from unused and fractured surfaces, and the natural sandstone rock, as a contrast sample, only yielded one starch grain. In addition, no starch grains were observed in the blank control samples. Therefore, the amount of starch grains from the used surfaces was much higher than that of the unused or fractured surfaces, as well as the contrast sample. In this case, it is believed that starch grains recovered from the six stone artefacts are associated with human behaviours in processing plant foods (Barton, 2007; Hart, 2011). In all, 1,048 starch grains were classified into five broad categories based on their morphology and size (Figure 4, see the supplementary material for details about the statistical result). The morphological char- acteristics of the identified starch types are described below: Type I Triticeae (n = 510). These types of starches can be divided into two subtypes according to their size. Type IA includes nearly circular grains with smaller size (3.33–9.18 μm), and type IB contains individual lenticular or discoid larger grains (6.12–41.01 μm) with flat sur- face, centric hila, and visible lamellae. The extinction cross has a \u0003 or + shape (Figure 4a, a’, b, b’). The morphology and size of these grains resemble wheat (T. aestivum) and Agropyron mongolicum Keng in the Triticeae tribe (Figure 3a, a’, b, b’; Figure 5a). However, wheat was introduced into China after 4,500 yr BP, and the morphology and size of different genera in Triticeae overlap w", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "above. The extinction cross is x-shaped, and the two short arms and two long arms can be dis- tinguished clearly under polarised light microscope (Figure 4g, g‘, h, h’). The morphology and size of these grains resemble that of the lotus root (Figure 3g, g‘, h, h’; Figure 5d). In this case, we infer that Type IV starches originate from the lotus root. Type V Bean (Vigna spp.) (n = 13). Grains are nearly kidney-shaped with radiated fissures, and lamella are visible, especially near the edges. The hila are open and the extinction cross is x-shaped, often exhibiting many arms (Figure 4i, i‘, j, j’). The morphology of these grains is very similar to that of Vigna (Figure 3i, i‘, j, j’). Comparative analysis of size distribution ranges indicates the size of Type V starch grains (15.94–33.03 μm) is very close to that of mung bean (Vigna radiata) or wild vicia (Vicia sepium) (Figure 5e). However, because of the limited number of this type of starch, we were unable to identify Type V starch at more specific taxo- nomic levels.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S218_477ae0f38b0f", "page": 8, "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "ec3e52066b855bb15e58e51047f9c69473122249a445480b4ce0cfcf89d9c4fb" }, "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T10:22:48.567907+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN089", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "F I G U R E 4 Starch grains recovered from the Shuangdun site", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shuangdun", "quote": "1/arcm.12749\n\n\nO R I G I N A L A R T I C L E\n\n\nStarch grain analysis of two different types of\ngrinding stones from the Neolithic Shuangdun site\n(ca. 7.3–6.8 ka BP) in eastern China\n\n\nYuzhang Yang1 | Ling Yao1,2 | Dong Zhang3 | Jingwen Liao1 |\nXuhang Kan4 | Juzhong Zhang1\n\n\n\n1Department for the History of Science and\nScientific Archaeology, University of Science Abst", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ec3e52066b855bb15e58e51047f9c69473122249a445480b4ce0cfcf89d9c4fb" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F03", "paper_key": "S219_d8936fd2af9e", "paper_id": "S219", "number": "3", "caption_original": "FIGURE 3 | Examples of starch grains morphology from the modern reference (scale bar: 20 μm). (A): Setaria italica; (B): Coix lacryma-jobi; (C): Wheat; (D):\nNelumbo nucifera; (E): Trichosanthes kirilowii; (F): Oryza sativa; (G): Leguminosae; (H): Quercus sp.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4eaf4f133adbad12f4ed94a24814f4edab73d37067bdc59df04fb4fbcf06ecc4", "image_bytes": 1776238, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 来自现代样品的淀粉粒形态示例（比例尺：20 μm）。（A）：狗尾草；（B）：薏苡；（C）：小麦；（D）：莲藕；（E）：栝楼根（Trichosanthes kirilowii）；（F）：水稻；（G）：豆科；（H）：栎属 。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 3 | Examples of starch grains morphology from the modern reference (scale bar: 20 μm). (A): foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (B): Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (C): Wheat; (D):\nlotus (Nelumbo nucifera); (E): Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii); (F): rice (Oryza sativa); (G): legume family (Leguminosae); (H): oaks (Quercus sp.)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "淀粉粒形态示例", "title_en": "Examples of starch grain morphology", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4eaf4f133adbad12f4ed94a2.png", "image_url": "media/S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F03.png?v=4eaf4f133adb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Type A: starch grains (n = 48, 8.72–20.41 μm) are mostly faceted, hilum is centric with a “−” or “+” or “Y” or star-shaped fissures, some parts of starch have depressions (Figure 5A). The extinction arms are crossed and vertical under polarizing light, and lamellae are invisible. This type of starch grains is mostly from Panicoideae plants (Ge et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2010), such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica), common millet (Panicum miliaceum), as well as Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). However, the size of a common millet is relatively small, while the size of Job’s tears is relatively large, and the end of the extinction arm of Job’s tears starch grains is mostly similar to a “Z” shaped curve. The size range and morphological structure of this type of starch granules are consistent with those of foxtail millet, so it is identified as Setaria italica. Type B: starch grains (n = 27, 12.18–26.03 μm) are polygonal and nearly circular. Its characterized by a centric hilum, linear fissures, and invisible lamellae. The extinction arms are crossed and vertical under polarizing light, and the end of the extinction arms presents a “Z” shaped curve (Figure 5B). In modern plants, the starch grains of Panicoideae plants generally have a polyhedral structure, and the extinction arms cross vertically. According to our lab modern sample database (Figure 3B), the size of foxtail millet and common millet starch grains are relatively small, and the end of the cross-extinction arm of Job’s tears has a unique “Z” shaped curve (Ge et al., 2010). Thus, type B starch granules come from ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "starch grains is eccentric. Comparing our laboratory’s modern database (Figure 3D) and related analysis (Wan et al., 2011) of the starch grains in roots and tubers in modern southern China, this type of starch grains should come from lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera). Type E: starch grains (n = 11, 17.35–23.18 μm) are round, semi-circular, and bell-shaped with a smooth surface and no", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "fissure, the hilum is centric or eccentric, and the lamellae are invisible. Extinction arms are crossed vertically or curved under polarizing light (Figure 5F). Compared with the modern sample database of our laboratory (Figure 3E), the shape and length of this type of starch granules are similar to those of the root of snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii), so this type of starch granule is identified as the Trichosanthes kirilowii. Type F: starch grains (n = 3, 5.26–8.63 μm) are polyhedral structures, with the centric hilum and invisible lamellae and the cross-extinction arm is “X” shaped (Figure 5G). All these grains have small sizes of less than 10 μm, and most of them are closely arranged. Based on the morphological characteristics and the microscopic observation of starch grains of modern rice by Wei et al. (2008), we infer that Type F starch grains originate from rice (Oryza sativa). Type G: starch grains (n = 2, 9.62–32.52 μm) are kidney- shaped and oval, and the hilum is invisible. One of them has a fissure through the long axis, and the other has no fissure (Figure 5H). According to our laboratory database and related study on legumes starch grains (Wang et al., 2013), this type of starch granules should come from Leguminosae. Type H: starch grain (n = 1, 19.36 μm) is triangular oval, the hilum is closed and centric, the lamellae are invisible, and the cross-extinction arm is “X” shaped (Figure 5I). The starch grains of nut plants are mostly triangular oval and drop- shaped, such as Castanea sp. of the Fagaceae tribe and Quercus sp. However, the hilum of the Casta", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Wan et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2013; Yang and Perry, 2013; Neumann et al., 2019; Henry, 2020) and our lab modern reference collection of common plant species (Figure 3). Fungi identification was based on the published book (St- Germain and Summerbell, 2011).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.432562+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F04", "paper_key": "S219_d8936fd2af9e", "paper_id": "S219", "number": "4", "caption_original": "FIGURE 4 | Damaged starch grains in the three alcohol (scale bar: 20 μm). (A) foxtail millet in koujiao alcohol; (B) mung bean in qu alcohol; (C) lotus root in qu\nalcohol; (D) yam in koujiao alcohol; (E,F) rice in malted alcohol; (G–I) wheat in malted alcohol.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8ecd5b20bd128641b47a73fee54e187125de305573e2d31befb31da286d1f4e2", "image_bytes": 1138064, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 三种酒精中受损的淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）。（A） 粟在口嚼酒精中；（B） 绿豆在 曲酒精中；（C） 薯蓣在曲酒精中；（D） 山药在口嚼酒精中；（E，F） 水稻在发芽酒精中；（G–I） 小麦在发芽酒精中。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 4 | Damaged starch grains in the three alcohol (scale bar: 20 μm). (A) foxtail millet in koujiao alcohol; (B) mung bean in qu alcohol; (C) lotus root in qu\nalcohol; (D) yam in koujiao alcohol; (E,F) rice in malted alcohol; (G–I) wheat in malted alcohol.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "三种酒精中受损的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Damaged starch grains in three alcohols", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/8ecd5b20bd128641b47a73fe.png", "image_url": "media/S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F04.png?v=8ecd5b20bd12", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "archaeological context in recent years, and experimental evidence for the brewing of qu wine, malted wine, and koujiao wine has been reported in 14 prehistoric sites in China (Liu, 2021a). To further understand the fermentation technology, scholars have established an analysis method: based on the residues of microbotanical and microbial remains to determine the brewing function and methods (Liu et al., 2019b; Liu et al., 2020a; Liu et al., 2020b; Liu et al., 2020d; Liu et al., 2021b; Feng et al., 2021; Zhao and Liu, 2021). However, this method has not been demonstrated by simulation experiments. Therefore, a simulation experiment was designed to verify the different combinations of microfossils in three kinds of alcohol residues. Six common grain alcohol ingredients, including rice, foxtail millet, wheat, yam, lotus root, and mung bean, were selected and brewed into malted alcohol, qu alcohol, and koujiao alcohol separately under the same experimental conditions in our laboratory. Given the turbid state of the fermented liquor, the fermentation samples were divided into filtered and unfiltered residues to observe starch grains, phytoliths, and fungi under a microscope, respectively. The results showed that starch grains do unique damage during saccharification and fermentation (Figure 4). However, different brewing methods have similar damage to the same kind", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type A: starch grains (n = 48, 8.72–20.41 μm) are mostly faceted, hilum is centric with a “−” or “+” or “Y” or star-shaped fissures, some parts of starch have depressions (Figure 5A). The extinction arms are crossed and vertical under polarizing light, and lamellae are invisible. This type of starch grains is mostly from Panicoideae plants (Ge et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2010), such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica), common millet (Panicum miliaceum), as well as Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). However, the size of a common millet is relatively small, while the size of Job’s tears is relatively large, and the end of the extinction arm of Job’s tears starch grains is mostly similar to a “Z” shaped curve. The size range and morphological structure of this type of starch granules are consistent with those of foxtail millet, so it is identified as Setaria italica. Type B: starch grains (n = 27, 12.18–26.03 μm) are polygonal and nearly circular. Its characterized by a centric hilum, linear fissures, and invisible lamellae. The extinction arms are crossed and vertical under polarizing light, and the end of the extinction arms presents a “Z” shaped curve (Figure 5B). In modern plants, the starch grains of Panicoideae plants generally have a polyhedral structure, and the extinction arms cross vertically. According to our lab modern sample database (Figure 3B), the size of foxtail millet and common millet starch grains are relatively small, and the end of the cross-extinction arm of Job’s tears has a unique “Z” shaped curve (Ge et al., 2010). Thus, type B starch granules come from ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type D: starch grains (n = 10, 11.46–47.24 μm) are the circle (Figure 5D) and long oval (Figure 5E), which have a large size distribution range. Short “-” shaped or “X” shaped fissures can be observed at the hilum, and the extinction arms under polarizing light are cross. The lamellae of this kind of starch grains gradually spread outward around the hilum is obvious, and the hilum of the long oval", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "starch grains is eccentric. Comparing our laboratory’s modern database (Figure 3D) and related analysis (Wan et al., 2011) of the starch grains in roots and tubers in modern southern China, this type of starch grains should come from lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera). Type E: starch grains (n = 11, 17.35–23.18 μm) are round, semi-circular, and bell-shaped with a smooth surface and no", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.475639+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F05", "paper_key": "S219_d8936fd2af9e", "paper_id": "S219", "number": "5", "caption_original": "FIGURE 5 | Types of starch grains at the Qingtai site (scale bar: 20 μm). (A) Setaria italica; (B) Coix lacryma-jobi; (C) Triticeae; (D,E) Nelumbo nucifera; (F)\nTrichosanthes kirilowii; (G) Oryza sativa; (H) Leguminosae; (I) Quercus sp.; (J) tubers.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e72a36d52005b83f46f44900297df5613cb994d45034b4c9af0ef7db065d8318", "image_bytes": 2354045, "sites": [ "CN143" ], "caption_zh": "图5 青台遗址发现的淀粉粒类型（比例尺：20 μm）。（A） 粟 （Setaria italica）；（B） 薏苡 （Coix lacryma-jobi）；（C） 小麦族 （Triticeae）；（D，E） 莲属 （Nelumbo nucifera）；（F） 栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）；（G） 水稻 （Oryza sativa）；（H） 豆科 （Leguminosae）；（I） 栎属 （Quercus sp.）；（J） 块茎。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 5 | Types of starch grains at the Qingtai site (scale bar: 20 μm). (A) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (B) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (C) wheat tribe (Triticeae); (D,E) lotus (Nelumbo nucifera); (F)\nChinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii); (G) rice (Oryza sativa); (H) legume family (Leguminosae); (I) oaks (Quercus sp.); (J) tubers.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "青台遗址淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types at the Qingtai site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e72a36d52005b83f46f44900.png", "image_url": "media/S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F05.png?v=e72a36d52005", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Type A: starch grains (n = 48, 8.72–20.41 μm) are mostly faceted, hilum is centric with a “−” or “+” or “Y” or star-shaped fissures, some parts of starch have depressions (Figure 5A). The extinction arms are crossed and vertical under polarizing light, and lamellae are invisible. This type of starch grains is mostly from Panicoideae plants (Ge et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2010), such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica), common millet (Panicum miliaceum), as well as Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). However, the size of a common millet is relatively small, while the size of Job’s tears is relatively large, and the end of the extinction arm of Job’s tears starch grains is mostly similar to a “Z” shaped curve. The size range and morphological structure of this type of starch granules are consistent with those of foxtail millet, so it is identified as Setaria italica. Type B: starch grains (n = 27, 12.18–26.03 μm) are polygonal and nearly circular. Its characterized by a centric hilum, linear fissures, and invisible lamellae. The extinction arms are crossed and vertical under polarizing light, and the end of the extinction arms presents a “Z” shaped curve (Figure 5B). In modern plants, the starch grains of Panicoideae plants generally have a polyhedral structure, and the extinction arms cross vertically. According to our lab modern sample database (Figure 3B), the size of foxtail millet and common millet starch grains are relatively small, and the end of the cross-extinction arm of Job’s tears has a unique “Z” shaped curve (Ge et al., 2010). Thus, type B starch granules come from ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type D: starch grains (n = 10, 11.46–47.24 μm) are the circle (Figure 5D) and long oval (Figure 5E), which have a large size distribution range. Short “-” shaped or “X” shaped fissures can be observed at the hilum, and the extinction arms under polarizing light are cross. The lamellae of this kind of starch grains gradually spread outward around the hilum is obvious, and the hilum of the long oval", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "fissure, the hilum is centric or eccentric, and the lamellae are invisible. Extinction arms are crossed vertically or curved under polarizing light (Figure 5F). Compared with the modern sample database of our laboratory (Figure 3E), the shape and length of this type of starch granules are similar to those of the root of snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii), so this type of starch granule is identified as the Trichosanthes kirilowii. Type F: starch grains (n = 3, 5.26–8.63 μm) are polyhedral structures, with the centric hilum and invisible lamellae and the cross-extinction arm is “X” shaped (Figure 5G). All these grains have small sizes of less than 10 μm, and most of them are closely arranged. Based on the morphological characteristics and the microscopic observation of starch grains of modern rice by Wei et al. (2008), we infer that Type F starch grains originate from rice (Oryza sativa). Type G: starch grains (n = 2, 9.62–32.52 μm) are kidney- shaped and oval, and the hilum is invisible. One of them has a fissure through the long axis, and the other has no fissure (Figure 5H). According to our laboratory database and related study on legumes starch grains (Wang et al., 2013), this type of starch granules should come from Leguminosae. Type H: starch grain (n = 1, 19.36 μm) is triangular oval, the hilum is closed and centric, the lamellae are invisible, and the cross-extinction arm is “X” shaped (Figure 5I). The starch grains of nut plants are mostly triangular oval and drop- shaped, such as Castanea sp. of the Fagaceae tribe and Quercus sp. However, the hilum of the Casta", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "3.1 Starch Remains Among the 218 starch grains, 19 starch grains could not be identified due to the damage or lack of typical characteristics. The remaining 199 starch grains were classified into nine broad categories based on their morphology and size (Table 1; Figure 5).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.524981+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN143", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "FIGURE 5 | Types of starch grains at the Qingtai site (scale bar: 20 μm). (A) Setaria italica; (B) Coix lacryma-jobi; (C) Triticeae; (D,E) Nelumbo nucifera; (F)\nTrichosanthes kirilowii; (G) Oryza sativa; (H) Leguminosae; (I) Quercus sp.; (J) tubers.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "qingtai", "quote": "doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.884630\n\n\n\n A New Filtered Alcoholic Beverage:\n Residues Evidence From the Qingtai\n Site (ca. 5,500–4,750cal. BP) in Henan\n Province, Central China\n\n Jingwen Liao 1,2, Yuzhang Yang 1*, Wanfa Gu 3, Ling Yao 4, Qingli Wei 3, Wuhong Luo 1,\n Yingxue Gong 1, Lanpo Ding", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d8936fd2af9e426bc65bea0bceb9c861426bbcb334374c1be505f3429a303711" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F06", "paper_key": "S219_d8936fd2af9e", "paper_id": "S219", "number": "6", "caption_original": "FIGURE 6 | Damaged starch grains from the Qingtai site (scale bar: 20 μm). (A,B): showing small pits and cracks, hazy extinction cross; (C): showing swelling,\nmelting, and hazy extinction cross; (D): showing pits, melting, and hazy extinction cross; (E): showing missing edges; (F–H): showing central depression and swelling.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "268ea01d29d36bf5ec0f6b47db30d5d57d4f3c605301ff5dd472823d6ac913dc", "image_bytes": 2011809, "sites": [ "CN143" ], "caption_zh": "图6 青台遗址出土的受损淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）。（A，B）：显示小凹坑和裂纹，呈模糊的十字消光；（C）：显示膨胀、熔融及模糊的十字消光；（D）：显示凹坑、熔融及模糊的十字消光；（E）：显示边缘缺失；（F–H）：显示中央凹陷和膨胀。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 6 | Damaged starch grains from the Qingtai site (scale bar: 20 μm). (A,B): showing small pits and cracks, hazy extinction cross; (C): showing swelling,\nmelting, and hazy extinction cross; (D): showing pits, melting, and hazy extinction cross; (E): showing missing edges; (F–H): showing central depression and swelling.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "青台遗址受损淀粉粒", "title_en": "Damaged starch grains from the Qingtai site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/268ea01d29d36bf5ec0f6b47.png", "image_url": "media/S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F06.png?v=268ea01d29d3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "fissure, the hilum is centric or eccentric, and the lamellae are invisible. Extinction arms are crossed vertically or curved under polarizing light (Figure 5F). Compared with the modern sample database of our laboratory (Figure 3E), the shape and length of this type of starch granules are similar to those of the root of snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii), so this type of starch granule is identified as the Trichosanthes kirilowii. Type F: starch grains (n = 3, 5.26–8.63 μm) are polyhedral structures, with the centric hilum and invisible lamellae and the cross-extinction arm is “X” shaped (Figure 5G). All these grains have small sizes of less than 10 μm, and most of them are closely arranged. Based on the morphological characteristics and the microscopic observation of starch grains of modern rice by Wei et al. (2008), we infer that Type F starch grains originate from rice (Oryza sativa). Type G: starch grains (n = 2, 9.62–32.52 μm) are kidney- shaped and oval, and the hilum is invisible. One of them has a fissure through the long axis, and the other has no fissure (Figure 5H). According to our laboratory database and related study on legumes starch grains (Wang et al., 2013), this type of starch granules should come from Leguminosae. Type H: starch grain (n = 1, 19.36 μm) is triangular oval, the hilum is closed and centric, the lamellae are invisible, and the cross-extinction arm is “X” shaped (Figure 5I). The starch grains of nut plants are mostly triangular oval and drop- shaped, such as Castanea sp. of the Fagaceae tribe and Quercus sp. However, the hilum of the Casta", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type A: starch grains (n = 48, 8.72–20.41 μm) are mostly faceted, hilum is centric with a “−” or “+” or “Y” or star-shaped fissures, some parts of starch have depressions (Figure 5A). The extinction arms are crossed and vertical under polarizing light, and lamellae are invisible. This type of starch grains is mostly from Panicoideae plants (Ge et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2010), such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica), common millet (Panicum miliaceum), as well as Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). However, the size of a common millet is relatively small, while the size of Job’s tears is relatively large, and the end of the extinction arm of Job’s tears starch grains is mostly similar to a “Z” shaped curve. The size range and morphological structure of this type of starch granules are consistent with those of foxtail millet, so it is identified as Setaria italica. Type B: starch grains (n = 27, 12.18–26.03 μm) are polygonal and nearly circular. Its characterized by a centric hilum, linear fissures, and invisible lamellae. The extinction arms are crossed and vertical under polarizing light, and the end of the extinction arms presents a “Z” shaped curve (Figure 5B). In modern plants, the starch grains of Panicoideae plants generally have a polyhedral structure, and the extinction arms cross vertically. According to our lab modern sample database (Figure 3B), the size of foxtail millet and common millet starch grains are relatively small, and the end of the cross-extinction arm of Job’s tears has a unique “Z” shaped curve (Ge et al., 2010). Thus, type B starch granules come from ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type D: starch grains (n = 10, 11.46–47.24 μm) are the circle (Figure 5D) and long oval (Figure 5E), which have a large size distribution range. Short “-” shaped or “X” shaped fissures can be observed at the hilum, and the extinction arms under polarizing light are cross. The lamellae of this kind of starch grains gradually spread outward around the hilum is obvious, and the hilum of the long oval", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "starch grains is eccentric. Comparing our laboratory’s modern database (Figure 3D) and related analysis (Wan et al., 2011) of the starch grains in roots and tubers in modern southern China, this type of starch grains should come from lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera). Type E: starch grains (n = 11, 17.35–23.18 μm) are round, semi-circular, and bell-shaped with a smooth surface and no", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.591468+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN143", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "FIGURE 6 | Damaged starch grains from the Qingtai site (scale bar: 20 μm). (A,B): showing small pits and cracks, hazy extinction cross; (C): showing swelling,\nmelting, and hazy extinction cross; (D): showing pits, melting, and hazy extinction cross; (E): showing missing edges; (F–H): showing central depression and swelling.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "qingtai", "quote": "doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.884630\n\n\n\n A New Filtered Alcoholic Beverage:\n Residues Evidence From the Qingtai\n Site (ca. 5,500–4,750cal. BP) in Henan\n Province, Central China\n\n Jingwen Liao 1,2, Yuzhang Yang 1*, Wanfa Gu 3, Ling Yao 4, Qingli Wei 3, Wuhong Luo 1,\n Yingxue Gong 1, Lanpo Ding", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d8936fd2af9e426bc65bea0bceb9c861426bbcb334374c1be505f3429a303711" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F07", "paper_key": "S219_d8936fd2af9e", "paper_id": "S219", "number": "7", "caption_original": "FIGURE 7 | Phytoliths from the Qingtai site (scale bar: 20 μm). (A): dumbbell with scooped ends paralleled arrangement; (B): square saddle; (C): hair cell; (D):\nbilobate; (E): fan-shape; (F): cross; (G): double-peak; (H): Ω-type.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6f48d8db029fccd5615270dcedf31e9323c11b9b500c7d8a76c1dbcde8940a79", "image_bytes": 2160092, "sites": [ "CN143" ], "caption_zh": "图7 青台遗址的植硅体（比例尺：20 μm）。（A）：并排哑铃型植硅体；（B）：方型；（C）：尖型；（D）：哑铃型；（E）：扇形；（F）：十字形；（G）：双峰型；（H）：Ω型。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 7 | Phytoliths from the Qingtai site (scale bar: 20 μm). (A): dumbbell with scooped ends paralleled arrangement; (B): square saddle; (C): hair cell; (D):\nbilobate; (E): fan-shape; (F): cross; (G): double-peak; (H): Ω-type.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "青台遗址植硅体形态", "title_en": "Phytolith Morphologies from the Qingtai Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6f48d8db029fccd5615270dc.png", "image_url": "media/S219_d8936fd2af9e_S219-F07.png?v=6f48d8db029f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "3.2 Phytolith Remains Of the three pottery samples (S3, S4, S17) yielding brewing damaged starch grains, 32 phytoliths were found only on the funnel S3, and most of which were from Poaceae plants (Table 2). Two double-peak phytoliths (Figure 7: g) from rice husk and dumbbell with scooped ends paralleled arrangement (Figure 7A) phytoliths from rice stem or leaf were present, corresponding to the presence of rice starch grains on the funnel. One Ω-type phytolith (Figure 7H) of foxtail millet husks was also found, but no η-type phytolith typical or starch of common millet was recovered. Other Poaceae families include two fan-shaped (Figure 7E), three cross (Figure 7F), 14 bilobate (Figure 7D), and two square saddle (Figure 7B) phytoliths, also found under the microscope. Further, hair cells (n = 1, Figure 7C) were found, mainly in the stem or leaf of eudicots.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type A: starch grains (n = 48, 8.72–20.41 μm) are mostly faceted, hilum is centric with a “−” or “+” or “Y” or star-shaped fissures, some parts of starch have depressions (Figure 5A). The extinction arms are crossed and vertical under polarizing light, and lamellae are invisible. This type of starch grains is mostly from Panicoideae plants (Ge et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2010), such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica), common millet (Panicum miliaceum), as well as Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). However, the size of a common millet is relatively small, while the size of Job’s tears is relatively large, and the end of the extinction arm of Job’s tears starch grains is mostly similar to a “Z” shaped curve. The size range and morphological structure of this type of starch granules are consistent with those of foxtail millet, so it is identified as Setaria italica. Type B: starch grains (n = 27, 12.18–26.03 μm) are polygonal and nearly circular. Its characterized by a centric hilum, linear fissures, and invisible lamellae. The extinction arms are crossed and vertical under polarizing light, and the end of the extinction arms presents a “Z” shaped curve (Figure 5B). In modern plants, the starch grains of Panicoideae plants generally have a polyhedral structure, and the extinction arms cross vertically. According to our lab modern sample database (Figure 3B), the size of foxtail millet and common millet starch grains are relatively small, and the end of the cross-extinction arm of Job’s tears has a unique “Z” shaped curve (Ge et al., 2010). Thus, type B starch granules come from ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type D: starch grains (n = 10, 11.46–47.24 μm) are the circle (Figure 5D) and long oval (Figure 5E), which have a large size distribution range. Short “-” shaped or “X” shaped fissures can be observed at the hilum, and the extinction arms under polarizing light are cross. The lamellae of this kind of starch grains gradually spread outward around the hilum is obvious, and the hilum of the long oval", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "starch grains is eccentric. Comparing our laboratory’s modern database (Figure 3D) and related analysis (Wan et al., 2011) of the starch grains in roots and tubers in modern southern China, this type of starch grains should come from lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera). Type E: starch grains (n = 11, 17.35–23.18 μm) are round, semi-circular, and bell-shaped with a smooth surface and no", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.641313+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN143", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "FIGURE 7 | Phytoliths from the Qingtai site (scale bar: 20 μm). (A): dumbbell with scooped ends paralleled arrangement; (B): square saddle; (C): hair cell; (D):\nbilobate; (E): fan-shape; (F): cross; (G): double-peak; (H): Ω-type.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "qingtai", "quote": "doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.884630\n\n\n\n A New Filtered Alcoholic Beverage:\n Residues Evidence From the Qingtai\n Site (ca. 5,500–4,750cal. BP) in Henan\n Province, Central China\n\n Jingwen Liao 1,2, Yuzhang Yang 1*, Wanfa Gu 3, Ling Yao 4, Qingli Wei 3, Wuhong Luo 1,\n Yingxue Gong 1, Lanpo Ding", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d8936fd2af9e426bc65bea0bceb9c861426bbcb334374c1be505f3429a303711" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S220_230892adbf67_S220-F01", "paper_key": "S220_230892adbf67", "paper_id": "S220", "number": "1", "caption_original": "FIGURE 1 | Some of the morphological features considered in this paper: (A) bell-shaped granule with rough surface ( Cyclobalanopsis glauca); (B) drop-shaped granule (Quercus cocciferoides); (C) faceted spherical granule ( Cycas pectinata); (D) irregular polyhedron granule ( Castanopsis hystrix); (E) pestle-shaped granule with visible lamellae ( Caryota obtusa); (F) spherical cap granule ( Cycas pectinata); (G) spindle-shaped granule with visible lamellae ( Arenga westerhouti i (red)); (H), triangle granule with v-shaped fissure ( Quercus variabilis ); (I) linear fissure; (J) and (k) longitudinal fissure; (L), stellate fissure.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9094c8eb4abf13776f0b4c372f2e01d064c73fce5e55358a1eaa88e576c22134", "image_bytes": 4472965, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图1.本文采用的部分淀粉粒形态观察特征。A，表面粗糙的钟形颗粒（青冈，Cyclobalanopsis glauca）；B，水滴形颗粒（铁橡栎，Quercus cocciferoides）；C，具有刻面的球形颗粒（篦齿苏铁，Cycas pectinata）；D，不规则多面体颗粒（红锥，Castanopsis hystrix）；E，层纹可见的杵形颗粒（董棕，Caryota obtusa）；F，球冠形颗粒（篦齿苏铁，Cycas pectinata）；G，层纹可见的纺锤形颗粒[桄榔，Arenga westerhoutii）（红型）]；H，具有V形裂隙的三角形颗粒（栓皮栎，Quercus variabilis）；I，线形裂隙；J、K，纵向裂隙；L，星状裂隙。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 1 | Some of the morphological features considered in this paper: (A) bell-shaped granule with rough surface ( ring-cupped oak, Cyclobalanopsis glauca); (B) drop-shaped granule (oak, Quercus cocciferoides); (C) faceted spherical granule ( cycad, Cycas pectinata); (D) irregular polyhedron granule ( chinquapin, Castanopsis hystrix); (E) pestle-shaped granule with visible lamellae ( fishtail palm, Caryota obtusa); (F) spherical cap granule ( cycad, Cycas pectinata); (G) spindle-shaped granule with visible lamellae ( Arenga palm, Arenga westerhoutii i (red)); (H), triangle granule with v-shaped fissure ( Chinese cork oak, Quercus variabilis ); (I) linear fissure; (J) and (k) longitudinal fissure; (L), stellate fissure.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "木本植物淀粉粒的形态观察指标", "title_zh": "木本植物淀粉粒的形态观察指标", "title_en": "Some starch grain morphological features", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9094c8eb4abf13776f0b4c37.png", "image_url": "media/S220_230892adbf67_S220-F01.png?v=9094c8eb4abf", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "employ a non-parametric test to the dataset, the Kruskal–Wallis test for multiple independent samples. These statistical procedures are performed with SPSS v25.0. We counted the proportion of each category of the recorded morphological variables to observe and summarize their distribution. In our descriptions of granule morphotypes, we follow the approach of previous studies (e.g. Torrence et al., 2004; Torrence and Barton 2006; Yang and Perry 2013; Liu et al., 2014; Mercader et al., 2018), including overall shape, fissure types, lamellae visibility, hilum position and surface texture (Figure 1 and Supplementary Table S2). We further use a geometric typology that separates overall granule shapes into four categories: irregular-shape type; ovate types; polygonal types; and faceted types. The ovate types include drop-shaped (an ovate with a wide shoulder and one pointed end; Figure 1B), pestle-shaped (an ovate with a shoulder at the hilum, tapering toward the distal end; Figure 1E), spindle-shaped (an ovate with two symmetrically pointed ends; Figure 1G), sphere and oval- shaped. And the faceted types are granules with a spherical or ellipsoid surface but abutting each other in the plant cell causing facets to form (Figure 1), including bell-shaped (Figure 1A), faceted spheres (Figure 1C), and spherical caps (Figure 1F). We then calculate the percentage of all the features observed in the starch samples at a species level, in order to identify diagnostic features. Besides the granule description, we applied statistical procedures to reduce dependence on subjective decisions. ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "rough surface (Figure 4). Among the starches examined, the palm granules are most likely to have visible lamellae. They also have a higher percentage of granules with an eccentric hilum. Conversely, the fissure patterns make it difficult to classify the granules recorded, as the majority do not bear any fissures (Figure 4). We chart the four categories of granule shapes with different colors (Figure 4). The grey type includes irregular-shape granules. The faceted types are in blue, while the ovate-types in orange, the polygonal types (e.g. Figure 1D) in red. Of the facet types, bell-shaped granules are concentrated in the Cyclobalanopsisand Casntanospsis sample, especially Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Figure 2: 5) which accounts for 56% of its total sample (Figure 4 and Supplementary Table S2). The faceted spherical granules are mainly found in the cycad samples, which separately account for 46 and 56% of the study sample (Figure 4 and Supplementary Table S2). Spherical cap granules occur in small proportions in both Cycas and Lithocarpus. For ovate types, oval and spherical granules are widely distributed in every sample. Drop-shaped granules are primarily observed in Quercus while pestle-shaped and spindle-shaped granules are most frequent in palms. Most species produce some form of polygonal granules (Figure 4). However, we note an irregular type, with wavy edges or concave/convex surfaces (Figure 1D), mostly observed in Castanopsis. The two species of this genus, C. hystrix (Figure 2: 2) and C. fargesii (Figure 2: 3) also have a high percentage of normal polygonal granules.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.687067+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S220_230892adbf67_S220-F02", "paper_key": "S220_230892adbf67", "paper_id": "S220", "number": "2", "caption_original": "FIGURE 2 | Starch granules from woody starch plants. 1–16, acorn kernels:1, Castanopsis platyacantha; 2, Castanopsis hystrix; 3, Castanopsis fargesii; 4, Castanopsis sclerophylla; 5, Cyclobalanopsis glauca; 6, Cyclobalanopsis chapensis; 7, Cyclobalanopsis gambleana; 8, Cyclobalanopsis phanera; 9, Lithocarpus cleistocarpus; 10, Lithocarpus litseifolius; 11, Lithocarpus chrysocomus; 12, Quercus cocciferoides; 13, Quercus oxyphylla; 14, Quercus variabilis; 15, Quercus franchetii; 16, Fagus sylvatica; 17–18, guanglang palm: 17, Arenga westerhouti (red); 18, Arenga westerhouti (white); 19, fishtail palm: Caryota obtusa; 20–21, cycads: 20, Cycas panzhihuaensis; 21, Cycas pectinata. Scale, 20 μm. The red arrows shows the pits in the granules.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。原文以acorn kernels统称1—16，本中文稿译作“壳斗科坚果仁”，避免把水青冈等全部狭义称为栎属橡子。Arenga westerhouti沿用本图原注拼写，图1则作westerhoutii。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0fa75aadf83913b706789bb834104abc0de5c4309165427335284cc2f5ca0ce2", "image_bytes": 16802173, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 木本淀粉植物的淀粉粒。1—16，壳斗科坚果：1，刺叶栲（Castanopsis platyacantha）；2，红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）；3，栲（Castanopsis fargesii）；4，苦槠（Castanopsis sclerophylla）；5，青冈（Cyclobalanopsis glauca）；6，越南青冈（Cyclobalanopsis chapensis）；7，滇南青冈（Cyclobalanopsis gambleana）；8，亮叶青冈（Cyclobalanopsis phanera）；9，包石栎（Lithocarpus cleistocarpus）；10，木姜叶柯（Lithocarpus litseifolius）；11，金毛柯（Lithocarpus chrysocomus）；12，铁橡栎（Quercus cocciferoides）；13，高山栎（Quercus oxyphylla）；14，栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）；15，锥连栎（Quercus franchetii）；16，欧洲水青冈，Fagus sylvatica。17、18，桄榔类棕榈：17，桄榔（Arenga westerhoutii）（红型）；18，桄榔（Arenga westerhoutii）（白型）。19，鱼尾葵类董棕（Caryota obtusa）。20、21，苏铁类：20，攀枝花苏铁（Cycas panzhihuaensis）；21，篦齿苏铁（Cycas pectinata）。比例尺为20 μm。红色箭头指示颗粒上的蚀坑。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 2 | Starch granules from woody starch plants. 1–16, acorn kernels:1, chinquapin (Castanopsis platyacantha); 2, chinquapin (Castanopsis hystrix); 3, chinquapin (Castanopsis fargesii); 4, chinquapin (Castanopsis sclerophylla); 5, ring-cupped oak (Cyclobalanopsis glauca); 6, ring-cupped oak (Cyclobalanopsis chapensis); 7, ring-cupped oak (Cyclobalanopsis gambleana); 8, ring-cupped oak (Cyclobalanopsis phanera); 9, stone oak (Lithocarpus cleistocarpus); 10, stone oak (Lithocarpus litseifolius); 11, stone oak (Lithocarpus chrysocomus); 12, oak (Quercus cocciferoides); 13, oak (Quercus oxyphylla); 14, Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis); 15, oak (Quercus franchetii); 16, Fagus sylvatica; 17–18, guanglang palm: 17, Arenga palm (Arenga westerhoutii) (red); 18, Arenga palm (Arenga westerhoutii) (white); 19, fishtail palm: fishtail palm (Caryota obtusa); 20–21, cycads: 20, Panzhihua cycad (Cycas panzhihuaensis); 21, cycad (Cycas pectinata). Scale, 20 μm. The red arrows shows the pits in the granules.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "壳斗科、棕榈科和苏铁类植物的淀粉粒", "title_zh": "壳斗科、棕榈科和苏铁类植物的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch granules from woody starch plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/0fa75aadf83913b706789bb8.png", "image_url": "media/S220_230892adbf67_S220-F02.png?v=0fa75aadf839", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "for 15 species of Fagaceae nuts, no, or only few, starch granules were recorded. The Lithocarpus chrysocomus sample released only one 15.89 μm granule (Figure 2: 11) and Fagus sylvatica", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "produced only a few tiny agglomerated granules (Figure 2: 16). The lower starch content of some species, such as Fagus species, is in accordance with published data (Supplementary Table S3).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "rough surface (Figure 4). Among the starches examined, the palm granules are most likely to have visible lamellae. They also have a higher percentage of granules with an eccentric hilum. Conversely, the fissure patterns make it difficult to classify the granules recorded, as the majority do not bear any fissures (Figure 4). We chart the four categories of granule shapes with different colors (Figure 4). The grey type includes irregular-shape granules. The faceted types are in blue, while the ovate-types in orange, the polygonal types (e.g. Figure 1D) in red. Of the facet types, bell-shaped granules are concentrated in the Cyclobalanopsisand Casntanospsis sample, especially Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Figure 2: 5) which accounts for 56% of its total sample (Figure 4 and Supplementary Table S2). The faceted spherical granules are mainly found in the cycad samples, which separately account for 46 and 56% of the study sample (Figure 4 and Supplementary Table S2). Spherical cap granules occur in small proportions in both Cycas and Lithocarpus. For ovate types, oval and spherical granules are widely distributed in every sample. Drop-shaped granules are primarily observed in Quercus while pestle-shaped and spindle-shaped granules are most frequent in palms. Most species produce some form of polygonal granules (Figure 4). However, we note an irregular type, with wavy edges or concave/convex surfaces (Figure 1D), mostly observed in Castanopsis. The two species of this genus, C. hystrix (Figure 2: 2) and C. fargesii (Figure 2: 3) also have a high percentage of normal polygonal granules.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "(1) The spindle-shaped or pestle-shaped granules, with eccentric hilum, clear visible lamellae, smooth surface and non-fissure are the typical starches from starchy palm pith including Caryota obtuse (Figure 2:19) and the two landrace samples of Arenga westerhoutii (Figure 2:17–18). The size data can be used to make an inter-genus distinction, as the maximum granule sizes of the two guanglang landraces (mean size = 26.4/29.5 microns) are statistically larger than those of fishtail palm (mean size = 18.1 microns) (Table 1). (2) The diagnostic morphological features of the two Cycas species are fully identical. They have faceted sphere or spherical cap shapes with a smooth surface and centric hilum, but without any fissures or visible lamellae (Figure 2: 20–21). However, the two Cycas are statistically", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.736322+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S221_20604c5d149c_S221-F04", "paper_key": "S221_20604c5d149c", "paper_id": "S221", "number": "4", "caption_original": "FIGURE 4 | Types of starch grains extracted from 24 human dental calculus at the Lajia site. (A-C9), Type Ⅰ: (A-B9), Type Ⅰintact starch grains; (C,C9), Type Ⅰ\ndamaged starch grains. (D-G9), Type Ⅱ: (D-F9), Type Ⅱ-A intact starch grains; (G,G9), Type Ⅱ-B damaged starch grains. (H-I9), Type Ⅲ; (J-L9), Type Ⅳ: (J,J9), Type Ⅳ-A;\n(K,K9), Type Ⅳ-B; (L,L9), Type Ⅳ-C. (A, A9-L, L9), Photos were taken under bright field (left) and polarized light (right). (Arrow indicates damage in starch grains. Scale\nbar: 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "补入本轮逐项对照PDF的分图释读，保留来源页码及原句。\n原文复核说明：原文I型分项数与总数不一致。本轮映射不引用争议数；不要静默把277改257或把226猜改为246。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e4152ff9a2293f87da55bc655f5220b0972612b7e99e5d9cad60a657602049fc", "image_bytes": 2139029, "sites": [ "CN119" ], "caption_zh": "图4 从喇家遗址24份人类牙结石中提取的淀粉粒类型。 （A-C′），类型Ⅰ，很可能为粟黍类:（A-B′），类型Ⅰ完整淀粉粒。很可能粟黍类植物；（C，C′），类型Ⅰ损伤淀粉粒，受损粟黍类淀粉粒。（D-G′），类型Ⅱ，可能为小麦族植物:（D-F′），类型Ⅱ-A完整淀粉粒，可能为小麦族；（G，G′），类型Ⅱ-B损伤淀粉粒，可能为小麦族损伤淀粉。（H-I′），类型Ⅲ，块根、块茎类淀粉粒；（J-L′），类型Ⅳ，受损、不能鉴定植物来源的淀粉粒:（J，J′），类型Ⅳ-A，单颗损伤淀粉粒；（K，K′），类型Ⅳ-B，聚集、内部结构塌陷的未鉴定淀粉粒；（L，L′），类型Ⅳ-C。（A， A′-L， L′），重叠、失去独立轮廓的未鉴定淀粉粒，照片分别在明场（左）和偏光（右）下拍摄。（箭头指示淀粉粒损伤。比例尺：10 μm）。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 4 | Types of starch grains extracted from 24 human dental calculus at the Lajia site. (A-C′), Type Ⅰ: (A-B′), Type Ⅰintact starch grains; (C,C′), Type Ⅰ\ndamaged starch grains. (D-G′), Type Ⅱ: (D-F′), Type Ⅱ-A intact starch grains; (G,G′), Type Ⅱ-B damaged starch grains. (H-I′), Type Ⅲ; (J-L′), Type Ⅳ: (J,J′), Type Ⅳ-A;\n(K,K′), Type Ⅳ-B; (L,L′), Type Ⅳ-C. (A, A′-L, L′), Photos were taken under bright field (left) and polarized light (right). (Arrow indicates damage in starch grains. Scale\nbar: 10 μm).\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\nA, A′, B, B′: The authors consider these most likely millet-type starches: Intact millet-type starch, not separated into foxtail and broomcorn millet. (PDF p. 6).\nC, C′: The authors consider these most likely millet-type starches: Damaged millet-type starch. (PDF p. 6).\nD, D′, E, E′, F, F′: The authors consider these likely Triticeae starches: Intact wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch. (PDF p. 6/7).\nG, G′: The authors consider these likely Triticeae starches: Damaged wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch. (PDF p. 6/7).\nH, H′, I, I′: Root and tuber starch. (PDF p. 7).\nJ, J′: Damaged, unidentified single starch grains. (PDF p. 7).\nK, K′: Aggregated unidentified starch with collapsed internal structure. (PDF p. 7).\nL, L′: Overlapping unidentified starch with individual outlines lost. (PDF p. 7).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "喇家遗址牙结石中淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch Grain Types from Human Dental Calculus at the Lajia Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e4152ff9a2293f87da55bc65.png", "image_url": "media/S221_20604c5d149c_S221-F04.png?v=e4152ff9a229", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "A、A′、B、B′", "type_code": "I-A", "interpretation_zh": "作者判断很可能为粟黍类：完整粟黍类淀粉粒；不能在这些分图之间硬分粟和黍", "interpretation_en": "The authors consider these most likely millet-type starches: Intact millet-type starch, not separated into foxtail and broomcorn millet.", "uncertainty": "沿用作者类型鉴定；不扩大到种；原文I型总数277与分型226+31不一致；不把此矛盾带入分图定名。撇号依据PDF图版，不能转写为数字9。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "Type I: 277 granules were observed. They were polyhedral, free\nof layered texture with centric hila, and most had Y- and star-\nshaped fissures through the hila (Figures 4A–C9). This class of\nstarch grains can be further divided into Type I-A intact starch\ngrains (n = 226) with the long-axis particle size ranges from 8.0 to\n27.0 μm and an average particle size of 14.9 ± 3.8 μm and Type\nI–B damaged starch grains (n = 31; Figures 4A–B9) with long-\naxis particle size ranging from 11.7 to 30.2 μm and an average\nparticle size of 21.3 ± 5.2 μm. These are characterized by surface\ncollapse, blurred extinction cross under polarized light, and\ncracks on some of the surfaces (Figures 4C, C9). Such starch\ngrains were most likely from dry crops of foxtail and broomcorn\nmillet.\nType II: 54 granules were observed. These granules have a\nbiconvex shape and are mostly almost circular with a centric\nhilum. The extinction cross is seen to be X-shaped under\npolarized light, and after a slight knock to twist it around,\nthe\nstarch\ngrains\nwere\noval\nshaped\nand\npossessed\na\nlongitudinal dent (Figures 4D,F9). This class of starch\ngrains can be further divided into Type II-A (n = 25) intact\nstarch\ngrains\nwith\na\nlong-axis\nparticle\nsize\nrange\nof\n12.9–37.7 μm and an average particle size of 26.3 ± 6.5 μm;\nand Type II-B (n = 29) damaged starch grains with a long-axis\nparticle size range of 18.8–48.6 μm and an average particle size\nof 32.4 ± 8.2 μm. These starch molecules appeared transparent," }, { "page": 6, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Types of starch grains extracted from 24 human dental calculus at the Lajia site. (A-C9), Type Ⅰ: (A-B9), Type Ⅰintact starch grains; (C,C9), Type Ⅰ\ndamaged starch grains. (D-G9), Type Ⅱ: (D-F9), Type Ⅱ-A intact starch grains; (G,G9), Type Ⅱ-B damaged starch grains. (H-I9), Type Ⅲ; (J-L9), Type Ⅳ: (J,J9), Type Ⅳ-A;\n(K,K9), Type Ⅳ-B; (L,L9), Type Ⅳ-C. (A, A9-L, L9), Photos were taken under bright field (left) and polarized light (right). (Arrow indicates damage in starch grains. Scale\nbar: 10 μm)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e4152ff9a2293f87da55bc655f5220b0972612b7e99e5d9cad60a657602049fc" }, { "panels": "C、C′", "type_code": "I-B", "interpretation_zh": "作者判断很可能为粟黍类：受损粟黍类淀粉粒", "interpretation_en": "The authors consider these most likely millet-type starches: Damaged millet-type starch.", "uncertainty": "沿用作者类型鉴定；不扩大到种；原文I型总数277与分型226+31不一致；不把此矛盾带入分图定名。撇号依据PDF图版，不能转写为数字9。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "Type I: 277 granules were observed. They were polyhedral, free\nof layered texture with centric hila, and most had Y- and star-\nshaped fissures through the hila (Figures 4A–C9). This class of\nstarch grains can be further divided into Type I-A intact starch\ngrains (n = 226) with the long-axis particle size ranges from 8.0 to\n27.0 μm and an average particle size of 14.9 ± 3.8 μm and Type\nI–B damaged starch grains (n = 31; Figures 4A–B9) with long-\naxis particle size ranging from 11.7 to 30.2 μm and an average\nparticle size of 21.3 ± 5.2 μm. These are characterized by surface\ncollapse, blurred extinction cross under polarized light, and\ncracks on some of the surfaces (Figures 4C, C9). Such starch\ngrains were most likely from dry crops of foxtail and broomcorn\nmillet.\nType II: 54 granules were observed. These granules have a\nbiconvex shape and are mostly almost circular with a centric\nhilum. The extinction cross is seen to be X-shaped under\npolarized light, and after a slight knock to twist it around,\nthe\nstarch\ngrains\nwere\noval\nshaped\nand\npossessed\na\nlongitudinal dent (Figures 4D,F9). This class of starch\ngrains can be further divided into Type II-A (n = 25) intact\nstarch\ngrains\nwith\na\nlong-axis\nparticle\nsize\nrange\nof\n12.9–37.7 μm and an average particle size of 26.3 ± 6.5 μm;\nand Type II-B (n = 29) damaged starch grains with a long-axis\nparticle size range of 18.8–48.6 μm and an average particle size\nof 32.4 ± 8.2 μm. These starch molecules appeared transparent," }, { "page": 6, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Types of starch grains extracted from 24 human dental calculus at the Lajia site. (A-C9), Type Ⅰ: (A-B9), Type Ⅰintact starch grains; (C,C9), Type Ⅰ\ndamaged starch grains. (D-G9), Type Ⅱ: (D-F9), Type Ⅱ-A intact starch grains; (G,G9), Type Ⅱ-B damaged starch grains. (H-I9), Type Ⅲ; (J-L9), Type Ⅳ: (J,J9), Type Ⅳ-A;\n(K,K9), Type Ⅳ-B; (L,L9), Type Ⅳ-C. (A, A9-L, L9), Photos were taken under bright field (left) and polarized light (right). (Arrow indicates damage in starch grains. Scale\nbar: 10 μm)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e4152ff9a2293f87da55bc655f5220b0972612b7e99e5d9cad60a657602049fc" }, { "panels": "D、D′、E、E′、F、F′", "type_code": "II-A", "interpretation_zh": "作者判断可能为小麦族：完整小麦族淀粉粒", "interpretation_en": "The authors consider these likely Triticeae starches: Intact wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch.", "uncertainty": "沿用作者类型鉴定；不扩大到种；原文I型总数277与分型226+31不一致；不把此矛盾带入分图定名。撇号依据PDF图版，不能转写为数字9。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "Type I: 277 granules were observed. They were polyhedral, free\nof layered texture with centric hila, and most had Y- and star-\nshaped fissures through the hila (Figures 4A–C9). This class of\nstarch grains can be further divided into Type I-A intact starch\ngrains (n = 226) with the long-axis particle size ranges from 8.0 to\n27.0 μm and an average particle size of 14.9 ± 3.8 μm and Type\nI–B damaged starch grains (n = 31; Figures 4A–B9) with long-\naxis particle size ranging from 11.7 to 30.2 μm and an average\nparticle size of 21.3 ± 5.2 μm. These are characterized by surface\ncollapse, blurred extinction cross under polarized light, and\ncracks on some of the surfaces (Figures 4C, C9). Such starch\ngrains were most likely from dry crops of foxtail and broomcorn\nmillet.\nType II: 54 granules were observed. These granules have a\nbiconvex shape and are mostly almost circular with a centric\nhilum. The extinction cross is seen to be X-shaped under\npolarized light, and after a slight knock to twist it around,\nthe\nstarch\ngrains\nwere\noval\nshaped\nand\npossessed\na\nlongitudinal dent (Figures 4D,F9). This class of starch\ngrains can be further divided into Type II-A (n = 25) intact\nstarch\ngrains\nwith\na\nlong-axis\nparticle\nsize\nrange\nof\n12.9–37.7 μm and an average particle size of 26.3 ± 6.5 μm;\nand Type II-B (n = 29) damaged starch grains with a long-axis\nparticle size range of 18.8–48.6 μm and an average particle size\nof 32.4 ± 8.2 μm. These starch molecules appeared transparent," }, { "page": 6, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Types of starch grains extracted from 24 human dental calculus at the Lajia site. (A-C9), Type Ⅰ: (A-B9), Type Ⅰintact starch grains; (C,C9), Type Ⅰ\ndamaged starch grains. (D-G9), Type Ⅱ: (D-F9), Type Ⅱ-A intact starch grains; (G,G9), Type Ⅱ-B damaged starch grains. (H-I9), Type Ⅲ; (J-L9), Type Ⅳ: (J,J9), Type Ⅳ-A;\n(K,K9), Type Ⅳ-B; (L,L9), Type Ⅳ-C. (A, A9-L, L9), Photos were taken under bright field (left) and polarized light (right). (Arrow indicates damage in starch grains. Scale\nbar: 10 μm)." }, { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "and their layered texture is clear, with some having lost their\nextinction cross or on which the extinction cross is blurred\nunder polarized light (Figures 4G, G9). These starch grains are\nlikely derived from the Triticeae tribe.\nType III: A total of nine granules were extracted. They\nwere oval, with an extremely unusual hilum, and no cracks\nwere identified. After rotation, they were still oval, and the\narms\nof\nthe\nextinction\ncrosses\nwere\nslightly\nbent\n(Figures 4H–I9). Their long-axis particle size ranges from\n19.2 to 55.6 μm, and their average particle size is 38.5 ±\n11.1 μm. Type III starch grains originate from roots and\ntubers.\nType IV: A total of 271 granules are classified as\nunidentified, but can be further subdivided into three types:\nIV-A, IV-B, and IV-C. Type Ⅳ-A (n = 21) are mainly the\nindependent starch grains that are damaged and unidentified,\nwith the middle part sunken or hollow, the extinction blurred\nor lost, and the basic outline identifiable. Their long-axis\nparticle size ranged from 13.6 to 49.6 μm, and their average\nparticle size is 25.9 ± 9.8 μm (Figures 4J, J9). Type Ⅳ-B (n =\n89) starch grains were in an aggregated state, with a residual\nedge outline and collapsed internal structure. Their long-axis\nparticle size ranged from 13.1 to 31.0 μm and their average\nparticle size is 21.3 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4K, K9). Type Ⅳ-C (n =\n161) starch grains, overlapped with each other, had completely\nlost\ntheir\nindependent\noutline,\nwith\nno\nextinction\ncharacteristics under polarized light. Their long-axis particle\nsize ranged from 22.8 to 37.6 μm and their average particle size\nis 31.1 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4L, L9)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e4152ff9a2293f87da55bc655f5220b0972612b7e99e5d9cad60a657602049fc" }, { "panels": "G、G′", "type_code": "II-B", "interpretation_zh": "作者判断可能为小麦族：受损小麦族淀粉粒", "interpretation_en": "The authors consider these likely Triticeae starches: Damaged wheat tribe (Triticeae) starch.", "uncertainty": "沿用作者类型鉴定；不扩大到种；原文I型总数277与分型226+31不一致；不把此矛盾带入分图定名。撇号依据PDF图版，不能转写为数字9。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 6, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "Type I: 277 granules were observed. They were polyhedral, free\nof layered texture with centric hila, and most had Y- and star-\nshaped fissures through the hila (Figures 4A–C9). This class of\nstarch grains can be further divided into Type I-A intact starch\ngrains (n = 226) with the long-axis particle size ranges from 8.0 to\n27.0 μm and an average particle size of 14.9 ± 3.8 μm and Type\nI–B damaged starch grains (n = 31; Figures 4A–B9) with long-\naxis particle size ranging from 11.7 to 30.2 μm and an average\nparticle size of 21.3 ± 5.2 μm. These are characterized by surface\ncollapse, blurred extinction cross under polarized light, and\ncracks on some of the surfaces (Figures 4C, C9). Such starch\ngrains were most likely from dry crops of foxtail and broomcorn\nmillet.\nType II: 54 granules were observed. These granules have a\nbiconvex shape and are mostly almost circular with a centric\nhilum. The extinction cross is seen to be X-shaped under\npolarized light, and after a slight knock to twist it around,\nthe\nstarch\ngrains\nwere\noval\nshaped\nand\npossessed\na\nlongitudinal dent (Figures 4D,F9). This class of starch\ngrains can be further divided into Type II-A (n = 25) intact\nstarch\ngrains\nwith\na\nlong-axis\nparticle\nsize\nrange\nof\n12.9–37.7 μm and an average particle size of 26.3 ± 6.5 μm;\nand Type II-B (n = 29) damaged starch grains with a long-axis\nparticle size range of 18.8–48.6 μm and an average particle size\nof 32.4 ± 8.2 μm. These starch molecules appeared transparent," }, { "page": 6, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Types of starch grains extracted from 24 human dental calculus at the Lajia site. (A-C9), Type Ⅰ: (A-B9), Type Ⅰintact starch grains; (C,C9), Type Ⅰ\ndamaged starch grains. (D-G9), Type Ⅱ: (D-F9), Type Ⅱ-A intact starch grains; (G,G9), Type Ⅱ-B damaged starch grains. (H-I9), Type Ⅲ; (J-L9), Type Ⅳ: (J,J9), Type Ⅳ-A;\n(K,K9), Type Ⅳ-B; (L,L9), Type Ⅳ-C. (A, A9-L, L9), Photos were taken under bright field (left) and polarized light (right). (Arrow indicates damage in starch grains. Scale\nbar: 10 μm)." }, { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "and their layered texture is clear, with some having lost their\nextinction cross or on which the extinction cross is blurred\nunder polarized light (Figures 4G, G9). These starch grains are\nlikely derived from the Triticeae tribe.\nType III: A total of nine granules were extracted. They\nwere oval, with an extremely unusual hilum, and no cracks\nwere identified. After rotation, they were still oval, and the\narms\nof\nthe\nextinction\ncrosses\nwere\nslightly\nbent\n(Figures 4H–I9). Their long-axis particle size ranges from\n19.2 to 55.6 μm, and their average particle size is 38.5 ±\n11.1 μm. Type III starch grains originate from roots and\ntubers.\nType IV: A total of 271 granules are classified as\nunidentified, but can be further subdivided into three types:\nIV-A, IV-B, and IV-C. Type Ⅳ-A (n = 21) are mainly the\nindependent starch grains that are damaged and unidentified,\nwith the middle part sunken or hollow, the extinction blurred\nor lost, and the basic outline identifiable. Their long-axis\nparticle size ranged from 13.6 to 49.6 μm, and their average\nparticle size is 25.9 ± 9.8 μm (Figures 4J, J9). Type Ⅳ-B (n =\n89) starch grains were in an aggregated state, with a residual\nedge outline and collapsed internal structure. Their long-axis\nparticle size ranged from 13.1 to 31.0 μm and their average\nparticle size is 21.3 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4K, K9). Type Ⅳ-C (n =\n161) starch grains, overlapped with each other, had completely\nlost\ntheir\nindependent\noutline,\nwith\nno\nextinction\ncharacteristics under polarized light. Their long-axis particle\nsize ranged from 22.8 to 37.6 μm and their average particle size\nis 31.1 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4L, L9)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e4152ff9a2293f87da55bc655f5220b0972612b7e99e5d9cad60a657602049fc" }, { "panels": "H、H′、I、I′", "type_code": "III", "interpretation_zh": "块根、块茎类淀粉粒", "interpretation_en": "Root and tuber starch.", "uncertainty": "沿用作者类型鉴定；不扩大到种；原文I型总数277与分型226+31不一致；不把此矛盾带入分图定名。撇号依据PDF图版，不能转写为数字9。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "and their layered texture is clear, with some having lost their\nextinction cross or on which the extinction cross is blurred\nunder polarized light (Figures 4G, G9). These starch grains are\nlikely derived from the Triticeae tribe.\nType III: A total of nine granules were extracted. They\nwere oval, with an extremely unusual hilum, and no cracks\nwere identified. After rotation, they were still oval, and the\narms\nof\nthe\nextinction\ncrosses\nwere\nslightly\nbent\n(Figures 4H–I9). Their long-axis particle size ranges from\n19.2 to 55.6 μm, and their average particle size is 38.5 ±\n11.1 μm. Type III starch grains originate from roots and\ntubers.\nType IV: A total of 271 granules are classified as\nunidentified, but can be further subdivided into three types:\nIV-A, IV-B, and IV-C. Type Ⅳ-A (n = 21) are mainly the\nindependent starch grains that are damaged and unidentified,\nwith the middle part sunken or hollow, the extinction blurred\nor lost, and the basic outline identifiable. Their long-axis\nparticle size ranged from 13.6 to 49.6 μm, and their average\nparticle size is 25.9 ± 9.8 μm (Figures 4J, J9). Type Ⅳ-B (n =\n89) starch grains were in an aggregated state, with a residual\nedge outline and collapsed internal structure. Their long-axis\nparticle size ranged from 13.1 to 31.0 μm and their average\nparticle size is 21.3 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4K, K9). Type Ⅳ-C (n =\n161) starch grains, overlapped with each other, had completely\nlost\ntheir\nindependent\noutline,\nwith\nno\nextinction\ncharacteristics under polarized light. Their long-axis particle\nsize ranged from 22.8 to 37.6 μm and their average particle size\nis 31.1 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4L, L9)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e4152ff9a2293f87da55bc655f5220b0972612b7e99e5d9cad60a657602049fc" }, { "panels": "J、J′", "type_code": "IV-A", "interpretation_zh": "受损、不能鉴定植物来源的单颗淀粉粒", "interpretation_en": "Damaged, unidentified single starch grains.", "uncertainty": "沿用作者类型鉴定；不扩大到种；原文I型总数277与分型226+31不一致；不把此矛盾带入分图定名。撇号依据PDF图版，不能转写为数字9。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "and their layered texture is clear, with some having lost their\nextinction cross or on which the extinction cross is blurred\nunder polarized light (Figures 4G, G9). These starch grains are\nlikely derived from the Triticeae tribe.\nType III: A total of nine granules were extracted. They\nwere oval, with an extremely unusual hilum, and no cracks\nwere identified. After rotation, they were still oval, and the\narms\nof\nthe\nextinction\ncrosses\nwere\nslightly\nbent\n(Figures 4H–I9). Their long-axis particle size ranges from\n19.2 to 55.6 μm, and their average particle size is 38.5 ±\n11.1 μm. Type III starch grains originate from roots and\ntubers.\nType IV: A total of 271 granules are classified as\nunidentified, but can be further subdivided into three types:\nIV-A, IV-B, and IV-C. Type Ⅳ-A (n = 21) are mainly the\nindependent starch grains that are damaged and unidentified,\nwith the middle part sunken or hollow, the extinction blurred\nor lost, and the basic outline identifiable. Their long-axis\nparticle size ranged from 13.6 to 49.6 μm, and their average\nparticle size is 25.9 ± 9.8 μm (Figures 4J, J9). Type Ⅳ-B (n =\n89) starch grains were in an aggregated state, with a residual\nedge outline and collapsed internal structure. Their long-axis\nparticle size ranged from 13.1 to 31.0 μm and their average\nparticle size is 21.3 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4K, K9). Type Ⅳ-C (n =\n161) starch grains, overlapped with each other, had completely\nlost\ntheir\nindependent\noutline,\nwith\nno\nextinction\ncharacteristics under polarized light. Their long-axis particle\nsize ranged from 22.8 to 37.6 μm and their average particle size\nis 31.1 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4L, L9)." }, { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "Intact\nDamaged\nIntact\nDamaged\nⅣ-A\nⅣ-B\nⅣ-C" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e4152ff9a2293f87da55bc655f5220b0972612b7e99e5d9cad60a657602049fc" }, { "panels": "K、K′", "type_code": "IV-B", "interpretation_zh": "聚集、内部结构塌陷的未鉴定淀粉粒", "interpretation_en": "Aggregated unidentified starch with collapsed internal structure.", "uncertainty": "沿用作者类型鉴定；不扩大到种；原文I型总数277与分型226+31不一致；不把此矛盾带入分图定名。撇号依据PDF图版，不能转写为数字9。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "and their layered texture is clear, with some having lost their\nextinction cross or on which the extinction cross is blurred\nunder polarized light (Figures 4G, G9). These starch grains are\nlikely derived from the Triticeae tribe.\nType III: A total of nine granules were extracted. They\nwere oval, with an extremely unusual hilum, and no cracks\nwere identified. After rotation, they were still oval, and the\narms\nof\nthe\nextinction\ncrosses\nwere\nslightly\nbent\n(Figures 4H–I9). Their long-axis particle size ranges from\n19.2 to 55.6 μm, and their average particle size is 38.5 ±\n11.1 μm. Type III starch grains originate from roots and\ntubers.\nType IV: A total of 271 granules are classified as\nunidentified, but can be further subdivided into three types:\nIV-A, IV-B, and IV-C. Type Ⅳ-A (n = 21) are mainly the\nindependent starch grains that are damaged and unidentified,\nwith the middle part sunken or hollow, the extinction blurred\nor lost, and the basic outline identifiable. Their long-axis\nparticle size ranged from 13.6 to 49.6 μm, and their average\nparticle size is 25.9 ± 9.8 μm (Figures 4J, J9). Type Ⅳ-B (n =\n89) starch grains were in an aggregated state, with a residual\nedge outline and collapsed internal structure. Their long-axis\nparticle size ranged from 13.1 to 31.0 μm and their average\nparticle size is 21.3 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4K, K9). Type Ⅳ-C (n =\n161) starch grains, overlapped with each other, had completely\nlost\ntheir\nindependent\noutline,\nwith\nno\nextinction\ncharacteristics under polarized light. Their long-axis particle\nsize ranged from 22.8 to 37.6 μm and their average particle size\nis 31.1 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4L, L9)." }, { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "Intact\nDamaged\nIntact\nDamaged\nⅣ-A\nⅣ-B\nⅣ-C" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e4152ff9a2293f87da55bc655f5220b0972612b7e99e5d9cad60a657602049fc" }, { "panels": "L、L′", "type_code": "IV-C", "interpretation_zh": "重叠、失去独立轮廓的未鉴定淀粉粒", "interpretation_en": "Overlapping unidentified starch with individual outlines lost.", "uncertainty": "沿用作者类型鉴定；不扩大到种；原文I型总数277与分型226+31不一致；不把此矛盾带入分图定名。撇号依据PDF图版，不能转写为数字9。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "and their layered texture is clear, with some having lost their\nextinction cross or on which the extinction cross is blurred\nunder polarized light (Figures 4G, G9). These starch grains are\nlikely derived from the Triticeae tribe.\nType III: A total of nine granules were extracted. They\nwere oval, with an extremely unusual hilum, and no cracks\nwere identified. After rotation, they were still oval, and the\narms\nof\nthe\nextinction\ncrosses\nwere\nslightly\nbent\n(Figures 4H–I9). Their long-axis particle size ranges from\n19.2 to 55.6 μm, and their average particle size is 38.5 ±\n11.1 μm. Type III starch grains originate from roots and\ntubers.\nType IV: A total of 271 granules are classified as\nunidentified, but can be further subdivided into three types:\nIV-A, IV-B, and IV-C. Type Ⅳ-A (n = 21) are mainly the\nindependent starch grains that are damaged and unidentified,\nwith the middle part sunken or hollow, the extinction blurred\nor lost, and the basic outline identifiable. Their long-axis\nparticle size ranged from 13.6 to 49.6 μm, and their average\nparticle size is 25.9 ± 9.8 μm (Figures 4J, J9). Type Ⅳ-B (n =\n89) starch grains were in an aggregated state, with a residual\nedge outline and collapsed internal structure. Their long-axis\nparticle size ranged from 13.1 to 31.0 μm and their average\nparticle size is 21.3 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4K, K9). Type Ⅳ-C (n =\n161) starch grains, overlapped with each other, had completely\nlost\ntheir\nindependent\noutline,\nwith\nno\nextinction\ncharacteristics under polarized light. Their long-axis particle\nsize ranged from 22.8 to 37.6 μm and their average particle size\nis 31.1 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4L, L9)." }, { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "Intact\nDamaged\nIntact\nDamaged\nⅣ-A\nⅣ-B\nⅣ-C" } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e4152ff9a2293f87da55bc655f5220b0972612b7e99e5d9cad60a657602049fc" } ], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "3.2 Results of Starch Grain Analysis From Dental Calculus A total of 611 starch grains were extracted from 24 teeth taken from seven ancient human individuals and divided into Types I–IV (Figure 4; Table 2) according to morphology and granule size.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type I: 277 granules were observed. They were polyhedral, free of layered texture with centric hila, and most had Y- and star- shaped fissures through the hila (Figures 4A–C9). This class of starch grains can be further divided into Type I-A intact starch grains (n = 226) with the long-axis particle size ranges from 8.0 to 27.0 μm and an average particle size of 14.9 ± 3.8 μm and Type I–B damaged starch grains (n = 31; Figures 4A–B9) with long- axis particle size ranging from 11.7 to 30.2 μm and an average particle size of 21.3 ± 5.2 μm. These are characterized by surface collapse, blurred extinction cross under polarized light, and cracks on some of the surfaces (Figures 4C, C9). Such starch grains were most likely from dry crops of foxtail and broomcorn millet. Type II: 54 granules were observed. These granules have a biconvex shape and are mostly almost circular with a centric hilum. The extinction cross is seen to be X-shaped under polarized light, and after a slight knock to twist it around, the starch grains were oval shaped and possessed a longitudinal dent (Figures 4D,F9). This class of starch grains can be further divided into Type II-A (n = 25) intact starch grains with a long-axis particle size range of 12.9–37.7 μm and an average particle size of 26.3 ± 6.5 μm; and Type II-B (n = 29) damaged starch grains with a long-axis particle size range of 18.8–48.6 μm and an average particle size of 32.4 ± 8.2 μm. These starch molecules appeared transparent,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "and their layered texture is clear, with some having lost their extinction cross or on which the extinction cross is blurred under polarized light (Figures 4G, G9). These starch grains are likely derived from the Triticeae tribe. Type III: A total of nine granules were extracted. They were oval, with an extremely unusual hilum, and no cracks were identified. After rotation, they were still oval, and the arms of the extinction crosses were slightly bent (Figures 4H–I9). Their long-axis particle size ranges from 19.2 to 55.6 μm, and their average particle size is 38.5 ± 11.1 μm. Type III starch grains originate from roots and tubers. Type IV: A total of 271 granules are classified as unidentified, but can be further subdivided into three types: IV-A, IV-B, and IV-C. Type IV-A (n = 21) are mainly the independent starch grains that are damaged and unidentified, with the middle part sunken or hollow, the extinction blurred or lost, and the basic outline identifiable. Their long-axis particle size ranged from 13.6 to 49.6 μm, and their average particle size is 25.9 ± 9.8 μm (Figures 4J, J9). Type IV-B (n = 89) starch grains were in an aggregated state, with a residual edge outline and collapsed internal structure. Their long-axis particle size ranged from 13.1 to 31.0 μm and their average particle size is 21.3 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4K, K9). Type IV-C (n = 161) starch grains, overlapped with each other, had completely lost their independent outline, with no extinction characteristics under polarized light. Their long-axis particle size ranged from 22.8 to 37.6 μm and their average par", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.792966+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "caption_source_corrected": "", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Types of starch grains extracted from 24 human dental calculus at the Lajia site. (A-C9), Type Ⅰ: (A-B9), Type Ⅰintact starch grains; (C,C9), Type Ⅰ\ndamaged starch grains. (D-G9), Type Ⅱ: (D-F9), Type Ⅱ-A intact starch grains; (G,G9), Type Ⅱ-B damaged starch grains. (H-I9), Type Ⅲ; (J-L9), Type Ⅳ: (J,J9), Type Ⅳ-A;\n(K,K9), Type Ⅳ-B; (L,L9), Type Ⅳ-C. (A, A9-L, L9), Photos were taken under bright field (left) and polarized light (right). (Arrow indicates damage in starch grains. Scale\nbar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "ia\n Cultural Period: Integrated Evidence\n of Stable Isotopes and Plant\n Micro-remains From the Lajia Site,\n Northwest China\n\n Zhikun Ma 1, Shu Liu 1, Zhao Li 2, Maolin Ye 3 and Xiujia Huan 4*\n\n 1Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation Technology (Ministry of Educat", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "20604c5d149c12655ee051589ad1500f2304b05548dc34af05100f516bf9c959" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S221_20604c5d149c_S221-F05", "paper_key": "S221_20604c5d149c", "paper_id": "S221", "number": "5", "caption_original": "FIGURE 5 | Types of phytoliths extracted from 24 human dental calculus at the Lajia site. (A)–(D), Epidermal silica layer: (A) INTERDIGITATING Ω-type (B)\nINTERDIGITATING η-type, (C,D) INTERDIGITATING; (E) RONDEL, (F) CRENATE, (G) ELONGATE DENDRITIC, (H) BILOBATE, (I) ELONGATE ENTIRE, (J) ELONGATE\nDENTATE, (K) ACUTE BULBOSUS, (L) BLOCKY, (M) BULLIFORM FLABELLATE, (N) TRACHEARY (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文复核说明：原文I型分项数与总数不一致。本轮映射不引用争议数；不要静默把277改257或把226猜改为246。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "23b943d74ac5644f01dc37c31302f10fcd59808865d2ba445902ba8ea33704e2", "image_bytes": 4522006, "sites": [ "CN119" ], "caption_zh": "图5 从喇家遗址24例人类牙结石中提取的植硅体类型。（A）–（D） 表皮稃壳植硅体：（A） 粟稃壳Ω型，（B） 黍稃壳η型，（C，D） 稃壳植硅体；（E） 帽型，（F） 齿型，（G） 树枝状，（H） 哑铃型，（I） 平滑棒型，（J） 刺棒型，（K） 尖型，（L） 方型，（M） 扇型，（N） 导管（比例尺：10 μm）", "caption_en": "FIGURE 5 | Types of phytoliths extracted from 24 human dental calculus at the Lajia site. (A)–(D), Epidermal silica layer: (A) INTERDIGITATING Ω-type (B)\nINTERDIGITATING η-type, (C,D) INTERDIGITATING; (E) RONDEL, (F) CRENATE, (G) ELONGATE DENDRITIC, (H) BILOBATE, (I) ELONGATE ENTIRE, (J) ELONGATE\nDENTATE, (K) ACUTE BULBOSUS, (L) BLOCKY, (M) BULLIFORM FLABELLATE, (N) TRACHEARY (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "喇家遗址牙结石中植硅体类型", "title_en": "Types of phytoliths from human dental calculus at the Lajia site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/23b943d74ac5644f01dc37c3.png", "image_url": "media/S221_20604c5d149c_S221-F05.png?v=23b943d74ac5", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "Type I: 277 granules were observed. They were polyhedral, free of layered texture with centric hila, and most had Y- and star- shaped fissures through the hila (Figures 4A–C9). This class of starch grains can be further divided into Type I-A intact starch grains (n = 226) with the long-axis particle size ranges from 8.0 to 27.0 μm and an average particle size of 14.9 ± 3.8 μm and Type I–B damaged starch grains (n = 31; Figures 4A–B9) with long- axis particle size ranging from 11.7 to 30.2 μm and an average particle size of 21.3 ± 5.2 μm. These are characterized by surface collapse, blurred extinction cross under polarized light, and cracks on some of the surfaces (Figures 4C, C9). Such starch grains were most likely from dry crops of foxtail and broomcorn millet. Type II: 54 granules were observed. These granules have a biconvex shape and are mostly almost circular with a centric hilum. The extinction cross is seen to be X-shaped under polarized light, and after a slight knock to twist it around, the starch grains were oval shaped and possessed a longitudinal dent (Figures 4D,F9). This class of starch grains can be further divided into Type II-A (n = 25) intact starch grains with a long-axis particle size range of 12.9–37.7 μm and an average particle size of 26.3 ± 6.5 μm; and Type II-B (n = 29) damaged starch grains with a long-axis particle size range of 18.8–48.6 μm and an average particle size of 32.4 ± 8.2 μm. These starch molecules appeared transparent,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "and their layered texture is clear, with some having lost their extinction cross or on which the extinction cross is blurred under polarized light (Figures 4G, G9). These starch grains are likely derived from the Triticeae tribe. Type III: A total of nine granules were extracted. They were oval, with an extremely unusual hilum, and no cracks were identified. After rotation, they were still oval, and the arms of the extinction crosses were slightly bent (Figures 4H–I9). Their long-axis particle size ranges from 19.2 to 55.6 μm, and their average particle size is 38.5 ± 11.1 μm. Type III starch grains originate from roots and tubers. Type IV: A total of 271 granules are classified as unidentified, but can be further subdivided into three types: IV-A, IV-B, and IV-C. Type IV-A (n = 21) are mainly the independent starch grains that are damaged and unidentified, with the middle part sunken or hollow, the extinction blurred or lost, and the basic outline identifiable. Their long-axis particle size ranged from 13.6 to 49.6 μm, and their average particle size is 25.9 ± 9.8 μm (Figures 4J, J9). Type IV-B (n = 89) starch grains were in an aggregated state, with a residual edge outline and collapsed internal structure. Their long-axis particle size ranged from 13.1 to 31.0 μm and their average particle size is 21.3 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4K, K9). Type IV-C (n = 161) starch grains, overlapped with each other, had completely lost their independent outline, with no extinction characteristics under polarized light. Their long-axis particle size ranged from 22.8 to 37.6 μm and their average par", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.850900+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN119", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "FIGURE 5 | Types of phytoliths extracted from 24 human dental calculus at the Lajia site. (A)–(D), Epidermal silica layer: (A) INTERDIGITATING Ω-type (B)\nINTERDIGITATING η-type, (C,D) INTERDIGITATING; (E) RONDEL, (F) CRENATE, (G) ELONGATE DENDRITIC, (H) BILOBATE, (I) ELONGATE ENTIRE, (J) ELONGATE\nDENTATE, (K) ACUTE BULBOSUS, (L) BLOCKY, (M) BULLIFORM FLABELLATE, (N) TRACHEARY (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "lajia", "quote": "ia\n Cultural Period: Integrated Evidence\n of Stable Isotopes and Plant\n Micro-remains From the Lajia Site,\n Northwest China\n\n Zhikun Ma 1, Shu Liu 1, Zhao Li 2, Maolin Ye 3 and Xiujia Huan 4*\n\n 1Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation Technology (Ministry of Educat", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "20604c5d149c12655ee051589ad1500f2304b05548dc34af05100f516bf9c959" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S221_20604c5d149c_S221-F07", "paper_key": "S221_20604c5d149c", "paper_id": "S221", "number": "7", "caption_original": "FIGURE 7 | Starch grain specimens for simulation experiments of cooking and grinding. Different characteristics of starch grains from three Poaceae plants, both\nraw and after processing. (A, A’ - AA, AA9) Photos were taken under bright field (left) and polarized light (right); Arrow indicates the damage characteristics of starch\ngrains; Scale bar: 10 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文复核说明：原文I型分项数与总数不一致。本轮映射不引用争议数；不要静默把277改257或把226猜改为246。", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8c89858f6984cafafea6592cff43429be82711d8ce8e20a86fe8e243577d18cb", "image_bytes": 3815245, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图7 用于烹饪和研磨模拟实验的淀粉粒样品。来自粟、黍和小麦三种禾本科植物的原始及加工后淀粉粒的不同特征。（A， A′ - AA， AA’）照片分别在明场（左）和偏光（右）下拍摄；箭头指示淀粉粒的损伤特征；比例尺：10 μm。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 7 | Starch grain specimens for simulation experiments of cooking and grinding. Different characteristics of starch grains from three grass family (Poaceae) plants, both\nraw and after processing. (A, A′ - AA, AA9) Photos were taken under bright field (left) and polarized light (right); Arrow indicates the damage characteristics of starch\ngrains; Scale bar: 10 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "淀粉粒样品用于烹饪和研磨模拟实验", "title_en": "Starch grain specimens for cooking and grinding simulation experiments", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/8c89858f6984cafafea6592c.png", "image_url": "media/S221_20604c5d149c_S221-F07.png?v=8c89858f6984", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "4.2 Type and Proportion of Plant-Based Diet at the Lajia Site The δ13C and δ15N values of human teeth at the Lajia site suggest that human diets mainly included C4-based food resources, but they do not inform us of the type and proportion of plant-based diet. Fortunately, plant residues remain embedded in dental calculus, and studies on human teeth have provided valuable data for reconstructing a comprehensive view of human diets in the past (Henry and Piperno, 2008). More than 1,600 plant remains were recovered from 24 human teeth in this study, including an assemblage of 611 starch grains (Table 2), representing grains from foxtail and broomcorn millets; the tribe Triticeae, roots and tubers; and an assemblage of 1,085 phytoliths (Figures 5, 6), the majority of which were from the husks of the foxtail and broomcorn millets; and stems and leaves of Pooideae and Panicoideae. Of these plant micro-remains, ~54% (n = 331) of the total starches showed damage and were large in size (Table 2), which is different from the characteristics of over 200 Asian species housed in modern reference collections (Yang et al., 2010; Wan et al., 2012; Yang and Perry, 2013). The combination of the damage condition of extinction characteristics and contour decoration of the ancient starches suggests that the starches extracted from human dental calculus have undergone a process of alteration. Based on the morphological characteristics identified as resulting from grinding and boiling grass grains (foxtail and broomcorn millets, and wheat) (Figure 7), the grains from Lajia appear to have been pro", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type I: 277 granules were observed. They were polyhedral, free of layered texture with centric hila, and most had Y- and star- shaped fissures through the hila (Figures 4A–C9). This class of starch grains can be further divided into Type I-A intact starch grains (n = 226) with the long-axis particle size ranges from 8.0 to 27.0 μm and an average particle size of 14.9 ± 3.8 μm and Type I–B damaged starch grains (n = 31; Figures 4A–B9) with long- axis particle size ranging from 11.7 to 30.2 μm and an average particle size of 21.3 ± 5.2 μm. These are characterized by surface collapse, blurred extinction cross under polarized light, and cracks on some of the surfaces (Figures 4C, C9). Such starch grains were most likely from dry crops of foxtail and broomcorn millet. Type II: 54 granules were observed. These granules have a biconvex shape and are mostly almost circular with a centric hilum. The extinction cross is seen to be X-shaped under polarized light, and after a slight knock to twist it around, the starch grains were oval shaped and possessed a longitudinal dent (Figures 4D,F9). This class of starch grains can be further divided into Type II-A (n = 25) intact starch grains with a long-axis particle size range of 12.9–37.7 μm and an average particle size of 26.3 ± 6.5 μm; and Type II-B (n = 29) damaged starch grains with a long-axis particle size range of 18.8–48.6 μm and an average particle size of 32.4 ± 8.2 μm. These starch molecules appeared transparent,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "and their layered texture is clear, with some having lost their extinction cross or on which the extinction cross is blurred under polarized light (Figures 4G, G9). These starch grains are likely derived from the Triticeae tribe. Type III: A total of nine granules were extracted. They were oval, with an extremely unusual hilum, and no cracks were identified. After rotation, they were still oval, and the arms of the extinction crosses were slightly bent (Figures 4H–I9). Their long-axis particle size ranges from 19.2 to 55.6 μm, and their average particle size is 38.5 ± 11.1 μm. Type III starch grains originate from roots and tubers. Type IV: A total of 271 granules are classified as unidentified, but can be further subdivided into three types: IV-A, IV-B, and IV-C. Type IV-A (n = 21) are mainly the independent starch grains that are damaged and unidentified, with the middle part sunken or hollow, the extinction blurred or lost, and the basic outline identifiable. Their long-axis particle size ranged from 13.6 to 49.6 μm, and their average particle size is 25.9 ± 9.8 μm (Figures 4J, J9). Type IV-B (n = 89) starch grains were in an aggregated state, with a residual edge outline and collapsed internal structure. Their long-axis particle size ranged from 13.1 to 31.0 μm and their average particle size is 21.3 ± 3.4 μm (Figures 4K, K9). Type IV-C (n = 161) starch grains, overlapped with each other, had completely lost their independent outline, with no extinction characteristics under polarized light. Their long-axis particle size ranged from 22.8 to 37.6 μm and their average par", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:06.908952+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F02", "paper_key": "S222_01c7cb97560c", "paper_id": "S222", "number": "2", "caption_original": "FIGURE 2 | Starch grains extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods of the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed from Chifeng, Northeast China, and\nstarch grain specimens from simulation experiment. (A–D9) Type I intact starch grains and (E–F9) Type I damaged starch grains. (G) Polar view of type II starch grains, (H)\nlateral view of type II starch grains, and (I–J9) Type II damaged starch grains. (K,K9) Type III starch grains. (L–O9) Type IV starch grains. (P,P9) Thermally damaged lily\nstarch grains after 5 min of heating. (Q–S9) Modern foxtail millet starch damaged by heating: (Q,Q9) heated for 5 min, (R,R9) heated for 15 min, and (S, S9) heated\nfor 30 min (T–V9) Modern broomcorn millet starch damaged by heating: (T,T9) heated for 5 min, (U,U9) heated for 15 min, and (V,V9) heated for 30 min (W–Y9) Common\nwheat starch damaged by heating: (W,W9) heated for 5 min, (X,X9) heated for 15 min, and (Y–Z9) heated for 30 min (AB,AB’) Common wheat starch damaged by\ngrinding; (AA,AA9) modern foxtail millet starch damaged by grinding; and (AC,AC9) lily starch damaged by grinding. (A,A9–F, F’; I,I9–AC,AC9) Each group of photos was\ntaken separately under bright field (left) and cross-polarized light (right). (Arrows indicate the damage characteristics of starch grains, Scale bar: 10 μm)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "779f8e753279b865d86237e8e42df4aa883231b8f4c80ddb7692612987207978", "image_bytes": 11328499, "sites": [ "CN212", "CN213", "CN214", "CN215", "CN216", "CN217" ], "caption_zh": "图2 从内蒙古赤峰市下夏家店文化时期出土的陶鬲表面残留物中提取的淀粉粒，以及模拟实验所得的淀粉粒标本。 （A–D） I型完整粟、黍淀粉粒和 （E–F'） I型受损粟、黍淀粉粒。 （G） II型淀粉粒的偏光视图，小麦族，（H） II型小麦族淀粉粒的侧视图，以及 （I–J9） II型小麦族受损淀粉粒。 （K，K’） III型淀粉粒，块根块茎类植物。 （L–O'） IV型淀粉粒，损伤和糊化的未鉴定淀粉粒。 （P，P'） 加热5分钟后的百合淀粉粒热损伤情况。 （Q–S'） 现代粟淀粉经加热后受损情况：（Q，Q'） 加热5分钟，（R，R'） 加热15分钟，（S，S'） 加热30分钟；（T–V'） 现代黍淀粉经加热后受损情况：（T，T'） 加热5分钟，（U，U'） 加热15分钟，（V，V'） 加热30分钟；（W–Y'） 现代小麦淀粉经加热后受损情况：（W，W'） 加热5分钟，（X，X'） 加热15分钟，（Y–Z'） 加热30分钟；（AB，AB’） 小麦淀粉经研磨后受损情况；（AA，AA'） 现代粟淀粉经研磨后受损情况；（AC，AC'） 百合淀粉经研磨后受损情况。 （A，A'–F，F′； I，I'–AC，AC'） 每组照片分别在明场（左）和偏光（右）下拍摄。 （箭头指示淀粉粒的损伤特征，比例尺：10 μm）", "caption_en": "FIGURE 2 | Starch grains extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods of the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed from Chifeng, Northeast China, and\nstarch grain specimens from simulation experiment. (A–D9) Type I intact starch grains and (E–F9) Type I damaged starch grains. (G) Polar view of type II starch grains, (H)\nlateral view of type II starch grains, and (I–J9) Type II damaged starch grains. (K,K9) Type III starch grains. (L–O9) Type IV starch grains. (P,P9) Thermally damaged lily\nstarch grains after 5 min of heating. (Q–S9) Modern foxtail millet starch damaged by heating: (Q,Q9) heated for 5 min, (R,R9) heated for 15 min, and (S, S9) heated\nfor 30 min (T–V9) Modern broomcorn millet starch damaged by heating: (T,T9) heated for 5 min, (U,U9) heated for 15 min, and (V,V9) heated for 30 min (W–Y9) Common\nwheat starch damaged by heating: (W,W9) heated for 5 min, (X,X9) heated for 15 min, and (Y–Z9) heated for 30 min (AB,AB’) Common wheat starch damaged by\ngrinding; (AA,AA9) modern foxtail millet starch damaged by grinding; and (AC,AC9) lily starch damaged by grinding. (A,A9–F, F′; I,I9–AC,AC9) Each group of photos was\ntaken separately under bright field (left) and cross-polarized light (right). (Arrows indicate the damage characteristics of starch grains, Scale bar: 10 μm)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "下夏家店文化鬲表面残留物淀粉粒及模拟实验淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch Grains from Surface Residues of Li Tripods of the Lower Xiajiadian Culture and Simulated Experiment Starch Grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/779f8e753279b865d86237e8.png", "image_url": "media/S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F02.png?v=779f8e753279", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "major types: dry cooking (e.g., roasting and baking) and wet cooking (e.g., boiling). Comparative studies indicate that when the dry cooking method was adopted, the extinction cross characteristic of starch granules may have been lost, but that the limited amount of water absorption involved may have restricted their morphological deformation (Bradbury and Holloway, 1988; Babot, 2003; Chandler-Ezell et al., 2006). In extreme circumstances, since no water is involved, starch granules can be heated to 200°C without any measurable change occurring (Wang et al., 1991; Jang and Pyun, 1996). The form of the starch grains found in the residues left on the interior surfaces of the tripod feet examined in our study is closer to that of the contemporary starch grain samples used in our cooking simulation experiment. These results indicate that the starch grains in the residues on the surfaces of the tripod feet were mainly subjected to thermal (boiling) damage (n = 111) and mechanical (grinding) damage (n = 4). The degree and rate of starch gelatinization mainly depend on the moisture and temperature (Crowther, 2012). On one hand, when the starch moisture content falls below 60%, heating under normal pressure may fail to cause total gelatinization (Wang et al., 1991). Additionally, the water content of different plant storage organs varies considerably. For example, the water content in fresh roots and tubers (approximately 70–80%) is far higher than that of cereals (approximately 20–30%) (Hoover, 2001; Crowther, 2012). If cooked under the same conditions, the gelatinization speed of", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch Grains From Residues on the Surfaces of Li Tripod Foot Samples Starch grains were identified from the interior surfaces of all 10 tripod foot samples. Starch grains were identified in only three samples from the exterior surfaces of the tripod feet. A total of 133 starch grains were extracted from the residues found on the interior and exterior surfaces of the tripod feet. Of these, 71 starch grains were seriously damaged and identification was not possible, these were classified as Type IV. The remaining identifiable 62 starch grains were classified into Types I–III based on their shapes and grain sizes. Of the 62 identifiable starch grains, 40 showed slight damage (Table 1). There were 111 damaged starch grains in total, accounting for 83.46% of all extracted starch grains. The definitions of grain types and associated findings are as follows. Type I starch grains (n = 43) were polyhedron-shaped with centric hila and linear, transverse, star, or Y-shaped fissures", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "identification criteria established by Yang et al. (2010), which are based on data analysis of starch grain shapes of Chinese northern modern foxtail and broomcorn millets, and other close wild species, Type I grains were considered to belong to millet, because the surfaces were smooth and the grain sizes were larger than average. The results thus suggest that the starch grains were most likely from foxtail and broomcorn millet crops. Type II starch grains (n = 17) were characterized by biconvex shapes and a centric hilum. The starch grains were olivary and possessed a longitudinal dent when rotated (Figures 2G,H). The extinction crosses of two starch grains were X-shaped in polarized light, and those of the remaining 15 starch grains partially disappeared in polarized light (Figures 2I–J9). The grain lengths ranged from 12.9—35.9 μm with a mean of 23.1 ± 4.6 μm. According to the identification criteria established by Piperno et al. (2004) and Yang and Perry (2013) based on the study of such starch grains, it was determined that Type II starch grains were from the tribe Triticeae. Type III starch grains (n = 2) were oval with an extremely eccentric hilum. There were no cracks, and the arms of extinction crosses were slightly bent (Figures 2K,K9).The grain lengths were 19.53 and 30.31 μm, respectively. In modern specimen banks, the grain sizes of roots and tubers are relatively large, and the hilum is skewed to one end (Wan et al., 2011). Therefore, it was determined that Type III starch grains originated from roots and tubers. Finally, the extinction characteristics of Type", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.005939+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN212", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "FIGURE 2 | Starch grains extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods of the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed from Chifeng, Northeast China, and\nstarch grain specimens from simulation experiment. (A–D9) Type I intact starch grains and (E–F9) Type I damaged starch grains. (G) Polar view of type II starch grains, (H)\nlateral view of type II starch grains, and (I–J9) Type II damaged starch grains. (K,K9) Type III starch grains. (L–O9) Type IV starch grains. (P,P9) Thermally damaged lily\nstarch grains after 5 min of heating. (Q–S9) Modern foxtail millet starch damaged by heating: (Q,Q9) heated for 5 min, (R,R9) heated for 15 min, and (S, S9) heated\nfor 30 min (T–V9) Modern broomcorn millet starch damaged by heating: (T,T9) heated for 5 min, (U,U9) heated for 15 min, and (V,V9) heated for 30 min (W–Y9) Common\nwheat starch damaged by heating: (W,W9) heated for 5 min, (X,X9) heated for 15 min, and (Y–Z9) heated for 30 min (AB,AB’) Common wheat starch damaged by\ngrinding; (AA,AA9) modern foxtail millet starch damaged by grinding; and (AC,AC9) lily starch damaged by grinding. (A,A9–F, F’; I,I9–AC,AC9) Each group of photos was\ntaken separately under bright field (left) and cross-polarized light (right). (Arrows indicate the damage characteristics of starch grains, Scale bar: 10 μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Aobao Beiliang", "quote": "ir unearthed from six sites in Chifeng, Northeast China: Mount\nfunctions are still limited. Most studies focus on Aobao Beiliang, Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN213", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "FIGURE 2 | Starch grains extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods of the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed from Chifeng, Northeast China, and\nstarch grain specimens from simulation experiment. (A–D9) Type I intact starch grains and (E–F9) Type I damaged starch grains. (G) Polar view of type II starch grains, (H)\nlateral view of type II starch grains, and (I–J9) Type II damaged starch grains. (K,K9) Type III starch grains. (L–O9) Type IV starch grains. (P,P9) Thermally damaged lily\nstarch grains after 5 min of heating. (Q–S9) Modern foxtail millet starch damaged by heating: (Q,Q9) heated for 5 min, (R,R9) heated for 15 min, and (S, S9) heated\nfor 30 min (T–V9) Modern broomcorn millet starch damaged by heating: (T,T9) heated for 5 min, (U,U9) heated for 15 min, and (V,V9) heated for 30 min (W–Y9) Common\nwheat starch damaged by heating: (W,W9) heated for 5 min, (X,X9) heated for 15 min, and (Y–Z9) heated for 30 min (AB,AB’) Common wheat starch damaged by\ngrinding; (AA,AA9) modern foxtail millet starch damaged by grinding; and (AC,AC9) lily starch damaged by grinding. (A,A9–F, F’; I,I9–AC,AC9) Each group of photos was\ntaken separately under bright field (left) and cross-polarized light (right). (Arrows indicate the damage characteristics of starch grains, Scale bar: 10 μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Hadagou Nanliang", "quote": "om six sites in Chifeng, Northeast China: Mount\nfunctions are still limited. Most studies focus on Aobao Beiliang, Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot o", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN214", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "FIGURE 2 | Starch grains extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods of the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed from Chifeng, Northeast China, and\nstarch grain specimens from simulation experiment. (A–D9) Type I intact starch grains and (E–F9) Type I damaged starch grains. (G) Polar view of type II starch grains, (H)\nlateral view of type II starch grains, and (I–J9) Type II damaged starch grains. (K,K9) Type III starch grains. (L–O9) Type IV starch grains. (P,P9) Thermally damaged lily\nstarch grains after 5 min of heating. (Q–S9) Modern foxtail millet starch damaged by heating: (Q,Q9) heated for 5 min, (R,R9) heated for 15 min, and (S, S9) heated\nfor 30 min (T–V9) Modern broomcorn millet starch damaged by heating: (T,T9) heated for 5 min, (U,U9) heated for 15 min, and (V,V9) heated for 30 min (W–Y9) Common\nwheat starch damaged by heating: (W,W9) heated for 5 min, (X,X9) heated for 15 min, and (Y–Z9) heated for 30 min (AB,AB’) Common wheat starch damaged by\ngrinding; (AA,AA9) modern foxtail millet starch damaged by grinding; and (AC,AC9) lily starch damaged by grinding. (A,A9–F, F’; I,I9–AC,AC9) Each group of photos was\ntaken separately under bright field (left) and cross-polarized light (right). (Arrows indicate the damage characteristics of starch grains, Scale bar: 10 μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Fangshen Xiliang", "quote": "eng, Northeast China: Mount\nfunctions are still limited. Most studies focus on Aobao Beiliang, Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot on the\nis believed to", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN215", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "FIGURE 2 | Starch grains extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods of the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed from Chifeng, Northeast China, and\nstarch grain specimens from simulation experiment. (A–D9) Type I intact starch grains and (E–F9) Type I damaged starch grains. (G) Polar view of type II starch grains, (H)\nlateral view of type II starch grains, and (I–J9) Type II damaged starch grains. (K,K9) Type III starch grains. (L–O9) Type IV starch grains. (P,P9) Thermally damaged lily\nstarch grains after 5 min of heating. (Q–S9) Modern foxtail millet starch damaged by heating: (Q,Q9) heated for 5 min, (R,R9) heated for 15 min, and (S, S9) heated\nfor 30 min (T–V9) Modern broomcorn millet starch damaged by heating: (T,T9) heated for 5 min, (U,U9) heated for 15 min, and (V,V9) heated for 30 min (W–Y9) Common\nwheat starch damaged by heating: (W,W9) heated for 5 min, (X,X9) heated for 15 min, and (Y–Z9) heated for 30 min (AB,AB’) Common wheat starch damaged by\ngrinding; (AA,AA9) modern foxtail millet starch damaged by grinding; and (AC,AC9) lily starch damaged by grinding. (A,A9–F, F’; I,I9–AC,AC9) Each group of photos was\ntaken separately under bright field (left) and cross-polarized light (right). (Arrows indicate the damage characteristics of starch grains, Scale bar: 10 μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Tuanjie Yingzi", "quote": "focus on Aobao Beiliang, Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot on the\nis believed to have integrated the Hongshan culture and the surface were visible to the", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN216", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "FIGURE 2 | Starch grains extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods of the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed from Chifeng, Northeast China, and\nstarch grain specimens from simulation experiment. (A–D9) Type I intact starch grains and (E–F9) Type I damaged starch grains. (G) Polar view of type II starch grains, (H)\nlateral view of type II starch grains, and (I–J9) Type II damaged starch grains. (K,K9) Type III starch grains. (L–O9) Type IV starch grains. (P,P9) Thermally damaged lily\nstarch grains after 5 min of heating. (Q–S9) Modern foxtail millet starch damaged by heating: (Q,Q9) heated for 5 min, (R,R9) heated for 15 min, and (S, S9) heated\nfor 30 min (T–V9) Modern broomcorn millet starch damaged by heating: (T,T9) heated for 5 min, (U,U9) heated for 15 min, and (V,V9) heated for 30 min (W–Y9) Common\nwheat starch damaged by heating: (W,W9) heated for 5 min, (X,X9) heated for 15 min, and (Y–Z9) heated for 30 min (AB,AB’) Common wheat starch damaged by\ngrinding; (AA,AA9) modern foxtail millet starch damaged by grinding; and (AC,AC9) lily starch damaged by grinding. (A,A9–F, F’; I,I9–AC,AC9) Each group of photos was\ntaken separately under bright field (left) and cross-polarized light (right). (Arrows indicate the damage characteristics of starch grains, Scale bar: 10 μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dujiadi", "quote": ", Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot on the\nis believed to have integrated the Hongshan culture and the surface were visible to the naked eye (Figure 1B", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN217", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "FIGURE 2 | Starch grains extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods of the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed from Chifeng, Northeast China, and\nstarch grain specimens from simulation experiment. (A–D9) Type I intact starch grains and (E–F9) Type I damaged starch grains. (G) Polar view of type II starch grains, (H)\nlateral view of type II starch grains, and (I–J9) Type II damaged starch grains. (K,K9) Type III starch grains. (L–O9) Type IV starch grains. (P,P9) Thermally damaged lily\nstarch grains after 5 min of heating. (Q–S9) Modern foxtail millet starch damaged by heating: (Q,Q9) heated for 5 min, (R,R9) heated for 15 min, and (S, S9) heated\nfor 30 min (T–V9) Modern broomcorn millet starch damaged by heating: (T,T9) heated for 5 min, (U,U9) heated for 15 min, and (V,V9) heated for 30 min (W–Y9) Common\nwheat starch damaged by heating: (W,W9) heated for 5 min, (X,X9) heated for 15 min, and (Y–Z9) heated for 30 min (AB,AB’) Common wheat starch damaged by\ngrinding; (AA,AA9) modern foxtail millet starch damaged by grinding; and (AC,AC9) lily starch damaged by grinding. (A,A9–F, F’; I,I9–AC,AC9) Each group of photos was\ntaken separately under bright field (left) and cross-polarized light (right). (Arrows indicate the damage characteristics of starch grains, Scale bar: 10 μm)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Gaojia Wazi", "quote": "anliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot on the\nis believed to have integrated the Hongshan culture and the surface were visible to the naked eye (Figure 1B). All samples\nEr", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F03", "paper_key": "S222_01c7cb97560c", "paper_id": "S222", "number": "3", "caption_original": "FIGURE 3 | Phytoliths extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods from the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed in Chifeng, Northeast China. (A) Ω type\nphytoliths extracted from the husks of foxtail millet, (B) η type phytoliths extracted from husks of broomcorn mille. (C–F) Grain shells of the family Poaceae: (C) Phytoliths\nthat are most likely from the husks of Pooideae; (D–F) Phytoliths that are most likely from the husks of Panicoideae. (G) Rondel, (H) Trapezoid, (I) Bilobate, (J) Dumbbell-\nshaped phytolith arranged vertically, (K) Cylindrical polylobate, (L) Cross, (M) Smooth-elongate, (N) Sinuate-elongate, (O) Pointed, (P) Square, (Q) Fan, (R)\nSilicified stomata, and (S,T) Epidermal cells. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7351e046880cc44f8cb6d2ae115517d96eeff52c171e60a242aedf0ae181fbd7", "image_bytes": 5628698, "sites": [ "CN212", "CN213", "CN214", "CN215", "CN216", "CN217" ], "caption_zh": "图3 从中国东北赤峰地区出土的夏家店下层文化时期的陶鬲表面残留物中提取的植硅体。 （A） 来自粟壳的Ω型植硅体，（B） 来自黍壳的η型植硅体。（C–F） 禾草类植物的稃壳植硅体：（C） 最可能来自早熟禾亚科（Pooideae）族壳的植硅体；（D–F） 最可能来自黍亚科（Panicoideae）稃壳的植硅体。（G） 帽型，（H） 齿型，（I） 哑铃型，（J） 竖排哑铃形植硅体，（K）多铃型，（L） 十字形，（M） 光滑棒型，（N） 刺棒型，（O） 海绵骨针，（P） 方型，（Q） 扇形，（R） 硅化气孔，（S，T） 表皮细胞。（比例尺：10 μm）。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 3 | Phytoliths extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods from the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed in Chifeng, Northeast China. (A) Ω type\nphytoliths extracted from the husks of foxtail millet, (B) η type phytoliths extracted from husks of broomcorn mille. (C–F) Grain shells of the family grass family (Poaceae): (C) Phytoliths\nthat are most likely from the husks of cool-season grasses (Pooideae); (D–F) Phytoliths that are most likely from the husks of panicoid grasses (Panicoideae). (G) Rondel, (H) Trapezoid, (I) Bilobate, (J) Dumbbell-\nshaped phytolith arranged vertically, (K) Cylindrical polylobate, (L) Cross, (M) Smooth-elongate, (N) Sinuate-elongate, (O) Pointed, (P) Square, (Q) Fan, (R)\nSilicified stomata, and (S,T) Epidermal cells. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "夏家店下层文化李鼎表面残留物植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from Surface Residues of Li Tripods from the Lower Xiajiadian Culture", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/7351e046880cc44f8cb6d2ae.png", "image_url": "media/S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F03.png?v=7351e046880c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 10, "quote": "Plant Resources Revealed by Ancient Plant Microremains The results suggest that Li tripods of the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed in Chifeng were used as cooking utensils. The plant microremains on their surfaces signify the food that people used in their recipes. Starch grains of foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and the tribe Triticeae; roots, and tubers, and phytoliths from the grain husks of foxtail millet and broomcorn millet; and one piece of phytolith that was probably from the husks of Pooideae (Figure 3C) were identified in the surface residues of 10 tripod foot samples. The tribe Triticeae belongs to the Pooideae of the Poaceae subfamily. Furthermore, the phytoliths also included bilobate and cross-shaped phytoliths from the leaves of Panicoideae, trapezoid and rondel-", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch Grains From Residues on the Surfaces of Li Tripod Foot Samples Starch grains were identified from the interior surfaces of all 10 tripod foot samples. Starch grains were identified in only three samples from the exterior surfaces of the tripod feet. A total of 133 starch grains were extracted from the residues found on the interior and exterior surfaces of the tripod feet. Of these, 71 starch grains were seriously damaged and identification was not possible, these were classified as Type IV. The remaining identifiable 62 starch grains were classified into Types I–III based on their shapes and grain sizes. Of the 62 identifiable starch grains, 40 showed slight damage (Table 1). There were 111 damaged starch grains in total, accounting for 83.46% of all extracted starch grains. The definitions of grain types and associated findings are as follows. Type I starch grains (n = 43) were polyhedron-shaped with centric hila and linear, transverse, star, or Y-shaped fissures", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "identification criteria established by Yang et al. (2010), which are based on data analysis of starch grain shapes of Chinese northern modern foxtail and broomcorn millets, and other close wild species, Type I grains were considered to belong to millet, because the surfaces were smooth and the grain sizes were larger than average. The results thus suggest that the starch grains were most likely from foxtail and broomcorn millet crops. Type II starch grains (n = 17) were characterized by biconvex shapes and a centric hilum. The starch grains were olivary and possessed a longitudinal dent when rotated (Figures 2G,H). The extinction crosses of two starch grains were X-shaped in polarized light, and those of the remaining 15 starch grains partially disappeared in polarized light (Figures 2I–J9). The grain lengths ranged from 12.9—35.9 μm with a mean of 23.1 ± 4.6 μm. According to the identification criteria established by Piperno et al. (2004) and Yang and Perry (2013) based on the study of such starch grains, it was determined that Type II starch grains were from the tribe Triticeae. Type III starch grains (n = 2) were oval with an extremely eccentric hilum. There were no cracks, and the arms of extinction crosses were slightly bent (Figures 2K,K9).The grain lengths were 19.53 and 30.31 μm, respectively. In modern specimen banks, the grain sizes of roots and tubers are relatively large, and the hilum is skewed to one end (Wan et al., 2011). Therefore, it was determined that Type III starch grains originated from roots and tubers. Finally, the extinction characteristics of Type", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.097966+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN212", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "FIGURE 3 | Phytoliths extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods from the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed in Chifeng, Northeast China. (A) Ω type\nphytoliths extracted from the husks of foxtail millet, (B) η type phytoliths extracted from husks of broomcorn mille. (C–F) Grain shells of the family Poaceae: (C) Phytoliths\nthat are most likely from the husks of Pooideae; (D–F) Phytoliths that are most likely from the husks of Panicoideae. (G) Rondel, (H) Trapezoid, (I) Bilobate, (J) Dumbbell-\nshaped phytolith arranged vertically, (K) Cylindrical polylobate, (L) Cross, (M) Smooth-elongate, (N) Sinuate-elongate, (O) Pointed, (P) Square, (Q) Fan, (R)\nSilicified stomata, and (S,T) Epidermal cells. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Aobao Beiliang", "quote": "ir unearthed from six sites in Chifeng, Northeast China: Mount\nfunctions are still limited. Most studies focus on Aobao Beiliang, Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN213", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "FIGURE 3 | Phytoliths extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods from the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed in Chifeng, Northeast China. (A) Ω type\nphytoliths extracted from the husks of foxtail millet, (B) η type phytoliths extracted from husks of broomcorn mille. (C–F) Grain shells of the family Poaceae: (C) Phytoliths\nthat are most likely from the husks of Pooideae; (D–F) Phytoliths that are most likely from the husks of Panicoideae. (G) Rondel, (H) Trapezoid, (I) Bilobate, (J) Dumbbell-\nshaped phytolith arranged vertically, (K) Cylindrical polylobate, (L) Cross, (M) Smooth-elongate, (N) Sinuate-elongate, (O) Pointed, (P) Square, (Q) Fan, (R)\nSilicified stomata, and (S,T) Epidermal cells. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Hadagou Nanliang", "quote": "om six sites in Chifeng, Northeast China: Mount\nfunctions are still limited. Most studies focus on Aobao Beiliang, Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot o", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN214", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "FIGURE 3 | Phytoliths extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods from the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed in Chifeng, Northeast China. (A) Ω type\nphytoliths extracted from the husks of foxtail millet, (B) η type phytoliths extracted from husks of broomcorn mille. (C–F) Grain shells of the family Poaceae: (C) Phytoliths\nthat are most likely from the husks of Pooideae; (D–F) Phytoliths that are most likely from the husks of Panicoideae. (G) Rondel, (H) Trapezoid, (I) Bilobate, (J) Dumbbell-\nshaped phytolith arranged vertically, (K) Cylindrical polylobate, (L) Cross, (M) Smooth-elongate, (N) Sinuate-elongate, (O) Pointed, (P) Square, (Q) Fan, (R)\nSilicified stomata, and (S,T) Epidermal cells. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Fangshen Xiliang", "quote": "eng, Northeast China: Mount\nfunctions are still limited. Most studies focus on Aobao Beiliang, Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot on the\nis believed to", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN215", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "FIGURE 3 | Phytoliths extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods from the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed in Chifeng, Northeast China. (A) Ω type\nphytoliths extracted from the husks of foxtail millet, (B) η type phytoliths extracted from husks of broomcorn mille. (C–F) Grain shells of the family Poaceae: (C) Phytoliths\nthat are most likely from the husks of Pooideae; (D–F) Phytoliths that are most likely from the husks of Panicoideae. (G) Rondel, (H) Trapezoid, (I) Bilobate, (J) Dumbbell-\nshaped phytolith arranged vertically, (K) Cylindrical polylobate, (L) Cross, (M) Smooth-elongate, (N) Sinuate-elongate, (O) Pointed, (P) Square, (Q) Fan, (R)\nSilicified stomata, and (S,T) Epidermal cells. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Tuanjie Yingzi", "quote": "focus on Aobao Beiliang, Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot on the\nis believed to have integrated the Hongshan culture and the surface were visible to the", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN216", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "FIGURE 3 | Phytoliths extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods from the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed in Chifeng, Northeast China. (A) Ω type\nphytoliths extracted from the husks of foxtail millet, (B) η type phytoliths extracted from husks of broomcorn mille. (C–F) Grain shells of the family Poaceae: (C) Phytoliths\nthat are most likely from the husks of Pooideae; (D–F) Phytoliths that are most likely from the husks of Panicoideae. (G) Rondel, (H) Trapezoid, (I) Bilobate, (J) Dumbbell-\nshaped phytolith arranged vertically, (K) Cylindrical polylobate, (L) Cross, (M) Smooth-elongate, (N) Sinuate-elongate, (O) Pointed, (P) Square, (Q) Fan, (R)\nSilicified stomata, and (S,T) Epidermal cells. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dujiadi", "quote": ", Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot on the\nis believed to have integrated the Hongshan culture and the surface were visible to the naked eye (Figure 1B", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN217", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "FIGURE 3 | Phytoliths extracted from the surface residues of Li tripods from the Lower Xiajiadian cultural period unearthed in Chifeng, Northeast China. (A) Ω type\nphytoliths extracted from the husks of foxtail millet, (B) η type phytoliths extracted from husks of broomcorn mille. (C–F) Grain shells of the family Poaceae: (C) Phytoliths\nthat are most likely from the husks of Pooideae; (D–F) Phytoliths that are most likely from the husks of Panicoideae. (G) Rondel, (H) Trapezoid, (I) Bilobate, (J) Dumbbell-\nshaped phytolith arranged vertically, (K) Cylindrical polylobate, (L) Cross, (M) Smooth-elongate, (N) Sinuate-elongate, (O) Pointed, (P) Square, (Q) Fan, (R)\nSilicified stomata, and (S,T) Epidermal cells. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Gaojia Wazi", "quote": "anliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot on the\nis believed to have integrated the Hongshan culture and the surface were visible to the naked eye (Figure 1B). All samples\nEr", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F04", "paper_key": "S222_01c7cb97560c", "paper_id": "S222", "number": "4", "caption_original": "FIGURE 4 | Morphology of microfossil charcoal. (A–C) Possible microfossil charcoal from grasses, (D–F) Possible charcoal from woody plants. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "241d3d9fb289878761deb90b76c35025394b2c7fd11553a43847ec3f6ac4cdc2", "image_bytes": 5694324, "sites": [ "CN212", "CN213", "CN214", "CN215", "CN216", "CN217" ], "caption_zh": "图4 微炭屑的形态学特征。 （A–C） 可能来自禾本科植物的微炭屑，（D–F） 可能来自木本植物的微炭屑。（比例尺：10 μm）。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 4 | Morphology of microfossil charcoal. (A–C) Possible microfossil charcoal from grasses, (D–F) Possible charcoal from woody plants. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "微化石炭化物形态学特征", "title_en": "Morphology of Microfossil Charcoal", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/241d3d9fb289878761deb90b.png", "image_url": "media/S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F04.png?v=241d3d9fb289", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch Grains From Residues on the Surfaces of Li Tripod Foot Samples Starch grains were identified from the interior surfaces of all 10 tripod foot samples. Starch grains were identified in only three samples from the exterior surfaces of the tripod feet. A total of 133 starch grains were extracted from the residues found on the interior and exterior surfaces of the tripod feet. Of these, 71 starch grains were seriously damaged and identification was not possible, these were classified as Type IV. The remaining identifiable 62 starch grains were classified into Types I–III based on their shapes and grain sizes. Of the 62 identifiable starch grains, 40 showed slight damage (Table 1). There were 111 damaged starch grains in total, accounting for 83.46% of all extracted starch grains. The definitions of grain types and associated findings are as follows. Type I starch grains (n = 43) were polyhedron-shaped with centric hila and linear, transverse, star, or Y-shaped fissures", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "identification criteria established by Yang et al. (2010), which are based on data analysis of starch grain shapes of Chinese northern modern foxtail and broomcorn millets, and other close wild species, Type I grains were considered to belong to millet, because the surfaces were smooth and the grain sizes were larger than average. The results thus suggest that the starch grains were most likely from foxtail and broomcorn millet crops. Type II starch grains (n = 17) were characterized by biconvex shapes and a centric hilum. The starch grains were olivary and possessed a longitudinal dent when rotated (Figures 2G,H). The extinction crosses of two starch grains were X-shaped in polarized light, and those of the remaining 15 starch grains partially disappeared in polarized light (Figures 2I–J9). The grain lengths ranged from 12.9—35.9 μm with a mean of 23.1 ± 4.6 μm. According to the identification criteria established by Piperno et al. (2004) and Yang and Perry (2013) based on the study of such starch grains, it was determined that Type II starch grains were from the tribe Triticeae. Type III starch grains (n = 2) were oval with an extremely eccentric hilum. There were no cracks, and the arms of extinction crosses were slightly bent (Figures 2K,K9).The grain lengths were 19.53 and 30.31 μm, respectively. In modern specimen banks, the grain sizes of roots and tubers are relatively large, and the hilum is skewed to one end (Wan et al., 2011). Therefore, it was determined that Type III starch grains originated from roots and tubers. Finally, the extinction characteristics of Type", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.184154+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN212", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Morphology of microfossil charcoal. (A–C) Possible microfossil charcoal from grasses, (D–F) Possible charcoal from woody plants. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Aobao Beiliang", "quote": "ir unearthed from six sites in Chifeng, Northeast China: Mount\nfunctions are still limited. Most studies focus on Aobao Beiliang, Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN213", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Morphology of microfossil charcoal. (A–C) Possible microfossil charcoal from grasses, (D–F) Possible charcoal from woody plants. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Hadagou Nanliang", "quote": "om six sites in Chifeng, Northeast China: Mount\nfunctions are still limited. Most studies focus on Aobao Beiliang, Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot o", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN214", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Morphology of microfossil charcoal. (A–C) Possible microfossil charcoal from grasses, (D–F) Possible charcoal from woody plants. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Fangshen Xiliang", "quote": "eng, Northeast China: Mount\nfunctions are still limited. Most studies focus on Aobao Beiliang, Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot on the\nis believed to", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN215", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Morphology of microfossil charcoal. (A–C) Possible microfossil charcoal from grasses, (D–F) Possible charcoal from woody plants. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Tuanjie Yingzi", "quote": "focus on Aobao Beiliang, Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot on the\nis believed to have integrated the Hongshan culture and the surface were visible to the", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN216", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Morphology of microfossil charcoal. (A–C) Possible microfossil charcoal from grasses, (D–F) Possible charcoal from woody plants. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dujiadi", "quote": ", Hadagou Nanliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot on the\nis believed to have integrated the Hongshan culture and the surface were visible to the naked eye (Figure 1B", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN217", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Morphology of microfossil charcoal. (A–C) Possible microfossil charcoal from grasses, (D–F) Possible charcoal from woody plants. (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Gaojia Wazi", "quote": "anliang, Fangshen Xiliang,\ndetermining their cultural period and origins (Lin, 1995; Tuanjie Yingzi Mount Tuzi, Dujiadi, and Gaojia Wazi. The\nZhao, 2005), e.g., the development of Li tripods in Chifeng 10 samples were similar in shape, and residues and soot on the\nis believed to have integrated the Hongshan culture and the surface were visible to the naked eye (Figure 1B). All samples\nEr", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01c7cb97560cbecc5b707516f79a0c01145157a89748d3654dd53e12f5acaf77" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S223_56d67f59d13b_S223-F03", "paper_key": "S223_56d67f59d13b", "paper_id": "S223", "number": "3", "caption_original": "FIGURE 3 | Starch grains (A−E) and phytoliths (F−L) recovered from the residues on the grooved vessels from the Meishan Site. Each starch grain is shown in\nbrightfield and polarized views. (A,B) Foxtail millet or broomcorn millets; (C) Triticeae; (D) geophytes; (E) possibly Chinese yam; (F) rice bulliform phytoliths from rice\nleaves with increased scale numbers; (G) double-peaked phytolith from rice husk; (H) Ω-type phytolith from foxtail millet husk; (I) η-type phytolith from broomcorn millet\nhusk; (J) dendritic epidermal phytolith possibly from wheat or barley glumes; (K) bilobate-scooped phytolith from Oryzoideae; and (L) bilobate-scooped phytolith\nfrom Paniceae. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c2a3762c3e554d0e057cbfc35f1dc0fea9807d406ba0146551b57ffaca8fe575", "image_bytes": 4497817, "sites": [ "CN125" ], "caption_zh": "图3 从煤山遗址刻槽盆残留物中提取的淀粉粒（A−E）和植硅体（F−L）。每个淀粉粒均显示在明场和偏振光下。 （A，B） 粟或黍； （C） 小麦族； （D） 块根块茎植物； （E） 可能为山药； （F） 来自水稻叶片的水稻扇形植硅体； （G） 来自水稻壳的双峰形植硅体； （H） 来自粟壳的Ω型植硅体； （I） 来自黍壳的η型植硅体； （J） 来自小麦或大麦颖片的分枝状表皮植硅体； （K） 来自稻亚科（Oryzoideae）的并排哑铃型植硅体； （L） 来自黍族（Paniceae）的竖排哑铃型植硅体。比例尺，20 μm。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 3 | Starch grains (A−E) and phytoliths (F−L) recovered from the residues on the grooved vessels from the Meishan Site. Each starch grain is shown in\nbrightfield and polarized views. (A,B) Foxtail millet or broomcorn millets; (C) wheat tribe (Triticeae); (D) geophytes; (E) possibly Chinese yam; (F) rice bulliform phytoliths from rice\nleaves with increased scale numbers; (G) double-peaked phytolith from rice husk; (H) Ω-type phytolith from foxtail millet husk; (I) η-type phytolith from broomcorn millet\nhusk; (J) dendritic epidermal phytolith possibly from wheat or barley glumes; (K) bilobate-scooped phytolith from rice subfamily (Oryzoideae); and (L) bilobate-scooped phytolith\nfrom panicgrass tribe (Paniceae). Scale bar, 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "煤山遗址沟槽陶器残留物中的淀粉粒与植硅体", "title_en": "Starch Grains and Phytoliths from Grooved Vessels at the Meishan Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c2a3762c3e554d0e057cbfc3.png", "image_url": "media/S223_56d67f59d13b_S223-F03.png?v=c2a3762c3e55", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Ancient Starches Recovered From the Residues In total, 380 starch grains were recovered from all samples that can be classified into four groups (Figures 3, 4 and Supplementary Table S1). Group A includes 238 starch grains in total, dominating the recovered starch assemblage. The grains are characterized by a polyhedral shape with central and open hila, and by Y-shaped or stellated fissures on occasion (Figures 3A,B). Sometimes, short lines radiating from the center to the edges on the surfaces of grains can be observed. The size of starch grains ranges from 7.2– 26.0 μm. Both the sizes and the morphological features of this group of starches are consistent with those of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (Supplementary Figures 1A,B) (Ge et al., 2010;Yangetal., 2012b). Somegranuleslarger thanthose frommodern reference collections might be the result of grinding (Ma et al., 2019). Group B includes 24 starch grains that are characterized by distinctive lenticular shapes and larger sizes between the range of 15.67~33.3 μm (Figure 3C). Pressure craters on the surface are apparent. They are identical to starch grains from the modern tribe Triticeae in which wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) are included (Supplementary Figures 1C,D) (Yang and Perry, 2013). Group C includes 26 starch grains that have the shape of a partial sphere, hemisphere, or sphere, with facets (Figures 3D,E). The hilum is eccentric. Starch grains in this group are similar to geophytes (Supplementary Figures 1E,F), in which Chinese yams (Dioscorea spp", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Ancient Phytoliths Recovered From the Residues More than 7,000 phytoliths were recovered from the potsherds after the recovery of starches (Supplementary Table S2). A total of 265 typical bulliform phytoliths from rice leaves (Figure 3F), 253 double-peaked phytoliths from the glume of rice grains (Figure 3G), 89 Ω-type and 136 η-type phytoliths from glumes of foxtail and broomcorn millets (Figures 3H,I), and 34 phytoliths with wave patterns in conjunctions from glumes of wheat or barley are observed (Figure 3J), in addition to bilobate- scooped phytoliths usually extracted from the leaves of Paniceae and Oryzoideae (Figures 3K,L) (Piperno, 2006; Lu et al., 2009, 2017; Ball et al, 2016). The percentage of each type of phytolith is shown in Figure 5. It should be noted that the phytoliths from leaves, such as bulliform, bilobate, saddle, blocky, and rondel phytoliths, can reach up to half of the phytolith assemblage.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.242892+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN125", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "FIGURE 3 | Starch grains (A−E) and phytoliths (F−L) recovered from the residues on the grooved vessels from the Meishan Site. Each starch grain is shown in\nbrightfield and polarized views. (A,B) Foxtail millet or broomcorn millets; (C) Triticeae; (D) geophytes; (E) possibly Chinese yam; (F) rice bulliform phytoliths from rice\nleaves with increased scale numbers; (G) double-peaked phytolith from rice husk; (H) Ω-type phytolith from foxtail millet husk; (I) η-type phytolith from broomcorn millet\nhusk; (J) dendritic epidermal phytolith possibly from wheat or barley glumes; (K) bilobate-scooped phytolith from Oryzoideae; and (L) bilobate-scooped phytolith\nfrom Paniceae. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "meishan", "quote": "45\n\n\n\n Micro Plant Remains Reveal the\n Function of Grooved Pottery Vessels\n From the Late Neolithic Meishan Site\n in Central China\n\n Tao Wang 1, Yafan Zang 1, Zhikun Ma 2, Jishuai Yang 3*, Guangkuo Yuan 1 and Xiaoyan Yang 3,4\n\n 1School of History, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "56d67f59d13bfee646e32a88b693cc23db6bfa1a2cd2337b72eea8bb920a6238" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S224_13f28868ece0_S224-F03", "paper_key": "S224_13f28868ece0", "paper_id": "S224", "number": "3", "caption_original": "FIGURE 3 | Modern plant starch references included in this paper. (A) Pueraria lobata (B) Amorphophallus virosus (C) Pinellia ternata (D) Zizania aquatica (seed) (E)\nAcorus tatarinowii (F) Canavalia gladiata (G) Vigna umbellata (H) Trapa bispinosa (I) Nelumbo nucifera (root) (J) Sagittaria trifolia (K) Bolbostemma paniculatum (L):\nPolygonatum sibiricum.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ef2fe5d0d8366488eaf53fecb6c8ea67057b09984ee7e779c0c2cdb35b6083b3", "image_bytes": 4328399, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 本论文中包含的现代植物淀粉样品。 （A） 番薯 （B） 马铃薯 （C） 半夏 （D） 水稻 （种子） （E） 石菖蒲 （F） 刀豆 （G） 赤小豆 （H） 菱角 （I） 莲 （根） （J）慈姑 （K）假贝母（L） 黄精。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 3 | Modern plant starch references included in this paper. (A) kudzu (Pueraria lobata) (B) aroid (Amorphophallus virosus) (C) pinellia (Pinellia ternata) (D) annual wild rice (Zizania aquatica) (seed) (E)\nAcorus tatarinowii (F) sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) (G) rice bean (Vigna umbellata) (H) water caltrop (Trapa bispinosa) (I) lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) (root) (J) arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia) (K) Bolbostemma paniculatum (L):\nSolomon’s seal (Polygonatum sibiricum).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉参考样本", "title_en": "Modern plant starch references", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ef2fe5d0d8366488eaf53fec.png", "image_url": "media/S224_13f28868ece0_S224-F03.png?v=ef2fe5d0d836", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "details, see Zhang et al. (2021). In order to maximize the reliability of the machine learning model results, we adopted 95% accuracy as the standard of model usability, therefore, we regarded labels with an accuracy of 95% or more in the predicted results as valid, while labels with an accuracy of less than 95% were doubtful and are not presented here. No matter what starch ideintification method is used, the contal groups, datasets derived from modern starch granules, are extremely essential (Figure 3). We have thus far compiled a modern reference database of more than 98 starch-producing taxa including both domesticated and wild taxa. For the geometric morphometric data extraction, some plants, such as certain species of Colocasia, produce extremely small (<5 μm) starch granules, and are thus inappropriate for the acquisition of landmark configurations. As a result, 57 taxa were included in our quantitative examination. Phytolith classification was based completely on published resources (Yang et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2011; Wan et al., 2011a; Wan et al., 2011b; Yang", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type 1, Semi-spheroidal, ellipsoidal, and elongated-ellipsoidal granules. The main two-dimensional shapes are oblong, ovate and irregular fan-shaped. The diameter range of these granules is 5.84–36.27 μm. This granule type always exhibits an eccentric hilum, remarkable lamellae and bent extinction crosses, therefore this type is easily distinguished from others. Granules of this type may be produced by roots and tubers of both terrestrial and aquatic plants. Type 2, Polyhedral starch granules. The two-dimensional shapes are polygonal or circular with invisible lamellae, pronounced fissures and centric to slightly eccentric hilums, ranging 4.91–22.86 μm in size. Starch granules of this type were probably produced by Panicum sp., Setaria sp. (including wild species and domesticated species such as millet) and other Poaceae seeds. In addition, Figures 4K–M and o could be identified as the tribe Triticeae based on morphology and size (Yang and Perry, 2013). And the bell-shaped starch grains such as Figure 4I are mainly associated with roots and tubers in southern China, but some acorn, such as Cyclobalanopsis, contain similar starch grains, it is difficult to distinguish these granules according to traditional typology method. Therefore, more precise quantitative analytical methods are used in our project and the additional results are displayed at 4.1.2 (Wang, 2017). Type 3, Polyhedral or spheroidal body with an extremely small diameter range. Most of the two-dimensional shapes are rounded polygons, and the rest are almost circular. These granules have smooth surfaces and invi", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 13, "quote": "Adams, D. C., and Otárola-Castillo, E. (2013). Geomorph: Anrpackage for the Collection and Analysis of Geometric Morphometric Shape Data. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 393–399. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12035 Addis, P., Melis, P., Cannas, R., Secci, M., Tinti, F., Piccinetti, C., et al. (2010). A Morphometric Approach for the Analysis of Body Shape in Bluefin Tuna: Preliminary Results. Collective Volume Scientific Pap. 65, 982–987. Barber, I. G. (2020). Further Wet-Taro Evidence from Polynesia’s Southernmost Neolithic Production Margins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 1257–1258. doi:10.1073/pnas.1918374117 Bookstein, F. L. (1997). Landmark Methods for Forms without Landmarks: Morphometrics of Group Differences in Outline Shape. Med. Image Anal. 1 (3), 225–243. doi:10.1016/s1361-8415(97)85012-8 Chandler-Ezell, K., and Pearsall, D. M. (2003). Piggyback Microfossil Processing: Joint Starch and Phytolith Sampling from Stone Tools. The Phytolitharien 15, 2–8. Chen, W. (2016). Research on Neolithic Chronologies andSubsistential Strategies of Lingnan Area. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Changchun: Jilin University. Chen, X. (2017). Application of Geometric Morphometry to Aquatic Organisms. Beijing: Science Press. Chen, W. (2021). Zailun \"Huanan zaoqi Xinshiqi 14C niandaishuju yinqi de kunhuo\" wenti (Discussion on the issue of the confusion caused by the 14C Dates of Early Neolithic remains from South China again) (in Chinese). Wenbo 4, 42–50. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7954.2021.04.005 Cheng, Z., Weng, C., Steinke, S., and Mohtadi, M. (2018). Anthropogenic Modification of Vegetated Landsca", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.293183+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S224_13f28868ece0_S224-F04", "paper_key": "S224_13f28868ece0", "paper_id": "S224", "number": "4", "caption_original": "FIGURE 4 | Starch granules from Dingsishan Sed III plant residue samples. (A) Polyhedron starch granule (B) Polyhedron starch granule (C) Polyhedron starch\ngranule (D) Polyhedral spheroid starch granule (E) Polyhedron starch granule (F) Polyhedral spheroid starch granule (G) Polyhedron starch granule (H) Semi-ellipsoid\nstarch granule (I) Bell-shaped starch granule (J) Ellipsoid starch granule (K) Ellipsoid starch granule (L): Ellipsoid starch granule (M): Ellipsoid starch granule (N): Drop-\nshaped starch granule (O): Ellipsoid starch granule (P): Drop-shaped starch granule (Q): Ellipsoid starch granule (R): Ellipsoid starch granule (S): Ellipsoid starch\ngranule (T): Fan-shaped starch granule (U): Elongated-ellipsoid starch granule.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4f07735688485c944b0423c8f53c40dc057184adbd2b08b714e4f44782c87f04", "image_bytes": 4393105, "sites": [ "CN105" ], "caption_zh": "图4 来自顶蛳山 Sed III 植物残留物样品的淀粉颗粒。 （A） 多面体淀粉颗粒 （B） 多面体淀粉颗粒 （C） 多面体淀粉颗粒 （D） 多面体球形淀粉颗粒 （E） 多面体淀粉颗粒 （F） 多面体球形淀粉颗粒 （G） 多面体淀粉颗粒 （H） 半椭球形淀粉颗粒 （I） 铃形淀粉颗粒 （J） 椭球形淀粉颗粒 （K） 椭球形淀粉颗粒 （L）：椭球形淀粉颗粒 （M）：椭球形淀粉颗粒 （N）：滴状淀粉颗粒 （O）：椭球形淀粉颗粒 （P）：滴状淀粉颗粒 （Q）：椭球形淀粉颗粒 （R）：椭球形淀粉颗粒 （S）：椭球形淀粉颗粒 （T）：扇形淀粉颗粒 （U）：长椭球形淀粉颗粒。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 4 | Starch granules from Dingsishan Sed III plant residue samples. (A) Polyhedron starch granule (B) Polyhedron starch granule (C) Polyhedron starch\ngranule (D) Polyhedral spheroid starch granule (E) Polyhedron starch granule (F) Polyhedral spheroid starch granule (G) Polyhedron starch granule (H) Semi-ellipsoid\nstarch granule (I) Bell-shaped starch granule (J) Ellipsoid starch granule (K) Ellipsoid starch granule (L): Ellipsoid starch granule (M): Ellipsoid starch granule (N): Drop-\nshaped starch granule (O): Ellipsoid starch granule (P): Drop-shaped starch granule (Q): Ellipsoid starch granule (R): Ellipsoid starch granule (S): Ellipsoid starch\ngranule (T): Fan-shaped starch granule (U): Elongated-ellipsoid starch granule.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "顶蛳山Sed III样品淀粉颗粒形态", "title_en": "Starch Granule Morphologies from Dingsishan Sed III Plant Residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4f07735688485c944b0423c8.png", "image_url": "media/S224_13f28868ece0_S224-F04.png?v=4f0773568848", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "4.1 Starch Granule Analysis A total of 887 starch granules was recovered from all three sediments types of residue samples (Figure 4), among which", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type 1, Semi-spheroidal, ellipsoidal, and elongated-ellipsoidal granules. The main two-dimensional shapes are oblong, ovate and irregular fan-shaped. The diameter range of these granules is 5.84–36.27 μm. This granule type always exhibits an eccentric hilum, remarkable lamellae and bent extinction crosses, therefore this type is easily distinguished from others. Granules of this type may be produced by roots and tubers of both terrestrial and aquatic plants. Type 2, Polyhedral starch granules. The two-dimensional shapes are polygonal or circular with invisible lamellae, pronounced fissures and centric to slightly eccentric hilums, ranging 4.91–22.86 μm in size. Starch granules of this type were probably produced by Panicum sp., Setaria sp. (including wild species and domesticated species such as millet) and other Poaceae seeds. In addition, Figures 4K–M and o could be identified as the tribe Triticeae based on morphology and size (Yang and Perry, 2013). And the bell-shaped starch grains such as Figure 4I are mainly associated with roots and tubers in southern China, but some acorn, such as Cyclobalanopsis, contain similar starch grains, it is difficult to distinguish these granules according to traditional typology method. Therefore, more precise quantitative analytical methods are used in our project and the additional results are displayed at 4.1.2 (Wang, 2017). Type 3, Polyhedral or spheroidal body with an extremely small diameter range. Most of the two-dimensional shapes are rounded polygons, and the rest are almost circular. These granules have smooth surfaces and invi", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 13, "quote": "Adams, D. C., and Otárola-Castillo, E. (2013). Geomorph: Anrpackage for the Collection and Analysis of Geometric Morphometric Shape Data. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 393–399. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12035 Addis, P., Melis, P., Cannas, R., Secci, M., Tinti, F., Piccinetti, C., et al. (2010). A Morphometric Approach for the Analysis of Body Shape in Bluefin Tuna: Preliminary Results. Collective Volume Scientific Pap. 65, 982–987. Barber, I. G. (2020). Further Wet-Taro Evidence from Polynesia’s Southernmost Neolithic Production Margins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 1257–1258. doi:10.1073/pnas.1918374117 Bookstein, F. L. (1997). Landmark Methods for Forms without Landmarks: Morphometrics of Group Differences in Outline Shape. Med. Image Anal. 1 (3), 225–243. doi:10.1016/s1361-8415(97)85012-8 Chandler-Ezell, K., and Pearsall, D. M. (2003). Piggyback Microfossil Processing: Joint Starch and Phytolith Sampling from Stone Tools. The Phytolitharien 15, 2–8. Chen, W. (2016). Research on Neolithic Chronologies andSubsistential Strategies of Lingnan Area. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Changchun: Jilin University. Chen, X. (2017). Application of Geometric Morphometry to Aquatic Organisms. Beijing: Science Press. Chen, W. (2021). Zailun \"Huanan zaoqi Xinshiqi 14C niandaishuju yinqi de kunhuo\" wenti (Discussion on the issue of the confusion caused by the 14C Dates of Early Neolithic remains from South China again) (in Chinese). Wenbo 4, 42–50. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7954.2021.04.005 Cheng, Z., Weng, C., Steinke, S., and Mohtadi, M. (2018). Anthropogenic Modification of Vegetated Landsca", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.352477+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN105", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Starch granules from Dingsishan Sed III plant residue samples. (A) Polyhedron starch granule (B) Polyhedron starch granule (C) Polyhedron starch\ngranule (D) Polyhedral spheroid starch granule (E) Polyhedron starch granule (F) Polyhedral spheroid starch granule (G) Polyhedron starch granule (H) Semi-ellipsoid\nstarch granule (I) Bell-shaped starch granule (J) Ellipsoid starch granule (K) Ellipsoid starch granule (L): Ellipsoid starch granule (M): Ellipsoid starch granule (N): Drop-\nshaped starch granule (O): Ellipsoid starch granule (P): Drop-shaped starch granule (Q): Ellipsoid starch granule (R): Ellipsoid starch granule (S): Ellipsoid starch\ngranule (T): Fan-shaped starch granule (U): Elongated-ellipsoid starch granule.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dingsishan", "quote": "by Early-Middle\n Neolithic Peoples in Guangxi, South\n China: Archaeobotanical Evidence\n From the Dingsishan Site\n\n Xi Zhang 1,2,3, Chao Huang 4, Zhenyu Zhou 4, John W. Olsen 1,5, Qiang Huang 6 and\n Ying Guan 1,2,3*\n\n 1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Orig", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "13f28868ece049e6df38be32d96a32bd48a0368527903ce37f2a2b15a9adf953" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S224_13f28868ece0_S224-F07", "paper_key": "S224_13f28868ece0", "paper_id": "S224", "number": "7", "caption_original": "FIGURE 7 | Phytoliths recovered from Dingsishan plant residues. 1. Bilobate 2–3. Short cell (Two-spiked rondels) 4–6. Bulliform cells 7–9. Globular echinate 10.\nRectangle 11. Elongate echinate; 12. Elongate sinuate 13–16. Polyhedron from wood 17. Smooth elongate 18. Elongate from wood.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5f25fec8deaa8196a684c3ba2cb03560cd9172b2c190bdb7e5be1623a19a2243", "image_bytes": 4256450, "sites": [ "CN105" ], "caption_zh": "图7 从顶蛳山植物残留物中提取的植硅体。1. 哑铃型 2–3. 塔型 4–6. 扇型 7–9. 刺球型 10。方型 11. 刺棒型；12. 刺棒型 13–16. 来自木材的多面体 17. 平滑棒型 18. 来自木材的棒型。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 7 | Phytoliths recovered from Dingsishan plant residues. 1. Bilobate 2–3. Short cell (Two-spiked rondels) 4–6. Bulliform cells 7–9. Globular echinate 10.\nRectangle 11. Elongate echinate; 12. Elongate sinuate 13–16. Polyhedron from wood 17. Smooth elongate 18. Elongate from wood.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "顶蛳山植物残留物中的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from Dingsishan plant residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5f25fec8deaa8196a684c3ba.png", "image_url": "media/S224_13f28868ece0_S224-F07.png?v=5f25fec8deaa", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 13, "quote": "Adams, D. C., and Otárola-Castillo, E. (2013). Geomorph: Anrpackage for the Collection and Analysis of Geometric Morphometric Shape Data. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 393–399. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12035 Addis, P., Melis, P., Cannas, R., Secci, M., Tinti, F., Piccinetti, C., et al. (2010). A Morphometric Approach for the Analysis of Body Shape in Bluefin Tuna: Preliminary Results. Collective Volume Scientific Pap. 65, 982–987. Barber, I. G. (2020). Further Wet-Taro Evidence from Polynesia’s Southernmost Neolithic Production Margins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 1257–1258. doi:10.1073/pnas.1918374117 Bookstein, F. L. (1997). Landmark Methods for Forms without Landmarks: Morphometrics of Group Differences in Outline Shape. Med. Image Anal. 1 (3), 225–243. doi:10.1016/s1361-8415(97)85012-8 Chandler-Ezell, K., and Pearsall, D. M. (2003). Piggyback Microfossil Processing: Joint Starch and Phytolith Sampling from Stone Tools. The Phytolitharien 15, 2–8. Chen, W. (2016). Research on Neolithic Chronologies andSubsistential Strategies of Lingnan Area. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Changchun: Jilin University. Chen, X. (2017). Application of Geometric Morphometry to Aquatic Organisms. Beijing: Science Press. Chen, W. (2021). Zailun \"Huanan zaoqi Xinshiqi 14C niandaishuju yinqi de kunhuo\" wenti (Discussion on the issue of the confusion caused by the 14C Dates of Early Neolithic remains from South China again) (in Chinese). Wenbo 4, 42–50. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7954.2021.04.005 Cheng, Z., Weng, C., Steinke, S., and Mohtadi, M. (2018). Anthropogenic Modification of Vegetated Landsca", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.416242+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN105", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "FIGURE 7 | Phytoliths recovered from Dingsishan plant residues. 1. Bilobate 2–3. Short cell (Two-spiked rondels) 4–6. Bulliform cells 7–9. Globular echinate 10.\nRectangle 11. Elongate echinate; 12. Elongate sinuate 13–16. Polyhedron from wood 17. Smooth elongate 18. Elongate from wood.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dingsishan", "quote": "by Early-Middle\n Neolithic Peoples in Guangxi, South\n China: Archaeobotanical Evidence\n From the Dingsishan Site\n\n Xi Zhang 1,2,3, Chao Huang 4, Zhenyu Zhou 4, John W. Olsen 1,5, Qiang Huang 6 and\n Ying Guan 1,2,3*\n\n 1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Orig", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "13f28868ece049e6df38be32d96a32bd48a0368527903ce37f2a2b15a9adf953" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S225_ec929ae133dc_S225-F03", "paper_key": "S225_ec929ae133dc", "paper_id": "S225", "number": "3", "caption_original": "FIGURE 3 | Relevant reference collection of modern starch grains at the University of Science and Technology of China—(a,a’) rice from Hunan, China; (b,b’) rice\nfrom Fujian, China; (c,c’) broomcorn millet from Shaanxi, China; (d,d’) foxtail millet from Shaanxi, China; (e,e’) Job’s tears from Anhui, China; (f,f’) roots of snake gourd\nfrom Anhui, China; (g,g’) Chinese yam from Henan, China; (h,h’) lotus root from Henan, China; (i,i’) lily bulbs from Gansu, China; (j,j’) mung bean from Henan, China;\n(k,k’) sweet pea from Anhui, China; (l,l’) acorns (Quercus acutissima) from Anhui, China; (m,m’) wheat from Anhui, China; (n,n’) wheat after boiling; and (o,o’)\nJob’s tears after grinding (scale bar: 20 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "781fefea2b658245b5f3bc7365193ea9500f76b6272131da42c730bb1d100f61", "image_bytes": 2841723, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 中国科学技术大学现代淀粉粒标本集（a，a′） 中国湖南水稻；（b，b′） 中国福建水稻；（c，c′） 中国陕西黍；（d，d′） 中国陕西粟；（e，e′） 中国安徽薏苡；（f，f′） 中国安徽栝楼根；（g，g′） 中国河南山药；（h，h′） 中国河南莲藕；（i，i′） 中国甘肃百合鳞茎；（j，j′） 中国河南绿豆；（k，k′） 中国安徽甜豌豆；（l，l′） 中国安徽栎属（Quercus acutissima）橡子；（m，m′） 中国安徽小麦；（n，n′） 小麦煮沸后；（o，o′） 薏苡研磨后 （比例尺：20 μm）。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 3 | Relevant reference collection of modern starch grains at the University of Science and Technology of China—(a,a′) rice from Hunan, China; (b,b′) rice\nfrom Fujian, China; (c,c′) broomcorn millet from Shaanxi, China; (d,d′) foxtail millet from Shaanxi, China; (e,e′) Job’s tears from Anhui, China; (f,f′) roots of snake gourd\nfrom Anhui, China; (g,g′) Chinese yam from Henan, China; (h,h′) lotus root from Henan, China; (i,i′) lily bulbs from Gansu, China; (j,j′) mung bean from Henan, China;\n(k,k′) sweet pea from Anhui, China; (l,l′) acorns (sawtooth oak, Quercus acutissima) from Anhui, China; (m,m′) wheat from Anhui, China; (n,n′) wheat after boiling; and (o,o′)\nJob’s tears after grinding (scale bar: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒参考标本集", "title_en": "Modern Starch Grains Reference Collection", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/781fefea2b658245b5f3bc73.png", "image_url": "media/S225_ec929ae133dc_S225-F03.png?v=781fefea2b65", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "heavy-liquid solution of CsCl, the steps of which have been adopted and introduced in our previous publications (Yang et al., 2016; Luo et al., 2020). For comparison of taxonomic ascription, we used an assembled reference collection of starch grains obtained from recent economically useful and edible plants that were collected in the archaeobotany lab at the University of Science and Technology of China (Figure 3). We also consulted the published data on modern starch grains (Liu et al., 2014; Wan et al., 2011; Wan et al., 2012).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Cereals A total of 1,038 recovered starch grains could be identified as cereals. Type A was identified as starch grains from rice, without fissures and lamellae on their surfaces (Figures 4a, a’, b, b’). The grains were either singular or compound with clear extinction crosses on some larger singular grains. The size range of the singular starch grains was 2.29–9.91 μm.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch grains from type B (Figures 4c, c’, d, d’, e, e’, f, f’) were identified as Panicoideae from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and probably small grains from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). Studies have compared starch grains from these three species and found it is difficult to separate them precisely because of their common morphological features in size and shape (Liu, et al., 2014). Starch grains from type B were singular with centric hilum, and their size range was 8.04–29.25 μm. The shapes of type B starch grains were near-circular or polygonal. Lineal or “Y”- shaped fissures were often present on type B starch grains. Type C was identified as Job’s tears (Figures 4g, g’, h, h’). Although the shape of starch grains from type C shares some similarities with those from type B, starch grains from type C were characterized by eccentric hilum and extinction cross with zig-zag arms. The size range was 6.93–30.10 μm, and the average size was 19.71 μm. It should be noted that the largest grain sizes of the identified Job’s tears, foxtail millet, or broomcorn millet in the present study were slightly bigger than the data reported in a previous study (Liu, et al., 2014), in which the largest grain sizes of the modern starch grains from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and Job’s tears were 21.17, 12.80, and 29.20 μm, respectively. One of the possible reasons causing a larger size range in the present study could be related to the prehistoric pre-treatments (e.g., cooking and grinding) of the plants because experiments have demonstrated that various processing methods co", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.460247+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S225_ec929ae133dc_S225-F04", "paper_key": "S225_ec929ae133dc", "paper_id": "S225", "number": "4", "caption_original": "FIGURE 4 | Ancient starch grains identified on potsherds from the site of Houjiazhai—(a,a’,b,b’) rice; (c,c’,d,d’,e,e’,f,f’) foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and\nprobably small grains from Job’s tears; (g,g’,h,h’) Job’s tears; (i,i’,j,j’) root of snake gourd; (k,k’) Chinese yam; (l,l’) lotus root; (m,m’) lily bulbs; (n,n’,o,o’) beans that\nmay include Vigna sp. or/and Vicia sp.;(p,p’) acorns; (q,q’) seeds from Triticeae showing more pronounce lamellae; and (r,r’) an example of a damaged starch grain\n(scale bar: 20 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4e9e2b078c736902242002646e342033e1265decd57c286721b4b363f48b0a02", "image_bytes": 3093267, "sites": [ "CN089" ], "caption_zh": "图4 | 在侯家寨遗址出土陶片上鉴定出的古代淀粉粒——（a，a′，b，b′） 水稻；（c，c′，d，d′，e，e′，f，f′） 粟、黍以及可能的薏苡；（g，g′，h，h′） 薏苡；（i，i′，j，j′） 栝楼根；（k，k′） 山药；（l，l′） 荷藕；（m，m′） 百合鳞茎；（n，n′，o，o′） 豆类，可能包括豇豆属（Vigna sp.）或/和野豌豆属（Vicia sp.）；（p，p′） 橡子；（q，q′） 小麦族种子，显示更明显的层纹；和（r，r′） 一个受损的淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）。\n", "caption_en": "FIGURE 4 | Ancient starch grains identified on potsherds from the site of Houjiazhai—(a,a′,b,b′) rice; (c,c′,d,d′,e,e′,f,f′) foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and\nprobably small grains from Job’s tears; (g,g′,h,h′) Job’s tears; (i,i′,j,j′) root of snake gourd; (k,k′) Chinese yam; (l,l′) lotus root; (m,m′) lily bulbs; (n,n′,o,o′) beans that\nmay include cowpea relatives (Vigna sp.) or/and vetches (Vicia sp.);(p,p′) acorns; (q,q′) seeds from wheat tribe (Triticeae) showing more pronounce lamellae; and (r,r′) an example of a damaged starch grain\n(scale bar: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "侯家寨遗址陶片上古代淀粉粒鉴定", "title_en": "Ancient Starch Grains Identified on Potsherds from Houjiazhai Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4e9e2b078c73690224200264.png", "image_url": "media/S225_ec929ae133dc_S225-F04.png?v=4e9e2b078c73", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Cereals A total of 1,038 recovered starch grains could be identified as cereals. Type A was identified as starch grains from rice, without fissures and lamellae on their surfaces (Figures 4a, a’, b, b’). The grains were either singular or compound with clear extinction crosses on some larger singular grains. The size range of the singular starch grains was 2.29–9.91 μm.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch grains from type B (Figures 4c, c’, d, d’, e, e’, f, f’) were identified as Panicoideae from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and probably small grains from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). Studies have compared starch grains from these three species and found it is difficult to separate them precisely because of their common morphological features in size and shape (Liu, et al., 2014). Starch grains from type B were singular with centric hilum, and their size range was 8.04–29.25 μm. The shapes of type B starch grains were near-circular or polygonal. Lineal or “Y”- shaped fissures were often present on type B starch grains. Type C was identified as Job’s tears (Figures 4g, g’, h, h’). Although the shape of starch grains from type C shares some similarities with those from type B, starch grains from type C were characterized by eccentric hilum and extinction cross with zig-zag arms. The size range was 6.93–30.10 μm, and the average size was 19.71 μm. It should be noted that the largest grain sizes of the identified Job’s tears, foxtail millet, or broomcorn millet in the present study were slightly bigger than the data reported in a previous study (Liu, et al., 2014), in which the largest grain sizes of the modern starch grains from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and Job’s tears were 21.17, 12.80, and 29.20 μm, respectively. One of the possible reasons causing a larger size range in the present study could be related to the prehistoric pre-treatments (e.g., cooking and grinding) of the plants because experiments have demonstrated that various processing methods co", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.511652+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN089", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Ancient starch grains identified on potsherds from the site of Houjiazhai—(a,a’,b,b’) rice; (c,c’,d,d’,e,e’,f,f’) foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and\nprobably small grains from Job’s tears; (g,g’,h,h’) Job’s tears; (i,i’,j,j’) root of snake gourd; (k,k’) Chinese yam; (l,l’) lotus root; (m,m’) lily bulbs; (n,n’,o,o’) beans that\nmay include Vigna sp. or/and Vicia sp.;(p,p’) acorns; (q,q’) seeds from Triticeae showing more pronounce lamellae; and (r,r’) an example of a damaged starch grain\n(scale bar: 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shuangdun", "quote": "doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.886179\n\n\n\n Pottery Use and Starchy Foods During\n the Shuangdun Culture\n (ca.7.3–6.8KaBP) in the Middle\n Catchment of the Huai River, China\n\n Weiya Li 1, Wuhong Luo 1*, Ling Yao 2, Huali Xuan 3, Wenwen Yi 1, Weixin Tian 1, Dailing Zhang 1,\n Yaji", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ec929ae133dcf6cca48dc72065b72eb0519d7655e583eac5c0c64c80dd83cf0c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S226_ab89ca3e7607_S226-F03", "paper_key": "S226_ab89ca3e7607", "paper_id": "S226", "number": "3", "caption_original": "FIGURE 3 | Modern starch reference examples related to this paper (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views). (A) Broomcorn millet Panicum\nmiliaceum; (B) mashed broomcorn millet with deep fissures and concave center in bright field; (C) job’s tears Coix lacryma-jobi; (D) mashed Job’s tears with deep\nfissures and concave center in bright field; (E) barley Hordeum vulgare; (F) barley fermented for 40 days with concave center, deep fissures, and pits in bright field,\nand disappeared birefringence in polarized light; (G) rice Oryza sativa, fermented for 18 days, concave center in bright field and blurry birefringence in polarized light;\n(H) rice, fermented for 1 year, blurry granule edge in bright field, birefringence only shown at the edge in polarized light; (I) snake gourd root Trichosanthes kirilowii;\n(J) gelatinized barley, boiled for 3 min; (K) gelatinized starch granules from the modern-day millet beer, hunjiu, produced in Yulin, Shaanxi. (Scales, A,B,G,H: 10 µm;\nrest: 20 µm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "51669dec20a1e0473ea02e7db4ea75409b032f907db464bad2d3c30501b45d6b", "image_bytes": 6697753, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 与本文相关的现代淀粉粒示例（每张淀粉图像均显示在明场和偏光视图下）。（A） 黍（Panicum miliaceum）；（B） 捣碎的黍，具有深裂纹和凹心，在明场下；（C） 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；（D） 捣碎的薏苡，具有深裂纹和凹心，在明场下；（E） 大麦（Hordeum vulgare）；（F） 发酵40天的大麦，在明场下具有凹心、深裂纹和凹坑，偏光下无双折射现象；（G） 水稻（Oryza sativa），发酵18天，在明场下具有凹心，偏光下双折射模糊；（H） 水稻，发酵1年，在明场下颗粒边缘模糊，偏光下仅在边缘显示双折射；（I） 栝楼根（Trichosanthes kirilowii）；（J） 水煮3分钟的糊化大麦；（K） 来自陕西榆林现代小米酒（hunjiu）的糊化淀粉颗粒。（A，B，G，H的比例尺：10 μm；其余：20 μm）", "caption_en": "FIGURE 3 | Modern starch reference examples related to this paper (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views). (A) Broomcorn millet Panicum miliaceum; (B) mashed broomcorn millet with deep fissures and concave center in bright field; (C) job’s tears Coix lacryma-jobi; (D) mashed Job’s tears with deep\nfissures and concave center in bright field; (E) barley Hordeum vulgare; (F) barley fermented for 40 days with concave center, deep fissures, and pits in bright field,\nand disappeared birefringence in polarized light; (G) rice Oryza sativa, fermented for 18 days, concave center in bright field and blurry birefringence in polarized light;\n(H) rice, fermented for 1 year, blurry granule edge in bright field, birefringence only shown at the edge in polarized light; (I) snake gourd root Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii);\n(J) gelatinized barley, boiled for 3 min; (K) gelatinized starch granules from the modern-day millet beer, hunjiu, produced in Yulin, Shaanxi. (Scales, A,B,G,H: 10 μm;\nrest: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉参考示例", "title_en": "Modern Starch Reference Examples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/51669dec20a1e0473ea02e7d.png", "image_url": "media/S226_ab89ca3e7607_S226-F03.png?v=51669dec20a1", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Starch Granules A total of 743 starch granules were found in the 16 residue samples, of which 534 (71.9%) were classified into five types that correspond to certain taxa in modern reference data (Figure 3). We recorded starch counts and ubiquity measures [percentage presence, calculated as (the total number of samples that one plant taxon is identified)/(the total number of residue samples)] (Pearsall, 1989, p. 212–217) to indicate relative abundances of plant taxa. Six granules (0.8%) exhibit characteristics of underground storage organs (USOs) but could not be further identified taxonomically. Two hundred and three (27.3%) starch granules were either badly damaged or lacked diagnostic characteristics and thus were classified as unidentifiable (UNID). A great majority of starches were damaged (n = 682; 91.8% of the", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "of them lose their original integrity after fermentation, making it difficult to identify them. Even though some rice compounds are preserved, few granules exhibit a complete shape. Since our rice starch counts were based on the number of measurable granules, the recorded number of rice starch granules is likely to be far lower than the actual number. Despite these problems in preservation, rice starch had the most numerous counts and the highest ubiquity in the assemblage. Type V starch, identified as the root of snake gourd Trichosanthes kirilowii of the Cucurbitaceae family (n = 6; 0.8% of the total), was found in two samples (ubiquity 12.5%). The size range was 9.95–22.33 μm. The granules’ forms included round, bell-shaped, and semi-circular. Their hila were centric or eccentric, and extinction crosses often had curved arms (Figures 4I,J comparable with Figure 3I). This plant is distributed widely in China (Wu et al., 2011b), and its root was traditionally used as famine food (Zhu, 1406) and as an ingredient for making medicinal alcohol (Li, 1981). Only one starch granule was found in the two control samples from exteriors of he pitchers, confirming that the starches in the residues found on the interior walls of the pottery were not contaminated by the surrounding soil. In the control sample from the grooved basin, 21 starch granules were found, with a great majority (n = 20) showing characteristics of gelatinization caused by cooking (steaming or boiling) and unidentifiable taxonomically (Table 2). This basin may have been used for processing various foodstuffs, inclu", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "color in bright-field microscopy and red or orange-yellow gloss under polarized light (Figure 4L). Smoke marks were observed on the external surface of the baggy foot of the he pitcher (Figure 2E). These marks, along with the gelatinized starch granules in the pitcher samples, indicate that the liquid foods inside the vessels were heated at a high temperature. Type I starch, identified as Panicoideae, including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), and probably small granules from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 69; 9.3% of the total), was found in four samples (25.0% ubiquity). Starch granules from these three species share some common characteristics, making it difficult to separate them", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "precisely (Liu et al., 2014). The size range of Type I granules was 7.23–19.84 μm, and the shapes were polygonal or near circular. The hila were centric, and fissures were often observed. The damaged granules showed diagnostic features consistent with fermentation in our modern reference data (Figures 4A,B compared with Figures 3A,B). Type II starch, identified as Job’s tears (C. lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 9; 1.2% of the total), was found in only one sample (Jar2; 6.2% ubiquity). These granules were polygonal in shape, and their size range was 14.22–23.31 μm. Their morphology differed from that of millets, but had certain characteristics consistent with Job’s tears, such as larger sizes, eccentric hila, and the extinction crosses with zig-zag arms (Liu et al., 2014; Figures 4C,D compared with Figures 3C,D). Type III starch, identified as Triticeae (n = 129; 17.4% of the total), appeared in eight samples (50.0% ubiquity). The granules’ size range was 4.56–55.46 μm, shape was lenticular, and hila were centric. Type III starch granules were consistent with wheat or barley (Figures 4E,F compared with Figures 3E,F). However, due to damages caused by fermentation and gelatinization, some granules were larger than granules of native Triticeae starches from our modern reference data (size ranges: 6.31–35.49 μm for barley; 5.84–36.41 μm for wheat). Type IV starch, identified as rice (Oryza sp.) and appearing in a compound form consisting of multiple small granules (2.28– 9.67 μm), was found in 14 samples (87.5% ubiquity). We counted visible individual granules in order to calculate the p", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.562888+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S226_ab89ca3e7607_S226-F04", "paper_key": "S226_ab89ca3e7607", "paper_id": "S226", "number": "4", "caption_original": "FIGURE 4 | Ancient starch granules from Erlitou pottery vessels (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views). (A) Paniceae; (B) damaged Paniceae with edge partially missing and deep fissures; (C) job’s tears; (D) damaged Job’s tears with pitting and deep fissures in bright field; (E) damaged Triticeae, blurry birefringence in polarized light; (F) damaged Triticeae with pitting, deep fissures, and concave center in bright field, birefringence only shown at the edge in polarized light; (G) damaged rice cluster, concave center in bright field and disappeared birefringence in polarized light; (H) damaged rice cluster, partially gelatinized, some showing complete granule shapes; (I) damaged snake gourd root with pitting; (J) damaged snake gourd root with disappeared center and deep fissures; (K) unidentified gelatinized starch; (L) starch cluster, dyed with Congo red (Scales, A–J: 10 μm; K,L: 20 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e7013334c7be3720618d5ad7503cb3e55354824b2c4d26bbcc51a631023cd7a3", "image_bytes": 6773576, "sites": [ "CN155" ], "caption_zh": "图4 二里头遗址陶器中的古代淀粉粒。每颗淀粉粒分别展示微分干涉（DIC）和偏光图像。A，黍族淀粉粒；B，边缘部分缺失、具有深裂隙的受损黍族淀粉粒；C，薏苡淀粉粒；D，明场下可见蚀坑和深裂隙的受损薏苡淀粉粒；E，偏光下双折射模糊的受损小麦族淀粉粒；F，明场下可见蚀坑、深裂隙及中心凹陷，偏光下仅边缘保留双折射的受损小麦族淀粉粒；G，明场下中心凹陷、偏光下双折射消失的受损水稻淀粉粒团簇；H，部分糊化、部分颗粒仍保留完整轮廓的受损水稻淀粉粒团簇；I，具有蚀坑的受损栝楼根淀粉粒；J，中心缺失并具有深裂隙的受损栝楼根淀粉粒；K，未能鉴定的糊化淀粉；L，经刚果红染色的淀粉粒团簇。比例尺：A—J为10 μm，K、L为20 μm。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 4 | Ancient starch granules from Erlitou pottery vessels (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views). (A) panicgrass tribe (Paniceae); (B) damaged panicgrass tribe (Paniceae) with edge partially missing and deep fissures; (C) job’s tears; (D) damaged Job’s tears with pitting and deep fissures in bright field; (E) damaged wheat tribe (Triticeae), blurry birefringence in polarized light; (F) damaged wheat tribe (Triticeae) with pitting, deep fissures, and concave center in bright field, birefringence only shown at the edge in polarized light; (G) damaged rice cluster, concave center in bright field and disappeared birefringence in polarized light; (H) damaged rice cluster, partially gelatinized, some showing complete granule shapes; (I) damaged snake gourd root with pitting; (J) damaged snake gourd root with disappeared center and deep fissures; (K) unidentified gelatinized starch; (L) starch cluster, dyed with Congo red (Scales, A–J: 10 μm; K,L: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "二里头陶器残留物中的淀粉粒", "title_zh": "二里头陶器残留物中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Ancient starch granules from Erlitou pottery vessels", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e7013334c7be3720618d5ad7.png", "image_url": "media/S226_ab89ca3e7607_S226-F04.png?v=e7013334c7be", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "color in bright-field microscopy and red or orange-yellow gloss under polarized light (Figure 4L). Smoke marks were observed on the external surface of the baggy foot of the he pitcher (Figure 2E). These marks, along with the gelatinized starch granules in the pitcher samples, indicate that the liquid foods inside the vessels were heated at a high temperature. Type I starch, identified as Panicoideae, including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), and probably small granules from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 69; 9.3% of the total), was found in four samples (25.0% ubiquity). Starch granules from these three species share some common characteristics, making it difficult to separate them", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "total; 93.8% ubiquity); causes of their morphological alternation included enzyme digestion, fermentation, and cooking (steaming or boiling) (Table 2). The damage patterns observed included the disappearance of extinction crosses (Figures 4E–H); pitting, deep channels, and broken edges (Figures 4B,D,I,J); central depressions (Figures 4F,G,J); and gelatinization (Figure 4K). These damage patterns are consistent with those appearing on fermented cereal starch granules in our reference data (Figures 3B,D,F–H,J,K) and with published information (Henry et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2017). When we used Congo red to stain the residue samples, the gelatinized starch granules were easily identified, showing red", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "precisely (Liu et al., 2014). The size range of Type I granules was 7.23–19.84 μm, and the shapes were polygonal or near circular. The hila were centric, and fissures were often observed. The damaged granules showed diagnostic features consistent with fermentation in our modern reference data (Figures 4A,B compared with Figures 3A,B). Type II starch, identified as Job’s tears (C. lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 9; 1.2% of the total), was found in only one sample (Jar2; 6.2% ubiquity). These granules were polygonal in shape, and their size range was 14.22–23.31 μm. Their morphology differed from that of millets, but had certain characteristics consistent with Job’s tears, such as larger sizes, eccentric hila, and the extinction crosses with zig-zag arms (Liu et al., 2014; Figures 4C,D compared with Figures 3C,D). Type III starch, identified as Triticeae (n = 129; 17.4% of the total), appeared in eight samples (50.0% ubiquity). The granules’ size range was 4.56–55.46 μm, shape was lenticular, and hila were centric. Type III starch granules were consistent with wheat or barley (Figures 4E,F compared with Figures 3E,F). However, due to damages caused by fermentation and gelatinization, some granules were larger than granules of native Triticeae starches from our modern reference data (size ranges: 6.31–35.49 μm for barley; 5.84–36.41 μm for wheat). Type IV starch, identified as rice (Oryza sp.) and appearing in a compound form consisting of multiple small granules (2.28– 9.67 μm), was found in 14 samples (87.5% ubiquity). We counted visible individual granules in order to calculate the p", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.613186+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN155", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Ancient starch granules from Erlitou pottery vessels (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views). (A) Paniceae; (B) damaged Paniceae with edge partially missing and deep fissures; (C) job’s tears; (D) damaged Job’s tears with pitting and deep fissures in bright field; (E) damaged Triticeae, blurry birefringence in polarized light; (F) damaged Triticeae with pitting, deep fissures, and concave center in bright field, birefringence only shown at the edge in polarized light; (G) damaged rice cluster, concave center in bright field and disappeared birefringence in polarized light; (H) damaged rice cluster, partially gelatinized, some showing complete granule shapes; (I) damaged snake gourd root with pitting; (J) damaged snake gourd root with disappeared center and deep fissures; (K) unidentified gelatinized starch; (L) starch cluster, dyed with Congo red (Scales, A–J: 10 μm; K,L: 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "erlitou", "quote": "doi: 10.3389/fevo.2022.845065\n\n\n\n\n Brewing and Serving Alcoholic\n Beverages to Erlitou Elites of\n Prehistoric China: Residue Analysis\n of Ceramic Vessels\n\n Yahui He1,2†, Haitao Zhao3, Li Liu1,2*† and Hong Xu3\n\n 1 Department of East Asi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ab89ca3e7607fb41399acb3a38cc96cbe06dd3c2d77f52f54cdea35e53f833c2" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S226_ab89ca3e7607_S226-F05", "paper_key": "S226_ab89ca3e7607", "paper_id": "S226", "number": "5", "caption_original": "FIGURE 5 | Phytolith remains from Erlitou pottery vessels. (A) Rice double-peak husk; (B) Job’s tears cross; (C) cross; (D) Oryzoideae scooped parallel bilobate; (E)\nbilobate; (F) rondel; (G) common bulliform; (H) rice bulliform; (I) dendriform husk, possibly Triticeae; (J,K) hair cell; (L) opaque perforated platelets; (M) burnt\nElongate sinuate skeleton; (N) broomcorn millet η-type husk. (Scales, C,F: 10 µm; L: 50 µm; rest: 20 µm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "98ed0b61388684f2a8857f4111d0a4c324501275880b3e142b27c4eb6defbc0d", "image_bytes": 7375079, "sites": [ "CN155" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 二里头遗址陶器中提取的植硅体遗存。（A）水稻稃壳双峰型；（B）薏苡十字型；（C）十字型；（D）稻亚科（Oryzoideae）并排哑铃型；（E）哑铃型；（F）帽型（rondel）；（G）普通扇型；（H）水稻扇型；（I）树枝型稃壳，可能来自小麦族；（J、K）尖型；（L）不透明穿孔片状；（M）烧灼的长形波状硅化骨架；（N）黍稃壳η型。比例尺：C、F为10 μm，L为50 μm，其余为20 μm。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 5 | Phytolith remains from Erlitou pottery vessels. (A) Rice double-peak husk; (B) Job’s tears cross; (C) cross; (D) rice subfamily (Oryzoideae) scooped parallel bilobate; (E)\nbilobate; (F) rondel; (G) common bulliform; (H) rice bulliform; (I) dendriform husk, possibly wheat tribe (Triticeae); (J,K) hair cell; (L) opaque perforated platelets; (M) burnt\nElongate sinuate skeleton; (N) broomcorn millet η-type husk. (Scales, C,F: 10 μm; L: 50 μm; rest: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "二里头陶器中的植硅体遗存", "title_en": "Phytolith remains from Erlitou pottery vessels", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/98ed0b61388684f2a8857f41.png", "image_url": "media/S226_ab89ca3e7607_S226-F05.png?v=98ed0b613886", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "ubiquity). The second most numerous morphotype, double- peaked phytoliths from rice husks (n = 125; 16.7% of the total, Figure 5A), was found in seven samples (43.8% ubiquity). We also identified η-type phytoliths from broomcorn millet husk (n = 2; Figure 5N); a Paniceae husk type (n = 1); bilobates (n = 88; Figure 5E), polylobates (n = 2), and crosses (n = 30) likely from Panicoideae; and, in four samples, elongated dendriform phytoliths (n = 7; Figure 5I) that may have come from Triticeae (possibly wheat or barley) husks. Other morphotypes found include rondel (n = 16; Figure 5F), common bulliform (n = 30; Figure 5G), rice type bulliform (n = 4; Figure 5H), scooped", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "we also identified Job’s tears starch granules. These correlated findings strongly support the existence of Job’s tears in this sample (Tables 2, 3). In addition, husk phytoliths from broomcorn millet, rice and Triticeae were identified in several samples, as were their corresponding starches, providing mutual confirmation of the existence of these cereals. Hair cells were primarily found in Jar2, as were snake gourd root starch granules. Since hair cells are often from eudicots, including Cucurbitaceae, those identified in our sample may be correlated with the snake gourd root starch granules identified (Tables 2, 3). However, the origins of hair cells remain uncertain as they have not yet been studied. One source may be snake gourd root, but more research is needed. Opaque perforated platelet phytoliths (n = 42; Figure 5L) were discovered in eight samples (50.0% ubiquity), the majority of which were from Jar1 and Jar3. This type of phytolith exhibits regular or irregular perforations, and commonly exists in the inflorescences of daisies (Asteraceae) (Piperno, 2006:196). Asteraceae is a large family, with 18 genera and 1,145 species native to China (Wu et al., 2011a); therefore, we were unable to further identify the taxonomical origins of these phytoliths. Abundant micro-charcoal fragments and blackened phytoliths were found in the residues from the body and foot of two he", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "pitchers (3, 5) (Figure 5M), indicating that the vessels were in contact with fire. These findings are consistent with the presence of smoke marks on the outer wall of the foot of he Pitcher3 and with the large number of gelatinized starch granules in its residue sample, supporting the previous speculation that he pitchers were used to heat alcoholic beverages. In the two control samples from the he pitchers, only small numbers of phytoliths from grass stems and leaves were found (n = 8, 28), and no phytoliths of millet husk and rice husk were present. The contrast between the phytolith findings in these two control samples and in the residue samples rules out the possibility of soil contamination. In the sample from the grooved basin, 60 phytoliths were recorded, including husks from broomcorn millet, rice, and Triticeae, along with other grass phytoliths (Table 3). These may be related to the various foodstuffs processed in this basin.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "color in bright-field microscopy and red or orange-yellow gloss under polarized light (Figure 4L). Smoke marks were observed on the external surface of the baggy foot of the he pitcher (Figure 2E). These marks, along with the gelatinized starch granules in the pitcher samples, indicate that the liquid foods inside the vessels were heated at a high temperature. Type I starch, identified as Panicoideae, including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), and probably small granules from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) (n = 69; 9.3% of the total), was found in four samples (25.0% ubiquity). Starch granules from these three species share some common characteristics, making it difficult to separate them", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.663165+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN155", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "FIGURE 5 | Phytolith remains from Erlitou pottery vessels. (A) Rice double-peak husk; (B) Job’s tears cross; (C) cross; (D) Oryzoideae scooped parallel bilobate; (E)\nbilobate; (F) rondel; (G) common bulliform; (H) rice bulliform; (I) dendriform husk, possibly Triticeae; (J,K) hair cell; (L) opaque perforated platelets; (M) burnt\nElongate sinuate skeleton; (N) broomcorn millet η-type husk. (Scales, C,F: 10 µm; L: 50 µm; rest: 20 µm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "erlitou", "quote": "doi: 10.3389/fevo.2022.845065\n\n\n\n\n Brewing and Serving Alcoholic\n Beverages to Erlitou Elites of\n Prehistoric China: Residue Analysis\n of Ceramic Vessels\n\n Yahui He1,2†, Haitao Zhao3, Li Liu1,2*† and Hong Xu3\n\n 1 Department of East Asi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ab89ca3e7607fb41399acb3a38cc96cbe06dd3c2d77f52f54cdea35e53f833c2" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S227_01e117da56c8_S227-F03", "paper_key": "S227_01e117da56c8", "paper_id": "S227", "number": "3", "caption_original": "FIGURE 3\nMicrofossils of starch grains observed in the dental calculus of Fuyan Cave hominins teeth (each grain shown in unpolarized and polarized\nviews). (A–F) Type 1, likely acorns; (G–L) type 2, possible tuber or root; (M,N) type 3, possible the tribe Triticeae; (O,P) type 4, possible Poaceae;\n(Q–X) starch grains lacked any known diagnostic features (Scale bar = 20µm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c670e8dcaea16453c7aef8a0f355487bf44632350af09da3b87e9109d330ad90", "image_bytes": 6928209, "sites": [ "CN002" ], "caption_zh": "图3 福岩洞古人类牙齿牙结石中观察到的淀粉粒（每个淀粉粒均以非偏振和偏振视图展示）。（A–F） 类型1，可能为橡子；（G–L） 类型2，可能为块茎或根部；（M，N） 类型3，可能属于小麦族；（O，P） 类型4，可能属于禾本科；（Q–X） 淀粉粒缺乏任何已知的诊断特征（比例尺 ：20 μm）.", "caption_en": "FIGURE 3\nMicrofossils of starch grains observed in the dental calculus of Fuyan Cave hominins teeth (each grain shown in unpolarized and polarized\nviews). (A–F) Type 1, likely acorns; (G–L) type 2, possible tuber or root; (M,N) type 3, possible the tribe wheat tribe (Triticeae); (O,P) type 4, possible grass family (Poaceae);\n(Q–X) starch grains lacked any known diagnostic features (Scale bar = 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "福岩洞古人类牙齿牙结石中淀粉粒微化石", "title_en": "Starch Grains in Dental Calculus of Fuyan Cave Hominins", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c670e8dcaea16453c7aef8a0.png", "image_url": "media/S227_01e117da56c8_S227-F03.png?v=c670e8dcaea1", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "at 400 × magnification. Each starch grain was photographed, described, and counted, and the entire slide was examined. We observed and analyzed microwear under a digital microscope (VHX-600) using the EDF technology. In order to make a reasonable identification ancient starch grain, we made a one-to- one comparison with modern references native to the study area (Supplementary Figure 2), and certain modern comparative plants commonly recovered from later sites in this region were employed (Supplementary Figure 3). Existing literature on diagnostic criteria for starch grains was also consulted", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:02:01.273354+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN002", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "FIGURE 3\nMicrofossils of starch grains observed in the dental calculus of Fuyan Cave hominins teeth (each grain shown in unpolarized and polarized\nviews). (A–F) Type 1, likely acorns; (G–L) type 2, possible tuber or root; (M,N) type 3, possible the tribe Triticeae; (O,P) type 4, possible Poaceae;\n(Q–X) starch grains lacked any known diagnostic features (Scale bar = 20µm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Fuyan Cave", "quote": "man dietary records. In this paper, we\nRECEIVED 08 July 2022 examined the starch grains in dental calculus from Fuyan Cave hominins\nACCEPTED 08 August 2022 in Daoxian (South China), which were the earliest modern humans in East\nPUBLISHED 31 August 2022\n Asia. Our results reveal the earliest direct evidence of a hom", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "01e117da56c8af001017d17636810d3ffb2ffcd69a5c607ec14a9336e10f10d4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S228_6e831bed4c9a_MAN_3eb18b189bc8", "paper_key": "S228_6e831bed4c9a", "paper_id": "S228", "number": "2", "title_zh": "34种壳斗科坚果淀粉粒扫描电镜图", "title_en": "SEM starch references from 34 Fagaceae species", "caption_original": "", "caption_source_corrected": "FIGURE 2\nScanning electron micrographs of starch granule in nuts of 34\nspecies from Fagaceae. 1, Quercus blakei; 2, Quercus\nargyrotricha; 3, Quercus augustinii; 4, Quercus litseoides; 5,\nQuercus kouangsiensis; 6, Quercus fleuryi; 7, Quercus lamellosa;\n8, Quercus serrata; 9, Quercus sessilifolia; 10, Quercus gilva; 11,\nLithocarpus elizabethiae; 12, Quercus kiukiangensis; 13, Quercus\nschottkyana; 14, Lithocarpus pachylepis; 15, Lithocarpus\nlongipedicellatus; 16, Lithocarpus sp.; 17, Lithocarpus xylocarpus;\n18, Lithocarpus fenzelianus; 19, Quercus longispica; 20, Quercus\nmarlipoensis; 21, Castanea seguinii; 22, Quercus cocciferoides;\n23, Quercus franchetii; 24, Quercus phanera; 25, Quercus\naliena; 26, Quercus variabilis; 27, Lithocarpus craibianus; 28,\nLithocarpus longanoides; 29, Lithocarpus mairei; 30, Lithocarpus\nbalansae; 31, Castanopsis orthacantha; 32, Lithocarpus\nskanianus; 33, Lithocarpus dealbatus; 34, Lithocarpus longinux.", "caption_zh": "图2 34种壳斗科植物坚果淀粉粒的扫描电镜照片。1：栎子青冈（Quercus blakei）；2：贵州青冈（Quercus argyrotricha）；3：窄叶青冈（Quercus augustinii）；4：木姜叶青冈（Quercus litseoides）；5：广西青冈（Quercus kouangsiensis）；6：饭甑青冈（Quercus fleuryi）；7：薄片青冈（Quercus lamellosa）；8：枹栎（Quercus serrata）；9：云山青冈（Quercus sessilifolia）；10：赤皮青冈（Quercus gilva）；11：厚斗柯（Lithocarpus elizabethiae）；12：依江青冈（Quercus kiukiangensis）；13：滇青冈（Quercus schottkyana）；14：厚鳞柯（Lithocarpus pachylepis）；15：柄果柯（Lithocarpus longipedicellatus）；16：柯属（Lithocarpus sp.）；17：木果柯（Lithocarpus xylocarpus）；18：红柯（Lithocarpus fenzelianus）；19：长穗高山栎（Quercus longispica）；20：麻栗坡栎（Quercus marlipoensis）；21：茅栗（Castanea seguinii）；22：铁橡栎（Quercus cocciferoides）；23：锥连栎（Quercus franchetii）；24：亮叶青冈（Quercus phanera）；25：槲栎（Quercus aliena）；26：栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）；27：白穗柯（Lithocarpus craibianus）；28：龙眼柯（Lithocarpus longanoides）；29：光叶柯（Lithocarpus mairei）；30：猴面柯（Lithocarpus balansae）；31：元江锥（Castanopsis orthacantha）；32：滑皮柯（Lithocarpus skanianus）；33：白柯（Lithocarpus dealbatus）；34：柯属植物（Lithocarpus longinux）。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 2\nScanning electron micrographs of starch granule in nuts of 34\nspecies from beech family (Fagaceae). 1, ring-cupped oak (Quercus blakei); 2, ring-cupped oak (Quercus argyrotricha); 3, ring-cupped oak (Quercus augustinii); 4, ring-cupped oak (Quercus litseoides); 5,\nring-cupped oak (Quercus kouangsiensis); 6, ring-cupped oak (Quercus fleuryi); 7, ring-cupped oak (Quercus lamellosa);\n8, konara oak (Quercus serrata); 9, ring-cupped oak (Quercus sessilifolia); 10, ring-cupped oak (Quercus gilva); 11,\nstone oak (Lithocarpus elizabethiae); 12, ring-cupped oak (Quercus kiukiangensis); 13, ring-cupped oak (Quercus schottkyana); 14, stone oak (Lithocarpus pachylepis); 15, stone oak (Lithocarpus longipedicellatus); 16, stone oaks (Lithocarpus sp.); 17, stone oak (Lithocarpus xylocarpus);\n18, stone oak (Lithocarpus fenzelianus); 19, oak (Quercus longispica); 20, oak (Quercus marlipoensis); 21, Chinese chinquapin (Castanea seguinii); 22, oak (Quercus cocciferoides);\n23, oak (Quercus franchetii); 24, ring-cupped oak (Quercus phanera); 25, oriental white oak (Quercus aliena); 26, Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis); 27, stone oak (Lithocarpus craibianus); 28,\nstone oak (Lithocarpus longanoides); 29, stone oak (Lithocarpus mairei); 30, stone oak (Lithocarpus balansae); 31, chinquapin (Castanopsis orthacantha); 32, stone oak (Lithocarpus skanianus); 33, stone oak (Lithocarpus dealbatus); 34, stone oak (Lithocarpus longinux).", "source_language": "en", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "notes": "原PDF复核后恢复的现代参照图版。原人工排除；34种壳斗科SEM参照备选，非本轮确认漏提。原人工筛选记录及PDF均未修改。", "sites": [], "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3ca1363896895bb38b1809cd4813458528d89b20f646360f8416ee4af19655bc", "image_bytes": 3840582, "thumbnail": "previews/3ca1363896895bb38b1809cd.png", "image_url": "media/S228_6e831bed4c9a_MAN_3eb18b189bc8.png?v=3ca136389689", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S228_6e831bed4c9a", "page": 7, "bbox_points": [ 65, 113, 283, 331 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "6e831bed4c9a51519254a2be1daae882df3aee59680ad6d1d118abfd77708d2b" }, "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.832791+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S228_6e831bed4c9a_S228-F04", "paper_key": "S228_6e831bed4c9a", "paper_id": "S228", "number": "4", "caption_original": "FIGURE 4 Morphological graphs of 34 species from Fagaceae. Scale bar, 20 μm. (a, bright field light; b, cross-polarized light). 1, Quercus blakei; 2, Quercus argyrotricha ;3 , Quercus augustinii; 4, Quercus litseoides ;5 , Quercus kouangsiensis ;6 , Quercus fleuryi;7 , Quercus lamellosa ;8 , Quercus serrata ;9 , Quercus sessilifolia; 10, Lithocarpus fenzelianus ; 11, Quercus gilva ; 12, Lithocarpus elizabethiae ; 13, Lithocarpus pachylepis ; 14, Lithocarpus sp.; 15, Lithocarpus longipedicellatus ; 16, Lithocarpus xylocarpus ; 17, Quercus kiukiangensis ; 18, Quercus schottkyana ; 19, Quercus longispica ; 20, Castanea seguinii; 21, Quercus marlipoensis ; 22, Quercus cocciferoides ; 23, Quercus franchetii ; 24, Quercus phanera ; 25, Quercus aliena; 26, Quercus variabilis ; 27, Lithocarpus craibianus ; 28, Lithocarpus longanoides ; 29, Lithocarpus mairei ; 30, Castanopsis orthacantha ; 31, Lithocarpus balansae ; 32, Lithocarpus skanianus ; 33, Lithocarpus dealbatus ; 34, Lithocarpus longinux .", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。图2和图4的植物编号顺序不同，须分别对应本图清单。拉丁名沿用原文的分类和拼写；属名缩写在此展开以方便查找。", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "fc14c595f9edf8d89a521a6a2acd02a858f0ebce011e26d8091ef37f2ca92d0e", "image_bytes": 4731315, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 34种壳斗科植物淀粉粒的形态图像。a为明场图像，b为交叉偏光图像。1，栎子青冈（Quercus blakei）；2，贵州青冈（Quercus argyrotricha）；3，窄叶青冈（Quercus augustinii）；4，木姜叶青冈（Quercus litseoides）；5，广西青冈（Quercus kouangsiensis）；6，饭甑青冈（Quercus fleuryi）；7，薄片青冈（Quercus lamellosa）；8，枹栎（Quercus serrata）；9，云山青冈（Quercus sessilifolia）；10，红柯（Lithocarpus fenzelianus）；11，赤皮青冈（Quercus gilva）；12，厚斗柯（Lithocarpus elizabethiae）；13，厚鳞柯（Lithocarpus pachylepis）；14，柯属（Lithocarpus sp.）；15，柄果柯（Lithocarpus longipedicellatus）；16，木果柯（Lithocarpus xylocarpus）；17，依江青冈（Quercus kiukiangensis）；18，滇青冈（Quercus schottkyana）；19，长穗高山栎（Quercus longispica）；20，茅栗（Castanea seguinii）；21，麻栗坡栎（Quercus marlipoensis）；22，铁橡栎（Quercus cocciferoides）；23，锥连栎（Quercus franchetii）；24，亮叶青冈（Quercus phanera）；25，槲栎（Quercus aliena）；26，栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）；27，白穗柯（Lithocarpus craibianus）；28，龙眼柯（Lithocarpus longanoides）；29，光叶柯（Lithocarpus mairei）；30，元江锥（Castanopsis orthacantha）；31，猴面柯（Lithocarpus balansae）；32，滑皮柯（Lithocarpus skanianus）；33，白柯（Lithocarpus dealbatus）；34，柯属植物（Lithocarpus longinux）。比例尺为20 μm。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 4 Morphological graphs of 34 species from beech family (Fagaceae). Scale bar, 20 μm. (a, bright field light; b, cross-polarized light). 1, ring-cupped oak (Quercus blakei); 2, ring-cupped oak (Quercus argyrotricha) ;3 , ring-cupped oak (Quercus augustinii); 4, ring-cupped oak (Quercus litseoides) ;5 , ring-cupped oak (Quercus kouangsiensis) ;6 , ring-cupped oak (Quercus fleuryi);7 , ring-cupped oak (Quercus lamellosa) ;8 , konara oak (Quercus serrata) ;9 , ring-cupped oak (Quercus sessilifolia); 10, stone oak (Lithocarpus fenzelianus) ; 11, ring-cupped oak (Quercus gilva) ; 12, stone oak (Lithocarpus elizabethiae) ; 13, stone oak (Lithocarpus pachylepis) ; 14, stone oaks (Lithocarpus sp.); 15, stone oak (Lithocarpus longipedicellatus) ; 16, stone oak (Lithocarpus xylocarpus) ; 17, ring-cupped oak (Quercus kiukiangensis) ; 18, ring-cupped oak (Quercus schottkyana) ; 19, oak (Quercus longispica) ; 20, Chinese chinquapin (Castanea seguinii); 21, oak (Quercus marlipoensis) ; 22, oak (Quercus cocciferoides) ; 23, oak (Quercus franchetii) ; 24, ring-cupped oak (Quercus phanera) ; 25, oriental white oak (Quercus aliena); 26, Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis) ; 27, stone oak (Lithocarpus craibianus) ; 28, stone oak (Lithocarpus longanoides) ; 29, stone oak (Lithocarpus mairei) ; 30, chinquapin (Castanopsis orthacantha) ; 31, stone oak (Lithocarpus balansae) ; 32, stone oak (Lithocarpus skanianus) ; 33, stone oak (Lithocarpus dealbatus) ; 34, stone oak (Lithocarpus longinux) .", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "壳斗科淀粉粒明场与偏光图谱", "title_zh": "壳斗科淀粉粒明场与偏光图谱", "title_en": "Morphological graphs of 34 species from Fagaceae", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/fc14c595f9edf8d89a521a6a.png", "image_url": "media/S228_6e831bed4c9a_S228-F04.png?v=fc14c595f9ed", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 10, "quote": "fact is a lot of granule size overlap makes it challenging to adopt granule size as an independent discriminator. Therefore, size should be used in combination with the following morphological features for reliable starch discrimination: overall shape, fissure types, lamella visibility, hilum position, and surface texture. We divided all specimens into seven groups primarily based on the granule shape, namely, oval, subcircular, drop-shaped, rounded triangle, polygonal, spherical caps, and bell-shaped. Starch granule sizes are given in Figure 3. Group A is mainly composed of ovals with an eccentric hilum and invisible lamellae. Quercus fleuryi has the smallest starch length in this group at mean length (8.21 ± 1.75 mm), while Quercus blakei and Quercus sessilifolia are the largest, 17.11 ± 4.43 mm and 17.06 ± 4.46 mm, respectively. Quercus argyrotricha and Quercus augustinii have similar granule size distributions, as do Quercus litseoides, Quercus kouangsiensis, and Quercus serrata. Group A could be divided into four subtypes based on the type combination. The A1 subtype group contains oval and bell-shaped types; starch granules of Quercus blakei (Figure 4-1) have a smooth surface, while those of Quercus argyrotricha (Figure 4-2), Quercus augustinii (Figure 4- 3), and Quercus litseoides (Figure 4-4) have a rough surface. The A2 subtype group is a combination of oval and subcircular types; Quercus kouangsiensis (Figure 4-5) contains 12.7% compound granules with some small hollows on the surface. Quercus fleuryi (Figure 4-6) only contains single granules with a smooth surfac", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 11, "quote": "(Figure 4-13) contains 9% compound granules, and some of the single granules have linear-shaped or X-shaped fissures, while Lithocarpus sp. (Figure 4-14) has a concave hilum. The statistical results revealed that three types in Lithocarpus longipedicellatus (Figure 4-15) have an almost equal percentage. The B4 subtype group contains Lithocarpus xylocarpus (Figure 4-16) with an oval type that has a rough surface. The B5 subtype group contains Quercus kiukiangensis (Figure 4-17) and Quercus schottkyana (Figure 4-18), which include oval (concave toward the distal end) and bell-shaped types. The size of Quercus kiukiangensis (16.3 ± 4.67 mm) is larger than that of Quercus schottkyana (12.93 ± 3.87 mm). Group C is mainly composed of drop-shaped types with eccentric hila and invisible lamellae. Group C could be divided into three subtypes based on the type combination. The C1 subtype group contains oval, subcircular, and polygonal with wavy edges or convex surfaces. Quercus longispica (Figure 4-19) and Castanea seguinii (Figure 4-20) have some compound granules, while they are not observed in Quercus marlipoensis (Figure 4-21). In addition, the bell-shaped type and oval type, few of which have linear-shaped, V-shaped, and X-shaped fissures, are included in Quercus longispica. The C2 subtype group contains Quercus cocciferoides (Figure 4-22), which includes a considerable number of subcircular types. Some of the granules have linear fissures. The C3 subtype group includes Quercus franchetii (Figure 4-23) and Quercus phanera (Figure 4- 24), drop-shaped type only. However, Quercus p", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 11, "quote": "B1 subtype group contains Lithocarpus fenzelianus (Figure 4- 10), which has the smallest size in Group 2 (8.35 ± 1.94 mm), subcircular type only. The B2 subtype group is a combination of subcircular and bell-shaped types. Quercus gilva (Figure 4-11) contains 37% compound granules, and some of the single granules have linear fissures, while Lithocarpus elizabethiae (Figure 4-12) contains almost single granules, some of which have linear fissures or X-shaped fissures. The B3 subtype group is a combination of subcircular, polygonal with wavy edges or convex surfaces, and bell-shaped types. Lithocarpus pachylepis", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 12, "quote": "and subcircular types, and additionally includes 10.6% compound granules. Some starch granules have a concave hilum. Group G only contains Lithocarpus longinux (Figure 4-34), which is composed of bell-shaped and subcircular types and contains 22.8% compound granules. The compound granules could be divided into two subtypes as follows: G1 and G2. The former usually includes two or three small semicircular or fan- shaped single granules, while the latter is composed of over four small polygonal single granules. Lithocarpus longinux was the smallest among all the specimens (7.7 ± 0.95 mm).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:07.883236+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S228_6e831bed4c9a_S228-F06", "paper_key": "S228_6e831bed4c9a", "paper_id": "S228", "number": "6", "caption_original": "FIGURE 6\nMorphological graphs of starch granules found in the Xiaodong site. Scale bar, 20 mm (a, brightfield light; b, cross-polarized light). (A), ancient\nstarch consistent with Lithocarpus mairei; (B), ancient starch consistent with Quercus serrata; (C), ancient starch consistent with Quercus\nvariabilis and Quercus aliena.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 13 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3dc5952233f80209bfd76e83ea7b1cc00f15c44e929355a96bfa03f2b235e9a6", "image_bytes": 2368355, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图6. 硝洞遗址提取的淀粉粒形态。（a）明场图像；（b）正交偏光图像。（A）与光叶柯（Lithocarpus mairei）形态一致的古代淀粉粒；（B）与枹栎（Quercus serrata）形态一致的古代淀粉粒；（C）与栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）和槲栎（Quercus aliena）形态一致的古代淀粉粒。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 6\nMorphological graphs of starch granules found in the Xiaodong site. Scale bar, 20 μm (a, brightfield light; b, cross-polarized light). (A), ancient\nstarch consistent with stone oak (Lithocarpus mairei); (B), ancient starch consistent with konara oak (Quercus serrata); (C), ancient starch consistent with Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis) and oriental white oak (Quercus aliena).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "硝洞遗址考古淀粉粒与壳斗科参照的形态比较", "title_en": "Archaeological starch from Xiaodong and Fagaceae comparisons", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "单位核对：原导出图注中的20 mm为文本提取错误，原PDF第13页图6实际为20 μm；原始导出文本另行保留。", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/3dc5952233f80209bfd76e83.png", "image_url": "media/S228_6e831bed4c9a_S228-F06.png?v=3dc5952233f8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 12, "quote": "The modern starch presentation and comparison of nuts was applied in the identification of starch granules extracted from stone tools from the 20 to 10 ka cultural layer of Xiaodong Rockshelter, which is located in Southwestern Yunnan and the earliest Hoabinhian site discovered so far (Ji et al., 2016). A starch granule extracted from a chopper, which is polygonal with a rough surface and linear-shaped fissures with a size of 18.18 mm, is consistent with Lithocarpus mairei in both size and morphology (Figure 6A). Another starch granule extracted from a sumatralith, which is rounded triangle with a smooth surface and an X-shaped", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 13, "quote": "polarizing cross with a size of 10.7 mm, is consistent with Quercus serrata in both size and morphology (Figure 6B). Moreover, one starch granule extracted from another sumatralith is consistent with Quercus variabilis and Quercus aliena in both size and morphology, which is rounded triangle with a smooth surface and linear-shaped fissures with a size of 12.99 mm (Figure 6C). Based on the starch granule analysis, it can be inferred that nuts from Quercus and Lithocarpus were gathered and exploited by ancient people in this region. More starch granules extracted from stone tools in this site show the morphological characteristics of Fagaceae species.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "fact is a lot of granule size overlap makes it challenging to adopt granule size as an independent discriminator. Therefore, size should be used in combination with the following morphological features for reliable starch discrimination: overall shape, fissure types, lamella visibility, hilum position, and surface texture. We divided all specimens into seven groups primarily based on the granule shape, namely, oval, subcircular, drop-shaped, rounded triangle, polygonal, spherical caps, and bell-shaped. Starch granule sizes are given in Figure 3. Group A is mainly composed of ovals with an eccentric hilum and invisible lamellae. Quercus fleuryi has the smallest starch length in this group at mean length (8.21 ± 1.75 mm), while Quercus blakei and Quercus sessilifolia are the largest, 17.11 ± 4.43 mm and 17.06 ± 4.46 mm, respectively. Quercus argyrotricha and Quercus augustinii have similar granule size distributions, as do Quercus litseoides, Quercus kouangsiensis, and Quercus serrata. Group A could be divided into four subtypes based on the type combination. The A1 subtype group contains oval and bell-shaped types; starch granules of Quercus blakei (Figure 4-1) have a smooth surface, while those of Quercus argyrotricha (Figure 4-2), Quercus augustinii (Figure 4- 3), and Quercus litseoides (Figure 4-4) have a rough surface. The A2 subtype group is a combination of oval and subcircular types; Quercus kouangsiensis (Figure 4-5) contains 12.7% compound granules with some small hollows on the surface. Quercus fleuryi (Figure 4-6) only contains single granules with a smooth surfac", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 11, "quote": "(Figure 4-13) contains 9% compound granules, and some of the single granules have linear-shaped or X-shaped fissures, while Lithocarpus sp. (Figure 4-14) has a concave hilum. The statistical results revealed that three types in Lithocarpus longipedicellatus (Figure 4-15) have an almost equal percentage. The B4 subtype group contains Lithocarpus xylocarpus (Figure 4-16) with an oval type that has a rough surface. The B5 subtype group contains Quercus kiukiangensis (Figure 4-17) and Quercus schottkyana (Figure 4-18), which include oval (concave toward the distal end) and bell-shaped types. The size of Quercus kiukiangensis (16.3 ± 4.67 mm) is larger than that of Quercus schottkyana (12.93 ± 3.87 mm). Group C is mainly composed of drop-shaped types with eccentric hila and invisible lamellae. Group C could be divided into three subtypes based on the type combination. The C1 subtype group contains oval, subcircular, and polygonal with wavy edges or convex surfaces. Quercus longispica (Figure 4-19) and Castanea seguinii (Figure 4-20) have some compound granules, while they are not observed in Quercus marlipoensis (Figure 4-21). In addition, the bell-shaped type and oval type, few of which have linear-shaped, V-shaped, and X-shaped fissures, are included in Quercus longispica. The C2 subtype group contains Quercus cocciferoides (Figure 4-22), which includes a considerable number of subcircular types. Some of the granules have linear fissures. The C3 subtype group includes Quercus franchetii (Figure 4-23) and Quercus phanera (Figure 4- 24), drop-shaped type only. However, Quercus p", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:01:48.456152+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S229_5f64cb02022b_S229-F04", "paper_key": "S229_5f64cb02022b", "paper_id": "S229", "number": "4", "caption_original": "FIGURE 4\nExamples of starch grain morphology from the modern reference (scale bar: 20 mm): (AA’) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (BB’) broomcorn millet\n(Panicum miliaceum); (C, D’) rice (Oryza sativa); (EE’) job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (FF’) acorn (Quercus acutissima); (GG’) snake gourd\n(Trichosanthes kirilowii); (HH’) Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya); (II’) bean (Vigna adenantha); (JJ’) lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文复核说明：正文类型编号串位。采用图5明确的分图植物标签保留证据；不要只按罗马数字自动关联。豆类T–U为Vigna和／或Vicia，也不能写成确定绿豆。", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "3d567673c3bad09c539f5f78a49b1ba934e74c11b9969dd072e0858e3fcee5d8", "image_bytes": 7667490, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 现代样品中淀粉粒形态示例（比例尺：20 μm）：（AA’） 粟（Setaria italica）；（BB’） 黍（Panicum miliaceum）；（C， D′） 水稻（Oryza sativa）；（EE’） 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；（FF’） 栎属坚果（Quercus acutissima）；（GG’） 栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）；（HH’） 山药（Dioscorea polystachya）；（II’） 豆类（Vigna adenantha）；（JJ’） 莲属根（Nelumbo nucifera）。\n", "caption_en": "FIGURE 4\nExamples of starch grain morphology from the modern reference (scale bar: 20 μm): (AA’) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (BB’) broomcorn millet\n(Panicum miliaceum); (C, D′) rice (Oryza sativa); (EE’) job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (FF’) acorn (sawtooth oak, Quercus acutissima); (GG’) snake gourd\n(Chinese snake gourd, Trichosanthes kirilowii); (HH’) Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya); (II’) bean (legume, Vigna adenantha); (JJ’) lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "淀粉粒形态示例", "title_en": "Examples of starch grain morphology", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "FIGURE 4\nExamples of starch grain morphology from the modern reference (scale bar: 20 μm): (AA’) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (BB’) broomcorn millet\n(Panicum miliaceum); (C, D’) rice (Oryza sativa); (EE’) job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (FF’) acorn (Quercus acutissima); (GG’) snake gourd\n(Trichosanthes kirilowii); (HH’) Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya); (II’) bean (Vigna adenantha); (JJ’) lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera).", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/3d567673c3bad09c539f5f78.png", "image_url": "media/S229_5f64cb02022b_S229-F04.png?v=3d567673c3ba", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "heavy liquid (CsCl with a density of 1.9 g/cm3) before being mounted on glass slides in a solution of 50% glycerine and 50% distilled water. During the sampling process, extreme care was taken to avoid contamination at all stages, including the use of disposable powder-free gloves and disposable pipette suction heads. Additionally, we evaluated three control samples, including one soil sample taken from the archaeological site, one soil sample attached to the external surfaces of the pottery sherds, and the water used in the laboratory at USTC. The processes for processing the control samples were the same as the liquid samples taken from the internal surfaces of the pottery sherds. The starch grains were examined with a Leica DM 4500P automated light microscope. Each slide was scanned in horizontal transects using a magnification of 400× under cross-polarized light. When starch grains were recognized by their extinction crosses, they were then further examined under the lens of 630×, with both brightfield and cross-polarized light. Two digital photographs (one under brightfield and one cross- polarized) were taken of each grain using a Spot Flex Mono 15.0 digital camera and Zeiss Axiovision software. The size of the starch grains was measured using AxioVision Rel. 4.7 software. The identifications of starch grains were based on modern starch references at the Archaeobotany Laboratory of USTC (e.g., Figure 4). We also referred to other published starch identification information, especially archaeological studies conducted in China, experimental work, and those focus on ide", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Starch grains of type VI (n = 47) are triangle ovate or water- drop shaped, with a centric hilum with an “×” shaped slightly bent extinction cross that appears under polarized light (Figures 5J-L’). Fissures and lamellae are not visible. The size range is 9.74–24.93 μm. These starch grains resemble the starch grains from seeds of Quercus in the Fagaceae family, according to our previously documented work (Figure 4).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Starch grains of type V (n = 134) are relatively large, showing subspherical or elongated oval shapes (Figures 5M-O’). The hilum is extremely eccentric and fissured with well-defined lamellae. The long axis length size range is 14.09–67.81 mm. There are wrinkles on the surface of the large grains, which is a particular characteristic of starch grains from lotus roots (Figure 4).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "extinction cross of starch grains from type VII resembles two tangent curves. The size range is 15.84–45.23 μm. According to our modern starch grain database (e.g., Figure 4), it is very difficult to separate starches from different beans according to their morphological features. Although it has been proved that the compositional and physiochemical properties of starches from different beans vary (Zhang et al., 2018), the results can hardly be applied to archaeological research because the identifications of archaeological starch grains are largely based on their morphological features under light microscopy. Thus,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:08.000318+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S229_5f64cb02022b_S229-F05", "paper_key": "S229_5f64cb02022b", "paper_id": "S229", "number": "5", "caption_original": "FIGURE 5\nStarch grains retrieved from Qujialing Pottery samples under DIC and polarized filters (scale bar: 20 mm): (A-C’) rice (Oryza sativa) (D-F’) millet\n(Setaria italica or/and Panicum miliaceum); (G-I’) job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (J-L’) acorn (Quercus sp.); (M-O’) lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera);\n(P-S’) starch grains from underground storage organs; (T-U’) bean (Vigna sp. or/and Vicia sp.).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "原文复核说明：正文类型编号串位。采用图5明确的分图植物标签保留证据；不要只按罗马数字自动关联。豆类T–U为Vigna和／或Vicia，也不能写成确定绿豆。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e032df24dcfef25417956775ff9c809f744eb7cb1fdf21564d6cfe798ebba601", "image_bytes": 7136326, "sites": [ "CN094" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 屈家岭遗址陶器样品中提取的淀粉粒，展示微分干涉（DIC）和偏光图像。比例尺：20 μm。（A–C′）水稻（Oryza sativa）；（D–F′）粟或/和黍（Setaria italica or/and Panicum miliaceum）；（G–I′）薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；（J–L′）栎属（Quercus sp.）；（M–O′）莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera）；（P–S′）地下贮藏器官来源的淀粉粒；（T–U′）豆类（Vigna sp. or/and Vicia sp.）。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 5\nStarch grains retrieved from Qujialing Pottery samples under DIC and polarized filters (scale bar: 20 μm): (A-C′) rice (Oryza sativa) (D-F′) millet\n(foxtail millet, Setaria italica or/and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum)); (G-I′) job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (J-L′) acorn (oaks, Quercus sp.); (M-O′) lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera);\n(P-S′) starch grains from underground storage organs; (T-U′) bean (cowpea relatives, Vigna sp. or/and vetches (Vicia sp.)).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "屈家岭陶器残留物中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Qujialing pottery residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "FIGURE 5\nStarch grains retrieved from Qujialing Pottery samples under DIC and polarized filters (scale bar: 20 μm): (A-C’) rice (Oryza sativa) (D-F’) millet\n(Setaria italica or/and Panicum miliaceum); (G-I’) job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (J-L’) acorn (Quercus sp.); (M-O’) lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera);\n(P-S’) starch grains from underground storage organs; (T-U’) bean (Vigna sp. or/and Vicia sp.).", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e032df24dcfef25417956775.png", "image_url": "media/S229_5f64cb02022b_S229-F05.png?v=e032df24dcfe", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "common for the multigrain aggregation form (Figures 5A-C’). Each starch grain from Type I exhibited an extinction cross under polarized light, without visible fissures or lamellae. The extinction cross is shaped like an “X”, and the range of the individual particle sizes is 5.738–9.13 μm. Both the morphological characteristics, the particle size range, and the special compound starch grain structure coincide with starch grains from rice.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Starch grains of type III (n = 577) are polyhedral or oval- spherical in shape, exhibit Y-, V-, or linear-shaped fissures, centric or/and eccentric hilum, invisible lamellae, and have extinction crosses with straight or Zig-Zag arms (Figures 5G- I’). Starch grains from Type III are characterized by “Z” shaped arms on the extinction cross, a unique feature of job’s tears (Liu et al., 2014). The size range of type III grains is 6.87–26.780 μm, falling in the range of modern starch grains of job’s tears.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:08.072956+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN094", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "FIGURE 5\nStarch grains retrieved from Qujialing Pottery samples under DIC and polarized filters (scale bar: 20 μm): (A-C’) rice (Oryza sativa) (D-F’) millet\n(Setaria italica or/and Panicum miliaceum); (G-I’) job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (J-L’) acorn (Quercus sp.); (M-O’) lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera);\n(P-S’) starch grains from underground storage organs; (T-U’) bean (Vigna sp. or/and Vicia sp.).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "qujialing", "quote": "DOI 10.3389/fpls.2022.1009452\n\n\n\n Plant foods consumed at the\nOPEN ACCESS Neolithic site of Qujialing (ca.\n\nEDITED BY\nYing Guan, 5800-4200 BP) in Jianghan\nInstitute of Vertebrate Paleontology\nand Paleoanthropology (CAS), China\n Plain of the middle catchment\nREVIEWED BY\nXue Shang,\nUniversity of Chinese Academy of of", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5f64cb02022b6cc343ceb55a2a62aa691a45205fde2fc4b732e0f5d60de1aa8f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S229_5f64cb02022b_S229-F06", "paper_key": "S229_5f64cb02022b", "paper_id": "S229", "number": "6", "caption_original": "FIGURE 6\nPhytoliths and macrofossil remains from rice and millet at the site of Qujialing (After Yao et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2020). A, B: cuneiform\nbulliform phytoliths from rice; C: W-undulated type, endings structures of epidermal long cell from foxtail millet; D: h-undulated type, endings\nstructures of epidermal long cell from broomcorn millet (scale bar for figure 6a-d: 20 mm); E: macrofossil remains from rice during the Youziling\nCulture period; F (i) macrofossil remains from foxtail millet during the Youziling Culture period; F (ii) macrofossil remains from foxtail millet\nduring the Qujialing Culture period; F (iii) macrofossil remains from foxtail millet during the Shijiahe Culture period.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "恢复完整原图，使当前双语图注描述的所有分图均可见。\n原文复核说明：正文类型编号串位。采用图5明确的分图植物标签保留证据；不要只按罗马数字自动关联。豆类T–U为Vigna和／或Vicia，也不能写成确定绿豆。", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4cb828b4342420edc72114c253304fe46accb2625d9be61710118eb39c846f84", "image_bytes": 2680239, "sites": [ "CN094" ], "caption_zh": "图6 屈家岭遗址水稻和粟、黍的植硅体及大植物遗存（依据Yao等，2019；Yang等，2020）。A、B：水稻的扇型植硅体；C:W型波状，粟稃壳表皮长细胞末端结构；D:η型波状，黍表皮长细胞末端结构（图6a-d的比例尺：20 μm）；E:油子岭文化时期水稻的炭化遗存；F （i） 油子岭文化时期粟的炭化遗存；F （ii） 屈家岭文化时期粟的炭化遗存；F （iii） 石家河文化时期粟的炭化遗存。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 6\nPhytoliths and macrofossil remains from rice and millet at the site of Qujialing (After Yao et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2020). A, B: cuneiform\nbulliform phytoliths from rice; C: W-undulated type, endings structures of epidermal long cell from foxtail millet; D: h-undulated type, endings\nstructures of epidermal long cell from broomcorn millet (scale bar for figure 6a-d: 20 μm); E: macrofossil remains from rice during the Youziling\nCulture period; F (i) macrofossil remains from foxtail millet during the Youziling Culture period; F (ii) macrofossil remains from foxtail millet\nduring the Qujialing Culture period; F (iii) macrofossil remains from foxtail millet during the Shijiahe Culture period.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "pdf_corrected_source", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "屈家岭遗址水稻与粟、黍的植硅体及宏观化石", "title_en": "Phytoliths and Macrofossil Remains from Rice and Millet at Qujialing Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "caption_note": "原PDF视觉核对：显微比例尺／粒径单位为μm；原导出将μ误提为m。原始导出文本保留。", "caption_source_corrected": "FIGURE 6\nPhytoliths and macrofossil remains from rice and millet at the site of Qujialing (After Yao et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2020). A, B: cuneiform\nbulliform phytoliths from rice; C: W-undulated type, endings structures of epidermal long cell from foxtail millet; D: h-undulated type, endings\nstructures of epidermal long cell from broomcorn millet (scale bar for figure 6a-d: 20 μm); E: macrofossil remains from rice during the Youziling\nCulture period; F (i) macrofossil remains from foxtail millet during the Youziling Culture period; F (ii) macrofossil remains from foxtail millet\nduring the Qujialing Culture period; F (iii) macrofossil remains from foxtail millet during the Shijiahe Culture period.", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4cb828b4342420edc72114c2.png", "image_url": "media/S229_5f64cb02022b_S229-F06.png?v=4cb828b43424", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "Based on our previous floatation work at Qujialing, macrofossil remains from rice (Figure 6E), foxtail millet (Figure 6F), soybean (Glycine max), other types of beans (Leguminosae), acorns (Quercus sp.), jujube (Ziziphus sp.), persimmon (Diospyros sp.), plum (Armeniaca mume Sieb.), water chestnut (Trapa sp.), and Gorgon fruit (Euryale ferox Salisb.) were found (Yao et al., 2019). In addition, phytoliths from rice (Figure 6A and 4B), foxtail millet (Figure 6C) and broomcorn millet (Figure 6D) were identified in the soil samples taken at Qujialing (Yang et al., 2020). These findings reveal great available plant food resources at Qujialing, including not only crops such as rice and millet, but also beans, nuts, and various fruits. Apart from fruits, the majority of the above-mentioned starchy foods have been discovered on the pottery vessels from", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "common for the multigrain aggregation form (Figures 5A-C’). Each starch grain from Type I exhibited an extinction cross under polarized light, without visible fissures or lamellae. The extinction cross is shaped like an “X”, and the range of the individual particle sizes is 5.738–9.13 μm. Both the morphological characteristics, the particle size range, and the special compound starch grain structure coincide with starch grains from rice.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Starch grains of type III (n = 577) are polyhedral or oval- spherical in shape, exhibit Y-, V-, or linear-shaped fissures, centric or/and eccentric hilum, invisible lamellae, and have extinction crosses with straight or Zig-Zag arms (Figures 5G- I’). Starch grains from Type III are characterized by “Z” shaped arms on the extinction cross, a unique feature of job’s tears (Liu et al., 2014). The size range of type III grains is 6.87–26.780 μm, falling in the range of modern starch grains of job’s tears.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S229_5f64cb02022b", "page": 9, "bbox_points": [ 111, 113, 485, 348 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "5f64cb02022b6cc343ceb55a2a62aa691a45205fde2fc4b732e0f5d60de1aa8f" }, "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:08.142497+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN094", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "FIGURE 6\nPhytoliths and macrofossil remains from rice and millet at the site of Qujialing (After Yao et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2020). A, B: cuneiform\nbulliform phytoliths from rice; C: W-undulated type, endings structures of epidermal long cell from foxtail millet; D: h-undulated type, endings\nstructures of epidermal long cell from broomcorn millet (scale bar for figure 6a-d: 20 μm); E: macrofossil remains from rice during the Youziling\nCulture period; F (i) macrofossil remains from foxtail millet during the Youziling Culture period; F (ii) macrofossil remains from foxtail millet\nduring the Qujialing Culture period; F (iii) macrofossil remains from foxtail millet during the Shijiahe Culture period.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "qujialing", "quote": "DOI 10.3389/fpls.2022.1009452\n\n\n\n Plant foods consumed at the\nOPEN ACCESS Neolithic site of Qujialing (ca.\n\nEDITED BY\nYing Guan, 5800-4200 BP) in Jianghan\nInstitute of Vertebrate Paleontology\nand Paleoanthropology (CAS), China\n Plain of the middle catchment\nREVIEWED BY\nXue Shang,\nUniversity of Chinese Academy of of", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5f64cb02022b6cc343ceb55a2a62aa691a45205fde2fc4b732e0f5d60de1aa8f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S230_9790b909660d_S230-F04", "paper_key": "S230_9790b909660d", "paper_id": "S230", "number": "4", "caption_original": "FIGURE 4 | Primary phytolith types found at Longzaocun cemetery M111, (a) -type from foxtail millet; (b) long-saddle; (c) vertically arranged bilobates with\nrounded ends; (d) bilobate; (e) elongate-echinate; (f) acicular; (g) -type; (h) vertically arranged bilobates with rounded ends; (i) smooth-elongate; (j)\nelongate-echinate.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9f25831af6e30551854854287dffe48f7a1fe3d188a728c5bb5469d98f24b7b0", "image_bytes": 15140502, "sites": [ "CN076" ], "caption_zh": "图4 在龙枣村墓地M111发现的植硅体类型，（a） 粟稃壳的Ω型；（b） 长鞍型；（c） 竖排哑铃型；（d） 哑铃型；（e） 刺棒型；（f） 尖型；（g） Ω型；（h） 竖排哑铃型；（i） 光滑棒型；（j） 刺棒型。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 4 | Primary phytolith types found at Longzaocun cemetery M111, (a) -type from foxtail millet; (b) long-saddle; (c) vertically arranged bilobates with\nrounded ends; (d) bilobate; (e) elongate-echinate; (f) acicular; (g) -type; (h) vertically arranged bilobates with rounded ends; (i) smooth-elongate; (j)\nelongate-echinate.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "龙枣村墓地M111发现的初级植硅体类型", "title_en": "Primary phytolith types from Longzaocun cemetery M111", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9f25831af6e3055185485428.png", "image_url": "media/S230_9790b909660d_S230-F04.png?v=9f25831af6e3", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Identification of Phytoliths and Starch Grains Six types of phytolith were found in the M111: 7 samples. These included identifiable -type phytoliths from the husks of foxtail millet (Figure 4a), long-saddle short cell phytolith from the Bambusoideae (Figure 4b), and vertically arranged bilobate short cells with rounded ends from stems and leaves from Panicoideae (Figure 4c). Other common phytoliths from unknown species were bilobate short cell (Figure 4d), elongate-echinate long cell (Figure 4e), and acicular (Figure 4f) in form. Four types of phytolith were observed in the M111: 9 samples. These included identifiable -type phytolith from the husks of", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "foxtail millet (Figure 4g), vertically arranged bilobate short cells with rounded ends from stems and leaves from Panicoideae (Figure 4h), smooth-elongate long cell (Figure 4i), and elongate- echinate long cell (Figure 4j). No starch grain was observed in the two samples.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:24:31.514123+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN076", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "FIGURE 4 | Primary phytolith types found at Longzaocun cemetery M111, (a) -type from foxtail millet; (b) long-saddle; (c) vertically arranged bilobates with\nrounded ends; (d) bilobate; (e) elongate-echinate; (f) acicular; (g) -type; (h) vertically arranged bilobates with rounded ends; (i) smooth-elongate; (j)\nelongate-echinate.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Longzaocun", "quote": "pottery model granaries\n and Geophysics (CAS), China (cang) entombed in a newly excavated late Western Han burial at the Longzaocun\n Reviewed by: cemetery in the Guanzhong Basin. This analysis allowed us to explore the extent\n Xuexiang Chen,\n Shandong University, China of wheat expansion and agricultural strategies in the heartland of earl", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9790b909660d9a599c8aa7ec44ed343755ea913340c30f974924f368b9ba779a" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S231_ff07e0b3ddfa_S231-F04", "paper_key": "S231_ff07e0b3ddfa", "paper_id": "S231", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4  Phytoliths from the archaeological cereal samples: A, B CL 1, C CL 2, and D CL 3. Scale bars: 20 μm", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "674198341c4b6b5d9113be51100f3fbd5d7ef1d622c44d65b8af08f8e00cc53e", "image_bytes": 3033678, "sites": [ "CN134" ], "caption_zh": "图4 考古样品中提取的粟黍植硅体：A、B、 C、L 1-粟稃壳植硅体，C、L 2 黍稃壳植硅体，D L 3 黍稃壳植硅体。比例尺：20 μm", "caption_en": "Fig. 4  Phytoliths from the archaeological cereal samples: A, B CL 1, C CL 2, and D CL 3. Scale bars: 20 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "考古谷物样品中的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from archaeological cereal samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/674198341c4b6b5d9113be51.png", "image_url": "media/S231_ff07e0b3ddfa_S231-F04.png?v=674198341c4b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Phytolith analysis Compared with literature data [18], phytoliths in the archaeological cereal samples (Fig. 4) showed charac- teristics of Setaria italica. In detail, there are regularly arranged papillae on the surface of the sample, the epi- dermal long cell walls are Ω-undulated (i.e., the undula- tions are rounded, wider towards the apex and narrower at the base), and the ending structure of the epidermal long cell is a “cross wavy type” (i.e., the dendriform epi- dermal long cell endings join others in a wavy pattern). Thus, it is deduced that the main component of three starch food remains (CL 1–3) was foxtail millet.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:08.260992+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN134", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 4  Phytoliths from the archaeological cereal samples: A, B CL 1, C CL 2, and D CL 3. Scale bars: 20 μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Changle", "quote": "Open Access\nDiet communication on the early Silk Road\nin ancient China: multi‑analytical analysis\nof food remains from the Changle Cemetery\nMeng Ren1, Renfang Wang2 and Yimin Yang3*   \n\n\n\n Abstract \n Characterization of ancient food remains could reflect how people exploited biological resources and interacted\n with different cultures in antiquity. In this study, Fourier Transform Inf", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ff07e0b3ddfa3c333ee960350b94ce991e9722de8ac6b713a426a12de1a2de69" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S231_ff07e0b3ddfa_S231-F05", "paper_key": "S231_ff07e0b3ddfa", "paper_id": "S231", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5  The morphology of starch grains from modern foxtail millet (S. italica) and archaeological cereal samples: A, B uncooked modern S. italic, \nC, D modern boiled S. italic, E, F) modern steamed S. italic, G, H modern baked S. italic, I CL 1, J CL 2, and K, L CL 3. The upper row of photographs \nshowing starch grains viewed under transmitted light, and the lower row showing the corresponding grains under polarized light. Scale bars: 20 μm", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "28e712c742d285c3878308c826bcf23b5989a44103f981501353aa23126bb8be", "image_bytes": 2776070, "sites": [ "CN134" ], "caption_zh": "图5 现代粟（Setaria italica）及考古样品中提取的淀粉粒的形态：A、B 未煮现代粟淀粉粒S. italic，C、D 煮熟现代粟淀粉粒S. italic，E、F 蒸熟现代粟淀粉粒S. italic，G、H 烘烤现代粟淀粉粒S. italic，考古提取的粟淀粉粒：I CL 1，J CL 2，K、L CL 3。上排照片显示在透射光下观察的淀粉粒，下排照片显示对应淀粉粒在偏光下的形态。比例尺：20 μm", "caption_en": "Fig. 5  The morphology of starch grains from modern foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and archaeological cereal samples: A, B uncooked modern S. italic, \nC, D modern boiled S. italic, E, F) modern steamed S. italic, G, H modern baked S. italic, I CL 1, J CL 2, and K, L CL 3. The upper row of photographs \nshowing starch grains viewed under transmitted light, and the lower row showing the corresponding grains under polarized light. Scale bars: 20 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "粟及考古样品淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Morphology of starch grains from foxtail millet and archaeological samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/28e712c742d285c3878308c8.png", "image_url": "media/S231_ff07e0b3ddfa_S231-F05.png?v=28e712c742d2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Starch grain analysis and cooking experiments Most of starch grains observed in samples CL 1–3 were damaged and lacked morphological characteristics (Fig. 5). The starch grains were mainly brownish and were pasted in clusters. They were swollen and partially gelatinized, with indistinct or an otherwise loss of cross- extinction properties under a polarized microscope. Previous studies have shown that cooking can lead to sig- nificant morphological changes in starch grains [19, 20]. Based on the results of phytolith analysis, modern foxtail millet was used as a reference to examine the cooking process of the archaeological samples. The starch grains from modern foxtail millet that were obtained through different cooking methods are shown in Fig. 5. Boiling caused swelling, collapse and", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "gelatinization of the starch grains, with an almost com- plete loss of the cross-extinction. Meanwhile, the starch grains were pasted together and had vague outlines (Fig. 5C, D). Steaming, similar to boiling, caused exten- sive swelling and gelatinization of the starch grains, with an almost total loss of the cross-extinction. Most of the steamed starch grains were completely damaged, and the partly-damaged grains became puckered, curved and irregularly-shaped (Fig. 5E, F). Regarding baking, the starch grains became pasted in clusters, swollen and", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "gelatinized, and exhibited damaged cross-extinction or sometimes a loss of extinction (Fig. 5G, H). In addi- tion, the baked granules were brown, which was likely caused by the Millard reaction, which is a type of non- enzymatic browning between amino acids and reducing sugars [21]. This phenomenon of colour change was also found in the baking experiments of wheat flour [20], but not observed in other cooking methods. Accordingly, the appearance of the archaeological starch grains (Fig. 5I–L) exhibited a close resemblance to that of baked samples,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:08.323949+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN134", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 5  The morphology of starch grains from modern foxtail millet (S. italica) and archaeological cereal samples: A, B uncooked modern S. italic, \nC, D modern boiled S. italic, E, F) modern steamed S. italic, G, H modern baked S. italic, I CL 1, J CL 2, and K, L CL 3. The upper row of photographs \nshowing starch grains viewed under transmitted light, and the lower row showing the corresponding grains under polarized light. Scale bars: 20 μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Changle", "quote": "Open Access\nDiet communication on the early Silk Road\nin ancient China: multi‑analytical analysis\nof food remains from the Changle Cemetery\nMeng Ren1, Renfang Wang2 and Yimin Yang3*   \n\n\n\n Abstract \n Characterization of ancient food remains could reflect how people exploited biological resources and interacted\n with different cultures in antiquity. In this study, Fourier Transform Inf", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "ff07e0b3ddfa3c333ee960350b94ce991e9722de8ac6b713a426a12de1a2de69" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S232_fd1f5c50c1ce_S232-P0009-B014", "paper_key": "S232_fd1f5c50c1ce", "paper_id": "S232", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "Extended Data Fig. 2 | Phytolith morphotypes extracted from the pig dental residues at Dadiwan. a-d, η/Ω type phytoliths from millet husks. e, Bilobate. f, Cross. g, Cylindrical polylobate. h, Short saddle. i, Long saddle. j, Bulliform. k, Reed bulliform. l, Wavy-trapezoid. m, Wavy-narrow-trapezoid. n, Hat. o, Tower. p, Smooth elongate. q, Sinuate elongate. r, Square. s, Rectangle. t, Point. Scale bars: 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "49759de568ede3a86705a709311439bdd8e963447b02e1561a384c828adb9600", "image_bytes": 15662717, "sites": [ "CN034" ], "caption_zh": "图2 从大地湾遗址猪牙残留物中提取的植硅体形态类型。a-d，粟壳来源的η/Ω型植硅体。e，哑铃型。f，十字型。g，多铃型。h，短鞍型。i，长鞍型。j，扇型。k，芦苇盾型。l，齿型。m，齿型。n，帽型。o，塔型。p，光滑棒型。q，刺棒型。r，方形。s，长方形。t，尖形。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Extended Data Fig. 2 | Phytolith morphotypes extracted from the pig dental residues at Dadiwan. a-d, η/Ω type phytoliths from millet husks. e, Bilobate. f, Cross. g, Cylindrical polylobate. h, Short saddle. i, Long saddle. j, Bulliform. k, Reed bulliform. l, Wavy-trapezoid. m, Wavy-narrow-trapezoid. n, Hat. o, Tower. p, Smooth elongate. q, Sinuate elongate. r, Square. s, Rectangle. t, Point. Scale bars: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "大地湾猪牙残留物中植硅体形态类型", "title_en": "Phytolith Morphotypes from Pig Dental Residues at Dadiwan", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/49759de568ede3a86705a709.png", "image_url": "media/S232_fd1f5c50c1ce_S232-P0009-B014.png?v=49759de568ed", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "Pig diet reconstructed by microfossil analysis A total of 6834 phytoliths and 59 starch granules were recovered from the extracted teeth residues (Methods), including phytolith mor- photypes from millet husks (η- and Ω-type phytoliths) (Extended Data Fig. 2a–d), and those from the leaves and stems of grasses (Poaceae) (Fig. 2, Extended Data Fig. 2e–t and Supplementary Table 3). Identifiable starch granules from millets, the grass tribe Triticeae, and underground storage organs (USOs) are present as well (Fig. 2 and Extended Data Fig. 3a–h). In the single pre-Yangshao sample, only one out of 275 phy- toliths (lower than 0.5%) is from the husk of common millet (Supplementary Table 3). By contrast, 3764 millet husk phytoliths were identified in the late Yangshao samples (n = 34), making up", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "over 57.4% (even as much as 80% in six samples) of all the identified phytoliths in these assemblages (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 3). Only 15 millet starch grains, however, were identified among the late Yangshao samples, and these occur at a very low frequency of 17.6% of the assemblage (Fig. 2). These data are notably in contrast with the high occurrence frequency of 91.2% for the millet husk phytoliths among these samples (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 3). In the sediment control samples, no starch was recovered and the percentage of millet husk phytoliths is much lower than the studied residue samples (Extended Data Fig. 4), indicating that the micro- fossil remains in the dental residue samples are not derived from the associated sediments. No starch or millet husk phytoliths were detected in the store-room dust sample, thus eliminating the pos- sibility of contamination during storage. The high frequency of millet husk phytoliths and low occurrence of millet starches on late Yangshao pig teeth in the Dadiwan site suggest that these pigs might have been fed predominantly with mil- let husks, crop residues, together with some geophytes and weeds as supplementary forage. This dietary pattern, based on fiber-rich husks rather than high-starch grains, may explain why there is no obvious dental calculus on our samples, as only high carbohydrate consumption can facilitate calculus formation on teeth25. Previous", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:08.380914+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Extended Data Fig. 2 | Phytolith morphotypes extracted from the pig dental residues at Dadiwan. a-d, η/Ω type phytoliths from millet husks. e, Bilobate. f, Cross. g, Cylindrical polylobate. h, Short saddle. i, Long saddle. j, Bulliform. k, Reed bulliform. l, Wavy-trapezoid. m, Wavy-narrow-trapezoid. n, Hat. o, Tower. p, Smooth elongate. q, Sinuate elongate. r, Square. s, Rectangle. t, Point. Scale bars: 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dadiwan", "quote": "Our data from studies of phytoliths and starches\nfrom pig dental residues and stable isotopes of millet grains excavated from the Dadiwan site demonstrate that an intensive\ncrop–livestock system was in practice by at least 5,500 years ago. This novel system, characterized by the feeding of millet crop\nresidues to pigs and the fertilization of millet fields with pig and/or human dung, enabled su", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fd1f5c50c1ce58d13bbd19a8b87ac580cbaaff98d44a7a35228db7edada05a11" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S232_fd1f5c50c1ce_S232-P0010-B007", "paper_key": "S232_fd1f5c50c1ce", "paper_id": "S232", "number": "未编号2", "caption_original": "Extended Data Fig. 3 | Starch grain morphotypes extracted from the pig dental residues at Dadiwan. a, Millets (Panicum miliaceum and/or Setaria italica). b, Triticeae. c-f, Underground storage organs (USOs). g and h, Unidentified types. Scale bars: 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1db74336895ebab5537e66ea1b9b69b3a248977a2ebf29a118574c78cbae8d23", "image_bytes": 20552733, "sites": [ "CN034" ], "caption_zh": "图3 从大地湾遗址猪牙残留物中提取的淀粉粒形态类型。a，黍和/或粟（Panicum miliaceum和/或Setaria italica）。b，小麦族。c-f，地下贮藏器官。g和h，未鉴定类型。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Extended Data Fig. 3 | Starch grain morphotypes extracted from the pig dental residues at Dadiwan. a, Millets (broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum and/or foxtail millet (Setaria italica)). b, wheat tribe (Triticeae). c-f, Underground storage organs (USOs). g and h, Unidentified types. Scale bars: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "大地湾猪牙残留物中淀粉粒形态类型", "title_en": "Starch Grain Morphotypes from Pig Dental Residues at Dadiwan", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/1db74336895ebab5537e66ea.png", "image_url": "media/S232_fd1f5c50c1ce_S232-P0010-B007.png?v=1db74336895e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "Pig diet reconstructed by microfossil analysis A total of 6834 phytoliths and 59 starch granules were recovered from the extracted teeth residues (Methods), including phytolith mor- photypes from millet husks (η- and Ω-type phytoliths) (Extended Data Fig. 2a–d), and those from the leaves and stems of grasses (Poaceae) (Fig. 2, Extended Data Fig. 2e–t and Supplementary Table 3). Identifiable starch granules from millets, the grass tribe Triticeae, and underground storage organs (USOs) are present as well (Fig. 2 and Extended Data Fig. 3a–h). In the single pre-Yangshao sample, only one out of 275 phy- toliths (lower than 0.5%) is from the husk of common millet (Supplementary Table 3). By contrast, 3764 millet husk phytoliths were identified in the late Yangshao samples (n = 34), making up", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Extraction and identification of starch grains. The dental residue samples were processed based on the protocol modified from the reference44. First, a solution of 6% H2O2 was used to oxidize and remove some of the organic matter. Second, a solution of 10% HCl was used to remove the carbonates. Third, a 5% Sodium metaphosphate solution [(NaPO3)6] was used to disperse the clay to release the microfossils. Finally, a heavy liquid solution of CsCl (1.8 g/cm3) was added to isolate the starch grains. The materials recovered from the flotation of CsCl were mounted in 10% glycerine and 90% water on a clean glass slide and scanned with both white and cross-polarized light at a magnification of 400× using a Zeiss microscope. Starch grains were classified based on their morphological features, including size, shape, position and form of the hilum and fissure, number and characteristics of pressure facets, presence or absence of demonstrable lamellae and extinction cross45,46. The numerous previously published studies available on starch grain morphology were consulted47–50. Except 10 unidentifiable starch grains, the remaining were classified into three general groups conservatively in this study: 18 polyhedral or spherical starch grains, ranging 7.7–20.3 μm in size, are identified as millets (Extended Data Fig. 3a); 22 lenticular or circular granules, ranging 18.1–36.0 μm, are derived from the Triticeae (Extended Data Fig. 3b); and 9 oval or spherical starch grains with bent extinction crosses, ranging 9.6–35.9 μm, are from some underground storage organs (USOs) (Extended Data Fig. ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "Extended Data Fig. 3 | Starch grain morphotypes extracted from the pig dental residues at Dadiwan. a, Millets (Panicum miliaceum and/or Setaria italica). b, Triticeae. c-f, Underground storage organs (USOs). g and h, Unidentified types. Scale bars: 20 μm.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:08.448417+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Extended Data Fig. 3 | Starch grain morphotypes extracted from the pig dental residues at Dadiwan. a, Millets (Panicum miliaceum and/or Setaria italica). b, Triticeae. c-f, Underground storage organs (USOs). g and h, Unidentified types. Scale bars: 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dadiwan", "quote": "Our data from studies of phytoliths and starches\nfrom pig dental residues and stable isotopes of millet grains excavated from the Dadiwan site demonstrate that an intensive\ncrop–livestock system was in practice by at least 5,500 years ago. This novel system, characterized by the feeding of millet crop\nresidues to pigs and the fertilization of millet fields with pig and/or human dung, enabled su", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fd1f5c50c1ce58d13bbd19a8b87ac580cbaaff98d44a7a35228db7edada05a11" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S233_673b9eca47d7_S233-F02", "paper_key": "S233_673b9eca47d7", "paper_id": "S233", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2. Starch types from DDW, BX, and HX. 1, Type I, Panicoideae millet; 2, Type II, Job's tears; 3, Panicoideae with enzymatic damage; 4,5, Type III, rice; 6, rice, fermented; 7, Type IV, Triticeae; 8, Triticeae with enzymatic damage; 9, Triticeae, fermented; 10, Type V, bean, fermented; 11, Type VI, lily; 12, Type VII, root of snake gourd; 13, Type VII, ginger; 14, Type IX, eagle fern root; 15, Type X, acorn; 16,17, Type XI, kudzu; 18, Type XII, foxnut, fermented; 19, Type XIII, silverweed; 20, fermented starch, UNID; 21, gelatinized starch mass, UNID (scale, 19, 1319, 10 µm; 1012, 20, 21, 20 µm. DDW starches, 3,5,10,11,12,13,20; BX starches, 1,2,4,6,7,8,9,15,16,17,18,21; HX starches, 14,19).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "51ba621661170c602065f5dfb10d3212bcaf5b8a36fc38044e46a6e88394e28b", "image_bytes": 4078965, "sites": [ "CN034", "CN070", "CN071" ], "caption_zh": "图2. 大地湾、波西、哈休遗址样品中提取的淀粉粒类型。1，类型I，黍亚科植物；2，类型II，薏苡；3，黍亚科伴有酶损伤；4，5，类型III，水稻；6，发酵水稻；7，类型IV，小麦族；8，小麦族伴有酶损伤；9，发酵小麦族；10，类型V，豆类，发酵；11，类型VI，百合；12，类型VII，栝楼根；13，类型VIII，姜；14，类型IX，蕨麻；15，类型X，橡子；16，17，类型XI，葛；18，类型XII，芡实，发酵；19，类型XIII，蕨麻；20，发酵淀粉，未鉴定；21，糊化淀粉团块，未鉴定（比例尺，1–9、13–19，10 μm；10–12、20、21，20 μm。DDW淀粉，3，5，10，11，12，13，20；BX淀粉，1，2，4，6，7，8，9，15，16，17，18，21；HX淀粉，14，19）", "caption_en": "Fig. 2. Starch types from DDW, BX, and HX. 1, Type I, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) millet; 2, Type II, Job's tears; 3, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) with enzymatic damage; 4,5, Type III, rice; 6, rice, fermented; 7, Type IV, wheat tribe (Triticeae); 8, wheat tribe (Triticeae) with enzymatic damage; 9, wheat tribe (Triticeae), fermented; 10, Type V, bean, fermented; 11, Type VI, lily; 12, Type VII, root of snake gourd; 13, Type VIII, ginger; 14, Type IX, eagle fern root; 15, Type X, acorn; 16,17, Type XI, kudzu; 18, Type XII, foxnut, fermented; 19, Type XIII, silverweed; 20, fermented starch, UNID; 21, gelatinized starch mass, UNID (scale, 1–9, 13–19, 10 μm; 10–12, 20, 21, 20 μm. DDW starches, 3,5,10,11,12,13,20; BX starches, 1,2,4,6,7,8,9,15,16,17,18,21; HX starches, 14,19).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "不同样品淀粉类型", "title_en": "Starch types from different samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/51ba621661170c602065f5df.png", "image_url": "media/S233_673b9eca47d7_S233-F02.png?v=51ba62166117", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "BX: n=496; and HX: n=105), of which 1,679 (74.7%) were classified into 13 types identifiable taxonomically (Fig. 2) when compared with our modern reference samples. Many starch grains (n=569; 25.3%) lacked diagnostic characteristics or were severely damaged, thus classified as unidentifiable (UNID) (for starch record and identification, see SI Appendix, section 1.1, Fig. S3, and Table S2). Most starch granules show damage characteristics (n=1,567; 69.7% of the total) and can be divided into three types: damage caused by enzymatic digestion (n=549; 24.4% of the total), gelat- inization caused by fermentation (n=895; 39.8% of the total), and gelatinization due to cooking (n=123; 5.5% of the total). The morphological alterations due to enzymatic digestion include ran- dom pitting, deep channels, broken edges, and central depression (Fig. 2:3,8). Gelatinization caused by low-temperature heating during brewing process is characterized by moderate swelling with a hollowed center, often showing as a birefringent periphery with a dark center (Fig. 2:6,9,10,18,20). The starch damage caused by boiling and steaming shows rather evenly expanded surfaces (Fig. 2:21). These alterations are consistent with reported results from experimental fermentation and cooking (40, 41). Type I: Panicoideae (n=293; 13% of the total counts; 94.4% of the total ubiquity), including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), and probably small grains from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (Fig. 2:1). They were found at all the three sites, comprising the second most ubiquitous t", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Such a high level of abundance is consistent with the millet- farming tradition of the Yangshao culture, also conforming to the millet macroremains recovered in NW Sichuan (31, 32). Type II: Job’s tears (n=38; 1.7% of the total counts; 83.3% of the total ubiquity), occurring at all the three sites (Fig. 2:2). Job’s tears starch has been found at Dadiwan Phase I (ca. 7800 to 7300 cal. BP) (42), and charred Job’s tears has been recovered at the Baodun site in Chengdu, Sichuan, dating to the fifth millennium BP (43). It is unclear whether Job’s tears in our samples was domes- ticated or of wild form. Type III: rice (Oryza sativa), found in all residue samples. They mostly appear in a compound form, consisting of multiple small granules, but most granules are blurry due to fermentation (Fig. 2:4–6). We count the percentage of Type III starch based on visible individual granules, which give the most numerous counts and the highest ubiquity in the assemblage (n=785 granules, 192 compounds; 34.9% of the total counts; 100% of the total ubiq- uity). Rice found in our samples is certainly of domesticated form, as these sites are outside the wild rice distribution. Type IV: Triticeae (n=306; 13.6% of the total counts; 72.2% of the total ubiquity), found at all the three sites, but more abundant in DDW (n=288) than in BX and HX (n=16, 2). These granules are morphologically consistent with many species under Triticeae tribe, including wheat, barley, and rye, as well as many wild grasses (Fig. 2:7–9). A small number of charred rye has been recovered at HX, while wild Triticeae grasses, s", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "including the genera of Lithocarpus, Cyclobalanopsis, and Quercus (44:table 9–4), which may have also existed in the past. It is pos- sible that Neolithic people exploited various local acorn species. Type X: root of eagle fern (Pteridium aquilinum), found at BX and HX (n=129; 5.7% of the total counts; 61.1% of the total ubiquity) (Fig. 2:14). It amounts to the second most numerous taxon in the assemblages from two Sichuan sites, in terms of ubiq- uity (BX: 100%; HX: 75%). Western Sichuan is reported to have 453 species of fern, including P. aquilinum, which is still widely used as food in China (44:34–46). Type XI: root of kudzu vine (Pueraria montana), found at BX only (n=17; 0.8% of the total counts; 27.8% of the total ubiquity) (Fig. 2:16,17). China has three endemic species of Pueraria, of which P. montana is widely distributed over the country, including Sichuan. The variant P. montana var. thomsonii (often referred to as P. lobata) is used as a vegetable and for extracting starch (51). Kudzu vine was an important economic plant in ancient China; its vine fibers have been used for making textiles and its roots served as sources of starchy foods and traditional medicine (52). It was also recorded in a 14th-century document that kudzu vines grew in the valleys of the Wenshan mountains, north of Maoxian, NW Sichuan (47:244–245). Type XII: root of foxnut (Euryale ferox), found at BX only (n=34; 1.5% of the total counts; 22.2% of the total ubiquity) (Fig. 2:18). Foxnut grows in lakes and ponds and is widely distributed in China (53), including western Sichuan (44:table 6–1", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:24:34.456427+00:00", "revision": 5 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 2. Starch types from DDW, BX, and HX. 1, Type I, Panicoideae millet; 2, Type II, Job's tears; 3, Panicoideae with enzymatic damage; 4,5, Type III, rice; 6, rice, fermented; 7, Type IV, Triticeae; 8, Triticeae with enzymatic damage; 9, Triticeae, fermented; 10, Type V, bean, fermented; 11, Type VI, lily; 12, Type VII, root of snake gourd; 13, Type VII, ginger; 14, Type IX, eagle fern root; 15, Type X, acorn; 16,17, Type XI, kudzu; 18, Type XII, foxnut, fermented; 19, Type XIII, silverweed; 20, fermented starch, UNID; 21, gelatinized starch mass, UNID (scale, 19, 1319, 10 µm; 1012, 20, 21, 20 µm. DDW starches, 3,5,10,11,12,13,20; BX starches, 1,2,4,6,7,8,9,15,16,17,18,21; HX starches, 14,19).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dadiwan", "quote": "elong to research;research; L.L.,L.L.,J.C.,J.C.,J.W.,J.W.,Y.Z., Y.Z.,and X.C.andanalyzedX.C. performeddata; and\n the Dadiwan, Peiligang, Cishan, and Houli cultures (ca. 8000 to 7000 cal. BP), followed L.L. wrote the paper.\n by flourishing of the Yangshao and Longshan cultures (ca. 7000 to 4000 cal. BP). The The authors declare no competing interest.\n diverge", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "673b9eca47d71663fa0aae76d7d3d5db9b59bc7360733d0c9851cda6a9d337ae" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN070", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 2. Starch types from DDW, BX, and HX. 1, Type I, Panicoideae millet; 2, Type II, Job's tears; 3, Panicoideae with enzymatic damage; 4,5, Type III, rice; 6, rice, fermented; 7, Type IV, Triticeae; 8, Triticeae with enzymatic damage; 9, Triticeae, fermented; 10, Type V, bean, fermented; 11, Type VI, lily; 12, Type VII, root of snake gourd; 13, Type VII, ginger; 14, Type IX, eagle fern root; 15, Type X, acorn; 16,17, Type XI, kudzu; 18, Type XII, foxnut, fermented; 19, Type XIII, silverweed; 20, fermented starch, UNID; 21, gelatinized starch mass, UNID (scale, 19, 1319, 10 µm; 1012, 20, 21, 20 µm. DDW starches, 3,5,10,11,12,13,20; BX starches, 1,2,4,6,7,8,9,15,16,17,18,21; HX starches, 14,19).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "boxi", "quote": "aspect of the Proto Sino-Tibetan migration history, a series of sys- valley, a major tributary of the Yellow River; and 2) Boxi in the\n tematic investigations of the Neolithic material remains over a very Min River and Haxiu in the Dadu River, both representing the\n broad region would be required, a task beyond a single article first Yangshao communities that migra", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "673b9eca47d71663fa0aae76d7d3d5db9b59bc7360733d0c9851cda6a9d337ae" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN071", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 2. Starch types from DDW, BX, and HX. 1, Type I, Panicoideae millet; 2, Type II, Job's tears; 3, Panicoideae with enzymatic damage; 4,5, Type III, rice; 6, rice, fermented; 7, Type IV, Triticeae; 8, Triticeae with enzymatic damage; 9, Triticeae, fermented; 10, Type V, bean, fermented; 11, Type VI, lily; 12, Type VII, root of snake gourd; 13, Type VII, ginger; 14, Type IX, eagle fern root; 15, Type X, acorn; 16,17, Type XI, kudzu; 18, Type XII, foxnut, fermented; 19, Type XIII, silverweed; 20, fermented starch, UNID; 21, gelatinized starch mass, UNID (scale, 19, 1319, 10 µm; 1012, 20, 21, 20 µm. DDW starches, 3,5,10,11,12,13,20; BX starches, 1,2,4,6,7,8,9,15,16,17,18,21; HX starches, 14,19).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "haxiu", "quote": "the Yellow River; and 2) Boxi in the\n tematic investigations of the Neolithic material remains over a very Min River and Haxiu in the Dadu River, both representing the\n broad region would be required, a task beyond a single article first Yangshao communities that migrated to the NW Sichuan\n presented here. In this study, therefore, we mainly focus on the highland", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "673b9eca47d71663fa0aae76d7d3d5db9b59bc7360733d0c9851cda6a9d337ae" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S233_673b9eca47d7_S233-F03", "paper_key": "S233_673b9eca47d7", "paper_id": "S233", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Phytolith from DDW and BX. 1, Cross; 2, Variant 1 cross, Job's tears; 3, bilobate; 4, polylobate; 5, rondel; 6, elongate echinate silica skeleton; 7, common bulliform; 8, hair cell; 9,10, elongate dendriform; 11, opaque perforated platelets; 12, tracheid; 13, double-peaked rice husk cell phytolith (arrows pointing to peaks, lower peak is blurry); 14, n-Type, broomcorn millet husk; 15, Ω-Type, foxtail millet husk (DDW, 3,4,10,11,12,14,15; BX, 1,2,5,6,7,8,9,13).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2ad0d7a919fe3d8ab3bf032d897bc5b1cb234bc44de06c256c6266f0460d94a8", "image_bytes": 5642514, "sites": [ "CN034", "CN070", "CN071" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 大地湾和波西样品中提取的植硅体。1，十字型；2，十字型，薏米；3，哑铃型；4，多铃型；5，帽型；6，长刺状硅质骨架；7，常见扇形；8，尖型；9，10，树枝状；11，不透明孔状薄片；12，导管；13，稻壳双峰型植硅体（箭头指向峰，下峰模糊）；14，n型，黍稃壳；15，Ω型，粟稃壳（DDW，3，4，10，11，12，14，15；BX，1，2，5，6，7，8，9，13）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Phytolith from DDW and BX. 1, Cross; 2, Variant 1 cross, Job's tears; 3, bilobate; 4, polylobate; 5, rondel; 6, elongate echinate silica skeleton; 7, common bulliform; 8, hair cell; 9,10, elongate dendriform; 11, opaque perforated platelets; 12, tracheid; 13, double-peaked rice husk cell phytolith (arrows pointing to peaks, lower peak is blurry); 14, n-Type, broomcorn millet husk; 15, Ω-Type, foxtail millet husk (DDW, 3,4,10,11,12,14,15; BX, 1,2,5,6,7,8,9,13).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "大地湾和波西样品的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from DDW and BX samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2ad0d7a919fe3d8ab3bf032d.png", "image_url": "media/S233_673b9eca47d7_S233-F03.png?v=2ad0d7a919fe", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "Phytolith Remains. A total of 654 phytoliths were recovered from three sites, with the great majority from DDW (DDW: 418; BX: 207; HX: 29) (Fig. 3 and SI Appendix, Table S3). The morphotypes are mainly associated with Poaceae, including epidermal sheets of husk cells from Paniceae and Pooideae grasses, bilobate, polylobate, cross, rondel, bulliform, and elongates. Paniceae husk phytoliths were found only in DDW and BX samples, with η-Type from broomcorn millet (n=77) outnumbering Ω-Type from foxtail millet (n=2). Glumes and leaves of Job’s tears produced great varieties of bilobate, polylobate, cross, and rondel forms, with particularly abundant Variant-1 crosses (quadrilobate forms), which are generally larger than those in millets (<13 μm) (58). Some crosses from BX samples are larger than 15 μm, consistent with Variant-1 type from Job’s tears (Fig. 3:2). Elongate dendriform phytoliths, possibly coming from Triticeae husks, were recovered from DDW (n=13) and BX (n=2). One possible double-peaked phytolith from rice husk was found in a BX sample. Considerable numbers of elongate phytoliths (n=172), mainly from unidentifiable stems and leaves, were recovered. Other morphotypes include opaque perforated platelet (cf. Asteraceae), hair cell (eudicots), and tracheid (xylem), which cannot be further identified. The presence of husk phytoliths from millets, Job’s tears, Triticeae, and rice is consistent with starch granules identified to the same taxa in the DDW and BX samples. In HX, however, husk phytoliths were absent, although starches from those cereals were found. In additi", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "BX: n=496; and HX: n=105), of which 1,679 (74.7%) were classified into 13 types identifiable taxonomically (Fig. 2) when compared with our modern reference samples. Many starch grains (n=569; 25.3%) lacked diagnostic characteristics or were severely damaged, thus classified as unidentifiable (UNID) (for starch record and identification, see SI Appendix, section 1.1, Fig. S3, and Table S2). Most starch granules show damage characteristics (n=1,567; 69.7% of the total) and can be divided into three types: damage caused by enzymatic digestion (n=549; 24.4% of the total), gelat- inization caused by fermentation (n=895; 39.8% of the total), and gelatinization due to cooking (n=123; 5.5% of the total). The morphological alterations due to enzymatic digestion include ran- dom pitting, deep channels, broken edges, and central depression (Fig. 2:3,8). Gelatinization caused by low-temperature heating during brewing process is characterized by moderate swelling with a hollowed center, often showing as a birefringent periphery with a dark center (Fig. 2:6,9,10,18,20). The starch damage caused by boiling and steaming shows rather evenly expanded surfaces (Fig. 2:21). These alterations are consistent with reported results from experimental fermentation and cooking (40, 41). Type I: Panicoideae (n=293; 13% of the total counts; 94.4% of the total ubiquity), including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), and probably small grains from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (Fig. 2:1). They were found at all the three sites, comprising the second most ubiquitous t", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Such a high level of abundance is consistent with the millet- farming tradition of the Yangshao culture, also conforming to the millet macroremains recovered in NW Sichuan (31, 32). Type II: Job’s tears (n=38; 1.7% of the total counts; 83.3% of the total ubiquity), occurring at all the three sites (Fig. 2:2). Job’s tears starch has been found at Dadiwan Phase I (ca. 7800 to 7300 cal. BP) (42), and charred Job’s tears has been recovered at the Baodun site in Chengdu, Sichuan, dating to the fifth millennium BP (43). It is unclear whether Job’s tears in our samples was domes- ticated or of wild form. Type III: rice (Oryza sativa), found in all residue samples. They mostly appear in a compound form, consisting of multiple small granules, but most granules are blurry due to fermentation (Fig. 2:4–6). We count the percentage of Type III starch based on visible individual granules, which give the most numerous counts and the highest ubiquity in the assemblage (n=785 granules, 192 compounds; 34.9% of the total counts; 100% of the total ubiq- uity). Rice found in our samples is certainly of domesticated form, as these sites are outside the wild rice distribution. Type IV: Triticeae (n=306; 13.6% of the total counts; 72.2% of the total ubiquity), found at all the three sites, but more abundant in DDW (n=288) than in BX and HX (n=16, 2). These granules are morphologically consistent with many species under Triticeae tribe, including wheat, barley, and rye, as well as many wild grasses (Fig. 2:7–9). A small number of charred rye has been recovered at HX, while wild Triticeae grasses, s", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T05:03:38.370779+00:00", "revision": 6 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Phytolith from DDW and BX. 1, Cross; 2, Variant 1 cross, Job's tears; 3, bilobate; 4, polylobate; 5, rondel; 6, elongate echinate silica skeleton; 7, common bulliform; 8, hair cell; 9,10, elongate dendriform; 11, opaque perforated platelets; 12, tracheid; 13, double-peaked rice husk cell phytolith (arrows pointing to peaks, lower peak is blurry); 14, n-Type, broomcorn millet husk; 15, Ω-Type, foxtail millet husk (DDW, 3,4,10,11,12,14,15; BX, 1,2,5,6,7,8,9,13).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dadiwan", "quote": "elong to research;research; L.L.,L.L.,J.C.,J.C.,J.W.,J.W.,Y.Z., Y.Z.,and X.C.andanalyzedX.C. performeddata; and\n the Dadiwan, Peiligang, Cishan, and Houli cultures (ca. 8000 to 7000 cal. BP), followed L.L. wrote the paper.\n by flourishing of the Yangshao and Longshan cultures (ca. 7000 to 4000 cal. BP). The The authors declare no competing interest.\n diverge", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "673b9eca47d71663fa0aae76d7d3d5db9b59bc7360733d0c9851cda6a9d337ae" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN070", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Phytolith from DDW and BX. 1, Cross; 2, Variant 1 cross, Job's tears; 3, bilobate; 4, polylobate; 5, rondel; 6, elongate echinate silica skeleton; 7, common bulliform; 8, hair cell; 9,10, elongate dendriform; 11, opaque perforated platelets; 12, tracheid; 13, double-peaked rice husk cell phytolith (arrows pointing to peaks, lower peak is blurry); 14, n-Type, broomcorn millet husk; 15, Ω-Type, foxtail millet husk (DDW, 3,4,10,11,12,14,15; BX, 1,2,5,6,7,8,9,13).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "boxi", "quote": "aspect of the Proto Sino-Tibetan migration history, a series of sys- valley, a major tributary of the Yellow River; and 2) Boxi in the\n tematic investigations of the Neolithic material remains over a very Min River and Haxiu in the Dadu River, both representing the\n broad region would be required, a task beyond a single article first Yangshao communities that migra", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "673b9eca47d71663fa0aae76d7d3d5db9b59bc7360733d0c9851cda6a9d337ae" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN071", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Phytolith from DDW and BX. 1, Cross; 2, Variant 1 cross, Job's tears; 3, bilobate; 4, polylobate; 5, rondel; 6, elongate echinate silica skeleton; 7, common bulliform; 8, hair cell; 9,10, elongate dendriform; 11, opaque perforated platelets; 12, tracheid; 13, double-peaked rice husk cell phytolith (arrows pointing to peaks, lower peak is blurry); 14, n-Type, broomcorn millet husk; 15, Ω-Type, foxtail millet husk (DDW, 3,4,10,11,12,14,15; BX, 1,2,5,6,7,8,9,13).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "haxiu", "quote": "the Yellow River; and 2) Boxi in the\n tematic investigations of the Neolithic material remains over a very Min River and Haxiu in the Dadu River, both representing the\n broad region would be required, a task beyond a single article first Yangshao communities that migrated to the NW Sichuan\n presented here. In this study, therefore, we mainly focus on the highland", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "673b9eca47d71663fa0aae76d7d3d5db9b59bc7360733d0c9851cda6a9d337ae" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S234_aae306a75b57_S234-F03", "paper_key": "S234_aae306a75b57", "paper_id": "S234", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Plant residues extracted from pottery surface samples: 1. fiber, 2. epidermal cells, 3. smaller spheroidal starch grain, 4. fabiform (bean-shaped) starch grain, 5 \nand 6. polyhedral starch grain, 7. lachrymiform (teardrop-shaped) starch grain.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8851a0b90179d261019fd840b1f81f43c6b9dc064565a2da4db45504de6d2f1c", "image_bytes": 5277591, "sites": [ "CN047" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 从陶器表面样品中提取的植物残留物：1. 纤维，2. 表皮细胞，3. 较小的球形淀粉粒，4. 豆形（豆状）淀粉粒，5 和 6. 多面体淀粉粒，7. 液滴形（泪滴状）淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Plant residues extracted from pottery surface samples: 1. fiber, 2. epidermal cells, 3. smaller spheroidal starch grain, 4. fabiform (bean-shaped) starch grain, 5 \nand 6. polyhedral starch grain, 7. lachrymiform (teardrop-shaped) starch grain.", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "植物残留物形态图", "title_en": "Morphology of plant residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/8851a0b90179d261019fd840.png", "image_url": "media/S234_aae306a75b57_S234-F03.png?v=8851a0b90179", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Starch grains and plant tissue fragments were recovered from the extracts. Among these microfossils, tissue fragments included epidermal cells and fibers (Fig. 3: 1, 2). It was difficult to identify individual plant species since the archaeological remains were highly fragmented and occurred in only extremely low numbers. None of the phytoliths could", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:08.707430+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN047", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Plant residues extracted from pottery surface samples: 1. fiber, 2. epidermal cells, 3. smaller spheroidal starch grain, 4. fabiform (bean-shaped) starch grain, 5 \nand 6. polyhedral starch grain, 7. lachrymiform (teardrop-shaped) starch grain.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "weijiawopu", "quote": "made to interpret the functions of prehistoric pottery, particularly the earliest ceramics. The unsophisticated\nWeijiawopu site pottery discovered in the Weijiawopu site opens a window for the study of early ceramic function. We conductedHongshan culture plant residue analyses of ceramics from the", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "aae306a75b576ca3599523f37b6421a99d4d5fbcff7281f6d0a0ac81229d723d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S234_aae306a75b57_S234-F04", "paper_key": "S234_aae306a75b57", "paper_id": "S234", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Comparison of molds discovered in various residue samples: 1–4. mold granules in Weijiawopu samples, 5. mold granules in another archaeological res­\nidue sample.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9c89995e94c633ff7f35ffae2dc25a165bb4637ac0d84063d0ffceee6344b78f", "image_bytes": 10355887, "sites": [ "CN047" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 不同残留样品中发现的霉菌颗粒比较：1–4. 魏家窝铺样品中的霉菌颗粒，5. 另一考古残留样品中的霉菌颗粒。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Comparison of molds discovered in various residue samples: 1–4. mold granules in Weijiawopu samples, 5. mold granules in another archaeological res\nidue sample.", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "不同残留样品中霉菌颗粒比较", "title_en": "Comparison of mold particles in different residue samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9c89995e94c633ff7f35ffae.png", "image_url": "media/S234_aae306a75b57_S234-F04.png?v=9c89995e94c6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "be confidently identified. On the other hand, starch grains were discovered in larger numbers, exhibiting regular morphological attri butes. Starch grains from control samples (derived from soil samples taken adjacent to where the sampled artifacts were unearthed) were rarely found, which excluded the contamination factor; hence, the starch from the surface residues was considered a valid indicator of contact with processing objects. We comprehensively analyzed 14 starch granules recovered from the residue extracts (Fig. 4: 3–7), and subse quently clarified prehistoric pottery functions and plant resource uses at the Weijiawopu site.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Smaller spheroid starch grain (n = 2; 3DMCS Type 1.1, diameter ≤10 μm; Fig. 4: 3), spherical body without fissures. The lamella is invisible, hila are closed and centrally located, extinction crosses are straight and narrow, and grain diameters are 7.66 and 8.34 μm. Starch grains of this type can be observed in many plant species, many of which are immature and, hence, considerably morphologically different from their mature counterparts. Polyhedral starch grains (n = 8; 3DMCS Type 6; Fig. 4: 5, 6). The two- dimensional shapes are polygonal or circular, lamella is invisible, hila are centric and mostly slightly opened, and grain diameters range from 14.71 to 18.75 μm. These grains are mostly compound when they are formed in the amyloplast. Starch grains of this type can be separated into two groups based on their morphological characteristics: 1) seed- produced polyhedral type and 2) underground storage organ breaking- ball type. The article by Wang et al. (2018) lists the distinctive attri butes of these two groups, such as the sleekness of their edges, the ex istence of an arc face, and so on, hence, we will not elaborate on these attributes. According to these criteria, the starch grains from pottery residues are of the seed-produced polyhedral type. According to our reference database and studies undertaken by Fan et al. (1990) and", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Wang et al. (2011), starch grains in this group were probably produced by Panicum spp. (including grasses in the genus Panicum, especially broomcorn millet, sorghum, etc.), Setaria spp. (including wild species such as bristlegrass, and domesticated species such as foxtail millet), Echinochloa (barnyard millet), Avena (oat), and Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat) seeds. However, starch granules derived from Avena seeds are extremely small (1–5 μm), which is not consistent with the size of our sample granules. Furthermore, although attempts have been made to separate the aforementioned taxa in modern contexts (Arr ́aiz et al., 2016; Cho et al., 2013; Ge et al., 2010b; Torrence et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2012; Yoon et al., 2010), their identification in Stone Age archaeological assemblages is often ambiguous (Liu et al., 2014), particularly in collections with small sample sizes. Lachrymiform (teardrop-shaped) starch grains (n = 3; 3 DMCS Type 7.2; Fig. 4: 7). In these granules, a fissure is absent; lamella is visible; hila are eccentric, with an eccentricity of 1.92–1.97; extinction crosses are", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "narrow and bent; and grain diameters range from 22.67 to 26.87 μm. These features clearly indicate that lachrymiform grains resemble those of plant underground storage organs, particularly those of Dioscorea (yam) plants. Fabiform (bean-shaped) starch grain (n = 1; 3DMCS Type 9; Fig. 4: 4). Among these grains, lamellae and hilum are invisible, maximum grain diameter is 11.5 μm, and minimum grain diameter is 9.5 μm. This type resembles starch from seeds of the family Fabaceae (legumes) or nuts (Reichert, 1913; Yang et al., 2009). We could not make a precise identification based upon this single datum point. In summary, among the four types described above, the seed- produced polyhedral type is dominant (57.14%), although its absolute number is low and lacks statistical significance. In this case, the pro portion was not considered a valid indicator of diet structure. Further more, the smaller spheroidal starch grain (3DMCS Type 1.1), found in various plant cells among diverse taxa, is not a valid indicator of plant", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:08.769944+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN047", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Comparison of molds discovered in various residue samples: 1–4. mold granules in Weijiawopu samples, 5. mold granules in another archaeological res­\nidue sample.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "weijiawopu", "quote": "made to interpret the functions of prehistoric pottery, particularly the earliest ceramics. The unsophisticated\nWeijiawopu site pottery discovered in the Weijiawopu site opens a window for the study of early ceramic function. We conductedHongshan culture plant residue analyses of ceramics from the", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "aae306a75b576ca3599523f37b6421a99d4d5fbcff7281f6d0a0ac81229d723d" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S236_988ce5c484e0_S236-F04", "paper_key": "S236_988ce5c484e0", "paper_id": "S236", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4.  (a) Grinding stone and pottery forms analyzed in this study; pie chart showing the percentages of different vessel forms from the \nShangshan site; (b) recovered starch granules from Shangshan and Hehuanshan artifacts: 1 and 2. acorn starch granules; 3 and 4. damaged \nacorn starch granules, possibly caused by grinding and pounding; 5. a gelatinized cf. acorn starch, stained with Congo red; 6. a gelatinized starch \ngranule; (c) a reconstruction of Shangshan acorn processing technology.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "cd92454a3d11ba28aee2697439c85197e26297e86cca24ef0d826c275a6e4af5", "image_bytes": 1940995, "sites": [ "CN079", "CN081" ], "caption_zh": "图4. （a） 本研究分析的磨盘、磨棒和陶器形态；显示上山遗址不同器形占比的饼图；（b） 从上山和和荷花山器物中提取的淀粉粒：1和2. 橡子淀粉粒；3和4. 损伤的橡子淀粉粒，可能由研磨和捣击造成；5. 用结晶紫染色的凝胶化 cf. 橡子淀粉；6. 一个凝胶化淀粉粒；（c） 上山橡子加工技术的复原图。", "caption_en": "Figure 4.  (a) Grinding stone and pottery forms analyzed in this study; pie chart showing the percentages of different vessel forms from the \nShangshan site; (b) recovered starch granules from Shangshan and Hehuanshan artifacts: 1 and 2. acorn starch granules; 3 and 4. damaged \nacorn starch granules, possibly caused by grinding and pounding; 5. a gelatinized cf. acorn starch, stained with Congo red; 6. a gelatinized starch \ngranule; (c) a reconstruction of Shangshan acorn processing technology.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "上山遗址陶器与淀粉粒分析", "title_en": "Starch Analysis and Processing Technology at the Shangshan Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/cd92454a3d11ba28aee26974.png", "image_url": "media/S236_988ce5c484e0_S236-F04.png?v=cd92454a3d11", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Starch damage patterns provide detailed information permit ting differentiation between cooked and raw plant foods (Figure 3b, Table 1). Forty-one of the 63 grinding stones and basins reveal ungelatinized starches showing broken edges or central depres sion, resembling damages caused by pounding and/or grinding (Figure 4b, 3–4). Twelve of the 29 jars contain gelatinized starches characterized by swelling, distortion, and reduction or loss of the extinction cross (Figure 4b, 5–6), closely matching with the dam ages caused by heating in the presence of water. Such patterns indicate that the grinding stones and basins were mainly used for processing raw starchy plants, whereas some of the jars were used for cooking. Notably, rice starches are only present in four cook ing jars, suggesting that rice played a relatively minor role in the overall subsistence.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:08.839664+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Figure 4.  (a) Grinding stone and pottery forms analyzed in this study; pie chart showing the percentages of different vessel forms from the \nShangshan site; (b) recovered starch granules from Shangshan and Hehuanshan artifacts: 1 and 2. acorn starch granules; 3 and 4. damaged \nacorn starch granules, possibly caused by grinding and pounding; 5. a gelatinized cf. acorn starch, stained with Congo red; 6. a gelatinized starch \ngranule; (c) a reconstruction of Shangshan acorn processing technology.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "conducting a systematic\n microbotanical residue analysis (starch and phytolith) of pottery and grinding stones from the Shangshan culture (10,000–8200 cal. BP). The results show\n that the artifacts analyzed were predominantly used for processing acorns, and to a lesser extent, USOs and cereals. Combining the microbotanical\n data and an ethnographic study, we reconst", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "988ce5c484e0b2eb9b4153f23cedfa75a67ef6bc8f32ad8f12c1e8bbf96e3ea4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN081", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Figure 4.  (a) Grinding stone and pottery forms analyzed in this study; pie chart showing the percentages of different vessel forms from the \nShangshan site; (b) recovered starch granules from Shangshan and Hehuanshan artifacts: 1 and 2. acorn starch granules; 3 and 4. damaged \nacorn starch granules, possibly caused by grinding and pounding; 5. a gelatinized cf. acorn starch, stained with Congo red; 6. a gelatinized starch \ngranule; (c) a reconstruction of Shangshan acorn processing technology.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Hehuanshan", "quote": "and its layout at\nShangshan; (c) House F2 and its layout at Shangshan; (d) a cf. storage pit (H206) at Shangshan; (e) House F1 at Hehuanshan during excavation,\nindicated by white outlines, and its posthole layout; (f) House F2 at Hehuanshan and its layout of foundation and postholes.\n\n\nfacilities, and large quantities of heavy-duty tools such as pottery increases in the global temperature, b", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "988ce5c484e0b2eb9b4153f23cedfa75a67ef6bc8f32ad8f12c1e8bbf96e3ea4" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F03", "paper_key": "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4", "paper_id": "S237", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Hemp fiber morphological characteristics.1 and 2: Color change from blue at 0º (left) to red at 90º (right), indicating Z-twist in fibrillar orientation; 3: \nrounded fiber end; 4: pointed fiber end; 5: prominent dislocations (pointed with arrows); 6: prominent cross markings (pointed with arrows); 7: hemp fiber showing \ntwisted ribbon form like cotton, but cross markings (right part) still visible; 8: damaged fiber showing twisted ribbon form; 9: rectangular to square epidermal cells; \n10: curved hair cell with narrow base and rounded end; 11: crystals on epidermis, mostly clustered with one solitary (arrow pointing to solitary; showing in \nbrightfield and polarized views).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d06ee2c743543cf47f8299982e3b20da47c46c1d3041ae1152bc5ca8c8bbf58d", "image_bytes": 28659744, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. 麻纤维形态特征。1和2：从0º（左）蓝色变为90º（右）红色，表明纤维取向呈Z型扭转；3：圆形纤维末端；4：尖端纤维末端；5：明显断层（箭头所指）；6：明显横纹（箭头所指）；7：呈棉状扭转带状的麻纤维，但右侧部分横纹仍可见；8：受损纤维呈扭转带状；9：矩形至方形表皮细胞；10：弯曲的毛状细胞，基部狭窄，末端圆润；11：表皮上的晶体，大多成簇，其中一例单独存在（箭头指向单独晶体；在明场和偏振光下可见）。\n", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Hemp fiber morphological characteristics.1 and 2: Color change from blue at 0º (left) to red at 90º (right), indicating Z-twist in fibrillar orientation; 3: \nrounded fiber end; 4: pointed fiber end; 5: prominent dislocations (pointed with arrows); 6: prominent cross markings (pointed with arrows); 7: hemp fiber showing \ntwisted ribbon form like cotton, but cross markings (right part) still visible; 8: damaged fiber showing twisted ribbon form; 9: rectangular to square epidermal cells; \n10: curved hair cell with narrow base and rounded end; 11: crystals on epidermis, mostly clustered with one solitary (arrow pointing to solitary; showing in \nbrightfield and polarized views).", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "麻纤维形态特征", "title_en": "Morphological characteristics of hemp fibers", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d06ee2c743543cf47f829998.png", "image_url": "media/S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F03.png?v=d06ee2c74354", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:08.886231+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F04", "paper_key": "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4", "paper_id": "S237", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Ramie fiber morphological characteristics.1 and 2: Color change from red at 0º (left) to blue at 90º (right), indicating S-twist in fibrillar orientation; 3: pointed \nfiber end; 4: narrow lumen; 5: dislocations; 6: less prominent cross markings; 7: damaged fiber showing twisted ribbon form like cotton; 8: damaged fiber showing \nslightly twisted form unlike cotton; 9: damaged fiber showing flattened and straight form; 10: clustered crystals in chambered cells (brightfield and polarized views); \n11: elongate polygonal to rectangular epidermal cells; 12: hooked hair cell with wide base and pointed end.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "44ff4fd289570235102ddd93d8cccb1d3874a9a2d99b453f3a948215e0ec70aa", "image_bytes": 27142393, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 桑纤维形态特征。1和2：从0º（左）红色变为90º（右）蓝色，表明纤维取向具有S型扭转；3：尖端纤维；4：狭窄腔隙；5：位错；6：横纹不显著；7：损伤纤维呈现类似棉的扭曲带状形态；8：损伤纤维呈现轻微扭曲形态，不同于棉；9：损伤纤维呈现扁平且直的形态；10：腔室细胞中聚集的晶体（明场和偏振视图）；11：长条状多边形至矩形表皮细胞；12：带宽基部和尖端的钩状毛细胞。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Ramie fiber morphological characteristics.1 and 2: Color change from red at 0º (left) to blue at 90º (right), indicating S-twist in fibrillar orientation; 3: pointed \nfiber end; 4: narrow lumen; 5: dislocations; 6: less prominent cross markings; 7: damaged fiber showing twisted ribbon form like cotton; 8: damaged fiber showing \nslightly twisted form unlike cotton; 9: damaged fiber showing flattened and straight form; 10: clustered crystals in chambered cells (brightfield and polarized views); \n11: elongate polygonal to rectangular epidermal cells; 12: hooked hair cell with wide base and pointed end.", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "桑纤维形态特征", "title_en": "Morphological characteristics of ramie fiber", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/44ff4fd289570235102ddd93.png", "image_url": "media/S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F04.png?v=44ff4fd28957", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:08.930782+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F05", "paper_key": "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4", "paper_id": "S237", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Kudzu vine fiber morphological characteristics.1 and 2: Color change from blue at 0º (left) to red at 90º (right), indicating a Z-twist in fibrillar orientation; 3: \npointed fiber end; 4: cross markings and transparent membrane around the fiber (arrow pointed); 5: dislocations (pointed by arrows) and narrow lumen; 6: solitary \ncrystals attached to fiber bundle (brightfield and polarized views); 7: damaged fiber showing flattened and straight form; 8: rectangular epidermal cells; 9: polygonal \nepidermal cells.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d6fda1c9ada629f7b4682a96510dc3bb9a2573c001fbcc0e3c1a387fd2724793", "image_bytes": 26888743, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5. 野大豆藤蔓纤维的形态特征。1和2：从0º（左）的蓝色变为90º（右）的红色，表明纤维取向存在Z型扭转；3：尖端纤维；4：纤维上的横纹及周围透明膜（箭头所指）；5：位错（箭头所指）及狭窄腔隙；6：单个晶体附着在纤维束上（明场和偏光视图）；7：受损纤维呈现扁平且直的形态；8：矩形表皮细胞；9：多边形表皮细胞。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Kudzu vine fiber morphological characteristics.1 and 2: Color change from blue at 0º (left) to red at 90º (right), indicating a Z-twist in fibrillar orientation; 3: \npointed fiber end; 4: cross markings and transparent membrane around the fiber (arrow pointed); 5: dislocations (pointed by arrows) and narrow lumen; 6: solitary \ncrystals attached to fiber bundle (brightfield and polarized views); 7: damaged fiber showing flattened and straight form; 8: rectangular epidermal cells; 9: polygonal \nepidermal cells.", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "野大豆藤蔓纤维形态特征", "title_en": "Morphological Characteristics of Kudzu Vine Fiber", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d6fda1c9ada629f7b4682a96.png", "image_url": "media/S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F05.png?v=d6fda1c9ada6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:08.985836+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F06", "paper_key": "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4", "paper_id": "S237", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Velvet leaf fiber morphological characteristics.1 and 2: Color change from blue at 0º (left) to red at 90º (right), indicating a Z-twist in fibrillar orientation; 3: \nlong hairs in epidermis; 4: fiber wall showing longitudinal striation and cross markings; 5: dislocations (pointed with arrows); 6: scalloped cell wall (pointed with \narrows) and wide lumen; 7: damaged fibers showing a flattened and straight form; 8: pointed fiber end; 9: pitted vessel element; 10: clustered crystals on epidermis \n(brightfield and polarized views); 11: polygonal to rectangular epidermal cells.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "242314e95d1a65e9f10e606e29204a12a3bfe87770a7638d3b90470aae229be7", "image_bytes": 33213106, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图6. 藤叶纤维的形态特征。1和2：从0º（左）的蓝色变为90º（右）的红色，表明纤维取向存在Z型扭转；3：表皮中的长毛；4：纤维壁显示纵向条纹和横向刻纹；5：位错（箭头所指）；6：锯齿状细胞壁（箭头所指）和宽大的腔隙；7：受损纤维呈现扁平且直的形态；8：尖端纤维；9：具孔的导管细胞；10：表皮上聚集的晶体（明场和偏光视图）；11：多边形至矩形的表皮细胞。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Velvet leaf fiber morphological characteristics.1 and 2: Color change from blue at 0º (left) to red at 90º (right), indicating a Z-twist in fibrillar orientation; 3: \nlong hairs in epidermis; 4: fiber wall showing longitudinal striation and cross markings; 5: dislocations (pointed with arrows); 6: scalloped cell wall (pointed with \narrows) and wide lumen; 7: damaged fibers showing a flattened and straight form; 8: pointed fiber end; 9: pitted vessel element; 10: clustered crystals on epidermis \n(brightfield and polarized views); 11: polygonal to rectangular epidermal cells.", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "藤叶纤维形态特征", "title_en": "Morphological Characteristics of Velvet Leaf Fibers", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/242314e95d1a65e9f10e606e.png", "image_url": "media/S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F06.png?v=242314e95d1a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:09.031835+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F07", "paper_key": "S237_8f26cb6c3fa4", "paper_id": "S237", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig. 7. Paper mulberry fiber morphological characteristics.1 and 2: Color change from blue at 0º (left) to red at 90º (right), indicating a Z-twist in fibrillar orientation; \n3: short hair with wide base and pointed end; 4: pointed end; 5: cross marking on the upper fiber, dislocations (pointed with arrows) on the lower fiber; 6: damaged \nfibers showing flattened form; 7: crystals on epidermis, mostly clustered with few solitary (arrow pointing to a solitary crystal; showing both brightfield and polarized \nviews); 8: polygonal epidermal cells.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a3fe19012b9a908a6c0509dce3e86e5308677396513d925bc440169b804f3dd2", "image_bytes": 23637248, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图7. 桑树纤维的形态特征。1和2：从0º（左）的蓝色变为90º（右）的红色，表明纤维取向存在Z型扭转；3：短毛，基部宽大，末端尖细；4：末端尖细；5：上纤维有横纹，下纤维有位移（箭头所指）；6：受损纤维呈扁平状；7：表皮上存在晶体，多呈聚集成簇，少数单独存在（箭头指向单个晶体；显示明场和偏光视图）；8：多边形表皮细胞。", "caption_en": "Fig. 7. Paper mulberry fiber morphological characteristics.1 and 2: Color change from blue at 0º (left) to red at 90º (right), indicating a Z-twist in fibrillar orientation; \n3: short hair with wide base and pointed end; 4: pointed end; 5: cross marking on the upper fiber, dislocations (pointed with arrows) on the lower fiber; 6: damaged \nfibers showing flattened form; 7: crystals on epidermis, mostly clustered with few solitary (arrow pointing to a solitary crystal; showing both brightfield and polarized \nviews); 8: polygonal epidermal cells.", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "桑树纤维形态特征", "title_en": "Morphological Characteristics of Mulberry Fiber", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a3fe19012b9a908a6c0509dc.png", "image_url": "media/S237_8f26cb6c3fa4_S237-F07.png?v=a3fe19012b9a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:09.077399+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S238_8d54be3fe8aa_S238-F03", "paper_key": "S238_8d54be3fe8aa", "paper_id": "S238", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3. Micro-remains in the Xichuan qu starter, experimental beer, and modern reference Xichuan \nQu (3a-e, compared with 3n). (3a) Rhizopus fungus in qu starter, showing rhizoids and stolons, spor­\nangiophores, and round sporangia. (3b) Rhizopus sporangium, broken, showing sporangiospores. (3c) \nEpidermal tissues from wheat bran. (3d) Hair cells attached to epidermal tissues. (3e) Abundant wheat \nstarch granules, some showing enzymatic damages. (3f) Yeast cells in the leavened dough, showing \ntwo types: rod-shaped (lower section) and round/oval-shaped (upper part). Experimental brewing \nmash (3g-j): (3 g) gelatinized millet starch in nest form with an intact wheat starch in the center \n(Day 4); (3 h) wheat starches showing enzymatic damages (missing part and hollowed center; Day \n9); (3i) hyphae (Day 4); (3j) abundant yeast cells (Day 12). (3k-m, o, p) Damaged starch types from \nStanford reference data: (3k) enzymatic damage on sprouted barley; (3 l) mashed barley showing \nmild gelatinization in “pizza crust shape”; (3 m) barley, pounded for 3 min and boiled for 8 min, result­\ning in gelatinized starch granules expanded evenly and tending to fuse together; (3n) structure of Rhi­\nzopus fungus (after St-Germain and Summerbell 2011, fig. 90.1); (3o, p) foxtail millet boiled for 15 min, \n(3o) gelatinized granules fused together in nest form (3p) and expanded evenly and fused. (Authors’ \nimages, except 3n)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2b9ea3cafe503db01e252d1b7336853168630d17ec0eafa7e9457cca62086b66", "image_bytes": 10657394, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. 淅川酒曲中的微遗存、实验啤酒及现代参考淅川酒曲（3a-e，与3n对比）。（3a） 淅川酒曲中的根霉，显示根状体、茎状体、孢子囊和圆形孢子囊。（3b） 根霉孢子囊，破碎，显示孢子囊孢子。（3c） 小麦麸皮的表皮组织。（3d） 附着于表皮组织的毛细胞。（3e） 丰富的小麦淀粉粒，部分显示酶损伤。（3f） 发酵面团中的酵母细胞，显示两种类型：杆状（下部）和圆形/椭圆形（上部）。实验酿造醪液（3g-j）：（3g） 第4天，呈巢状的糊化粟淀粉，中心有完整的麦淀粉；（3h） 小麦淀粉显示酶损伤（缺失部分和中空中心；第9天）；（3i） 菌丝（第4天）；（3j） 丰富的酵母细胞（第12天）。（3k-m， o， p） 来自斯坦福参考数据的受损淀粉类型：（3k） 发芽大麦上的酶损伤；（3l） 软化的大麦呈现“比萨饼皮形状”的轻微糊化；（3m） 大麦经3分钟捣碎和8分钟煮沸后，淀粉粒均匀膨胀并趋于融合；（3n） 根霉结构（参考St-Germain和Summerbell 2011，图90.1）；（3o， p） 粟经15分钟煮沸后，（3o） 糊化淀粉粒融合成巢状（3p）且均匀膨胀并融合。（作者自摄，除3n外）。", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Micro-remains in the Xichuan qu starter, experimental beer, and modern reference Xichuan \nQu (3a-e, compared with 3n). (3a) bread molds (Rhizopus) fungus in qu starter, showing rhizoids and stolons, spor\nangiophores, and round sporangia. (3b) bread molds (Rhizopus) sporangium, broken, showing sporangiospores. (3c) \nEpidermal tissues from wheat bran. (3d) Hair cells attached to epidermal tissues. (3e) Abundant wheat \nstarch granules, some showing enzymatic damages. (3f) Yeast cells in the leavened dough, showing \ntwo types: rod-shaped (lower section) and round/oval-shaped (upper part). Experimental brewing \nmash (3g-j): (3 g) gelatinized millet starch in nest form with an intact wheat starch in the center \n(Day 4); (3 h) wheat starches showing enzymatic damages (missing part and hollowed center; Day \n9); (3i) hyphae (Day 4); (3j) abundant yeast cells (Day 12). (3k-m, o, p) Damaged starch types from \nStanford reference data: (3k) enzymatic damage on sprouted barley; (3 l) mashed barley showing \nmild gelatinization in “pizza crust shape”; (3 m) barley, pounded for 3 min and boiled for 8 min, result\ning in gelatinized starch granules expanded evenly and tending to fuse together; (3n) structure of Rhi\nzopus fungus (after St-Germain and Summerbell 2011, fig. 90.1); (3o, p) foxtail millet boiled for 15 min, \n(3o) gelatinized granules fused together in nest form (3p) and expanded evenly and fused. (Authors’ \nimages, except 3n)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "淅川曲微遗存及实验啤酒淀粉形态", "title_en": "Micro-remains and starch morphologies in Xichuan qu and experimental beer", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2b9ea3cafe503db01e252d1b.png", "image_url": "media/S238_8d54be3fe8aa_S238-F03.png?v=2b9ea3cafe50", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 10, "quote": "Previous experimental studies have revealed morphological alterations in starch granules during the processes of alcohol brewing and cooking. Enzymatic digestion causes signifi cant damage, characterized by random pitting, deep channels, broken edges, missing lamellae, and central depressions in the granules. In the context of beer brewing, starch granules undergo low-temperature heating (65–70°C) during mashing. As a result, some of these granules become gelatinized, exhibiting moderate swelling with a hollowed center, and showing a birefringent periphery with a dark center when viewed under a polarized microscope, a phenomenon colloquially referred to as the “pizza crust shape” (Wang et al. 2017). Conversely, when starches are subjected to boiling and steaming during cooking, they undergo more extensive gelatinization. As a consequence, starch grains exhibit evenly expanded surfaces or multiple grains fuse together, forming large gelatinized masses (Henry, Hudson, and Piperno 2009). Images from our reference data (Figure 3k-m, o, p) showcase these various forms of damaged starch granules.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 11, "quote": "The Xichuan wheat qu starter was cultured with purified water in a Petri dish for a week until mycelia growth became visible. A small part of the mycelia was transferred to a slide, mounted with 50% glycerol and 50% water, and sealed with nail polish. The fungi were consistent with Rhizopus sp., exhibiting the following traits: (1) hyphae broad, not or scarcely septate; (2) rhizoids and stolons present; (3) sporangiophores brown, solitary or in tufts on the stolons, diverging from the point at which the rhizoids form; (4) sporangia rather round; (5) sporangiospores ovoid (St-Germain and Summer bell 2011, 224) (Figure 3n). In addition to fungi, epidermal tissues from wheat bran were present, and many long hair cells were attached to the tissues. Wheat starch granules were abundant, some showing damage caused by enzymatic digestion and characterized by deep channels, missing parts, and hollowed centers (Figure 3a-e). No gelatinized starches or other types of fungi were found.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 11, "quote": "The leavened dough contained numerous yeast cells, some round and oval, similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, others rod-shaped, like Pichia sp. This combination suggests the existence of more than one species of yeast in the leavened dough (Figure 3f). Notably, we previously examined a millet beer brewed with wheat malt from Yulin in north Shaanxi province, using DNA sequencing that showed the presence of two yeast species, including mainly round and oval-shaped S. cerevisiae with a small percentage of rod-shaped Pichia kudriavzevii (Liu et al. 2019: Supporting Information; Sinnott-Arm strong 2019). Nevertheless, we were unable to identify the taxonomy of these yeast cells in the leavened dough at Xichuan based only on their morphology.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 11, "quote": "In Day 4’s sample, a few hyphae without sporangia were present (Figure 3i); yeast cells were scattered; wheat starch granules were abundant, some showing signs of enzymatic damages but many still intact; and all millet starches were gelatinized, many showing nest-shaped masses (Figure 3g). The nest-shaped starch mass observed in the millet beer mash is comparable to those found in our reference data from millet grains boiled for 15 min (Figure 3o).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:24:42.965878+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "民族考古与实验" } }, { "id": "S240_a32724372e99_S240-F03", "paper_key": "S240_a32724372e99", "paper_id": "S240", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3  Starch grains extracted from the pottery residues (li and guan) at the Mijiaya site. Type A: Panicum miliaceum/ Setaria italica (a-e), type B: C. \nlacryma-jobi (f-k), type C: Triticeae (l, m), type D: unidentified (n-p), type E: unidentified (q-t); the grains (a-s) are from the li pottery, and the grain (t) is \nfrom the guan pottery", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "59b6d39d4a7c73da6b963740bb5c60480b1ccdcabb4c221efa1c58bdff055bba", "image_bytes": 2598914, "sites": [ "CN128" ], "caption_zh": "图3 米家崖遗址陶器残留物中提取的淀粉粒。类型A：黍（Panicum miliaceum）/ 粟（Setaria italica）（a-e），类型B：薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）（f-k），类型C：小麦族（Triticeae）（l， m），类型D：未鉴定（n-p），类型E：未鉴定（q-t）；颗粒（a-s）来自陶鬲，颗粒（t）来自陶罐。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3  Starch grains extracted from the pottery residues (li and guan) at the Mijiaya site. Type A: broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum)/ foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (a-e), type B: Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (f-k), type C: wheat tribe (Triticeae) (l, m), type D: unidentified (n-p), type E: unidentified (q-t); the grains (a-s) are from the li pottery, and the grain (t) is \nfrom the guan pottery", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "米家崖遗址陶器残留物淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from pottery residues at the Mijiaya site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/59b6d39d4a7c73da6b963740.png", "image_url": "media/S240_a32724372e99_S240-F03.png?v=59b6d39d4a7c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch grains and phytoliths extracted from the pottery residues The pottery residues yielded 40 starch grains. Most of them are from the carbonized residues of li pottery (35 grains), and only five grains are from the guan pottery. According to the morphological observation and meas- urement of these starch grains under the microscope, they are classified into five types (Fig. 3). Type A, type", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "B and type C are identified from millets (Panicum mili- aceum and/or Setaria italica), Job’s tears (C. lacryma- jobi) and Triticeae, respectively, based on some reference data (Additional file 1: Table S1). Moreover, some grains show the breakage of hilum, deformation and partial loss of shape, loss of extinction cross and appearance of centric hollows (Fig. 3i, k, m, p, r). These damaged grains are probably consistent with food pro- cessing [56, 68]. In addition, a total of 42 phytoliths were extracted from li pottery and guan pottery. Based on the clas- sification and characteristics of phytoliths in some published literatures [62, 69], more than eight phyto- lith types have been identified, including double-peaked glume cells, bulliform, η-shaped phytoliths, rectan- gular, bilobate, rondel, elongate echinate, acicular and smooth-elongate (Fig. 4, Additional file 1: Table S1). Twelve parallel bilobates phytoliths forming in the rice leaves and the η-shaped phytoliths being present in the millet glume (P. miliaceum) are recovered from the guan pottery. In contrast, the more diversified phyto- liths, including six parallel bilobate phytoliths and three rice bulliform phytoliths forming in the rice leaves and four double-peaked glume cells from the rice husk, are extracted from the li pottery. Most of the recovered phytoliths (61.9%) are associated with crops, especially the enrichment of parallel bilobate phytoliths in guan", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "tools (e.g., arrowhead and awl) at the Mijiaya site [58, 59] document that the Mijiaya people practised animal hus- bandry and hunting activities (e.g., pig, cattle, deer, etc.). Integrated with previous research on the plant microfos- sils obtained from the Yangshao potteries at this site [56], it can be concluded that various gathering plants, such as Job’s tears (Fig. 3), Triticeae and tubers, were also used by the Mijiaya people. Hence, it can be deduced that the Mijiaya people engaged in diversified subsistence strate- gies; their food resources mainly included various crops and livestock supplemented with some gathering and hunting foods in the Late Neolithic period.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "jia potteries with relatively high percentages appeared in the pottery assemblage in the Longshan period (Fig. 5), and most of them had grey-sandy bodies commonly with smoked traces (Fig. 6). Integrated with the damaged starch grains extracted from the pottery li-tripod ves- sel (Fig. 3), it can be deduced that the li and jia potter- ies from the Mijiaya site were probably used for cooking food instead of pottery guan-jars. Moreover, more evi- dence shows that diversified pottery forms, including li, jia, gui, pen, fu, weng, ding, and yan, were all used to cook food mainly by boiling and steaming methods, especially in the Longshan period [35, 39, 41, 44, 84, 87, 88]. Two kinds of stoves, as auxiliary tools for food cook- ing, were also unearthed and generally embedded within households at the Mijiaya site. The types of stove con- struction were generally associated with the ceramic ves- sel forms, food preparation methods and fuel type [89]. Pottery stoves from the Yangshao Culture were con- sidered as heating equipment in brewing activities [56]. Relatively large-scale stove sites and many tripod cooking pots (e.g., li and jia) were mainly discovered in the Long- shan period. The cooking experiments indicated that the pots above burning fuel could achieve a different cooking quality, which is generally characterized by the high heat- ing temperature and soft boiled grains [9]; moreover, the", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:20:23.528744+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN128", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 3  Starch grains extracted from the pottery residues (li and guan) at the Mijiaya site. Type A: Panicum miliaceum/ Setaria italica (a-e), type B: C. \nlacryma-jobi (f-k), type C: Triticeae (l, m), type D: unidentified (n-p), type E: unidentified (q-t); the grains (a-s) are from the li pottery, and the grain (t) is \nfrom the guan pottery", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "mijiaya", "quote": "/s40494-023-00950-3\n\n\n RESEARCH Open Access\nFood, cooking and potteries in the Neolithic\nMijiaya site, Guanzhong area, North China,\nrevealed by multidisciplinary approach\nYating Qu1, Junxiao Zhu2*, Han Yang1 and Longlong Zhou1 \n\n\n\n Abstract \n Investigating the coevolutions in human food resources, cooking technologies and pottery functions will provide", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a32724372e997a7c65468094ee9ffbbc58f24d4467ef850a63f51ea7a4778f33" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S240_a32724372e99_S240-F04", "paper_key": "S240_a32724372e99", "paper_id": "S240", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4  Phytoliths extracted from the pottery residues (li and guan) at the Mijiaya site. Bulliform (a-d), rectangular (e), rice bulliform (f–h), \nparallel bilobates from the rice (i, j), bilobate (k), rondel (l), elongate echinate (m), double-peaked glume cells from the rice husk (o, p), acicular (n, r), \nη-shaped phytoliths from the broomcorn millet husk (q), multicellular phytolith with long saddle?(s), smooth-elongate (t); the phytoliths (i, q, s) are \nfrom the guan pottery, and others are from the li pottery", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4720c5f95d21333828d42a5eb47659bef24336ddce8698d47f137c0c3c5c3fba", "image_bytes": 3955095, "sites": [ "CN128" ], "caption_zh": "图4 米家崖遗址陶器残留物中提取的植硅体。（a-d）扇型、（e）矩形、（f–h）稻谷扇型、（i， j）来自稻谷的并排哑铃型、（k）哑铃型、（l）帽型、（m）、刺棒、（o， p）、来自稻壳的双峰颖壳细胞（n， r）尖型、（q）、来自黍壳的η形植硅体（s）、平滑棒型（t）植硅体；其中（i， q， s）为来自陶罐的植硅体，其余为来自陶鬲的植硅体。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4  Phytoliths extracted from the pottery residues (li and guan) at the Mijiaya site. Bulliform (a-d), rectangular (e), rice bulliform (f–h), \nparallel bilobates from the rice (i, j), bilobate (k), rondel (l), elongate echinate (m), double-peaked glume cells from the rice husk (o, p), acicular (n, r), \nη-shaped phytoliths from the broomcorn millet husk (q), multicellular phytolith with long saddle?(s), smooth-elongate (t); the phytoliths (i, q, s) are \nfrom the guan pottery, and others are from the li pottery", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "米家崖遗址陶器残留物植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from pottery residues at the Mijiaya site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4720c5f95d21333828d42a5e.png", "image_url": "media/S240_a32724372e99_S240-F04.png?v=4720c5f95d21", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "B and type C are identified from millets (Panicum mili- aceum and/or Setaria italica), Job’s tears (C. lacryma- jobi) and Triticeae, respectively, based on some reference data (Additional file 1: Table S1). Moreover, some grains show the breakage of hilum, deformation and partial loss of shape, loss of extinction cross and appearance of centric hollows (Fig. 3i, k, m, p, r). These damaged grains are probably consistent with food pro- cessing [56, 68]. In addition, a total of 42 phytoliths were extracted from li pottery and guan pottery. Based on the clas- sification and characteristics of phytoliths in some published literatures [62, 69], more than eight phyto- lith types have been identified, including double-peaked glume cells, bulliform, η-shaped phytoliths, rectan- gular, bilobate, rondel, elongate echinate, acicular and smooth-elongate (Fig. 4, Additional file 1: Table S1). Twelve parallel bilobates phytoliths forming in the rice leaves and the η-shaped phytoliths being present in the millet glume (P. miliaceum) are recovered from the guan pottery. In contrast, the more diversified phyto- liths, including six parallel bilobate phytoliths and three rice bulliform phytoliths forming in the rice leaves and four double-peaked glume cells from the rice husk, are extracted from the li pottery. Most of the recovered phytoliths (61.9%) are associated with crops, especially the enrichment of parallel bilobate phytoliths in guan", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch grains and phytoliths extracted from the pottery residues The pottery residues yielded 40 starch grains. Most of them are from the carbonized residues of li pottery (35 grains), and only five grains are from the guan pottery. According to the morphological observation and meas- urement of these starch grains under the microscope, they are classified into five types (Fig. 3). Type A, type", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:09.231071+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN128", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 4  Phytoliths extracted from the pottery residues (li and guan) at the Mijiaya site. Bulliform (a-d), rectangular (e), rice bulliform (f–h), \nparallel bilobates from the rice (i, j), bilobate (k), rondel (l), elongate echinate (m), double-peaked glume cells from the rice husk (o, p), acicular (n, r), \nη-shaped phytoliths from the broomcorn millet husk (q), multicellular phytolith with long saddle?(s), smooth-elongate (t); the phytoliths (i, q, s) are \nfrom the guan pottery, and others are from the li pottery", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "mijiaya", "quote": "/s40494-023-00950-3\n\n\n RESEARCH Open Access\nFood, cooking and potteries in the Neolithic\nMijiaya site, Guanzhong area, North China,\nrevealed by multidisciplinary approach\nYating Qu1, Junxiao Zhu2*, Han Yang1 and Longlong Zhou1 \n\n\n\n Abstract \n Investigating the coevolutions in human food resources, cooking technologies and pottery functions will provide", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a32724372e997a7c65468094ee9ffbbc58f24d4467ef850a63f51ea7a4778f33" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S241_db3de31496e3_S241-F03", "paper_key": "S241_db3de31496e3", "paper_id": "S241", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3  Microremains extracted from the M1:44 mud residue and a comparison diagram (laboratory at NWU), a, b: starch granules of Triticeae; c, \nd: millet starch granules; e, j: damaged starch granules; k: Gramineous pollen; l, m: suspected Saccharomyces cerevisiae; n: modern Saccharomyces \ncerevisiae", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c3c24acfd1436141cbd340cbd8c6dd1d3cc67495d76b1431145b8e556556c199", "image_bytes": 11215881, "sites": [ "CN159" ], "caption_zh": "图3 从M1:44泥质残留物中提取的微遗存及其比较示意图（西北大学实验室），a， b：小麦族淀粉颗粒；c， d：粟和黍的淀粉颗粒；e- j：受损的淀粉颗粒；k：禾本科花粉；l， m：疑似酿酒酵母；n：现代酿酒酵母", "caption_en": "Fig. 3  Microremains extracted from the M1:44 mud residue and a comparison diagram (laboratory at NWU), a, b: starch granules of wheat tribe (Triticeae); c, \nd: millet starch granules; e, j: damaged starch granules; k: Gramineous pollen; l, m: suspected brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae); n: modern brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "微遗存及比较示意图", "title_en": "Microremains and comparison diagram", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c3c24acfd1436141cbd340cb.png", "image_url": "media/S241_db3de31496e3_S241-F03.png?v=c3c24acfd143", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "be identified were classified as type C. We only observed one particle belonging to type A, which has a double lens shape with an umbilical point in the middle (Fig. 3a, b), and the maximum particle size is 19.4 μm. These starch granules are suspected to be from wheat plants. One par- ticle belong to Type B was found (Fig. 3c-d); this type of starch granule is polyhedral with obvious cracks along the long axis, which has rounded, two-dimensional trian- gles. It is likely to be a starch granule from millet. Three particles belonging to Type C were found (Fig. 3e–j); the inner walls are collapsed, leaving only the external outline and the internal pit. The edges show features of enzymol- ysis and ablation and have no identifiable characteristics due to severe morphological damage [26–28]. One pollen particle was also found in this experiment, which is nearly round, with obvious pores on the surface, and its particle size is greater than 20 μm (Fig. 3k). These are the characteristics of gramineous pollen. In addition,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "Results Plant microfossil analysis To explore the raw materials in the liquid in the bronze vessels, the plant microfossils present in the mud sam- ple in the M1:44 bronze vessel were analyzed first in the laboratory of NWU. By taking the collected morphologi- cal data for plant microfossils from more than 50 genera and more than 200 species as the database [20–22], the phytoliths, starch granules, and pollen extracted from the residues were identified. A total of 5 starch granules and 1 sporopollenin were extracted, and 38 microremains of suspected Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also observed (Fig. 3). In this study, 5 starch granules were extracted, and their identifiable forms could be mainly divided into two cate- gories, type A and type B. The microfossils that could not", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "we also observed 38 microremains of suspected Saccha- romyces cerevisiae (Fig. 3l, m), which are highly similar to modern Saccharomyces cerevisiae in morphology and size (Fig. 3n). Another independent experiment was carried out in the laboratory of XMU to verify the reliability of the results, and analogous results were observed (Fig. 4). A total of 3 wheat starch granules were found, which are round and have no extinction cross under polarized light (Fig. 4a, b, d). The size of these granules ranges from 43.52 μm to 62.61 μm, which is larger than that of stand- ard starch granules from modern wheat and barley [23]. Two of the three granules showed clearer lamellae on their surfaces than the raw starch granules. These gran- ules display features of thermal swelling and gelatiniza- tion according to comprehensive analysis and previous works on ancient starch granules [23, 24]. In this work, 8 pollen grains were found with a size of more than 50 μm,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:09.286668+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN159", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 3  Microremains extracted from the M1:44 mud residue and a comparison diagram (laboratory at NWU), a, b: starch granules of Triticeae; c, \nd: millet starch granules; e, j: damaged starch granules; k: Gramineous pollen; l, m: suspected Saccharomyces cerevisiae; n: modern Saccharomyces \ncerevisiae", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Beibaie", "quote": "RCH Open Access\nWine or Beer? A reinvestigation of residues\nfrom bronze vessels from the Beibai’e cemetery,\nShanxi China\nYufang Li1, Ganyu Zhang2,3, Puheng Nan4, Jiyun Yang4, Jun Cao4, Zhikun Ma1, Wei Ge5 and Rui Wen1* \n\n\n\n Abstract \n The Beibai’e cemetery is a high-status noble tomb group from the early Spring–Autumn period (770 B.C–476 B.C).\n Three seal", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "db3de31496e3dcebdb09b68d06d76fbc826f970993e8dee11afdbc1e52a574fc" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S241_db3de31496e3_S241-F04", "paper_key": "S241_db3de31496e3", "paper_id": "S241", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4  Microremains extracted from the M1:44 mud residue and comparison diagram (laboratory in the XMU), a, b, d: wheat starch granules; a, c, e, \nf: pollen grains from different genera of Pinaceae; g, h: yeast cells", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "499422b79d5954009cdad0bd8cfb18add8763153fd2d42c694a6919372c530a9", "image_bytes": 5688421, "sites": [ "CN159" ], "caption_zh": "图4 从M1:44泥质残留物中提取的微遗存及比较图（XMU实验室），a， b， d：小麦淀粉粒； c， e， f：不同属的松科植物花粉粒；g， h：酵母细胞", "caption_en": "Fig. 4  Microremains extracted from the M1:44 mud residue and comparison diagram (laboratory in the XMU), a, b, d: wheat starch granules; a, c, e, \nf: pollen grains from different genera of Pinaceae; g, h: yeast cells", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "M1:44泥质残留物微遗存及比较图", "title_en": "Microremains from M1:44 mud residue and comparison diagram", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/499422b79d5954009cdad0bd.png", "image_url": "media/S241_db3de31496e3_S241-F04.png?v=499422b79d59", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "we also observed 38 microremains of suspected Saccha- romyces cerevisiae (Fig. 3l, m), which are highly similar to modern Saccharomyces cerevisiae in morphology and size (Fig. 3n). Another independent experiment was carried out in the laboratory of XMU to verify the reliability of the results, and analogous results were observed (Fig. 4). A total of 3 wheat starch granules were found, which are round and have no extinction cross under polarized light (Fig. 4a, b, d). The size of these granules ranges from 43.52 μm to 62.61 μm, which is larger than that of stand- ard starch granules from modern wheat and barley [23]. Two of the three granules showed clearer lamellae on their surfaces than the raw starch granules. These gran- ules display features of thermal swelling and gelatiniza- tion according to comprehensive analysis and previous works on ancient starch granules [23, 24]. In this work, 8 pollen grains were found with a size of more than 50 μm,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "and some were more than 100 μm in size (Fig. 4a, c, e, f). Based on the characteristics of the connecting portion between the saccus and the body and the mesh size on the surface of the saccus, they may have come from dif- ferent genera of Pinaceae [25]. In addition, 202 yeast cells were observed in a region measuring approximately 760*320 μm on the SYB-8 slide(Fig. 4g). These yeast cells are green, in agreement with the result from the NWU laboratory, which may be attributed to the diffusion of Cu2+ from the bronze ves- sel. The length of these cells ranges from 7.5 to 11.63 μm, with an average length of 9.35 μm. The width ranges from 5.27 to 7.74 μm, with an average width of 6.3 μm. In addition, clear nuclei can be observed after magnifi- cation = (Fig. 4h). The morphology of these yeast cells is", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "be identified were classified as type C. We only observed one particle belonging to type A, which has a double lens shape with an umbilical point in the middle (Fig. 3a, b), and the maximum particle size is 19.4 μm. These starch granules are suspected to be from wheat plants. One par- ticle belong to Type B was found (Fig. 3c-d); this type of starch granule is polyhedral with obvious cracks along the long axis, which has rounded, two-dimensional trian- gles. It is likely to be a starch granule from millet. Three particles belonging to Type C were found (Fig. 3e–j); the inner walls are collapsed, leaving only the external outline and the internal pit. The edges show features of enzymol- ysis and ablation and have no identifiable characteristics due to severe morphological damage [26–28]. One pollen particle was also found in this experiment, which is nearly round, with obvious pores on the surface, and its particle size is greater than 20 μm (Fig. 3k). These are the characteristics of gramineous pollen. In addition,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:09.350406+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN159", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 4  Microremains extracted from the M1:44 mud residue and comparison diagram (laboratory in the XMU), a, b, d: wheat starch granules; a, c, e, \nf: pollen grains from different genera of Pinaceae; g, h: yeast cells", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Beibaie", "quote": "RCH Open Access\nWine or Beer? A reinvestigation of residues\nfrom bronze vessels from the Beibai’e cemetery,\nShanxi China\nYufang Li1, Ganyu Zhang2,3, Puheng Nan4, Jiyun Yang4, Jun Cao4, Zhikun Ma1, Wei Ge5 and Rui Wen1* \n\n\n\n Abstract \n The Beibai’e cemetery is a high-status noble tomb group from the early Spring–Autumn period (770 B.C–476 B.C).\n Three seal", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "db3de31496e3dcebdb09b68d06d76fbc826f970993e8dee11afdbc1e52a574fc" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S242_888e16cfd941_S242-F05", "paper_key": "S242_888e16cfd941", "paper_id": "S242", "number": "5", "caption_original": "FIGURE 5\nStarch granules discovered in dental residue samples at the Jiayi Cemetery site [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.\ncom]", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9b8c17aa2c8c745a661f301fc053660bccbd28fb63a65aa7faad2de2b83c5248", "image_bytes": 12158002, "sites": [ "CN169" ], "caption_zh": "图5 在加依墓地牙垢样品中发现的淀粉颗粒 a未鉴定;b,d,k 粟、黍、高粱或者薏苡；c,未鉴定；g豆类； e,h 大麦、小麦或青稞；i 豆科；l块根块茎植物；f橡子；j未鉴定。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 5\nStarch granules discovered in dental residue samples at the Jiayi Cemetery site [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.\ncom]", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "加依墓地牙垢中发现的淀粉颗粒", "title_en": "Starch granules from dental residues at the Jiayi Cemetery site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9b8c17aa2c8c745a661f301f.png", "image_url": "media/S242_888e16cfd941_S242-F05.png?v=9b8c17aa2c8c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:20:15.353589+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN169", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "FIGURE 5\nStarch granules discovered in dental residue samples at the Jiayi Cemetery site [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.\ncom]", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiayi", "quote": "e, we report on the analysis of human\n5Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and dental residue samples unearthed from the Jiayi Cemetery, a 10th to 2nd century BCE\nHuman Origins, Institute of Vertebrate\nPaleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese mortuary complex located in the Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, generating ancient starch\nAcademy of Sciences, Beijing, China gran", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "888e16cfd9413eade65ff5a2aa351b40b987dac15fae56f3124bf13c4dfcb4b6" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S242_888e16cfd941_S242-F06", "paper_key": "S242_888e16cfd941", "paper_id": "S242", "number": "6", "caption_original": "FIGURE 6 Modern comparative starch granules. (a) Hordeum vulgare; (b) Triticum aestivum; (c) Setaria italica; (d) Fagopyrum esculentum; (e) Cicer arietinum; (f) Hordeum. vulgare var. nudum; (g) Panicum miliaceum; (h) Avena chinensis; (i) Coix lacryma-jobi; (j) Sorghum bicolor [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a2cb0d07be657f7ab4566852e7f76158ca4b6514a47d23361a47c06d1df86364", "image_bytes": 9159565, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图6 现代比较淀粉颗粒。 （a） 大麦； （b） 普通小麦； （c） 粟； （d） 荞麦； （e） 鹰嘴豆； （f） 青稞； （g） 黍； （h） 燕麦； （i） 薏苡； （j） 高粱 ", "caption_en": "FIGURE 6 Modern comparative starch granules. (a) barley (Hordeum vulgare); (b) bread wheat (Triticum aestivum); (c) foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (d) buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum); (e) chickpea (Cicer arietinum); (f) barley (Hordeum). vulgare var. nudum; (g) broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); (h) Chinese naked oat (Avena chinensis); (i) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (j) Sorghum bicolor [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉颗粒比较图", "title_en": "Modern starch granule comparison", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a2cb0d07be657f7ab4566852.png", "image_url": "media/S242_888e16cfd941_S242-F06.png?v=a2cb0d07be65", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:09.445746+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S243_5513010a8ac9_S243-F02", "paper_key": "S243_5513010a8ac9", "paper_id": "S243", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2. PLG and SQ starch types. 1: Type I, rice compound; 2: rice compound, enzymatic damaged starch grain, showing depression in the center; 3: Type II, \nPanicoideae, resembling millet; 4: Type III, Job’s tears, showing depression in the center due to enzymatic damage; 5: Type IV, Triticeae; 6: Type V, foxnut; 7: Type \nVI, yam; 8: fermentation damaged starch, showing hollowed center with remaining peripheral birefringent, possibly Triticeae; 9: gelatinized starch, cooked, possibly \nTriticeae; 10: gelatinized starch mass, cooked, UNID; 11: a cluster of millet, showing central depression on many granules due to fermentation (4,7,11 from SQ, others \nfrom PLG).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6b9695069aa8fd12d6be7a068f677bbfa044a5d1eb9036a3c678d5b42f192759", "image_bytes": 6364319, "sites": [ "CN025", "CN136" ], "caption_zh": "图2. 裴李岗和水泉淀粉类型。1：类型I，水稻复合体；2：水稻复合体，酶损伤淀粉粒，中心出现凹陷；3：类型II，黍亚科，类似粟；4：类型III，薏苡，中心出现凹陷，因酶损伤所致；5：类型IV，小麦族；6：类型V，芡实；7：类型VI，山药；8：发酵损伤淀粉，中心呈空洞状，外围仍保留双折射，可能为小麦族；9：糊化淀粉，煮熟，可能为小麦族；10：糊化淀粉团块，煮熟，UNID；11：一簇粟，许多粒上出现中央凹陷，因发酵所致（4、7、11来自SQ，其余来自PLG）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 2. PLG and SQ starch types. 1: Type I, rice compound; 2: rice compound, enzymatic damaged starch grain, showing depression in the center; 3: Type II, \npanicoid grasses (Panicoideae), resembling millet; 4: Type III, Job’s tears, showing depression in the center due to enzymatic damage; 5: Type IV, wheat tribe (Triticeae); 6: Type V, foxnut; 7: Type \nVI, yam; 8: fermentation damaged starch, showing hollowed center with remaining peripheral birefringent, possibly wheat tribe (Triticeae); 9: gelatinized starch, cooked, possibly \nwheat tribe (Triticeae); 10: gelatinized starch mass, cooked, UNID; 11: a cluster of millet, showing central depression on many granules due to fermentation (4,7,11 from SQ, others \nfrom PLG).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "裴李岗和水泉淀粉类型", "title_en": "PLG and SQ starch types", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6b9695069aa8fd12d6be7a06.png", "image_url": "media/S243_5513010a8ac9_S243-F02.png?v=6b9695069aa8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "A total of 761 starch granules was found in the 10 PLG samples (n = 602) and two SQ samples (n = 159), of which 651 (85.5 %) were clas sified into six types, identifiable taxonomically (Fig. 2) when compared with our modern reference samples (Fig. 3). Some starch grains (n = 110; 14.5 %), lacking diagnostic characteristics or being severely damaged, were classified as unidentifiable (UNID). Most starch granules show damage characteristics (n = 735; 96.6 % of the total) and can be divided into three types: damage caused by enzymatic digestion (n = 126; 16.6 % of the total), gelatinization caused by fermentation (n = 556; 73.1 % of the total), and gelatinization due to cooking (n = 53; 7.0 % of the total) (Table S4). The morphological alterations due to enzy matic digestion include random pitting, deep channels, broken edges, and central depression (Fig. 2:2,4, compared with Fig. 3:2–4). Gelati nization caused by brewing process is characterized by moderate swelling with a hollowed center, often showing as a glossy periphery with a dark center (Fig. 2:8,11, compared with Fig. 3:9,12). The starch damage caused by boiling and steaming shows rather evenly expanded surfaces, and starch grains tend to fuse into large masses (Fig. 2: 9,10, compared with Fig. 3:10,11). These alterations are consistent with re ported results from experimental fermentation and cooking (Henry et al., 2009, Wang et al., 2017). We provide a detailed description of each starch type, as follows, along with starch counts, morphological features, and measurements, which are documented in Tables S4 and S5. Ty", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "the Triticeae tribe, such as genera Elymus, Hordeum and Agropyron (Fig. 3:6), widely distributed in north China (Wu et al., 2006). Some of the Type IV starches are apparently gelatinized due to fermentation and cooking (Fig. 2:8,9), consistent with those in our reference samples (Fig. 3:9,11). It is not possible to further determine the taxonomy of the Type IV starch granules. Type V: root of foxnut (Euryale ferox), found on nine PLG samples (n = 219; 28.8 % of the total counts; 64.3 % of the ubiquity). The large grains containing numerous small compound granules, which show illumination in polarized view, but no extinction crosses are visible, likely due to fermentation (Fig. 2:6, compared with Fig. 3:7). This plant grows in lakes and ponds, and is widely distributed in China (Wu and Raven, 2001). Type VI: yam (Dioscorea polystachya), found in one SQ sample (n = 1; 0.1 % of the total counts; 7.1 % of the ubiquity) (Fig. 2:7, compared with Fig. 3:8). This tuber is distributed widely over north China, and has been identified in Paleolithic and early Neolithic sites in the middle Yellow River region (Liu et al., 2018, Liu et al., 2019). Out of the six starch types identified, rice exhibits the highest num ber and ubiquity, followed by foxnut, Panicoideae, Triticeae, Job’s tears, and yam. Foxnut was exclusively found in PLG vessels, while Job’s tears and yam were only present in SQ vessels. The remaining plants were identified at both sites (Table S4). Notably, no starch was detected in the two control samples, providing confidence in ruling out significant post- depositional ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:24:47.829117+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN025", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 2. PLG and SQ starch types. 1: Type I, rice compound; 2: rice compound, enzymatic damaged starch grain, showing depression in the center; 3: Type II, \nPanicoideae, resembling millet; 4: Type III, Job’s tears, showing depression in the center due to enzymatic damage; 5: Type IV, Triticeae; 6: Type V, foxnut; 7: Type \nVI, yam; 8: fermentation damaged starch, showing hollowed center with remaining peripheral birefringent, possibly Triticeae; 9: gelatinized starch, cooked, possibly \nTriticeae; 10: gelatinized starch mass, cooked, UNID; 11: a cluster of millet, showing central depression on many granules due to fermentation (4,7,11 from SQ, others \nfrom PLG).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "peiligang", "quote": "The domestication of rice and the brewing of rice-based alcoholic beverages in pottery vessels were closely\nPeiligang culture intertwined during the early Neolithic period in China. This practice may have originated in the Shangshan\nQu starter culture of the lower Yangzi River valley around 9000 cal.", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5513010a8ac9202fafa6ebe52750383b4b062cea2c664d9c040a7a8796e9002f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN136", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 2. PLG and SQ starch types. 1: Type I, rice compound; 2: rice compound, enzymatic damaged starch grain, showing depression in the center; 3: Type II, \nPanicoideae, resembling millet; 4: Type III, Job’s tears, showing depression in the center due to enzymatic damage; 5: Type IV, Triticeae; 6: Type V, foxnut; 7: Type \nVI, yam; 8: fermentation damaged starch, showing hollowed center with remaining peripheral birefringent, possibly Triticeae; 9: gelatinized starch, cooked, possibly \nTriticeae; 10: gelatinized starch mass, cooked, UNID; 11: a cluster of millet, showing central depression on many granules due to fermentation (4,7,11 from SQ, others \nfrom PLG).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shuiquan", "quote": "issue, our study focuses on two early Neolithic Peiligang culture sites, namely Peiligang and Shuiquan, dating to\nMortuary ritual 8000–7600 cal. BP in the middle Yellow River region. Through microfossil analysis of ceramic vessels, we have\n discovered multiple lines of evidence indicat", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5513010a8ac9202fafa6ebe52750383b4b062cea2c664d9c040a7a8796e9002f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S243_5513010a8ac9_S243-F03", "paper_key": "S243_5513010a8ac9", "paper_id": "S243", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Modern starch references. 1: Rice in compound, Oryza sativa; 2: fermented rice compound, showing central depressions; 3: sprouted broomcorn millet, \nPanicum miliaceum, showing central depressions; 4: sprouted foxtail millet, Seteria italica, showing central depressions; 5: Job’s tears, Coix lacryma-jobi; 6: wheatgrass \nAgrophyron cristatum; 7: foxnut, Euryale ferox; 8: yam, Dioscorea polystachya; 9: mashed barley, Hordeum vulgare, showing birefringent periphery with hollowed center; \n10: gelatinized starch, boiled; 11: gelatinized starch mass, boiled barley; 12: fermented broomcorn millet granules in cluster, showing central depressions and \nhollowed centers.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f17edd01e3f108f7321a1b45167676ca3086c37e6b8c86cef61232d67258e314", "image_bytes": 8892832, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3. 现代淀粉参考样本。1：稻谷复合体，水稻Oryza sativa；2：发酵稻谷复合体，显示中央凹陷；3：发芽的黍，Panicum miliaceum，显示中央凹陷；4：发芽的粟，Seteria italica，显示中央凹陷；5：薏苡，Coix lacryma-jobi；6：小麦草，Agrophyron cristatum；7：芡实，Euryale ferox；8：山药，Dioscorea polystachya；9：捣碎的大麦，Hordeum vulgare，显示双折射边缘及中央空心；10：糊化淀粉，煮沸；11：糊化淀粉团块，煮沸的大麦；12：发酵的黍淀粉颗粒簇，显示中央凹陷和中央空心。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Modern starch references. 1: Rice in compound, rice (Oryza sativa); 2: fermented rice compound, showing central depressions; 3: sprouted broomcorn millet, \nPanicum miliaceum, showing central depressions; 4: sprouted foxtail millet, Seteria italica, showing central depressions; 5: Job’s tears, Coix lacryma-jobi; 6: wheatgrass \nAgrophyron cristatum; 7: foxnut, fox nut (Euryale ferox); 8: yam, Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya); 9: mashed barley, Hordeum vulgare, showing birefringent periphery with hollowed center; \n10: gelatinized starch, boiled; 11: gelatinized starch mass, boiled barley; 12: fermented broomcorn millet granules in cluster, showing central depressions and \nhollowed centers.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉参考样本", "title_en": "Modern starch references", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f17edd01e3f108f7321a1b45.png", "image_url": "media/S243_5513010a8ac9_S243-F03.png?v=f17edd01e3f1", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "A total of 761 starch granules was found in the 10 PLG samples (n = 602) and two SQ samples (n = 159), of which 651 (85.5 %) were clas sified into six types, identifiable taxonomically (Fig. 2) when compared with our modern reference samples (Fig. 3). Some starch grains (n = 110; 14.5 %), lacking diagnostic characteristics or being severely damaged, were classified as unidentifiable (UNID). Most starch granules show damage characteristics (n = 735; 96.6 % of the total) and can be divided into three types: damage caused by enzymatic digestion (n = 126; 16.6 % of the total), gelatinization caused by fermentation (n = 556; 73.1 % of the total), and gelatinization due to cooking (n = 53; 7.0 % of the total) (Table S4). The morphological alterations due to enzy matic digestion include random pitting, deep channels, broken edges, and central depression (Fig. 2:2,4, compared with Fig. 3:2–4). Gelati nization caused by brewing process is characterized by moderate swelling with a hollowed center, often showing as a glossy periphery with a dark center (Fig. 2:8,11, compared with Fig. 3:9,12). The starch damage caused by boiling and steaming shows rather evenly expanded surfaces, and starch grains tend to fuse into large masses (Fig. 2: 9,10, compared with Fig. 3:10,11). These alterations are consistent with re ported results from experimental fermentation and cooking (Henry et al., 2009, Wang et al., 2017). We provide a detailed description of each starch type, as follows, along with starch counts, morphological features, and measurements, which are documented in Tables S4 and S5. Ty", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "the Triticeae tribe, such as genera Elymus, Hordeum and Agropyron (Fig. 3:6), widely distributed in north China (Wu et al., 2006). Some of the Type IV starches are apparently gelatinized due to fermentation and cooking (Fig. 2:8,9), consistent with those in our reference samples (Fig. 3:9,11). It is not possible to further determine the taxonomy of the Type IV starch granules. Type V: root of foxnut (Euryale ferox), found on nine PLG samples (n = 219; 28.8 % of the total counts; 64.3 % of the ubiquity). The large grains containing numerous small compound granules, which show illumination in polarized view, but no extinction crosses are visible, likely due to fermentation (Fig. 2:6, compared with Fig. 3:7). This plant grows in lakes and ponds, and is widely distributed in China (Wu and Raven, 2001). Type VI: yam (Dioscorea polystachya), found in one SQ sample (n = 1; 0.1 % of the total counts; 7.1 % of the ubiquity) (Fig. 2:7, compared with Fig. 3:8). This tuber is distributed widely over north China, and has been identified in Paleolithic and early Neolithic sites in the middle Yellow River region (Liu et al., 2018, Liu et al., 2019). Out of the six starch types identified, rice exhibits the highest num ber and ubiquity, followed by foxnut, Panicoideae, Triticeae, Job’s tears, and yam. Foxnut was exclusively found in PLG vessels, while Job’s tears and yam were only present in SQ vessels. The remaining plants were identified at both sites (Table S4). Notably, no starch was detected in the two control samples, providing confidence in ruling out significant post- depositional ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:09.575628+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S243_5513010a8ac9_S243-F04", "paper_key": "S243_5513010a8ac9", "paper_id": "S243", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. PLG and SQ phytolith remains. 1: Double-peaked cell, rice husk; 2: bilobate; 3: cross; 4: rondel; 5: Oryza type bulliform; 6: common bulliform; 7: η-Type \nbroomcorn millet husk; 8: elongate crenate silica skeleton; 9: elongate dendriform; 10: Tracheid; 11: hair cell; 12: elongate sinuate.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d18e6b6fd8b9379114a01225072309ef8262c0b5ede90766359ca300823bec1c", "image_bytes": 4256262, "sites": [ "CN025", "CN136" ], "caption_zh": "图4.裴李岗和水泉植硅体残留。1：双峰型植硅体，稻壳；2：哑铃型；3：十字状；4：帽型；5：水稻扇型；6：常见扇型；7：η型黍稃壳；8：长锯齿状硅骨架；9：分枝状；10：导管；11：尖小型；12：刺棒型。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. PLG and SQ phytolith remains. 1: Double-peaked cell, rice husk; 2: bilobate; 3: cross; 4: rondel; 5: rice (Oryza) type bulliform; 6: common bulliform; 7: η-Type \nbroomcorn millet husk; 8: elongate crenate silica skeleton; 9: elongate dendriform; 10: Tracheid; 11: hair cell; 12: elongate sinuate.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "裴李岗和水泉植硅体残留", "title_en": "PLG and SQ phytolith remains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d18e6b6fd8b9379114a01225.png", "image_url": "media/S243_5513010a8ac9_S243-F04.png?v=d18e6b6fd8b9", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "A total of 337 phytoliths was found in nine vessels, mostly in a globular jar (PLG-GLB1) and the strainer (PLG-STRA) (n = 109, 107, respectively). The morphotypes are mainly associated with Poaceae, including husk cells from Paniceae and Pooideae grasses, bilobate, polylobate, cross, rondel, bulliform, and elongates. Paniceae husk phy toliths were found only in the strainer (n = 11), including η-Type from broomcorn millet (n = 2). Elongate dendriform phytoliths, possibly coming from Triticeae husks, were also recovered from the strainer (n = 4). Double-peaked phytoliths from rice husk were found in PLG-GLB1 and PLG-STRA (n = 6 and 7, respectively). Considerable numbers of elongate phytoliths, mainly from unidentifiable stems and leaves, were also recovered from PLG-GLB1 and PLG-STRA (n = 24 and 25, respec tively). Tracheid and epidermal tissues were found in five vessels (n = 30). As a point of comparison, the stone roller (Control2) exhibited a substantial presence of phytoliths (n = 182) with diverse morphotypes. These included husk cells that could be identified as Paniceae (n = 25), η-Type phytoliths from broomcorn millet (n = 7), and double-peaked phytoliths from rice (n = 7). These findings suggest that the stone rol ler likely had a function related to plant processing (Fig. 4; Table S6). With the exception of PLG-GLB1 and PLG-STRA, most pottery vessels displayed limited or no presence of phytoliths, indicating that they likely contained well-processed food materials. In contrast, PLG-STRA exhibited husk phytoliths from rice, broomcorn millet, and Triticeae, suggesti", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "A total of 761 starch granules was found in the 10 PLG samples (n = 602) and two SQ samples (n = 159), of which 651 (85.5 %) were clas sified into six types, identifiable taxonomically (Fig. 2) when compared with our modern reference samples (Fig. 3). Some starch grains (n = 110; 14.5 %), lacking diagnostic characteristics or being severely damaged, were classified as unidentifiable (UNID). Most starch granules show damage characteristics (n = 735; 96.6 % of the total) and can be divided into three types: damage caused by enzymatic digestion (n = 126; 16.6 % of the total), gelatinization caused by fermentation (n = 556; 73.1 % of the total), and gelatinization due to cooking (n = 53; 7.0 % of the total) (Table S4). The morphological alterations due to enzy matic digestion include random pitting, deep channels, broken edges, and central depression (Fig. 2:2,4, compared with Fig. 3:2–4). Gelati nization caused by brewing process is characterized by moderate swelling with a hollowed center, often showing as a glossy periphery with a dark center (Fig. 2:8,11, compared with Fig. 3:9,12). The starch damage caused by boiling and steaming shows rather evenly expanded surfaces, and starch grains tend to fuse into large masses (Fig. 2: 9,10, compared with Fig. 3:10,11). These alterations are consistent with re ported results from experimental fermentation and cooking (Henry et al., 2009, Wang et al., 2017). We provide a detailed description of each starch type, as follows, along with starch counts, morphological features, and measurements, which are documented in Tables S4 and S5. Ty", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "the Triticeae tribe, such as genera Elymus, Hordeum and Agropyron (Fig. 3:6), widely distributed in north China (Wu et al., 2006). Some of the Type IV starches are apparently gelatinized due to fermentation and cooking (Fig. 2:8,9), consistent with those in our reference samples (Fig. 3:9,11). It is not possible to further determine the taxonomy of the Type IV starch granules. Type V: root of foxnut (Euryale ferox), found on nine PLG samples (n = 219; 28.8 % of the total counts; 64.3 % of the ubiquity). The large grains containing numerous small compound granules, which show illumination in polarized view, but no extinction crosses are visible, likely due to fermentation (Fig. 2:6, compared with Fig. 3:7). This plant grows in lakes and ponds, and is widely distributed in China (Wu and Raven, 2001). Type VI: yam (Dioscorea polystachya), found in one SQ sample (n = 1; 0.1 % of the total counts; 7.1 % of the ubiquity) (Fig. 2:7, compared with Fig. 3:8). This tuber is distributed widely over north China, and has been identified in Paleolithic and early Neolithic sites in the middle Yellow River region (Liu et al., 2018, Liu et al., 2019). Out of the six starch types identified, rice exhibits the highest num ber and ubiquity, followed by foxnut, Panicoideae, Triticeae, Job’s tears, and yam. Foxnut was exclusively found in PLG vessels, while Job’s tears and yam were only present in SQ vessels. The remaining plants were identified at both sites (Table S4). Notably, no starch was detected in the two control samples, providing confidence in ruling out significant post- depositional ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:26:17.840200+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN025", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. PLG and SQ phytolith remains. 1: Double-peaked cell, rice husk; 2: bilobate; 3: cross; 4: rondel; 5: Oryza type bulliform; 6: common bulliform; 7: η-Type \nbroomcorn millet husk; 8: elongate crenate silica skeleton; 9: elongate dendriform; 10: Tracheid; 11: hair cell; 12: elongate sinuate.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "peiligang", "quote": "The domestication of rice and the brewing of rice-based alcoholic beverages in pottery vessels were closely\nPeiligang culture intertwined during the early Neolithic period in China. This practice may have originated in the Shangshan\nQu starter culture of the lower Yangzi River valley around 9000 cal.", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5513010a8ac9202fafa6ebe52750383b4b062cea2c664d9c040a7a8796e9002f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN136", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. PLG and SQ phytolith remains. 1: Double-peaked cell, rice husk; 2: bilobate; 3: cross; 4: rondel; 5: Oryza type bulliform; 6: common bulliform; 7: η-Type \nbroomcorn millet husk; 8: elongate crenate silica skeleton; 9: elongate dendriform; 10: Tracheid; 11: hair cell; 12: elongate sinuate.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shuiquan", "quote": "issue, our study focuses on two early Neolithic Peiligang culture sites, namely Peiligang and Shuiquan, dating to\nMortuary ritual 8000–7600 cal. BP in the middle Yellow River region. Through microfossil analysis of ceramic vessels, we have\n discovered multiple lines of evidence indicat", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5513010a8ac9202fafa6ebe52750383b4b062cea2c664d9c040a7a8796e9002f" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S244_178f2b6a4522_S244-F03", "paper_key": "S244_178f2b6a4522", "paper_id": "S244", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Micro-botanical remains discovered from leporid dental residue at Yangjiesha, a,b: starch grains from Triticeae; c,d: starch grains from Setaria italica; e: starch \ngrains from Paniceae, possibly Setaria viridis or wild Setaria grasses; f: starch grains from Paniceae, possibly Panicum milliaceum or Panicum bisulcatum; g: tracheid of \nConifer with bordered pits; h: possibly a fragment of fibers with pits from a hardwood; i: possibly a fragment of a hardwood vessel wall with pits-pairs.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "15cabad1bd45fc405279f83e250082889ccd1438a9062d0de29588b122074274", "image_bytes": 1898981, "sites": [ "CN177" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 从杨界沙遗址兔类牙齿残留物中发现的微植物遗存 a，b: 来自小麦族的淀粉粒；c，d: 来自粟（Setaria italica）的淀粉粒；e: 来自黍族的淀粉粒，可能为狗尾草（Setaria viridis）或野生狗尾草；f: 来自黍族的淀粉粒，可能为黍（Panicum miliaceum）或糠稷（Panicum bisulcatum）；g: 松科植物的导管，具边纹；h: 可能是来自硬木的含坑纤维碎片；i: 可能是来自硬木的管状壁碎片。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Micro-botanical remains discovered from leporid dental residue at Yangjiesha, a,b: starch grains from wheat tribe (Triticeae); c,d: starch grains from foxtail millet (Setaria italica); e: starch \ngrains from panicgrass tribe (Paniceae), possibly green foxtail (Setaria viridis) or wild Setaria grasses; f: starch grains from panicgrass tribe (Paniceae), possibly broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) or Japanese panicgrass (Panicum bisulcatum); g: tracheid of \nConifer with bordered pits; h: possibly a fragment of fibers with pits from a hardwood; i: possibly a fragment of a hardwood vessel wall with pits-pairs.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "杨界沙兔类牙齿残留物中的微植物遗存", "title_en": "Micro-botanical remains from leporid dental residue at Yangjiesha", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/15cabad1bd45fc405279f83e.png", "image_url": "media/S244_178f2b6a4522_S244-F03.png?v=15cabad1bd45", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 2, "quote": "In total, 87 individual starch grains were discovered in hare dental residue (Fig. 3, a-f; Table 1). 32 starch grains proved unmeasurable or unidentifiable due to deformation and damage. Two typologies (I and II) for starch grains were positively identified and assigned to two human- related plant groups: Triticeae and Paniceae (millets and their wild relatives, e.g. Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum, and Setaria viridis). The morphological attributes of these seedy starch grains have been amply described in the literature (Yang et al., 2005; Ge et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2012a; Yang et al., 2012b; Yang and Perry, 2013). In addition to starch grains, nine plant fragments were found in hare dental calculus, some of which derived from the hardwood cells (Wheeler et al., 1989), but we were unable to identify these to the genus/family level (Fig. 3, g-i). Type I. starch grains (n = 11, 3.44–30.57 μm) are round in 2D profile and lenticular in 3D profile, with clear lamellae and straight, distinct extinction crosses (Fig. 3, a). When the starch is flipped by tapping the slide, a long “-” shaped fissure appears. This grain was damaged, with only 2/3 of the body preserved, while fissures on the edges could also be observed (Fig. 3, b). This damage could be the result of plant processing", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 3, "quote": "or mastication by the Tolai hare. This type of grain matches strongly to traits of starch grains from Triticeae plant seeds (Piperno et al., 2004; Yang and Perry, 2013). Triticeae plants include both local wild grasses, such as Agropyron, and domesticated plants, including a range of wheat plants. Because there is no archaeological evidence for domesticated wheat in this area (Sheng et al., 2017), it is believed that the starch grains for Type I are most likely derived from wild grasses. Given that only 11 grains were assigned this category, a more fine-grained identi fication was beyond us at this present time. Type II. starch grains (n = 44, 3.45–21.88 μm) are mostly polyhedral, with a small number of round or oval examples (Fig. 3, c-f). The extinction arm was cross-vertical in polarized light, the lamellar is not visible, and the centered hilum showed depressed and clear linear- shaped fissures. Available references (Yang et al., 2005; Ge et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2010) and our modern specimen database indicate that these morphological attributes represent close similarities to starch grains from the Panicoideae plants, especially the millets and their wild relatives from the Paniceae plants. Statistics on characteristics of starch", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "grains in modern plants suggest that starch grains from wild millets within the genus Setaria are characterized by wrinkled surfaces and rough edges, and the mean size is typically < 11 μm; and the starch grain with a diameter > 14 μm is a certain trait of foxtail millet (Yang et al., 2012a; Yang et al., 2012b). Based on the dichotomous key learned from previous works and the morphology of these 44 type II starches, 17 grains could be identified as foxtail millet starches (Fig. 3, c-d). The remaining starches show some characteristics of Setaria viridis or wild Setaria grasses, such as wrinkled surfaces (Fig. 3, e); and others might derive from Panicum milliaceum or Panicum bisulcatum, as the surface is smooth, without fissures, and < 11 μm in diameter (Fig. 3, f). However, due to our limited comparison database and knowledge, it remains possible that other Paniceae plants would have produced similar starch grains. A more wide-ranging comparison should be conducted in the future.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:09.755231+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN177", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Micro-botanical remains discovered from leporid dental residue at Yangjiesha, a,b: starch grains from Triticeae; c,d: starch grains from Setaria italica; e: starch \ngrains from Paniceae, possibly Setaria viridis or wild Setaria grasses; f: starch grains from Paniceae, possibly Panicum milliaceum or Panicum bisulcatum; g: tracheid of \nConifer with bordered pits; h: possibly a fragment of fibers with pits from a hardwood; i: possibly a fragment of a hardwood vessel wall with pits-pairs.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "yangjiesha", "quote": "-botanical remains preserved on Tolai hare\nNiche construction (Lepus tolai) teeth recovered from Yangjiesha, a site located on the north of the Loess Plateau in China, dated\nEcological interaction circa. 4900B.P. The microscopic analysis reveal that starch grains from Triticeae, millets and their wild relativesDental residues", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "178f2b6a4522adfe099618cf36360398f0fdb300566e6bb2de524af8a89813f1" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S245_11862feb6cf5_S245-F04", "paper_key": "S245_11862feb6cf5", "paper_id": "S245", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Main phytoliths morphotypes and other microfossils found at the site of Zhuangwangzhuang. A,b:η-type from husks of Panicum miliaceum; c: Bulliform from \nOryza sativa；d、e: DOUBLE-PEAKED from Oryza sativa；f: BILOBATE with scooped ends paralleled arrangement from Oryza sativa；g: Ω-type from husks of Setaria italica； \nh: SCUTIFORM-BULLIFORM from Phragmites (reeds)；i: BULLIFORM from Arundinoideae；j: CUNEIFORM BULLIFORM；k: BLOCKY；l:RECTANGLE；m: BILOBATE；n: SHORT SADDLE；o: \nLONG SADDLE；p: SMOOTH-ELONGATE; q: ELONGATE-ECHINATE；r: ACICULAR；s: WAVY TRAPEZOID；t: silicious vessel；u: RONDEL；v: β-type from husks of Echinochloa crus-galli \n(barnyard grass)；w: POLYHEDRONS with conical projection (Cyperaceae); x: sponge spicule；y: diatom；(the scale bar:20 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S245_c8734a12545c_S245-F04。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f2b758c0b31c546d6d773f3c793dad19c6244b54d6084d0dee89c96839af4f96", "image_bytes": 3420143, "sites": [ "CN092" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 在张王庄遗址发现的主要植硅体形态及其他微化石。A，b: 来自黍（Panicum miliaceum）颖壳的η型；c: 来自水稻（Oryza sativa）的扇型；d、e: 来自水稻（Oryza sativa）的双峰型；f: 来自水稻（Oryza sativa）的并排哑铃型；g: 来自粟（Setaria italica）颖壳的 Ω型；h: 来自芦苇（Phragmites）的盾型；i: 来自芦竹亚科（Arundinoideae）的扇型；j: 扇型；k: 方型；l: 方型；m: 哑铃型；n: 短鞍型；o: 长鞍型；p: 平滑棒型；q: 刺棒型；r: 尖型；s: 齿型；t: 刺棒型；u: 帽型；v: 来自稗（Echinochloa crus-galli）颖壳的 β型；w: 莎草科，具锥形突起（Cyperaceae）；x: 海绵骨针；y: 硅藻；（比例尺：20 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Main phytoliths morphotypes and other microfossils found at the site of Zhuangwangzhuang. A,b:η-type from husks of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); c: Bulliform from \nrice (Oryza sativa);d、e: DOUBLE-PEAKED from rice (Oryza sativa);f: BILOBATE with scooped ends paralleled arrangement from rice (Oryza sativa);g: Ω-type from husks of foxtail millet (Setaria italica); \nh: SCUTIFORM-BULLIFORM from reeds (Phragmites) (reeds);i: BULLIFORM from Arundinoideae;j: CUNEIFORM BULLIFORM;k: BLOCKY;l:RECTANGLE;m: BILOBATE;n: SHORT SADDLE;o: \nLONG SADDLE;p: SMOOTH-ELONGATE; q: ELONGATE-ECHINATE;r: ACICULAR;s: WAVY TRAPEZOID;t: silicious vessel;u: RONDEL;v: β-type from husks of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) \n(barnyard grass);w: POLYHEDRONS with conical projection (sedge family, Cyperaceae); x: sponge spicule;y: diatom;(the scale bar:20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "张王庄遗址主要植硅体形态及微化石", "title_en": "Main phytolith morphotypes and microfossils from Zhuangwangzhuang site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f2b758c0b31c546d6d773f3c.png", "image_url": "media/S245_11862feb6cf5_S245-F04.png?v=f2b758c0b31c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:26:23.507573+00:00", "revision": 5 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN092", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Main phytoliths morphotypes and other microfossils found at the site of Zhuangwangzhuang. A,b:η-type from husks of Panicum miliaceum; c: Bulliform from \nOryza sativa；d、e: DOUBLE-PEAKED from Oryza sativa；f: BILOBATE with scooped ends paralleled arrangement from Oryza sativa；g: Ω-type from husks of Setaria italica； \nh: SCUTIFORM-BULLIFORM from Phragmites (reeds)；i: BULLIFORM from Arundinoideae；j: CUNEIFORM BULLIFORM；k: BLOCKY；l:RECTANGLE；m: BILOBATE；n: SHORT SADDLE；o: \nLONG SADDLE；p: SMOOTH-ELONGATE; q: ELONGATE-ECHINATE；r: ACICULAR；s: WAVY TRAPEZOID；t: silicious vessel；u: RONDEL；v: β-type from husks of Echinochloa crus-galli \n(barnyard grass)；w: POLYHEDRONS with conical projection (Cyperaceae); x: sponge spicule；y: diatom；(the scale bar:20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "zhangwangzhuang", "quote": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nPhytolith evidence for crop structure at the Zhangwangzhuang site during\nthe early and middle Yangshao cultural periods on the southwestern\nHuanghuai Plain, China\nBinggui Sun a,b, Xingtao Wei c, Yuzhang Yang a,b,*, Weiya Li a,b,d,e,*, Yingxue Gong a,b,\nJindou Li c, Wanli Lan c, Xin Zhou f, Juzhong Zhang a\na Department", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "11862feb6cf5679cadeb468cac90ebdaa4427378c46f3008c7dd59711fb1b7da" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S246_89c15b038025_S246-F03", "paper_key": "S246_89c15b038025", "paper_id": "S246", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch grains uncovered from human dental calculus of Podi cemetery (Scale bar: 20 μm) a-f:Type 1, Setaria italic and Panicum miliaceum；g-l:Type 2, \nTriticeae；m-r:Type 3, Coix sp；s-t:Type 4, tubers；u-v:Type 5, Quercus sp；w-x:Type 6, Fabaceae.\nbarley were the only two C3 crops from the two genera.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ab54291bf7bde7ad73e93ce5e39defc8a79d032be2c5a5b03147f27264e218fc", "image_bytes": 3417640, "sites": [ "CN171" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 来自坡底墓地人类牙结石中发掘出的淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）a-f：类型1，狗尾草属 Setaria 与 黍 Panicum miliaceum；g-l：类型2，小麦族 Triticeae；m-r：类型3，薏苡属 Coix sp；s-t：类型4，块根块茎；u-v：类型5，栎属 Quercus sp；w-x：类型6，豆科 Fabaceae。大麦是两个属中唯一的两种C3作物。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch grains uncovered from human dental calculus of Podi cemetery (Scale bar: 20 μm) a-f:Type 1, foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum);g-l:Type 2, \nwheat tribe (Triticeae);m-r:Type 3, Job’s tears (Coix) sp;s-t:Type 4, tubers;u-v:Type 5, oaks (Quercus) sp;w-x:Type 6, legume family (Fabaceae).\nbarley were the only two C3 crops from the two genera.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "坡底墓地牙结石中淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from dental calculus of Podi cemetery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ab54291bf7bde7ad73e93ce5.png", "image_url": "media/S246_89c15b038025_S246-F03.png?v=ab54291bf7bd", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "185 starch grains were uncovered from 56 human dental calculus (Table S2, S3). A total of 137 starch grains had been identified and were mainly classified into six types based on the reliable diagnostic attri butes mentioned above (Table 2). Type 1 starch grains (n = 46) are polygonal or nearly round. In addition, they have centric hilum, no lamellae with clear and straight extinction cross under polarized microscope (Fig. 3, a-f). Moreover, some starch grains had fissures with Y-shaped or transverse linear at the hilum. The size of type 1 starch grains ranges from 4.37 μm to 15.28 μm with an average of 9.99 μm. Based on previously studies, polygonal grains were often from the grass family Poaceae (Yang, Wan, et al., 2012; Yang, Zhang, et al., 2012; Tao, 2012). The size of starch grains from rice are smaller than type 1 grains while the common millet (5.96 to 10.99 μm) is similar with type 1. Furthermore, most of starch grains from common millet have no fissure (Figure S1). The size of starch grains from foxtail millet is 6.23–19.35 μm, and some of them have visible fissures (Figure S1). Starch grains from sorghum are bigger with distinct lamellae while Job’s-tear always have a Z-shaped arm on the extinction cross, partic ularly on larger grains (Yang, Wan, et al., 2012; Yang, Zhang, et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2014). Nine grains with larger sized (greater than12 μm", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "diameter) and visible fissures indicates great similarity to foxtail millet, and the other smaller grains were identified as common millet (P. miliaceum) or foxtail millet (S. italica). Type 2 starch grains (n = 75) are lenticular/discoidal or spherical in shape and have centric hilum (Fig. 3, g–l). Some grains with large size have visible lamellae. 32 of 75 grains have intact morphology while other grains are varying degrees of damage. The size of those 32 grains have wide range from 3.1 μm to 18.82 μm with a mean value of 8.85 μm. Cereal starches from family of the tribe Triticeae show characteristic of bimodal size distribution of large and small granules (Hardy et al., 2012; Lindeboom, Chang and Tyler, 2004). Triticeae are discernible from those of other tribes by their distinctive lenticular or discoid morphol ogies. They also have an olivary side view and pressure craters on the surfaces of grains that appear as small depressions (Yang and Perry, 2013). Therefore, type 2 starch grains show best matches to the tribe Triticeae. The tribe Triticeae in China includes Triticum, Hordeum, Agropyron, Aegilops, Elymus and Leymus. Considering starch grains from Elymus, Leymus and Aegilops without lamellae, visible lamellae appear on some starch grains extracted from Podi human dental calculus (Fig. 3, k-l). We infer that these starch grains were not from the above three genera. Moreover, starch grains extracted from dental calculus of Podi humans were different from the starch grains of Agropyron with diagnostic four to six well-defined concentric and equidistant lamellae. We i", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "barley were the only two C3 crops from the two genera. However, barley was always rare. According to Guo and Jin (2019), wheat was more common found in archaeological sites during the Bronze Age in North ern China. Therefore, we argue that type 2 starch grains probably derived from common wheat (Triticum aestivum). Type 3 starch grains (n = 12) are polygonal and have no lamellae with clear and curving extinction cross. Few starch grains had fissure with transverse linear at the hilum (Fig. 3, m-r). The size of type 3 grains ranges from 8.06 μm to 13.69 μm with a mean value of 10.09 μm. The size of type 3 grains overlapped with those of foxtail millet (Setaria italica), common millet (Panicum miliaceum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Job’s-tear (Coix lacryma-jobi). However, foxtail millet (Setaria ital ica) and common millet (Panicum miliaceum) have straight extinction cross while Job’s-tear (Coix lacryma-jobi) have curving extinction cross (Liu et al., 2014). We inferred type 3 grains likely derived from Job’s- tear (Coix lacryma-jobi) plant. Type 4 starch grains (n = 2) are oval with eccentric hilum and their diameter are 13.23 μm and 14.34 μm respectively (Fig. 3, s-t). Most starch grains from root and tuber plants have eccentric hila and visible lamellae of large sizes (Wang et al., 2011; Ge et al., 2010; Ge, 2010). We inferred type 4 grains likely derived from root and tuber plants. Type 5 starch grain (n = 1) is triangle with round corners with a diameter of 8.57 μm (Fig. 3, u-v). There are slight fissures at the eccentric hilum. The diagnostic features of type 5 grain", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:17:09.886898+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN171", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch grains uncovered from human dental calculus of Podi cemetery (Scale bar: 20 μm) a-f:Type 1, Setaria italic and Panicum miliaceum；g-l:Type 2, \nTriticeae；m-r:Type 3, Coix sp；s-t:Type 4, tubers；u-v:Type 5, Quercus sp；w-x:Type 6, Fabaceae.\nbarley were the only two C3 crops from the two genera.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "podi", "quote": "an bone collagen, as well as starch grain analysis ofStarch grain human dental calculus, from Podi cemetery, Shannxi Province, China. We argue that Podi humans likely reliedDental calculus\nDiverse economy on a mixed subsistence strategy based on animal husbandry practices and diverse crop agricultural pattern which", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "89c15b038025495fd0bee613380fafce6214e6e7e89898e9c70964e6bd0b1cf8" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S247_b7363432354d_S247-F04", "paper_key": "S247_b7363432354d", "paper_id": "S247", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Usage traces, ancient starch grains and phytoliths on the perforated shells from the Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan sites. Usage traces: a: perforation; b: \ncircular trace; c, d: oblique trace; e, f: transverse trace; g, h:oblique trace. Starch grains: i-l: Type A starch grains; m-t: Type B starch grains; u-z: Type C starch grains; \nA-F: Type D starch grains; G, H: Type E starch grains. Phytoliths: I: smooth elongate; J: acicular hair cell; K: bilobate; L: long-saddle; M: square. Scale bars: a, c, e, g, 5 \ncm; b, d, f, h 1 cm; i-M, 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d2a1b610ac258227e5b8a8fd81d3e4ff3aa7c2c97aa6b52d23843307df5e3cfc", "image_bytes": 9598376, "sites": [ "CN018", "CN019" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 仙人洞和吊桶环遗址 perforated shells 上的使用痕迹、淀粉粒和植硅体。使用痕迹：a：穿孔；b：圆形痕迹；c， d：斜向痕迹；e， f：横向痕迹；g， h：斜向痕迹。淀粉粒：i-l：类型A淀粉粒；m-t：类型B淀粉粒；u-z：类型C淀粉粒；A-F：类型D淀粉粒；G， H：类型E淀粉粒。植硅体：I：光滑长形；J：针状毛细胞；K：双叶形；L：长鞍形；M：方形。比例尺：a， c， e， g， 5 cm；b， d， f， h 1 cm；i-M， 20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Usage traces, ancient starch grains and phytoliths on the perforated shells from the Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan sites. Usage traces: a: perforation; b: \ncircular trace; c, d: oblique trace; e, f: transverse trace; g, h:oblique trace. Starch grains: i-l: Type A starch grains; m-t: Type B starch grains; u-z: Type C starch grains; \nA-F: Type D starch grains; G, H: Type E starch grains. Phytoliths: I: smooth elongate; J: acicular hair cell; K: bilobate; L: long-saddle; M: square. Scale bars: a, c, e, g, 5 \ncm; b, d, f, h 1 cm; i-M, 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "仙人洞和吊桶环遗址穿孔贝壳上的使用痕迹、淀粉粒和植硅体", "title_en": "Usage traces, starch grains and phytoliths on perforated shells from Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan sites", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d2a1b610ac258227e5b8a8fd.png", "image_url": "media/S247_b7363432354d_S247-F04.png?v=d2a1b610ac25", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": ">83 starch grains were recovered from 24 subsamples of the twelve perforated shells, and they can be divided into 5 categories (Supple mentary Table). Type A - the Fagaceae: The common features of type A grains (n = 4) were their various ovate shapes. Some type A grains were aggregated together in a cluster. When the grains were rotated, they still retained their ovate shapes. The properties of type A starches were consistent with the morphological characteristics of Fagaceae, therefore, we identified the type A grains as a type of Fagaceae. Based on the differ ences in the size of their diameters, surface morphologies, and fissure types, the type A grains could be divided into two subtypes: type A1 grains (Fig. 4i, j) with lengths 15.4 μm and 18.7 μm, which are consistent with the features of the grains of Cyclobalanopsis aggregated together; type A2 grains (Fig. 4k, l) with a smooth surface, regular oval shape, and smaller particle sizes (diameter lengths of 11.0 μm and 14.7 μm), which are consistent with the features of the disarticulated grains of Cyclobalanopsis. Type B - the Poaceae: Thirty-nine starch grains were polyhedral in shape with a centric hilum and lacked the presence of lamellae; most grains also had deeply crossed or winged fissures. Their size range and mean diameter were 7.3–25.9 μm and 15.8 ± 2.4 μm, respectively. Modern reference collections show that starch grains from the pith of Sorghum, Zea, Setaria, Panicum, and Coix are similar to the type B starch grains, as characterized by their pressure facets. In general, it is un derstood that the genera So", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "starch grains into three groups: type B1 starch grains, those of wild millets from genera of Setaria and Panicum, which are small particles (n = 19; range, 7.3–9.7 μm; mean size, 8.7 ± 1.8 μm) with wrinkled sur faces and rough edges (Fig. 4m, n); type B2 starch grains, those from Coix, which are polyhedral in shape with a smooth surface, a zig-zag arm on the extinction cross, and an eccentric hilum (n = 13, 20–25.9 μm, 24.5 ± 3.1 μm; Fig. 4o, p); the remaining 7 starch grains (type B3 starch grains, n = 7, 8.5 ~ 19.9 μm, 18.9 ± 2.7 μm; Fig. 4q, r), which may contain grains from ordinary seeds, stems of millets, and Coix plants (Fig. 4s, t). In summary, the type B starch grains are derived from grasses in the Panicoideae, probably genera from Setaria, Panicum and Coix plants, including some starches from stems of the three genera. Type C - geophytes: nineteen starches were characterized by a larger granule size, an eccentric hilum, irregular triangular or oval shape, and bent extinction crosses (range, 9.0–26.5 μm; mean size, 16.2 ± 4.8 μm). These starches show strong similarities in morphology and size with those of the roots and tubers in our modern samples (Wang et al., 2018). Based on the morphological characteristics of type C starch grains, they were categorized as polyhedral type C1 starch grains (Fig. 4u, v) with a slightly eccentric hilum, vertical or slightly bent extinction crosses, lamellae, and fissuring, which occasionally appears on the large grains (n = 11; range, 9.0–22.5 μm; mean size, 15.7 ± 5.2 μm), oval type C2 starch grains (Fig. 4w, x) with an irregula", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Based on the thin and long lateral and oblique striations left on the surfaces of the twelve perforated shells from the Xianrendong and Dia otonghuan sites (Fig. 4c-h), it appears that the main direction of motion during use was parallel to the edge or in a direction that presents a consistent angle with the edge. It is of note that all of the shells analyzed had scars caused by stress cracking during use (Fig. 1B1-12). These usage traces are consistent with the wear patterns from cutting, mowing, scraping, slicing, planting, and digging observed in previous simulation experiments (Liu et al., 2017; Barton and White, 1993; Shen and Chen, 2001). On the basis of this it appears that the perforated shells analyzed in this study were likely used for cutting, digging, and scraping. Further, we observed that each shell was perforated with holes in varied sizes (Fig. 4a, b). Using methods of typology and ethno-archaeology, scholars have hypothesized that the drilled holes on the shell may have been used to tie the tool with strings of different thicknesses or embed it in wood implements of different sizes, which would be convenient to grasp and use (Wang, 1987). If the shells were used to harvest crops as tools, the edges would be in contact with the stems and leaves of the crops. First, starches and phy toliths from stems and leaves could be left on the surface of tools; sec ond, the numbers of starch grains and phytoliths should be greater than what was collected from the unused tools in a previous study (Liu et al., 2017; Yang and Perry, 2013). In this study, six phytoliths and", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "and they were all from stems and leaves of the Poaceae. One smooth elongate (Fig. 4I) and one acicular hair cell (Fig. 4J) were recovered from residues on the shell 99WX-1746 E10N12 Z:2A3from the Xian rendong site. Four phytoliths were recovered from three perforated shells in the Diaotonghuan site, including one bilobate of the Pan icoideae from shell 93WW-2265 W3S1 Z:L (Fig. 4K), one long-saddle of the Bambusoideae from 95WW-3452 W3N0 Z:H (Fig. 4L), and two squares from 95WW-3353 W2S3 Z:G and 95WW-3452 W3N0 Z:H (Fig. 4M). No starches or phytoliths were extracted from the dust samples taken from the storeroom in which the twelve shells were stored. This in dicates that the phytoliths detected on the shells were likely archaeo logical and probably not modern museum contaminants.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T10:16:30.022716+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S247_b7363432354d", "page": 5, "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "26ed790b1ede8858791a2f61f35ec92529746c9d0f3b555cdf8ffa86d5af7a34" }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN018", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Usage traces, ancient starch grains and phytoliths on the perforated shells from the Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan sites. Usage traces: a: perforation; b: \ncircular trace; c, d: oblique trace; e, f: transverse trace; g, h:oblique trace. Starch grains: i-l: Type A starch grains; m-t: Type B starch grains; u-z: Type C starch grains; \nA-F: Type D starch grains; G, H: Type E starch grains. Phytoliths: I: smooth elongate; J: acicular hair cell; K: bilobate; L: long-saddle; M: square. Scale bars: a, c, e, g, 5 \ncm; b, d, f, h 1 cm; i-M, 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xianrendong", "quote": "sevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nUse-wear traces and plant micro-remain analysis reveal the function of\nperforated shell tools from the Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan sites in the\nmiddle reaches of the Yangtze River, China\nZhikun Ma a,b, Chi Zhang b, Shu Liu a, Perry Linda c,d, Xiujia Huan e, Yongchao Ma f,g,h,*,\nZhiwei Wan i, Guangming Zhou j, Xiaoyan Yang k,l,m,*\na China-Central Asia “the Belt and Road”", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "26ed790b1ede8858791a2f61f35ec92529746c9d0f3b555cdf8ffa86d5af7a34" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN019", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Usage traces, ancient starch grains and phytoliths on the perforated shells from the Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan sites. Usage traces: a: perforation; b: \ncircular trace; c, d: oblique trace; e, f: transverse trace; g, h:oblique trace. Starch grains: i-l: Type A starch grains; m-t: Type B starch grains; u-z: Type C starch grains; \nA-F: Type D starch grains; G, H: Type E starch grains. Phytoliths: I: smooth elongate; J: acicular hair cell; K: bilobate; L: long-saddle; M: square. Scale bars: a, c, e, g, 5 \ncm; b, d, f, h 1 cm; i-M, 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "diaotonghuan", "quote": "e/jasrep\n\n\nUse-wear traces and plant micro-remain analysis reveal the function of\nperforated shell tools from the Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan sites in the\nmiddle reaches of the Yangtze River, China\nZhikun Ma a,b, Chi Zhang b, Shu Liu a, Perry Linda c,d, Xiujia Huan e, Yongchao Ma f,g,h,*,\nZhiwei Wan i, Guangming Zhou j, Xiaoyan Yang k,l,m,*\na China-Central Asia “the Belt and Road” Joint Laboratory", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "26ed790b1ede8858791a2f61f35ec92529746c9d0f3b555cdf8ffa86d5af7a34" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S248_3ad1dab42a2a_S248-F02", "paper_key": "S248_3ad1dab42a2a", "paper_id": "S248", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Figure 2.  Xiaohuangshan starch types compared with modern references (each image showing DIC/brightfield and polarized views). \nXiaohuangshan starch 1, 2: Type I, rice, fermented; 3: Type II, Job’s tears; 4: Type III, acorn; 5: Type IV, lily bulb; 6: gelatinized starch. Modern \nstarch 7,8: fermented rice grains in red rice beer; 9: Job’s tears; 10: acorn Lithocarpus glaber; 11: lily bulb (Lilium lancifolium); 12: gelatinized \nstarch (Scales 1–8: 10 µm; 9–12: 20 µm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4ed9578e677ae2d13ce17b456bf17c5f0131ca17004803952338d368ee1bb5a7", "image_bytes": 3921842, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2. 小黄山遗址淀粉粒类型与现代参考样本对比（每幅图像显示明场/相衬和偏振视图）。小黄山淀粉1， 2：类型I，水稻，发酵；3：类型II，薏苡；4：类型III，橡子；5：类型IV，百合；6：糊化淀粉。现代淀粉7，8：红米酒中的发酵稻粒；9：薏苡；10：柯属（Lithocarpus glaber）的橡子；11：百合（Lilium lancifolium）；12：糊化淀粉（尺度1–8:10 μm；9–12:20 μm）。", "caption_en": "Figure 2.  Xiaohuangshan starch types compared with modern references (each image showing DIC/brightfield and polarized views). \nXiaohuangshan starch 1, 2: Type I, rice, fermented; 3: Type II, Job’s tears; 4: Type III, acorn; 5: Type IV, lily bulb; 6: gelatinized starch. Modern \nstarch 7,8: fermented rice grains in red rice beer; 9: Job’s tears; 10: acorn stone oak (Lithocarpus glaber); 11: lily bulb (tiger lily, Lilium lancifolium); 12: gelatinized \nstarch (Scales 1–8: 10 μm; 9–12: 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "小黄山淀粉类型与现代样本对比", "title_en": "Starch Types from Xiaohuangshan Compared with Modern References", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4ed9578e677ae2d13ce17b45.png", "image_url": "media/S248_3ad1dab42a2a_S248-F02.png?v=4ed9578e677a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "A total of 104 starch granules were recorded, of which 98 (94.2% of the total) can be identified as four types corresponding to certain taxonomy. The great majority of the granules (n = 97; 93.3% of the total) show various forms of damage. By comparing with our ref- erence data, these damaged starch granules can be classified into three categories: (1) enzymatic digestion, (2) fermentation and cooking, and (3) gelatinization through high heat cooking (steam- ing or boiling). In addition, some starch granules (n = 6; 5.8% in total) are too damaged to be identified or, by lacking any diagnos- tic features, are classified as unidentifiable (UNID) (Table 1). Type I, rice (Oryza sp.): appearing in a compound form con- sisting of multiple small granules, found in JAR and PLATE. Most individual granules are blurry, but when visible, they are polygonal in shape. Some of the granules are birefringent, but no extinction cross is visible. These forms match rice starch in fer- mented conditions based on our modern reference data (Figure 2: 1, 2 compared with 7, 8). A total of 24 rice compounds were recorded, and 91 granules (2.63–6.14 μm) were measured. We count the percentage of Type I starch based on visible individual granules, which give the most numerous counts in the assemblage (87.5% of the total). Type II, Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi; n = 4; 3.8% of the total): appeared in JAR and PLATE. The shape is polygonal or near-circular, hilum is centric or slightly eccentric, fissures are often present, and the size range is 11.37–16.09 μm. These gran- ules most resemble Job’s tears ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch granules of rice, Job’s tears, Fagaceae acorn, and lily bulb have been previously found on grinding stones and pottery vessels at several Shangshan culture sites, including Xiaohuang- shan (Liu et al., 2010; Wang and Jiang, 2022; Yao et al., 2016). These plants, mostly perhaps wild, may have been used as staples. Several observations in the starch assemblage are also noted: (1) Most starch granules in JAR and PLATE are damaged by fermen- tation or cooking, suggesting the two vessels once contained fer- mented beverages and cooked foodstuffs, respectively; (2) JAR, a vessel type for liquid storage, revealed the highest number of starch granules and most diverse starch types among three vessels, indicating that fermented beverages were made of rice, Job’s tears, lily, and acorns; and (3) BASIN yielded only one unidentifiable starch granule without sign of fermentation/cooking damage, thus, this vessel probably had functions other than food fermentation. Only one starch granule, resembling Type II starch (Job’s tears) was recovered from the perforated stone.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:32.578258+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S249_7b4d6e602263_S249-F06", "paper_key": "S249_7b4d6e602263", "paper_id": "S249", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Figure 6. Type Ia starch grains from archaeological samples (A – A’ ) and modern reference samples (B – C’ ). A) Type Ia starch grains from a Liyupo stone pounder; A’ ) compound starch grains of Type Ia; B) wild taro starch grains (Colocasia esculenta var. aquatilis); C) domesticated taro starch grains ( Colocasia esculenta ); C ’ ) compound starch grains of domesticated taro. Scale bar 20 μm( figure by Weiwei Wang).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d821eebe2df6495fd03b6dd03dd8b74cc1a35505578ce11b9de1db1cf885a7a5", "image_bytes": 1775139, "sites": [ "CN107" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 考古样品（A–A′）和现代参照（B–C′）中的Ia型淀粉粒。A，鲤鱼坡遗址石杵上的Ia型淀粉粒；A′，Ia型复粒淀粉；B，野生芋（Colocasia esculenta var. aquatilis）淀粉粒；C，栽培芋（Colocasia esculenta）淀粉粒；C′，栽培芋复粒淀粉。比例尺：20 μm。绘图：王维维。", "caption_en": "Figure 6. Type Ia starch grains from archaeological samples (A – A′ ) and modern reference samples (B – C′ ). A) Type Ia starch grains from a Liyupo stone pounder; A′ ) compound starch grains of Type Ia; B) wild taro starch grains (taro, Colocasia esculenta var. aquatilis); C) domesticated taro starch grains ( taro, Colocasia esculenta ); C ’ ) compound starch grains of domesticated taro. Scale bar 20 μm( figure by Weiwei Wang).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "鲤鱼坡考古淀粉粒与现代芋淀粉粒", "title_zh": "鲤鱼坡考古芋类淀粉粒与现代参照", "title_en": "Archaeological taro starch and modern references at Liyupo", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d821eebe2df6495fd03b6dd0.png", "image_url": "media/S249_7b4d6e602263_S249-F06.png?v=d821eebe2df6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "Starch grains from aroids and yams accounted for around 34 per cent of the total findings (Type I & II, n > 170) (Figure 8). Numerous small grains (Type Ia) on a stone pounder from Liyupo resemble both wild and domesticate taro starch grains (Figure 6A–C). Furthermore, eight clusters (compound grains) comparable with taro were also identified from all examined samples (Figure 6A’–C’). Eighty-five starch grains exhibit a large size and a multifaceted morphology (Type Ib, Figure 7A–A’) consistent with other aroid plants outside the Colocasia genus, including kon- jac (Amorphophallus konjac) (Figure 7J–J’). Raphides—needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals —are commonly produced in aroid plants, but none were observed in our samples. This lack of observation can be attributed to the complexities of preservation at archaeological sites, varied raphide content in aroid species and probable raphide destruction during food process- ing. Fifteen per cent of the grains are from Dioscorea (Type II, n = 77, Figure 8), including 65 small polygonal granules (Type IIa) that compare well with lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta) (Figure 7B–J’, K–K’). Twelve starch grains of Type IIb have triangular ovoid shapes and lar- ger sizes that relate them to the greater, or purple, yam (Dioscorea alata) (Figure 7C–C’, L–L’). Thirty-seven per cent of the starch grains exhibit the typical features of panicoid grasses (Type III, n = 187, Figure 8). Forty-eight (Type IIIa) probably come from wild grasses such as green foxtail (Setaria viridis) (Figure 7D-D’, M–M’; Table S2). The other 139 specimens (Type II", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "Fourteen per cent of the starch grains (Type IV, n = 52) can be identified as from Casta- nopsis (Figure 7G–G’, P–P’) and Quercus tree nuts (Figure 7H–H’, Q–Q’) from the family Fagaceae. One per cent are from piths of the Arenga palm (Arenga sp.) (Type V, n = 6, Figure 7I–I’, R–R’).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 13, "quote": "Our results show that early populations in southern China exploited panicoid grasses, as also observed at Niulandong (c. 12 000 BP), Zengpiyan (c. 12 500–7600 BP) and Baozitou (c. 8000–7000 BP). Starch grains from grasses account for a large proportion of the micro- remains so far identified at these sites (Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences et al. 2003; Wan 2012; Li 2016). We recovered 139 starch grains (Type IIIb) that resemble those from the Job’s tears plant (Figure 7E–E’, F–F’, N–N’, O–O’). Despite widespread documentation of starch grains from this plant at archaeological sites in both southern and northern China (Yang 2017; Liu et al. 2019), their starch identification is controversial due to the scarcity of associated macro-remains of the plant. The lack of macro-remains of Job’s tears at Huiyaotian (Deng et al. 2019) means that we cannot confidently claim that the 139 micro-remains of starch grains reported here are from it. This plant is, however, a widespread and potentially early crop in Mainland Southeast Asia that grows easily in ditches and watercourses (Fuller & Cas- tillo 2021). Overall, the role of Job’s tears in ancient economies needs further investigation. Acorns (Castanopsis sp. and Quercus sp.) and palms (Arenga sp.) were important supple- mentary food resources for Dingsishan groups. Both Castanopsis and Quercus seeds contain large amounts of starch. As elements of the native forest flora, they were widely distributed in the Pearl River Delta and adjacent areas during the Early to Middle Holocene (Cao et al. 2007; Hao et al.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:32.764270+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN107", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Figure 6. Type Ia starch grains from archaeological samples (A – A’ ) and modern reference samples (B – C’ ). A) Type Ia starch grains from a Liyupo stone pounder; A’ ) compound starch grains of Type Ia; B) wild taro starch grains (Colocasia esculenta var. aquatilis); C) domesticated taro starch grains ( Colocasia esculenta ); C ’ ) compound starch grains of domesticated taro. Scale bar 20 μm( figure by Weiwei Wang).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Liyupo", "quote": "and on food-processing tools from\n the Dingsishan sites of Huiyaotian and Liyupo\n (c. 9030–6741 BP). They conclude that the harvesting\n and processing of these dietary staples supported an", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7b4d6e60226308384d7b487760c57af83bfb424cef55d260998e4b2d0543c49e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S249_7b4d6e602263_S249-F07", "paper_key": "S249_7b4d6e602263", "paper_id": "S249", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Figure 7. Ancient starches of Types Ib–V (A–I’) and comparable modern reference samples (J–R’) under polarised and brightfield light. A/A’) Type Ib; B/B’) - Type IIa; C/C’) Type IIb; D/D’) Type IIIa; E/E’ & F/F) Type IIIb; G/G’) Type IVa; H/H’) Type IVb; I/I’) Type V; J/J’) Amorphophallus konjac; K/K’) Dioscorea esculenta; L/L’) Dioscorea alata; M/M’) Setaria viridis; N/N’ & O/O’) Coix lacryma-jobi; P/P’) Castanopsis fargesii; Q/Q’) Quercus franchetii; R/R’) Arenga pinnata. Scale bar 20μm (figure by Weiwei Wang).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。原注“F/F”漏印后一个撇号，中文据实际子图标记补为F、F′。\n根据PDF7、8、10、13页恢复分图字母、撇号和Ib–V类型；补中英常用名。原图注F/F漏印撇号，按图内F′恢复。薏苡推测保留讨论中的限定。", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2425642cbc6bf9baa3bc624c76f84df5e373f39086c491f21578e8461c8d3820", "image_bytes": 4472896, "sites": [ "CN106", "CN107" ], "caption_zh": "图7 明场与偏光下的古代Ib–V型淀粉粒（A–I′）及现代参照（J–R′）。A、A′：Ib型与魔芋等芋属以外的天南星科植物相似；B、B′：IIa型，与甘薯（Dioscorea esculenta，薯蓣科）的现代参照相似；C、C′：IIb型，与参薯（Dioscorea alata）的现代参照相近；D、D′：IIIa型，可能来自狗尾草等野生黍亚科禾草；E、E′及F、F′：IIIb型，形态似薏苡；G、G′：IVa型，锥属坚果类；；H、H′：IVb型，栎属坚果类；I、I′：V型，桄榔属植物茎髓淀粉粒。现代参照：J、J′，魔芋（Amorphophallus konjac）；K、K′，甘薯（Dioscorea esculenta，又称甜薯，薯蓣科）；L、L′，参薯（Dioscorea alata）；M、M′，狗尾草（Setaria viridis）；N、N′及O、O′，薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；P、P′，栲（Castanopsis fargesii）；Q、Q′，锥连栎（Quercus franchetii）；R、R′，桄榔（Arenga pinnata，亦称砂糖椰子）。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Figure 7. Ancient starch Types Ib–V (A–I′) and comparable modern references (J–R′), under brightfield and polarized light. A/A′: Type Ib; B/B′: Type IIa; C/C′: Type IIb; D/D′: Type IIIa; E/E′ and F/F′: Type IIIb; G/G′: Type IVa; H/H′: Type IVb; I/I′: Type V. Modern references: J/J′, konjac (Amorphophallus konjac); K/K′, lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta); L/L′, greater yam (Dioscorea alata); M/M′, green foxtail (Setaria viridis); N/N′ and O/O′, Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); P/P′, chinquapin (Castanopsis fargesii); Q/Q′, oak (Quercus franchetii); R/R′, sugar palm (Arenga pinnata). Scale bar: 20 μm. Figure by Weiwei Wang.\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\nA, A′: Similar to non-taro (Colocasia) aroids, including konjac; not a definitive konjac diagnosis. (PDF p. 7).\nB, B′: Comparable with lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta). (PDF p. 7).\nC, C′: Comparable with greater yam (Dioscorea alata). (PDF p. 7).\nD, D′: Probably from wild panicoid grasses such as green foxtail. (PDF p. 7).\nE, E′ and F, F′: Resembles Job’s tears, but the Discussion explicitly withholds confident attribution. (PDF p. 7/13).\nG, G′: chinquapins (Castanopsis) tree-nut starch; not identified to the modern reference species. (PDF p. 8).\nH, H′: oaks (Quercus) tree-nut starch, species unresolved. (PDF p. 8).\nI, I′: Arenga palm-pith starch, not resolved to the modern reference species. (PDF p. 8).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "灰窑田、鲤鱼坡考古淀粉粒与现代参照", "title_zh": "灰窑田、鲤鱼坡考古淀粉粒与现代参照", "title_en": "Microscopic observation of ancient starch types Ib–V and modern reference samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2425642cbc6bf9baa3bc624c.png", "image_url": "media/S249_7b4d6e602263_S249-F07.png?v=2425642cbc6b", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "A、A′", "type_code": "Ib", "interpretation_zh": "与魔芋等芋属以外的天南星科植物相似；并非确认为魔芋", "interpretation_en": "Similar to non-taro (Colocasia) aroids, including konjac; not a definitive konjac diagnosis.", "uncertainty": "按作者比较和限定；现代参照种名不直接套用到考古颗粒。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "Starch grains from aroids and yams accounted for around 34 per cent of the total findings\n(Type I & II, n > 170) (Figure 8). Numerous small grains (Type Ia) on a stone pounder from\nLiyupo resemble both wild and domesticate taro starch grains (Figure 6A–C). Furthermore,\neight clusters (compound grains) comparable with taro were also identified from all examined\nsamples (Figure 6A’–C’).\nEighty-five starch grains exhibit a large size and a multifaceted morphology (Type Ib,\nFigure 7A–A’) consistent with other aroid plants outside the Colocasia genus, including kon-\njac (Amorphophallus konjac) (Figure 7J–J’). Raphides—needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals\n—are commonly produced in aroid plants, but none were observed in our samples. This lack\nof observation can be attributed to the complexities of preservation at archaeological sites,\nvaried raphide content in aroid species and probable raphide destruction during food process-\ning. Fifteen per cent of the grains are from Dioscorea (Type II, n = 77, Figure 8), including 65\nsmall polygonal granules (Type IIa) that compare well with lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta)\n(Figure 7B–J’, K–K’). Twelve starch grains of Type IIb have triangular ovoid shapes and lar-\nger sizes that relate them to the greater, or purple, yam (Dioscorea alata) (Figure 7C–C’, L–L’).\nThirty-seven per cent of the starch grains exhibit the typical features of panicoid grasses\n(Type III, n = 187, Figure 8). Forty-eight (Type IIIa) probably come from wild grasses such\nas green foxtail (Setaria viridis) (Figure 7D-D’, M–M’; Table S2). The other 139 specimens\n(Type IIIb) resemble Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (Figure 7E–E’, F–F’, N–N’, O–O’)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "2425642cbc6bf9baa3bc624c76f84df5e373f39086c491f21578e8461c8d3820" }, { "panels": "B、B′", "type_code": "IIa", "interpretation_zh": "与甘薯（Dioscorea esculenta，薯蓣科）的现代参照相似", "interpretation_en": "Comparable with lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta).", "uncertainty": "按作者比较和限定；现代参照种名不直接套用到考古颗粒。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "Starch grains from aroids and yams accounted for around 34 per cent of the total findings\n(Type I & II, n > 170) (Figure 8). Numerous small grains (Type Ia) on a stone pounder from\nLiyupo resemble both wild and domesticate taro starch grains (Figure 6A–C). Furthermore,\neight clusters (compound grains) comparable with taro were also identified from all examined\nsamples (Figure 6A’–C’).\nEighty-five starch grains exhibit a large size and a multifaceted morphology (Type Ib,\nFigure 7A–A’) consistent with other aroid plants outside the Colocasia genus, including kon-\njac (Amorphophallus konjac) (Figure 7J–J’). Raphides—needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals\n—are commonly produced in aroid plants, but none were observed in our samples. This lack\nof observation can be attributed to the complexities of preservation at archaeological sites,\nvaried raphide content in aroid species and probable raphide destruction during food process-\ning. Fifteen per cent of the grains are from Dioscorea (Type II, n = 77, Figure 8), including 65\nsmall polygonal granules (Type IIa) that compare well with lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta)\n(Figure 7B–J’, K–K’). Twelve starch grains of Type IIb have triangular ovoid shapes and lar-\nger sizes that relate them to the greater, or purple, yam (Dioscorea alata) (Figure 7C–C’, L–L’).\nThirty-seven per cent of the starch grains exhibit the typical features of panicoid grasses\n(Type III, n = 187, Figure 8). Forty-eight (Type IIIa) probably come from wild grasses such\nas green foxtail (Setaria viridis) (Figure 7D-D’, M–M’; Table S2). The other 139 specimens\n(Type IIIb) resemble Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (Figure 7E–E’, F–F’, N–N’, O–O’)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "2425642cbc6bf9baa3bc624c76f84df5e373f39086c491f21578e8461c8d3820" }, { "panels": "C、C′", "type_code": "IIb", "interpretation_zh": "与参薯（Dioscorea alata）的现代参照相近", "interpretation_en": "Comparable with greater yam (Dioscorea alata).", "uncertainty": "按作者比较和限定；现代参照种名不直接套用到考古颗粒。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "Starch grains from aroids and yams accounted for around 34 per cent of the total findings\n(Type I & II, n > 170) (Figure 8). Numerous small grains (Type Ia) on a stone pounder from\nLiyupo resemble both wild and domesticate taro starch grains (Figure 6A–C). Furthermore,\neight clusters (compound grains) comparable with taro were also identified from all examined\nsamples (Figure 6A’–C’).\nEighty-five starch grains exhibit a large size and a multifaceted morphology (Type Ib,\nFigure 7A–A’) consistent with other aroid plants outside the Colocasia genus, including kon-\njac (Amorphophallus konjac) (Figure 7J–J’). Raphides—needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals\n—are commonly produced in aroid plants, but none were observed in our samples. This lack\nof observation can be attributed to the complexities of preservation at archaeological sites,\nvaried raphide content in aroid species and probable raphide destruction during food process-\ning. Fifteen per cent of the grains are from Dioscorea (Type II, n = 77, Figure 8), including 65\nsmall polygonal granules (Type IIa) that compare well with lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta)\n(Figure 7B–J’, K–K’). Twelve starch grains of Type IIb have triangular ovoid shapes and lar-\nger sizes that relate them to the greater, or purple, yam (Dioscorea alata) (Figure 7C–C’, L–L’).\nThirty-seven per cent of the starch grains exhibit the typical features of panicoid grasses\n(Type III, n = 187, Figure 8). Forty-eight (Type IIIa) probably come from wild grasses such\nas green foxtail (Setaria viridis) (Figure 7D-D’, M–M’; Table S2). The other 139 specimens\n(Type IIIb) resemble Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (Figure 7E–E’, F–F’, N–N’, O–O’)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "2425642cbc6bf9baa3bc624c76f84df5e373f39086c491f21578e8461c8d3820" }, { "panels": "D、D′", "type_code": "IIIa", "interpretation_zh": "可能来自狗尾草等野生黍亚科禾草", "interpretation_en": "Probably from wild panicoid grasses such as green foxtail.", "uncertainty": "按作者比较和限定；现代参照种名不直接套用到考古颗粒。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "Starch grains from aroids and yams accounted for around 34 per cent of the total findings\n(Type I & II, n > 170) (Figure 8). Numerous small grains (Type Ia) on a stone pounder from\nLiyupo resemble both wild and domesticate taro starch grains (Figure 6A–C). Furthermore,\neight clusters (compound grains) comparable with taro were also identified from all examined\nsamples (Figure 6A’–C’).\nEighty-five starch grains exhibit a large size and a multifaceted morphology (Type Ib,\nFigure 7A–A’) consistent with other aroid plants outside the Colocasia genus, including kon-\njac (Amorphophallus konjac) (Figure 7J–J’). Raphides—needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals\n—are commonly produced in aroid plants, but none were observed in our samples. This lack\nof observation can be attributed to the complexities of preservation at archaeological sites,\nvaried raphide content in aroid species and probable raphide destruction during food process-\ning. Fifteen per cent of the grains are from Dioscorea (Type II, n = 77, Figure 8), including 65\nsmall polygonal granules (Type IIa) that compare well with lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta)\n(Figure 7B–J’, K–K’). Twelve starch grains of Type IIb have triangular ovoid shapes and lar-\nger sizes that relate them to the greater, or purple, yam (Dioscorea alata) (Figure 7C–C’, L–L’).\nThirty-seven per cent of the starch grains exhibit the typical features of panicoid grasses\n(Type III, n = 187, Figure 8). Forty-eight (Type IIIa) probably come from wild grasses such\nas green foxtail (Setaria viridis) (Figure 7D-D’, M–M’; Table S2). The other 139 specimens\n(Type IIIb) resemble Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (Figure 7E–E’, F–F’, N–N’, O–O’)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "2425642cbc6bf9baa3bc624c76f84df5e373f39086c491f21578e8461c8d3820" }, { "panels": "E、E′及F、F′", "type_code": "IIIb", "interpretation_zh": "形态似薏苡，但讨论明确说尚不能有把握归为薏苡", "interpretation_en": "Resembles Job’s tears, but the Discussion explicitly withholds confident attribution.", "uncertainty": "按作者比较和限定；现代参照种名不直接套用到考古颗粒。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 7, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "Starch grains from aroids and yams accounted for around 34 per cent of the total findings\n(Type I & II, n > 170) (Figure 8). Numerous small grains (Type Ia) on a stone pounder from\nLiyupo resemble both wild and domesticate taro starch grains (Figure 6A–C). Furthermore,\neight clusters (compound grains) comparable with taro were also identified from all examined\nsamples (Figure 6A’–C’).\nEighty-five starch grains exhibit a large size and a multifaceted morphology (Type Ib,\nFigure 7A–A’) consistent with other aroid plants outside the Colocasia genus, including kon-\njac (Amorphophallus konjac) (Figure 7J–J’). Raphides—needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals\n—are commonly produced in aroid plants, but none were observed in our samples. This lack\nof observation can be attributed to the complexities of preservation at archaeological sites,\nvaried raphide content in aroid species and probable raphide destruction during food process-\ning. Fifteen per cent of the grains are from Dioscorea (Type II, n = 77, Figure 8), including 65\nsmall polygonal granules (Type IIa) that compare well with lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta)\n(Figure 7B–J’, K–K’). Twelve starch grains of Type IIb have triangular ovoid shapes and lar-\nger sizes that relate them to the greater, or purple, yam (Dioscorea alata) (Figure 7C–C’, L–L’).\nThirty-seven per cent of the starch grains exhibit the typical features of panicoid grasses\n(Type III, n = 187, Figure 8). Forty-eight (Type IIIa) probably come from wild grasses such\nas green foxtail (Setaria viridis) (Figure 7D-D’, M–M’; Table S2). The other 139 specimens\n(Type IIIb) resemble Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (Figure 7E–E’, F–F’, N–N’, O–O’)." }, { "page": 13, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "Our results show that early populations in southern China exploited panicoid grasses, as also\nobserved at Niulandong (c. 12 000 BP), Zengpiyan (c. 12 500–7600 BP) and Baozitou\n(c. 8000–7000 BP). Starch grains from grasses account for a large proportion of the micro-\nremains so far identified at these sites (Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social\nSciences et al. 2003; Wan 2012; Li 2016).\nWe recovered 139 starch grains (Type IIIb) that resemble those from the Job’s tears plant\n(Figure 7E–E’, F–F’, N–N’, O–O’). Despite widespread documentation of starch grains\nfrom this plant at archaeological sites in both southern and northern China (Yang 2017;\nLiu et al. 2019), their starch identification is controversial due to the scarcity of associated\nmacro-remains of the plant. The lack of macro-remains of Job’s tears at Huiyaotian (Deng\net al. 2019) means that we cannot confidently claim that the 139 micro-remains of starch\ngrains reported here are from it. This plant is, however, a widespread and potentially early\ncrop in Mainland Southeast Asia that grows easily in ditches and watercourses (Fuller & Cas-\ntillo 2021). Overall, the role of Job’s tears in ancient economies needs further investigation.\nAcorns (Castanopsis sp. and Quercus sp.) and palms (Arenga sp.) were important supple-\nmentary food resources for Dingsishan groups. Both Castanopsis and Quercus seeds contain\nlarge amounts of starch. As elements of the native forest flora, they were widely distributed in\nthe Pearl River Delta and adjacent areas during the Early to Middle Holocene (Cao et al.\n2007; Hao et al. 2021). Archaeobotanical evidence already indicates that acorns provided\nessential starch resources in southern China and northern Vietnam prior to the arrival of\nrice and millet farming (Yang et al. 2017; Li 2021; Wang et al. 2022)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "2425642cbc6bf9baa3bc624c76f84df5e373f39086c491f21578e8461c8d3820" }, { "panels": "G、G′", "type_code": "IVa", "interpretation_zh": "锥属坚果类；不因现代参照是栲而将考古颗粒定为栲", "interpretation_en": "chinquapins (Castanopsis) tree-nut starch; not identified to the modern reference species.", "uncertainty": "按作者比较和限定；现代参照种名不直接套用到考古颗粒。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 8, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "Fourteen per cent of the starch grains (Type IV, n = 52) can be identified as from Casta-\nnopsis (Figure 7G–G’, P–P’) and Quercus tree nuts (Figure 7H–H’, Q–Q’) from the family\nFagaceae. One per cent are from piths of the Arenga palm (Arenga sp.) (Type V, n = 6,\nFigure 7I–I’, R–R’)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "2425642cbc6bf9baa3bc624c76f84df5e373f39086c491f21578e8461c8d3820" }, { "panels": "H、H′", "type_code": "IVb", "interpretation_zh": "栎属坚果类，未定到具体种", "interpretation_en": "oaks (Quercus) tree-nut starch, species unresolved.", "uncertainty": "按作者比较和限定；现代参照种名不直接套用到考古颗粒。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 8, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "Fourteen per cent of the starch grains (Type IV, n = 52) can be identified as from Casta-\nnopsis (Figure 7G–G’, P–P’) and Quercus tree nuts (Figure 7H–H’, Q–Q’) from the family\nFagaceae. One per cent are from piths of the Arenga palm (Arenga sp.) (Type V, n = 6,\nFigure 7I–I’, R–R’)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "2425642cbc6bf9baa3bc624c76f84df5e373f39086c491f21578e8461c8d3820" }, { "panels": "I、I′", "type_code": "V", "interpretation_zh": "桄榔属植物茎髓淀粉粒，未定为现代参照的具体种", "interpretation_en": "Arenga palm-pith starch, not resolved to the modern reference species.", "uncertainty": "按作者比较和限定；现代参照种名不直接套用到考古颗粒。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 8, "section": "正文／表格补充解释", "quote": "Fourteen per cent of the starch grains (Type IV, n = 52) can be identified as from Casta-\nnopsis (Figure 7G–G’, P–P’) and Quercus tree nuts (Figure 7H–H’, Q–Q’) from the family\nFagaceae. One per cent are from piths of the Arenga palm (Arenga sp.) (Type V, n = 6,\nFigure 7I–I’, R–R’)." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "2425642cbc6bf9baa3bc624c76f84df5e373f39086c491f21578e8461c8d3820" } ], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "Starch grains from aroids and yams accounted for around 34 per cent of the total findings (Type I & II, n > 170) (Figure 8). Numerous small grains (Type Ia) on a stone pounder from Liyupo resemble both wild and domesticate taro starch grains (Figure 6A–C). Furthermore, eight clusters (compound grains) comparable with taro were also identified from all examined samples (Figure 6A’–C’). Eighty-five starch grains exhibit a large size and a multifaceted morphology (Type Ib, Figure 7A–A’) consistent with other aroid plants outside the Colocasia genus, including kon- jac (Amorphophallus konjac) (Figure 7J–J’). Raphides—needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals —are commonly produced in aroid plants, but none were observed in our samples. This lack of observation can be attributed to the complexities of preservation at archaeological sites, varied raphide content in aroid species and probable raphide destruction during food process- ing. Fifteen per cent of the grains are from Dioscorea (Type II, n = 77, Figure 8), including 65 small polygonal granules (Type IIa) that compare well with lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta) (Figure 7B–J’, K–K’). Twelve starch grains of Type IIb have triangular ovoid shapes and lar- ger sizes that relate them to the greater, or purple, yam (Dioscorea alata) (Figure 7C–C’, L–L’). Thirty-seven per cent of the starch grains exhibit the typical features of panicoid grasses (Type III, n = 187, Figure 8). Forty-eight (Type IIIa) probably come from wild grasses such as green foxtail (Setaria viridis) (Figure 7D-D’, M–M’; Table S2). The other 139 specimens (Type II", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "Fourteen per cent of the starch grains (Type IV, n = 52) can be identified as from Casta- nopsis (Figure 7G–G’, P–P’) and Quercus tree nuts (Figure 7H–H’, Q–Q’) from the family Fagaceae. One per cent are from piths of the Arenga palm (Arenga sp.) (Type V, n = 6, Figure 7I–I’, R–R’).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 13, "quote": "Our results show that early populations in southern China exploited panicoid grasses, as also observed at Niulandong (c. 12 000 BP), Zengpiyan (c. 12 500–7600 BP) and Baozitou (c. 8000–7000 BP). Starch grains from grasses account for a large proportion of the micro- remains so far identified at these sites (Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences et al. 2003; Wan 2012; Li 2016). We recovered 139 starch grains (Type IIIb) that resemble those from the Job’s tears plant (Figure 7E–E’, F–F’, N–N’, O–O’). Despite widespread documentation of starch grains from this plant at archaeological sites in both southern and northern China (Yang 2017; Liu et al. 2019), their starch identification is controversial due to the scarcity of associated macro-remains of the plant. The lack of macro-remains of Job’s tears at Huiyaotian (Deng et al. 2019) means that we cannot confidently claim that the 139 micro-remains of starch grains reported here are from it. This plant is, however, a widespread and potentially early crop in Mainland Southeast Asia that grows easily in ditches and watercourses (Fuller & Cas- tillo 2021). Overall, the role of Job’s tears in ancient economies needs further investigation. Acorns (Castanopsis sp. and Quercus sp.) and palms (Arenga sp.) were important supple- mentary food resources for Dingsishan groups. Both Castanopsis and Quercus seeds contain large amounts of starch. As elements of the native forest flora, they were widely distributed in the Pearl River Delta and adjacent areas during the Early to Middle Holocene (Cao et al. 2007; Hao et al.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "caption_source_corrected": "Figure 7. Ancient starches of Types Ib–V (A–I′) and comparable modern reference samples (J–R′) under polarised and brightfield light. A/A′) Type Ib; B/B′) - Type IIa; C/C′) Type IIb; D/D′) Type IIIa; E/E′ & F/F′) Type IIIb; G/G′) Type IVa; H/H′) Type IVb; I/I′) Type V; J/J′) Amorphophallus konjac; K/K′) Dioscorea esculenta; L/L′) Dioscorea alata; M/M′) Setaria viridis; N/N′ & O/O′) Coix lacryma-jobi; P/P′) Castanopsis fargesii; Q/Q′) Quercus franchetii; R/R′) Arenga pinnata. Scale bar 20 μm (figure by Weiwei Wang).", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:32.832897+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN106", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Figure 7. Ancient starches of Types Ib–V (A–I′) and comparable modern reference samples (J–R′) under polarised and brightfield light. A/A′) Type Ib; B/B′) - Type IIa; C/C′) Type IIb; D/D′) Type IIIa; E/E′ & F/F′) Type IIIb; G/G′) Type IVa; H/H′) Type IVb; I/I′) Type V; J/J′) Amorphophallus konjac; K/K′) Dioscorea esculenta; L/L′) Dioscorea alata; M/M′) Setaria viridis; N/N′ & O/O′) Coix lacryma-jobi; P/P′) Castanopsis fargesii; Q/Q′) Quercus franchetii; R/R′) Arenga pinnata. Scale bar 20 μm (figure by Weiwei Wang).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "huiyaotian", "quote": "dental calculus and on food-processing tools from\n the Dingsishan sites of Huiyaotian and Liyupo\n (c. 9030–6741 BP). They conclude that the harvesting\n and processing of these dietary staples supported an", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7b4d6e60226308384d7b487760c57af83bfb424cef55d260998e4b2d0543c49e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN107", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Figure 7. Ancient starches of Types Ib–V (A–I′) and comparable modern reference samples (J–R′) under polarised and brightfield light. A/A′) Type Ib; B/B′) - Type IIa; C/C′) Type IIb; D/D′) Type IIIa; E/E′ & F/F′) Type IIIb; G/G′) Type IVa; H/H′) Type IVb; I/I′) Type V; J/J′) Amorphophallus konjac; K/K′) Dioscorea esculenta; L/L′) Dioscorea alata; M/M′) Setaria viridis; N/N′ & O/O′) Coix lacryma-jobi; P/P′) Castanopsis fargesii; Q/Q′) Quercus franchetii; R/R′) Arenga pinnata. Scale bar 20 μm (figure by Weiwei Wang).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Liyupo", "quote": "and on food-processing tools from\n the Dingsishan sites of Huiyaotian and Liyupo\n (c. 9030–6741 BP). They conclude that the harvesting\n and processing of these dietary staples supported an", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7b4d6e60226308384d7b487760c57af83bfb424cef55d260998e4b2d0543c49e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S250_456cb944c99e_S250-F03", "paper_key": "S250_456cb944c99e", "paper_id": "S250", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3. Phytoliths recovered from Kangjia animal teeth: a) η-type (broomcorn millet inflorescence); b) Ω-type (foxtail\nmillet inflorescence); c) β-type (barnyard grass inflorescence); d) dendritic elongate skeleton (cf. Triticeae inflorescence); e)\nopaque perforated platelet (cf. Asteraceae inflorescence); f) Phragmites bulliform (common reed); g) rondel (Poaceae); h)\nOryza-type bulliform (rice leaf); i) double peak (rice husk); j) scooped parallel bilobate (Oryzeae leaf); k) cross\n(Panicoideae). White scale bars are 50μm for all images except g (10μm), j (20μm) and k (20μm) (figure by authors).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c3d97209ec3cc4e16b1852b92a32573e947eb0cbb26302ea74fda2b3f87aca8e", "image_bytes": 2343354, "sites": [ "CN035" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 从康家遗址动物牙齿中提取的植硅体：a） η型（黍稃壳）；b） Ω型（粟稃壳）；c） β型（稗稃壳）；d） 分枝状植硅体（cf. 小麦族稃壳）；e） 不透明孔状板片（cf. 菊科）；f） 芦苇盾型植硅体（常见芦苇）；g） 帽型（禾本科）；h） 稻属（Oryza）扇型结构（水稻叶）；i） 双峰型（水稻壳）；j） 并排哑铃型（Oryzeae叶）；k） 十字型（黍亚科）。所有图像的白色刻度尺均为50 μm，除g（10 μm）、j（20 μm）和k（20 μm）外。\n", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Phytoliths recovered from Kangjia animal teeth: a) η-type (broomcorn millet inflorescence); b) Ω-type (foxtail\nmillet inflorescence); c) β-type (barnyard grass inflorescence); d) dendritic elongate skeleton (cf. wheat tribe (Triticeae) inflorescence); e)\nopaque perforated platelet (cf. Asteraceae inflorescence); f) reeds (Phragmites) bulliform (common reed); g) rondel (grass family, Poaceae); h)\nrice (Oryza)-type bulliform (rice leaf); i) double peak (rice husk); j) scooped parallel bilobate (rice tribe, Oryzeae leaf); k) cross\n(panicoid grasses, Panicoideae). White scale bars are 50 μm for all images except g (10 μm), j (20 μm) and k (20 μm) (figure by authors).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "康家动物牙齿中植硅体类型", "title_en": "Phytolith Types from Animal Teeth at Kangjia", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c3d97209ec3cc4e16b1852b9.png", "image_url": "media/S250_456cb944c99e_S250-F03.png?v=c3d97209ec3c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "(Figure 3b), β-type (barnyard grass inflorescence) (Figure 3c), double peak (rice husk) (Figure 3i) and Oryza-type bulliform (rice leaf) (Figure 3h). Other diagnostic types include opaque perforated platelet (cf. Asteraceae inflorescence) (Figure 3e) and dendritic long cell (cf. Triticeae inflorescence) (Figure 3d). Starch granules are less numerous than phytoliths, but they indicate the consumption of USOs (Figure 4c), whose granules are characterised by extremely eccentric hilum and bright extinction crosses. Other identified starch granules include millet (Figure 4a), Triticeae (cf. wheat) (Figure 4b) and rice (Figure 4d), thus consistent with phytolith data (see Table S2 for starch identification criteria).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:32.891496+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN035", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Figure 3. Phytoliths recovered from Kangjia animal teeth: a) η-type (broomcorn millet inflorescence); b) Ω-type (foxtail\nmillet inflorescence); c) β-type (barnyard grass inflorescence); d) dendritic elongate skeleton (cf. Triticeae inflorescence); e)\nopaque perforated platelet (cf. Asteraceae inflorescence); f) Phragmites bulliform (common reed); g) rondel (Poaceae); h)\nOryza-type bulliform (rice leaf); i) double peak (rice husk); j) scooped parallel bilobate (Oryzeae leaf); k) cross\n(Panicoideae). White scale bars are 50μm for all images except g (10μm), j (20μm) and k (20μm) (figure by authors).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "kangjia", "quote": "399): 672–687\nhttps://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.43\nResearch Article\n\nReconstructing Late Neolithic animal management\npractices at Kangjia, North China, using microfossil\nanalysis of dental calculus\nJiajing Wang1,* , Li Liu2,3 & Xiaoli Qin4\n\n1 Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA\n2 Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Stanford University, USA\n3 Stanford Arch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "456cb944c99ecbc5859749dcf4feef24dbd1b2d0c35acfdbc858ebc427d6f9cf" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S250_456cb944c99e_S250-F04", "paper_key": "S250_456cb944c99e", "paper_id": "S250", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4. Starch granules recovered from Kangjia animal teeth under bright field (left) and polarised light (right): a)\nmillet; b) Triticeae; c) unidentified underground storage organ; d) rice; e) gelatinised starch (cf. Triticeae); f) a cluster of\ngelatinised starch granules; g) cracked starch granule; h) pitted and cracked starch granule (figure by authors).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "291f8f93208cf6409123713c4a7ca892bc9bd7279d193f58490b42c9ee56ae61", "image_bytes": 1858337, "sites": [ "CN035" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 从康家遗址动物牙齿中提取的淀粉颗粒在明场（左）和偏光显微镜下（右）观察结果：a） 粟类植物；b） 小麦族；c） 未鉴定的地下贮藏器官；d） 水稻；e） 糊化淀粉粒（cf. 小麦族）；f） 一簇糊化淀粉颗粒；g） 破裂的淀粉颗粒；h） 带凹坑和破裂的淀粉颗粒。\n", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Starch granules recovered from Kangjia animal teeth under bright field (left) and polarised light (right): a)\nmillet; b) wheat tribe (Triticeae); c) unidentified underground storage organ; d) rice; e) gelatinised starch (cf. wheat tribe (Triticeae)); f) a cluster of\ngelatinised starch granules; g) cracked starch granule; h) pitted and cracked starch granule (figure by authors).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "康家动物牙齿中淀粉颗粒显微观察", "title_en": "Starch granules from Kangjia animal teeth under microscopy", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/291f8f93208cf6409123713c.png", "image_url": "media/S250_456cb944c99e_S250-F04.png?v=291f8f93208c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "(Figure 3b), β-type (barnyard grass inflorescence) (Figure 3c), double peak (rice husk) (Figure 3i) and Oryza-type bulliform (rice leaf) (Figure 3h). Other diagnostic types include opaque perforated platelet (cf. Asteraceae inflorescence) (Figure 3e) and dendritic long cell (cf. Triticeae inflorescence) (Figure 3d). Starch granules are less numerous than phytoliths, but they indicate the consumption of USOs (Figure 4c), whose granules are characterised by extremely eccentric hilum and bright extinction crosses. Other identified starch granules include millet (Figure 4a), Triticeae (cf. wheat) (Figure 4b) and rice (Figure 4d), thus consistent with phytolith data (see Table S2 for starch identification criteria).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Thirty-eight starch granules exhibit evidence of damage, characterised by pitting, cracking and swelling (Figure 4e–h). Some of the pitted and/or cracked granules are likely the result of chewing or bacteria degradation during food consumption, but 13 show gelatinisation dam- age consistent with that caused by cooking (Henry et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2017). The pres- ence of cooked starches provides strong evidence that pigs and dogs were provisioned with or scavenged kitchen scraps.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:32.943586+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN035", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Figure 4. Starch granules recovered from Kangjia animal teeth under bright field (left) and polarised light (right): a)\nmillet; b) Triticeae; c) unidentified underground storage organ; d) rice; e) gelatinised starch (cf. Triticeae); f) a cluster of\ngelatinised starch granules; g) cracked starch granule; h) pitted and cracked starch granule (figure by authors).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "kangjia", "quote": "399): 672–687\nhttps://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.43\nResearch Article\n\nReconstructing Late Neolithic animal management\npractices at Kangjia, North China, using microfossil\nanalysis of dental calculus\nJiajing Wang1,* , Li Liu2,3 & Xiaoli Qin4\n\n1 Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA\n2 Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Stanford University, USA\n3 Stanford Arch", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "456cb944c99ecbc5859749dcf4feef24dbd1b2d0c35acfdbc858ebc427d6f9cf" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S251_11291784b927_S251-F04", "paper_key": "S251_11291784b927", "paper_id": "S251", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4   Crop seeds at Guanjia. a Starch grain, Panicoideae; b starch grain, polarized, Panicoideae; c phytolith, Ω-type, foxtail millet husk; d phy-\ntolith, η-type, broomcorn millet husk", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "204bd38ab674946be94d450519a14dd3fdc95d10d4a37989d2e2552f3290a264", "image_bytes": 748306, "sites": [ "CN033" ], "caption_zh": "图4 关家遗址作物种子。a 淀粉粒，黍亚科；b 淀粉粒，偏振，黍亚科；c 植硅体，Ω型，粟稃壳植硅体；d 植硅体，η型，黍稃壳植硅体。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4   Crop seeds at Guanjia. a Starch grain, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae); b starch grain, polarized, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae); c phytolith, Ω-type, foxtail millet husk; d phy-\ntolith, η-type, broomcorn millet husk", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "关家作物种子", "title_en": "Crop seeds at Guanjia", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/204bd38ab674946be94d4505.png", "image_url": "media/S251_11291784b927_S251-F04.png?v=204bd38ab674", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "Out of 32 pottery fragments in total, we successfully extracted 166 starch grains and 267 phytoliths from 26 samples. Panicoideae (Fig. 4a, b) accounted for the larg- est number (n = 52, 31.33%) and the highest presence rate (56.25%) of starch grains, which probably mainly consisted of broomcorn millet and foxtail millet. Based on the phytolith analysis, foxtail millet (n = 14, Fig. 4c) and broomcorn millet (n = 29, Fig. 4d) accounted for 10.86% and 5.24%, respectively, of a total of 267", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.003471+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN033", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 4   Crop seeds at Guanjia. a Starch grain, Panicoideae; b starch grain, polarized, Panicoideae; c phytolith, Ω-type, foxtail millet husk; d phy-\ntolith, η-type, broomcorn millet husk", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "guanjia", "quote": "40\nhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-01941-6\n\n RESEARCH\n\n\nPig domestication and human subsistence at the early Neolithic site\nof Guanjia (6100–5500 BC), Central China\n\nYue You1,2  · Xianglong Chen3 · Anke Hein4  · Cunyu Qin5 · Yanan Zhao6 · Jiaxin Zhang7 · Tianyang Liu8 ·\nWenquan Fan2 · Guangkuo Yuan1\n\n\nReceived: 19 September 2023 / Accepted: 26 January 2024 / Published online: 20 Februa", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "11291784b92751dea84831d4f9e109b28d0d929f42cd4dd22775e33d242bb444" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S252_96eba395acde_S252-P0010-B013", "paper_key": "S252_96eba395acde", "paper_id": "S252", "number": "未编号1", "caption_original": "F I G U R E 4Phytoliths from the archaeological food samples. (a, b) INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths fromsample HW1; (c, d) PAPILLATE phytoliths, TRICHOME BASE phytolith and DENDRITIC phytoliths from HW2;(e) INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths from Sample HW3; (f) PAPILLATE phytoliths, TRICHOME BASEphytolith and DENDRITIC phytoliths from HW3; (g) INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths from Sample HW4;(h) PAPILLATE phytoliths, TRICHOME BASE phytolith and DENDRITIC phytoliths from HW4;(i) INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths from Sample HW5; (j) INTERDIGITATING Ω type phytoliths fromsample HW5; (k) ELONGATE ENTIRE phytoliths from HW1; (l) ELONGATE ECHINATE phytoliths from HW2;(m) BULLIFORM FLABELLATE PELTATE phytoliths from HW5; (n) BILOBATE phytoliths from HW4;(o) ACUTE phytoliths from HW4. Scale bars: 20 μm", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "def55fe7fb21d4162831d79e51829187c5455a29e2cd9c44117946fcfc51e565", "image_bytes": 29631262, "sites": [ "CN069" ], "caption_zh": "图4 古代食物样品中的植硅体。 （a， b） 样品HW1中的交叠η型植硅体；（c， d） 样品HW2中的乳突状植硅体、毛基植硅体和分枝状植硅体；（e） 样品HW3中的交叠η型植硅体；（f） 样品HW3中的乳突状植硅体、毛基植硅体和分枝状植硅体；（g） 样品HW4中的交叠η型植硅体；（h） 样品HW4中的乳突状植硅体、毛基植硅体和分枝状植硅体；（i） 样品HW5中的交叠η型植硅体；（j） 样品HW5中的交叠Ω型植硅体；（k） HW1中的长形全缘植硅体；（l） HW2中的长形刺状植硅体；（m） HW5中的盾形植硅体；（n） HW4中的哑铃型植硅体；（o） HW4中的尖型植硅体。比例尺：20 μm", "caption_en": "F I G U R E 4Phytoliths from the archaeological food samples. (a, b) INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths fromsample HW1; (c, d) PAPILLATE phytoliths, TRICHOME BASE phytolith and DENDRITIC phytoliths from HW2;(e) INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths from Sample HW3; (f) PAPILLATE phytoliths, TRICHOME BASEphytolith and DENDRITIC phytoliths from HW3; (g) INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths from Sample HW4;(h) PAPILLATE phytoliths, TRICHOME BASE phytolith and DENDRITIC phytoliths from HW4;(i) INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths from Sample HW5; (j) INTERDIGITATING Ω type phytoliths fromsample HW5; (k) ELONGATE ENTIRE phytoliths from HW1; (l) ELONGATE ECHINATE phytoliths from HW2;(m) BULLIFORM FLABELLATE PELTATE phytoliths from HW5; (n) BILOBATE phytoliths from HW4;(o) ACUTE phytoliths from HW4. Scale bars: 20 μm", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "古代食物样品中的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from archaeological food samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/def55fe7fb21d4162831d79e.png", "image_url": "media/S252_96eba395acde_S252-P0010-B013.png?v=def55fe7fb21", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "(1) Type I, INTERDIGITATING Ω type phytoliths from the S. italica husk (Figure 4j); (2) Type II, INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths, originating from the P. miliaceum husk (Figure 4a,b,e,g,i); (3) Type III, illustrating the characteristic of a phytolith combination of Triticeae, including the PAPILLATE phytoliths, TRICHOME BASE phytolith, and DENDRITIC phytoliths (Figure 4c,d,f,h); (4) Type IV, exhibiting ELONGATE ENTIRE and ELONGATE ECHINATE phytoliths, commonly viewed in plants of the Poaceae family (Figure 4k,l); (5) Type V, BILOBATE phytoliths (Figure 4n); (6) Type VI, ACUTE phytoliths (Figure 4o); (7) Type VII, BULLIFORM FLABELLATE PELTATE phy- toliths from reeds (Figure 4m). According to the results, INTERDIGITATING η-type from broomcorn millet husk was most abundant in Samples HW1, HW3, HW4, and HW5, and DENDRITIC from Triticeae were also identified in Samples HW3 and HW4. In addition, in Sample HW5, very minute traces of INTERDIGITATING Ω-type phytoliths fragments from foxtail millet husk were viewed. In sample HW2, only the DENDRITIC from Triticeae phytoliths were identified. Thus, combined with the archaeobotanical records of the Wupu Cemetery, it can be inferred that broomcorn millet com- posed the major portion of Samples HW1 and HW5, with a mixture of flour of broomcorn mil- let, wheat, and barley in Samples HW3 and HW4. Wheat and barley were predominantly found in Sample HW2.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.060034+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN069", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "F I G U R E 4Phytoliths from the archaeological food samples. (a, b) INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths fromsample HW1; (c, d) PAPILLATE phytoliths, TRICHOME BASE phytolith and DENDRITIC phytoliths from HW2;(e) INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths from Sample HW3; (f) PAPILLATE phytoliths, TRICHOME BASEphytolith and DENDRITIC phytoliths from HW3; (g) INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths from Sample HW4;(h) PAPILLATE phytoliths, TRICHOME BASE phytolith and DENDRITIC phytoliths from HW4;(i) INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths from Sample HW5; (j) INTERDIGITATING Ω type phytoliths fromsample HW5; (k) ELONGATE ENTIRE phytoliths from HW1; (l) ELONGATE ECHINATE phytoliths from HW2;(m) BULLIFORM FLABELLATE PELTATE phytoliths from HW5; (n) BILOBATE phytoliths from HW4;(o) ACUTE phytoliths from HW4. Scale bars: 20 μm", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Wupu", "quote": "2024\n\nDOI: 10.1111/arcm.12957\n\n\nO R I G I N A L A R T I C L E\n\n\nEarliest known well-preserved flour comestibles\nunearthed in the Wupu Cemetery in Hami, Xinjiang,\nChina\n\n\nLijing Wang1,2 | Yong Ge2 | Yongqiang Wang3 | Guilin Zhang4 |\nBinghua Wang3 | Hongen Jiang2\n\n\n\n1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and\nHuman Origins of Chinese Academy of Abstract\nScienc", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "96eba395acde6358a15d3ff48482e5dfb99c444e7f67d515ebc498f6a195add9" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S252_96eba395acde_S252-P0012-B023", "paper_key": "S252_96eba395acde", "paper_id": "S252", "number": "未编号2", "caption_original": "F I G U R E 5 Morphology of starch grains from the archaeological food remains. The upper row shows starch grains viewed with transmitted light; the lower row, starch grains viewed under polarized light. (a–c) starch grains from S. italica and P. miliaceum from Sample HW1; (d) from HW5; (e) and (f ) from HW2; (g) and (h) from HW4; (i–l) from Triticum/Hordum crops from Sample HW3. Scale bars: 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2c651f12bd9ae91df5be36610ca5ce93915eabe65b47e87a23604f9df95b3d53", "image_bytes": 6462080, "sites": [ "CN069" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 考古食物遗存中提取的淀粉粒形态。上排为透射光图像，下排为偏光图像。（a–c）HW1样品中来自粟（Setaria italica）和黍（Panicum miliaceum）的淀粉粒；（d）来自HW5；（e、f）来自HW2；（g、h）来自HW4；（i–l）HW3样品中来自小麦属/大麦属作物的淀粉粒。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "F I G U R E 5 Morphology of starch grains from the archaeological food remains. The upper row shows starch grains viewed with transmitted light; the lower row, starch grains viewed under polarized light. (a–c) starch grains from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) from Sample HW1; (d) from HW5; (e) and (f ) from HW2; (g) and (h) from HW4; (i–l) from wheat (Triticum)/Hordum crops from Sample HW3. Scale bars: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "五堡考古食品遗存中的淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Starch grains from archaeological food remains at Wupu", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2c651f12bd9ae91df5be3661.png", "image_url": "media/S252_96eba395acde_S252-P0012-B023.png?v=2c651f12bd9a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "(1) Type I, INTERDIGITATING Ω type phytoliths from the S. italica husk (Figure 4j); (2) Type II, INTERDIGITATING η type phytoliths, originating from the P. miliaceum husk (Figure 4a,b,e,g,i); (3) Type III, illustrating the characteristic of a phytolith combination of Triticeae, including the PAPILLATE phytoliths, TRICHOME BASE phytolith, and DENDRITIC phytoliths (Figure 4c,d,f,h); (4) Type IV, exhibiting ELONGATE ENTIRE and ELONGATE ECHINATE phytoliths, commonly viewed in plants of the Poaceae family (Figure 4k,l); (5) Type V, BILOBATE phytoliths (Figure 4n); (6) Type VI, ACUTE phytoliths (Figure 4o); (7) Type VII, BULLIFORM FLABELLATE PELTATE phy- toliths from reeds (Figure 4m). According to the results, INTERDIGITATING η-type from broomcorn millet husk was most abundant in Samples HW1, HW3, HW4, and HW5, and DENDRITIC from Triticeae were also identified in Samples HW3 and HW4. In addition, in Sample HW5, very minute traces of INTERDIGITATING Ω-type phytoliths fragments from foxtail millet husk were viewed. In sample HW2, only the DENDRITIC from Triticeae phytoliths were identified. Thus, combined with the archaeobotanical records of the Wupu Cemetery, it can be inferred that broomcorn millet com- posed the major portion of Samples HW1 and HW5, with a mixture of flour of broomcorn mil- let, wheat, and barley in Samples HW3 and HW4. Wheat and barley were predominantly found in Sample HW2.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.111748+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN069", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 12 ], "quote": "F I G U R E 5 Morphology of starch grains from the archaeological food remains. The upper row shows starch grains viewed with transmitted light; the lower row, starch grains viewed under polarized light. (a–c) starch grains from S. italica and P. miliaceum from Sample HW1; (d) from HW5; (e) and (f ) from HW2; (g) and (h) from HW4; (i–l) from Triticum/Hordum crops from Sample HW3. Scale bars: 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Wupu", "quote": "2024\n\nDOI: 10.1111/arcm.12957\n\n\nO R I G I N A L A R T I C L E\n\n\nEarliest known well-preserved flour comestibles\nunearthed in the Wupu Cemetery in Hami, Xinjiang,\nChina\n\n\nLijing Wang1,2 | Yong Ge2 | Yongqiang Wang3 | Guilin Zhang4 |\nBinghua Wang3 | Hongen Jiang2\n\n\n\n1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and\nHuman Origins of Chinese Academy of Abstract\nScienc", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "96eba395acde6358a15d3ff48482e5dfb99c444e7f67d515ebc498f6a195add9" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S253_e805256e84bf_S253-F02", "paper_key": "S253_e805256e84bf", "paper_id": "S253", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Figure 2. Starch types from the Qin liquid. (A) Type I, Panicoideae, likely millet; (B) type I, Pani-\ncoideae, likely Job’s tears (arrow pointing to the zig-zag arm; (C) type II, pulses; (D) type III, Triticeae\n(A-type), showing deep channels; (E) type III, Triticeae (B-type), showing deep channels, a central\ndepression, and pitting; (F) type IV, rice compound; (G) type IV, rice compound, partially miss-\ning; (H) mildly gelatinized starch masses, possibly rice; (I) UNID starch, showing hollowed center;\n(J) UNID starch, broken edges; (K) gelatinized starch mass, possibly rice; (L) gelatinized starch,\nresembling wheat/barley; and (M) UNID gelatinized starch. (A–K) Each image shown in bright field\nand polarized views).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "774436a8cb3139dd559d3c714606e088f82baafb2b414882a865a7e772954493", "image_bytes": 3297991, "sites": [ "CN157" ], "caption_zh": "图2. 秦代液体中的淀粉类型。（A）类型I，黍亚科，可能为粟；（B）类型I，黍亚科，可能为薏苡（箭头指向锯齿状臂）；（C）类型II，豆类；（D）类型III，小麦族（A型），显示深沟；（E）类型III，小麦族（B型），显示深沟、中央凹陷和纹路；（F）类型IV，稻类复合体；（G）类型IV，稻类复合体，部分缺失；（H）轻微糊化淀粉团块，可能为稻；（I）未鉴定淀粉，显示中心空腔；（J）未鉴定淀粉，边缘破碎；（K）糊化淀粉团块，可能为稻；（L）糊化淀粉，类似小麦/大麦；（M）未鉴定糊化淀粉。（A–K）每幅图像均显示明场和偏振视图）", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Starch types from the Qin liquid. (A) Type I, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae), likely millet; (B) type I, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae), likely Job’s tears (arrow pointing to the zig-zag arm; (C) type II, pulses; (D) type III, wheat tribe (Triticeae)\n(A-type), showing deep channels; (E) type III, wheat tribe (Triticeae) (B-type), showing deep channels, a central\ndepression, and pitting; (F) type IV, rice compound; (G) type IV, rice compound, partially miss-\ning; (H) mildly gelatinized starch masses, possibly rice; (I) UNID starch, showing hollowed center;\n(J) UNID starch, broken edges; (K) gelatinized starch mass, possibly rice; (L) gelatinized starch,\nresembling wheat/barley; and (M) UNID gelatinized starch. (A–K) Each image shown in bright field\nand polarized views).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "秦代液体中的淀粉类型", "title_en": "Starch Types from the Qin Liquid", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/774436a8cb3139dd559d3c71.png", "image_url": "media/S253_e805256e84bf_S253-F02.png?v=774436a8cb31", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "A total of 322 starch granules were recorded. Among them, 299 (92.9%) could be classified into four types identifiable to certain taxa. Almost all granules appeared damaged, showing blurry extinction crosses, broken edges, deep channels or fissures, pitting on the surface, a depression in the center, or gelatinization (Figure 2). These features are consistent with those affected by enzymatic digestion and cooking, commonly found in fermented and cooked foods in experimental studies (Figure S3) [26,27,29]. The taxa of 23 granules (13.5%) were unidentifiable (UNID) due to a lack of diagnostic features or severe damage (Figure 2I,J,M; Table S3). The type I granules (n = 19; 5.9% of the total) were slightly polygonal in shape, mea- suring 7.06–27.04 μm in maximum length. The hila were centric, and the extinction crosses were “+” shaped. These characteristics resembled those of the Panicoideae subfamily, including broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), all domesticated in China [32]. One relatively large granule with a zig-zag-shaped arm was typically consistent with Job’s tears (Figure 2A,B compared with Figure S3A,B), based on previous studies [33]. When the starch morphology and size ranges were compared, type I fell into the combined size range of broomcorn millet, foxtail millet, and two variants of domesticated Job’s tears (C. lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen and C. lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi) (Figure S4A).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "starch in our modern reference (Figure 2C compared with Figure S3C). Vicia wild pea is native to China; there are 17 species of Vicia growing in Shaanxi, one of which, V. gigantea Bge [34], was referred to as wei in ancient texts and used for food in the Zhou dynasty [35]. Domesticated pea (P. sativum), a Near Eastern crop, was introduced to China probably around the Eastern Zhou dynasty, as inferred from the presence of a charred seed at the Dongyang site in Huaxian, Shaanxi [36]. Starch granules from wild and domesticated peas are morphologically similar; thus, it is not possible to make further taxonomical identifications of type II starch. The type III granules (n = 242; 75.2%) were consistent with Triticeae, with a size range of 4.36–33.33 μm. The hila were centric, and the extinction crosses were “+”-shaped. Triticeae starch granules exhibit a bimodal size distribution, consisting of large granules, lenticular in 3D (A-type; >10 μm), and small, almost spherical, granules (B-type; <10 μm). The type III granules exhibited various damaged features, such as pitting, central depres- sions, concentric channels, and gelatinization, resembling those found in fermented wheat (Triticum sp.) and barley (Hordeum sp.) starch in our brewing experiments (Figure 2D,E,L compared with Figure S3D,K,L). Wheat and barley were introduced to China by the second millennium BC and gradually became widespread thereafter [37]. The type IV granules resembled rice (Oryza sp.). They were small, appearing as compound starch clusters. The granules were polygonal in shape, and the extinction crosses ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 16, "quote": "Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https:// www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/fermentation10070365/s1, Figure S1: Location of Yancun cemetery site; Figure S2: Selected ion chromatogram of fatty acids from liquid residues; Figure S3. Starch granules showing damages induced by fermentation in modern reference; Figure S4: Comparison of Qin Type I starch and yeasts with modern references. Table S1: Bronze vessels containing liquid unearthed in North China; Table S2: Counts and sizes of starch grains re-covered from the bronze bottle; Table S3: Counts and sizes (in μm) of fungi and bacteria recovered from the bronze bottle; Table S4: Measurements of Yeasts and conidia from Qin alcohol and modern reference [7,22,63–71].", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.163188+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN157", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Figure 2. Starch types from the Qin liquid. (A) Type I, Panicoideae, likely millet; (B) type I, Pani-\ncoideae, likely Job’s tears (arrow pointing to the zig-zag arm; (C) type II, pulses; (D) type III, Triticeae\n(A-type), showing deep channels; (E) type III, Triticeae (B-type), showing deep channels, a central\ndepression, and pitting; (F) type IV, rice compound; (G) type IV, rice compound, partially miss-\ning; (H) mildly gelatinized starch masses, possibly rice; (I) UNID starch, showing hollowed center;\n(J) UNID starch, broken edges; (K) gelatinized starch mass, possibly rice; (L) gelatinized starch,\nresembling wheat/barley; and (M) UNID gelatinized starch. (A–K) Each image shown in bright field\nand polarized views).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "yancun", "quote": "entation method of a 2300-year-old liquid preserved in a sealed bronze bottle unearthed in a Qin\n tomb at Yancun, Shaanxi. The results of this research suggest that this liquid is likely a fermented\n beverage made from wheat/barley, rice, Job’s tears, broomcorn millet, and pulses. The fermentation\n starter ma", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "e805256e84bf71e0374c9a9bcf77e96b49358ac9921e1d95523021c59fd109a7" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S253_e805256e84bf_S253-F03", "paper_key": "S253_e805256e84bf", "paper_id": "S253", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3. Fungi and bacteria in the Qin liquid. (A–D) Oval yeast cells in different stages of the\nbudding process, cf. S. cerevisiae; (E) round yeast cell; (F) a cluster of oval yeasts; (G) elongated–oval\nyeast, cf. Pichia sp.; (H) rod-shaped yeast in budding; (I,J) rod-shaped bacteria in fission, cf. Bacillum\nsp.; (K) fungal spore in germination; (L) fungal hypha; (M) hypha associated with conidia; (N,P)\nconidial cluster connected with hyphae, resembling A. niger; (O) cleistothecium resembling Monascus\nsp., with a yeast cell on top; and (Q) mycelium attached to conidial mass, resembling A. niger.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "fad8a531025357cb67649a4dacac6d88f9d92c74eda8d809145d900cb57b115a", "image_bytes": 4547267, "sites": [ "CN157" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 秦代液体中的真菌和细菌。（A–D） 不同 budding 阶段的椭圆形酵母细胞，cf. 酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）；（E） 圆形酵母细胞；（F） 椭圆形酵母的簇；（G） 延长椭圆形酵母，cf. 毕赤酵母属（Pichia sp.）；（H） 呈 budding 的杆状酵母；（I，J） 进行分裂的杆状细菌，cf. Bacillus sp.；（K） 真菌孢子萌发；（L） 真菌菌丝；（M） 与分生孢子相关的菌丝；（N，P） 与菌丝相连的分生孢子簇，类似 A. niger；（O） 类似 红曲霉属（Monascus sp.） 的闭合子囊，顶部附有酵母细胞；（Q） 与分生孢子团相连的菌丝，类似 A. niger。", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Fungi and bacteria in the Qin liquid. (A–D) Oval yeast cells in different stages of the\nbudding process, cf. brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae); (E) round yeast cell; (F) a cluster of oval yeasts; (G) elongated–oval\nyeast, cf. yeasts (Pichia sp.); (H) rod-shaped yeast in budding; (I,J) rod-shaped bacteria in fission, cf. Bacillum\nsp.; (K) fungal spore in germination; (L) fungal hypha; (M) hypha associated with conidia; (N,P)\nconidial cluster connected with hyphae, resembling A. niger; (O) cleistothecium resembling red yeast molds (Monascus sp.), with a yeast cell on top; and (Q) mycelium attached to conidial mass, resembling A. niger.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "秦代液体中的真菌和细菌", "title_en": "Fungi and bacteria in the Qin liquid", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/fad8a531025357cb67649a4d.png", "image_url": "media/S253_e805256e84bf_S253-F03.png?v=fad8a5310253", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "The most numerous microparticles recorded are yeast cells (n = 689), which can be classified into three groups: (1) oval or round (n = 616; 2.9–10.83 μm in length); (2) elongated– oval (n = 31; 3.32–9.88 μm in length); and (3) irregular rod-shaped (n = 42; 3.06–14.71 μm in length). Many cells exhibit characteristics of a budding process, such as a small protu- berance on the parent cell, a smaller cell attaching to the bigger parent cell, or two cells of similar size connecting to one another (Figure 3A–E; Table S3). Budding is a typical feature of many yeasts, as they reproduce asexually by the asymmetric division process [30]. In our brewing experiments, yeast cells became more dominant in the microbial assemblage", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 12, "quote": "were compared, the Qin round–oval and elongated–oval cells appeared smaller than the Shimao wild S. cerevisiae and P. kudriavzevii, respectively, but similar to their corresponding cultured cells (Figure S4B). Several rod-shaped yeast cells show a budding process, similar to unidentified yeast in a daqu sample from a Chinese distiller (Figure 3H compared with Figure 4E). The Qin rod-shaped cells exhibited a wide size range, overlapping with both wild and cultured P. kudriavzevii as well as with the rod-shaped yeast from the daqu (Figure S4B). Apparently, the Qin yeast community consists of various species, not limited to S. cerevisiae and P. kudriazevii, but some are currently unidentifiable. S. cerevisiae, due to its high ability to ferment sugars to ethanol, is the most commonly used yeast for alcohol fermentation [41]. In Chinese qu starters, S. cerevisiae, Pichia sp., and many other genera (e.g., Hanseniaspora, Hansenula, and Candida) have been identified [9,42]. These yeasts contribute to the fermentation process in different ways. S. cerevisiae, for example, played a dominant role during the early stages of the fermentation process [43]. P. kudriavzevii produced about 35% and 200% more ethanol than S. cerevisiae at high tem- peratures of 40 and 45 ◦C, respectively [44], but also contributed to the negative effect of film-formation in fermented food [45].", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 12, "quote": "Numerous fungal elements were recorded (n = 536), including hyphae (n = 20), mycelia (n = 9), fungal spores in germination (n = 3), conidial clusters resembling Aspergillus (n = 472), and cleistothecia likely from Monascus (n = 2) (Table S3). The hyphae and mycelia appeared either transparent or brown in color and were mostly septate (Figure 3L–N,P,Q). Some small spores were seemingly in a state of germination (Figure 3K). Many small, dark-colored spore clusters, in some cases connecting to hyphae or mycelia, were present (Figure 3M,N,P,Q). These mold particles resembled those of Aspergillus, particularly A. niger and A. oryzae (Figure 4G–L). These two species were very similar in our reference data, but the former produced smaller and darker conidia than the latter (Figure 4G–L,N). In the Qin liquid, the spores in those dark-colored spore clusters measured 0.96–2.79 μm, resembling those in A. niger, while two larger conidia during germination were transparent and measured 6.14 μm and 6.74 μm, falling within the range of A. oryzae (Table S4). Addi- tionally, two cleistothecia were present, appearing red in color and containing numerous oval ascospores, which are typical characteristics of Monascus (Figure 3O, compared with Figure 4N,P). In our experimental brewing of millet beer, mycelia associated with starches were present in the beverage after the fermentation process was completed, a situation resembling that of the Qin liquid (Figure 4M) [27]. In China today, the dominant fungal strains in daqu include predominantly Aspergillus, Mucor, and Rhizopus [9,47,48], while Mon", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 16, "quote": "Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https:// www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/fermentation10070365/s1, Figure S1: Location of Yancun cemetery site; Figure S2: Selected ion chromatogram of fatty acids from liquid residues; Figure S3. Starch granules showing damages induced by fermentation in modern reference; Figure S4: Comparison of Qin Type I starch and yeasts with modern references. Table S1: Bronze vessels containing liquid unearthed in North China; Table S2: Counts and sizes of starch grains re-covered from the bronze bottle; Table S3: Counts and sizes (in μm) of fungi and bacteria recovered from the bronze bottle; Table S4: Measurements of Yeasts and conidia from Qin alcohol and modern reference [7,22,63–71].", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.219701+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN157", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Figure 3. Fungi and bacteria in the Qin liquid. (A–D) Oval yeast cells in different stages of the\nbudding process, cf. S. cerevisiae; (E) round yeast cell; (F) a cluster of oval yeasts; (G) elongated–oval\nyeast, cf. Pichia sp.; (H) rod-shaped yeast in budding; (I,J) rod-shaped bacteria in fission, cf. Bacillum\nsp.; (K) fungal spore in germination; (L) fungal hypha; (M) hypha associated with conidia; (N,P)\nconidial cluster connected with hyphae, resembling A. niger; (O) cleistothecium resembling Monascus\nsp., with a yeast cell on top; and (Q) mycelium attached to conidial mass, resembling A. niger.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "yancun", "quote": "entation method of a 2300-year-old liquid preserved in a sealed bronze bottle unearthed in a Qin\n tomb at Yancun, Shaanxi. The results of this research suggest that this liquid is likely a fermented\n beverage made from wheat/barley, rice, Job’s tears, broomcorn millet, and pulses. The fermentation\n starter ma", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "e805256e84bf71e0374c9a9bcf77e96b49358ac9921e1d95523021c59fd109a7" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F03", "paper_key": "S255_86586f9f661b", "paper_id": "S255", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Rice micro remains found from the Hemudu foodcrust. (1a-c) A compound starch assemblage in bright field (1a), DIC (1b) and polarized light (1c); (2a) A\nsingle one under DIC and polarized light (2b); (3) A fan-shape phytolith of rice.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S255_f62c487d5a4b_S255-F03。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e2e6220812078c95c1f42a687c6f08868ee44c4597b319d194affb7ebbd131a7", "image_bytes": 3510860, "sites": [ "CN084" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 河姆渡遗址食物层中发现的水稻微遗存。 （1a-c） 明场（1a）、DIC（1b）和偏光（1c）下的复合淀粉组合； （2a） 单个淀粉粒在DIC和偏光下的图像（2b）； （3） 一个水稻的扇形植硅体。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Rice micro remains found from the Hemudu foodcrust. (1a-c) A compound starch assemblage in bright field (1a), DIC (1b) and polarized light (1c); (2a) A\nsingle one under DIC and polarized light (2b); (3) A fan-shape phytolith of rice.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "河姆渡食物层水稻微遗存", "title_en": "Rice Microremains from the Hemudu Foodcrust", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e2e6220812078c95c1f42a68.png", "image_url": "media/S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F03.png?v=e2e622081207", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "compound assemblages, sticking tightly with each other. When a single starch granule abscises from the assemblage (vibrating may accelerate the abscission), small facets are observable under DIC filters (Fig. 3). Their mean lengths are considerably longer than those of starch granules from modern wild rice, but similar to those from modern cultivated rice (Fig. 4). The starch granules from cultivated rice at the Xiaohuangshan site (early phase, c. 9000–8500 cal. BP) were reported to be mostly recovered from potsherds, whereas those of wild plant species were mainly recovered from grinding slabs (Yao et al. 2016). This suggests that grinding slabs were likely not used for processing rice, or that specialized processing techniques may have obscured initial informa- tion. Simulation experiments indicate that dry-grinding can significantly alter starch morphology, including loss of extinction crosses, compli- cating detection and identification (Li et al. 2020). The dry-grinding procedure may have contributed to the absence of rice starch on Xiao- huangshan slabs. However, the presence of embedded rice grains in Hemudu foodcrusts suggests that rice was consumed whole after dehusking, rather than being ground into flour. Besides the starch, one particle of fan-shaped phytolith of rice (from bulliform cells in the plant leaves, see Kondo 1977) was also recovered (Fig. 3: 3). Lu et al. (2002) and Huan et al. (2015) developed the criteria for differentiating wild and domesticated rice based on the quantity of decorations on the lateral side of the fan-shaped phytolith that resemble", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.329289+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN084", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Rice micro remains found from the Hemudu foodcrust. (1a-c) A compound starch assemblage in bright field (1a), DIC (1b) and polarized light (1c); (2a) A\nsingle one under DIC and polarized light (2b); (3) A fan-shape phytolith of rice.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "hemudu", "quote": "rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a\npottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu\nSettlement, China\nWei Ge a,b,*, Weijin Huang c, Li Liu d, Yuxiao Cheng a,b, Haiting Wang a,b, Hesheng Zhai e,\nCifu Lin f, Xihuang Lin f, Xinyu Liu g, Yuanfei Wu e, Xueliang Hou h, Xijie Yin f\na Laboratory of Archaeometry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Chi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "86586f9f661b1fb4a9f830f841ba7c06cd4f28177349fa09be6075469c6bc655" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F05", "paper_key": "S255_86586f9f661b", "paper_id": "S255", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Starch of the Triticeae tribe recovered from the Hemudu foodcrust. (a) Round shape under DIC (left) and polarized light (right); (b) Lenticular shape under\nDIC (left) and polarized light (right).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S255_f62c487d5a4b_S255-F05。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6ee5002894f19dce057fc10331c8c27f954989931c04a22bb8d4bece94fc1b3c", "image_bytes": 1540796, "sites": [ "CN084" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 从河姆渡遗址食物残片中提取的小麦族淀粉粒。 （a） 在微分干涉显微镜（左）和偏光（右）下呈圆形；（b） 在微分干涉显微镜（左）和偏光（右）下呈透镜状。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Starch of the wheat tribe (Triticeae) tribe recovered from the Hemudu foodcrust. (a) Round shape under DIC (left) and polarized light (right); (b) Lenticular shape under\nDIC (left) and polarized light (right).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "河姆渡食物残片中小麦族淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Starch Morphology of Triticeae from Hemudu Food Crust", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6ee5002894f19dce057fc103.png", "image_url": "media/S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F05.png?v=6ee5002894f1", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "4.1.2. The Triticeae tribe Two granules of wheat starch were retrieved, with maximum lengths of 27.37 and 26.73 μm, respectively. Both granules are nearly round in shape and may turn lenticular after tapping the cover slides using a pipette tip (Fig. 5: a, b). The two granules’ hila are centrally located. The arms of the extinction crosses are slender near the hilum and gradually widen toward the edge. Because there are many morphological overlaps in starch among several genera in the Triticeae tribe, it is difficult to assign them to a specific genera or species (Liu et al. 2011, Yao et al. 2016). The widespread use of wheat and barley starch in modern industry and daily life raises the possibility of airborne contamination in ancient starch research (Crowther et al. 2014). The domesticated species of Triticeae (mainly wheat and barley) originated in West Asia and were first spread to China around 2000 BCE (Liu et al., 2018b, Long et al. 2018, Chen et al. 2020). Although there is no clear evidence that wild species of the wheat tribe were collected for food in prehistoric China, given the vast distribution of wild Triticeae species, it seems likely that they were the objects of human collection in Neolithic China. Our lab- oratory work conformed to strict guidelines for avoiding and identifying contamination, and no Triticeae starch was found in the control group. Numerous Triticeae starch granules were discovered on pottery sherds and stone slabs from Xiaohuangshan (Yao et al., 2016). These findings suggest the presence of wild wheat species. However, due to the limited q", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "核对通过（未另附意见）", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:20:07.504891+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN084", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Starch of the Triticeae tribe recovered from the Hemudu foodcrust. (a) Round shape under DIC (left) and polarized light (right); (b) Lenticular shape under\nDIC (left) and polarized light (right).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "hemudu", "quote": "rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a\npottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu\nSettlement, China\nWei Ge a,b,*, Weijin Huang c, Li Liu d, Yuxiao Cheng a,b, Haiting Wang a,b, Hesheng Zhai e,\nCifu Lin f, Xihuang Lin f, Xinyu Liu g, Yuanfei Wu e, Xueliang Hou h, Xijie Yin f\na Laboratory of Archaeometry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Chi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "86586f9f661b1fb4a9f830f841ba7c06cd4f28177349fa09be6075469c6bc655" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F07", "paper_key": "S255_86586f9f661b", "paper_id": "S255", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig. 7. Starch of the Papilionoideae subfamily found in the Hemudu foodcrust and modern references. (a-c) Ancient starch in bright field (a), under DIC (b), and\npolarized light (c); Modern cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) under DIC (d) and polarized light (e).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S255_f62c487d5a4b_S255-F07。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "6cc6416413d1c85260dcf9dd295c0fd782b5260de207f077718541c68c9d0fa6", "image_bytes": 2052806, "sites": [ "CN084" ], "caption_zh": "图7. 在河姆渡遗址食物残余中发现的豆科植物淀粉及其现代样本。 （a-c） 古代淀粉在明场 （a）、DIC （b） 和偏光 （c） 下；现代豇豆 （Vigna unguiculata） 在DIC （d） 和偏光 （e） 下。", "caption_en": "Fig. 7. Starch of the Papilionoideae subfamily found in the Hemudu foodcrust and modern references. (a-c) Ancient starch in bright field (a), under DIC (b), and\npolarized light (c); Modern cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) under DIC (d) and polarized light (e).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "河姆渡食物残余中豆科亚科植物淀粉", "title_en": "Starch of Papilionoideae subfamily from Hemudu foodcrust", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/6cc6416413d1c85260dcf9dd.png", "image_url": "media/S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F07.png?v=6cc6416413d1", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "4.1.4. The Papilionoideae subfamily A single, kidney-shaped starch granule from legumes was recovered, measuring 25.48 μm in length (Fig. 7: a-c). It features a central hilum with irregular fissures and a clear extinction cross forming a thick “x”. The length is comparable to that of modern cowpea (Vigna unguiculata, 5.1–28.56 μm). However, due to its morphological resemblance to some wild species in the Vicieae tribe (e.g., Vicia spp., see Hart 2014, Liu et al. 2016b), it cannot be definitively assigned to any specific genus or tribe. Notably, Yao et al. (2016) described Vigna starch granules from a slab and a potsherd, which were believed to be more similar to those of mung beans. Yang and Jiang (2010) also reported Vigna starch from Kuahu- qiao foodcrusts, identifying it as more similar to cowpea. The starch", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "granules observed in this study lack the long-merged extinction arms around the hilum that distinguish mung bean starch (see Fig. 4. g, g’ in Yao et al. 2016), but resemble the cowpea granules we collected (Fig. 7: d, e). Unidentified Fabaceae seeds recovered from the Tianluoshan site were identified as belonging to Cladrastis sp., Dalbergia sp., or Ormosia sp. (Fuller et al. 2011). These genera are part of the Papilionoideae", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.435093+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN084", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 7. Starch of the Papilionoideae subfamily found in the Hemudu foodcrust and modern references. (a-c) Ancient starch in bright field (a), under DIC (b), and\npolarized light (c); Modern cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) under DIC (d) and polarized light (e).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "hemudu", "quote": "rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a\npottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu\nSettlement, China\nWei Ge a,b,*, Weijin Huang c, Li Liu d, Yuxiao Cheng a,b, Haiting Wang a,b, Hesheng Zhai e,\nCifu Lin f, Xihuang Lin f, Xinyu Liu g, Yuanfei Wu e, Xueliang Hou h, Xijie Yin f\na Laboratory of Archaeometry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Chi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "86586f9f661b1fb4a9f830f841ba7c06cd4f28177349fa09be6075469c6bc655" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F08", "paper_key": "S255_86586f9f661b", "paper_id": "S255", "number": "8", "caption_original": "Fig. 8. Lilium sp. starch found from Hemudu foodcrust and modern references. (1a-1b) Ancient starch under DIC (1a) and polarized light (1b); Modern Asiatic Lily\n(Lilium asiatic) under DIC (2a) and polarized light (2b).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S255_f62c487d5a4b_S255-F08。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c55d43669bc2345bb25089e3185b1cf0c6ffb704919612213dd471ae1077453c", "image_bytes": 2714287, "sites": [ "CN084" ], "caption_zh": "图8. 河姆渡遗址食物焦痂中的百合属（Lilium sp.）淀粉粒与现代参照。（1a–1b）古代淀粉粒在微分干涉（DIC，1a）及偏光（1b）下的图像；现代亚洲百合（Lilium asiatic）在微分干涉（DIC，2a）及偏光（2b）下的图像。", "caption_en": "Fig. 8. lilies (Lilium sp.) starch found from Hemudu foodcrust and modern references. (1a-1b) Ancient starch under DIC (1a) and polarized light (1b); Modern Asiatic Lily\n(Lilium asiatic) under DIC (2a) and polarized light (2b).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "河姆渡食物焦痂中的百合属淀粉粒及现代参照", "title_en": "Lilium starch from Hemudu foodcrust and modern references", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c55d43669bc2345bb25089e3.png", "image_url": "media/S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F08.png?v=c55d43669bc2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "4.1.5. Lilium sp This starch granule is a rounded rectangle, measuring 39.68 μm in length (Fig. 8). The hilum is located at approximately the 1/6 point along one of the rectangle’s diagonals (Fig. 8: 1b). Four straight extinction arms connect the hilum to the four corners. Fine lamellas are visible on the smooth surface. Its morphological features align with those of Asiatic lily bulbs (Lilium asiatic), which range from 5.75 to 65.62 μm in length. Yao et al. (2016) reported tuber starch from pottery sherds and stone slabs at Xiaohuangshan, including Nelumbo sp. and Dioscorea sp. This study is the first to report archaeological lily starch in the Ningbo-Shaoxing plain. The lily bulb has been traditionally used as both a vegetable and a medicine due to its high starch content and other health-promoting components (Li et al. 2019). Because of their high- water content, lily bulbs are difficult to preserve, yet the starch re- mains provide invaluable evidence of the Hemudu ancient people’s prehistoric use of lilies. Wang and Jiang (2022) recovered lily starch from Shangshan’s (c. 11000–8600 BP) grinding stones and potsherds, potentially the earliest in China. Pollen from the Liliaceae family was found in early Yangshao culture strata (c. 6800–6400 BP) at the Dadi- wan site in Gansu province (Huang, 1991), where lilium starch residues were discovered on shell knives (c. 6500–5900 BP) (Yang et al. 2019). Liliaceae starch was also discovered on the surfaces of stone knives and sickles from the Longshan (c. 5000–4000) to Erlitou (c. 4000–3500 BP) phases at the Huizui site in Yanshi", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.486057+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN084", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Fig. 8. Lilium sp. starch found from Hemudu foodcrust and modern references. (1a-1b) Ancient starch under DIC (1a) and polarized light (1b); Modern Asiatic Lily\n(Lilium asiatic) under DIC (2a) and polarized light (2b).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "hemudu", "quote": "rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a\npottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu\nSettlement, China\nWei Ge a,b,*, Weijin Huang c, Li Liu d, Yuxiao Cheng a,b, Haiting Wang a,b, Hesheng Zhai e,\nCifu Lin f, Xihuang Lin f, Xinyu Liu g, Yuanfei Wu e, Xueliang Hou h, Xijie Yin f\na Laboratory of Archaeometry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Chi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "86586f9f661b1fb4a9f830f841ba7c06cd4f28177349fa09be6075469c6bc655" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S255_f62c487d5a4b_S255-F06", "paper_key": "S255_f62c487d5a4b", "paper_id": "S255", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Acorn starch found from the Hemudu foodcrust and modern references. (a-c) Ancient starch in bright field (a), under DIC (b) and polarized light (c); Modern\noriental oak (Quercus variabilis) under DIC (d) and polarized light (e).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F06。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "867ce67c1c2393104f79c56bedaeadec15eca937a50b2dcfacdbf879aa528195", "image_bytes": 2054886, "sites": [ "CN084" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 从河姆渡遗址食物残余中发现的橡子淀粉及现代样品。 （a-c） 古代淀粉在明场 （a）、DIC （b） 和偏光 （c） 下的观察；现代东方橡树 （Quercus variabilis） 在DIC （d） 和偏光 （e） 下的观察。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Acorn starch found from the Hemudu foodcrust and modern references. (a-c) Ancient starch in bright field (a), under DIC (b) and polarized light (c); Modern\noriental oak (Chinese cork oak, Quercus variabilis) under DIC (d) and polarized light (e).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "河姆渡橡子淀粉及现代参考", "title_en": "Acorn Starch from Hemudu and Modern References", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/867ce67c1c2393104f79c56b.png", "image_url": "media/S255_f62c487d5a4b_S255-F06.png?v=867ce67c1c23", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "characteristics of this granule closely resemble those of modern oriental oak (Fig. 6), and its size falls within the range of oriental oak (3.02–26.86 μm). Due to the challenge of attributing starch to a specific species based on a single granule, it was only classified at the genus level. Quercus acorns, leaves, and pollen were recovered from Hemudu Phase I, potentially representing various species (ZPICHA, 2003, pp. 217–219). Yao et al. (2016) identified Quercus starch granules in Xiao- huangshan potsherds and slab stones (c. 9000–8500 cal. BP). Yang and Jiang (2010) also documented Quercus starches at Kuahuqiao (c. 8000–7000 BP), a site slightly younger than Xiaohuangshan, from res- idues on select potsherds. Nuts from several Fagaceae genera, such as Quercus, Lithocarpus, and Cyclobalanopsis, were recovered through washing and sieving at Tianluoshan, a contemporary site with Hemudu (Fuller et al. 2011, Zheng et al. 2011). The starch granule findings align well with the macro-botanical remains. Oak species, known for their high tannin content, particularly Oriental oak with over 60 mg/g (Li", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.536943+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN084", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Acorn starch found from the Hemudu foodcrust and modern references. (a-c) Ancient starch in bright field (a), under DIC (b) and polarized light (c); Modern\noriental oak (Quercus variabilis) under DIC (d) and polarized light (e).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "hemudu", "quote": "rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a\npottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu\nSettlement, China\nWei Ge a,b,*, Weijin Huang c, Li Liu d, Yuxiao Cheng a,b, Haiting Wang a,b, Hesheng Zhai e,\nCifu Lin f, Xihuang Lin f, Xinyu Liu g, Yuanfei Wu e, Xueliang Hou h, Xijie Yin f\na Laboratory of Archaeometry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Chi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f62c487d5a4b866f3ab3ab3ba2a85743b24c714806478963cfe76b3027545997" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S255_f62c487d5a4b_S255-F09", "paper_key": "S255_f62c487d5a4b", "paper_id": "S255", "number": "9", "caption_original": "Fig. 9. Unidentified and damaged starch granules. (1a-1b) A tiny round starch granule under DIC (1a) and polarized light (1b); (2) A damaged starch granule with\ndepression around the hilum (white arrowed); (3)A damaged starch granule under DIC (3a) and polarized light (3b) (white arrow shows depression and red arrow\nshows more visible lamellae). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S255_86586f9f661b_S255-F09。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "dd02a9d60db5bc46556890d57cc76818d428b45581ac25dd401257751e9603bf", "image_bytes": 2240074, "sites": [ "CN084" ], "caption_zh": "图9. 未鉴定及受损的淀粉粒。 （1a-1b） 一个微小的圆形淀粉粒在明场成像（1a）和偏光下（1b）； （2） 一个在脐点周围有凹陷的受损淀粉粒（白箭头所示）； （3） 一个受损淀粉粒在明场成像（3a）和偏光下（3b）（白箭头显示凹陷，红箭头显示更明显的层纹）。（关于本图例中颜色的参考，读者请参见本文的网络版本。）", "caption_en": "Fig. 9. Unidentified and damaged starch granules. (1a-1b) A tiny round starch granule under DIC (1a) and polarized light (1b); (2) A damaged starch granule with\ndepression around the hilum (white arrowed); (3)A damaged starch granule under DIC (3a) and polarized light (3b) (white arrow shows depression and red arrow\nshows more visible lamellae). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "未鉴定及受损的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Unidentified and damaged starch granules", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/dd02a9d60db5bc46556890d5.png", "image_url": "media/S255_f62c487d5a4b_S255-F09.png?v=dd02a9d60db5", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "4.1.6. Unidentified and damaged starch granules Some tiny, round starch granules were not identified as they may originate from various genera or species (Fig. 9: 1a, 1b). Others were left", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "unidentified due to damage, but they may have cultural significance. These granules exhibit an expanded extinction region under polarized light and a flattened depression around the hilum (Fig. 9: 2, 3a, 3b). In the larger granules, the lamellae also became more visible around the hilum (Fig. 9: 3a). These characteristics align with features of starch damaged by heating (Henry et al. 2009, Ge et al. 2010, Crowther 2012). The cooking process can damage starch structures through gelatini- zation, which depends on temperature and humidity (Crowther 2012). High water content and elevated temperatures can lead to complete gelatinization. This process alters the morphological characteristics of starch granules, which consist of alternately ordered layers of amor- phous and semi-crystalline polymers with varying stability (Martin and Smith 1995). Common rice cooking methods, involving mixing rice grains with water and heating, typically result in starch gelatinization. Gelatinization requires time, and the duration of heating can affect the degree of gelatinization and visible morphological changes in starch. As gelatinization progresses, starch granules may swell, distort, and even- tually lose structural integrity, transforming into a glue-like amorphous substance (Henry et al. 2009, Ge et al. 2010). This process causes the extinction features to fade, indicating crystal structure disintegration. Most starch granules in the fu pot may have fully gelatinized and lost their shapes, but some resistant starch remained. This resistant starch can withstand hot, humid, and dry conditio", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.596424+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN084", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Fig. 9. Unidentified and damaged starch granules. (1a-1b) A tiny round starch granule under DIC (1a) and polarized light (1b); (2) A damaged starch granule with\ndepression around the hilum (white arrowed); (3)A damaged starch granule under DIC (3a) and polarized light (3b) (white arrow shows depression and red arrow\nshows more visible lamellae). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "hemudu", "quote": "rice: Preliminary investigation of encrusted organic residues in a\npottery vessel reveals diverse food resources at the Neolithic Hemudu\nSettlement, China\nWei Ge a,b,*, Weijin Huang c, Li Liu d, Yuxiao Cheng a,b, Haiting Wang a,b, Hesheng Zhai e,\nCifu Lin f, Xihuang Lin f, Xinyu Liu g, Yuanfei Wu e, Xueliang Hou h, Xijie Yin f\na Laboratory of Archaeometry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Chi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "f62c487d5a4b866f3ab3ab3ba2a85743b24c714806478963cfe76b3027545997" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S256_6d971cb8c0b8_S256-F03", "paper_key": "S256_6d971cb8c0b8", "paper_id": "S256", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Typical starch grains were recovered from residues on the stone tools at the Xinzhai site. a: Type I, millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum); b: Type II, \njob’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); c: Type III, Triticeae; d: Type IV-1, yam (Dioscorea polystachya); e: Type IV-2, Liliaceae; f: Type IV-3, lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera); g: \nType V, beans (Fabaceae); h: Type VI, acorns (Quercus); i–l: unidentified. (Note: a: from SKN14; b, f, i: from SKN9; c, j: from SM5; d: from SKN2; e: from SKN3; g: from \nSSK1; h: from SM2; k: from SKN10; l: from SKN11).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2b763b5878b269229a4f399d903ba2f9c8b2445abe2b6e8c4f32c016be34c5d5", "image_bytes": 2438888, "sites": [ "CN121" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 从新砦遗址石器表面的残留物中提取到典型的淀粉粒。a: 类型I，粟（Setaria italica）和黍（Panicum miliaceum）；b: 类型II，薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；c: 类型III，小麦族（Triticeae）；d: 类型IV-1，山药（Dioscorea polystachya）；e: 类型IV-2，天门冬科（Liliaceae）；f: 类型IV-3，莲根（Nelumbo nucifera）；g: 类型V，豆科（Fabaceae）；h: 类型VI，橡子（Quercus）；i–l: 未鉴定。 （注：a: 来自SKN14；b， f， i: 来自SKN9；c， j: 来自SM5；d: 来自SKN2；e: 来自SKN3；g: 来自SSK1；h: 来自SM2；k: 来自SKN10；l: 来自SKN11）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Typical starch grains were recovered from residues on the stone tools at the Xinzhai site. a: Type I, millets (foxtail millet, Setaria italica and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum)); b: Type II, \njob’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); c: Type III, wheat tribe (Triticeae); d: Type IV-1, yam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea polystachya); e: Type IV-2, Liliaceae; f: Type IV-3, lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera); g: \nType V, beans (legume family, Fabaceae); h: Type VI, acorns (oaks, Quercus); i–l: unidentified. (Note: a: from SKN14; b, f, i: from SKN9; c, j: from SM5; d: from SKN2; e: from SKN3; g: from \nSSK1; h: from SM2; k: from SKN10; l: from SKN11).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "新砦遗址石器残留物中的淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from stone tool residues at the Xinzhai site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2b763b5878b269229a4f399d.png", "image_url": "media/S256_6d971cb8c0b8_S256-F03.png?v=2b763b5878b2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Of all the starch grains, 250 were classified into types I–VI based on their morphology, size, and extinction cross characteristics. The remaining 37 grains lacked identifiable features and were classified as unidentified. Notably, some grains were unmeasurable owing to overlap within clusters, making them difficult to observe entirely after rotation; however, they were still included in the analysis. Type I starch grains (n = 164; 65.6 % of the total; from 17 tools with 58.6 % ubiquity) closely resemble those found in Panicoideae, particu larly foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum mil iaceum) (Figs. 3a; 4a). These grains were identified based on their morphological characteristics and sizes, ranging from 4.61 to 19.5 μm. The overlap in starch characteristics between foxtail millet and broomcorn millet is relatively high, making it difficult to distinguish between them. This type of starch is also found in the stem/leaf of Panicoideae (Liu et al., 2017). Therefore, Type I is associated with millets (S. italica and P. miliaceum) starch, which likely originated from seeds and stems/leaves. Type II starch grains (n = 23; 9.2 % of the total; from 13 tools with 41.4 % ubiquity) are polyhedral with a centric hilum and normally have T- or linear-shaped fissures. Their extinction cross is “+” shaped with a bent end (Fig. 3b). These starch grains closely resemble those from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (Fig. 4b), based on their size (10.1–26.5 μm)", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "and morphological characteristics. Type III starch grains (n = 31; 12.4 % of the total; from 16 tools with 55.2 % ubiquity) are more typical of the Triticeae tribe (Figs. 3c; 4c). The size of these grains ranges from 6.48 to 38.1 μm, although some grains were not measured due to breakage and deformation. There are no reliable criteria for further identification and distinction between starch of cultivated and wild genera of Triticeae. Studies have shown that this type of starch is also present in the stem/leaf of Panicoideae (Liu et al., 2017). Therefore, Type III starch grains may be derived from Triticeae seeds or from Panicoideae stems/leaves. Type IV starch grains (n = 16; 6.4 % of the total; from 8 tools with 27.6 % ubiquity) are commonly found in tubers. Certain species and genera can be defined relatively based on modern tuber starch studies (Wan et al., 2011). Type IV-1 starch grains (n = 3; from 2 tools) closely resemble starch from yam (Dioscorea polystachya) (Fig. 4d) based on their size range of 22.4–40.7 μm, and their morphological features (Fig. 3d). Type IV-2 starch grains (n = 5; from one stone knife) are elongated oval in shape with radiated fissures, are extremely eccentric and size range of 9.92–27.04 μm (Fig. 3e). The morphology of these grains is similar to that of the lily family (Liliaceae). Most Liliaceae starches have a smooth surface, but some genera also have large fissures (Fig. 4e). Type IV-3, a starch grain with a size of 59.15 μm is observed (Fig. 3f), and is most similar to the lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera) (Fig. 4f). The remaining Type IV st", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "4.3.1. Processing tools Among the five stone mortars, the smallest one (SM3) contained only one starch grain, and the majority of the phytoliths in this mortar were mostly from stems/leaves, which were relatively fragmented, suggesting that this stone mortar was likely used for grinding adulterants rather than processing grains. The other four mortars had an unusual abun dance of phytoliths (n = 390, 31 % of the total), which were identified as belonged to the stems/leaves and husks of numerous Poaceae plants, including rice and millets. Only 18 starch grains exhibited signs of breakage, cracking (Fig. 3j), and local lamellae, which are characteris tics typically associated with processing methods such as grinding and pounding (Ge et al., 2010, 2015). The low starch extraction rate may be attributed to processing methods that did not completely crush the grains. However, it is also possible that severe environmental corrosion and damage occurred later, resulting in the decomposition of most starch grains. Only 3 starch grains were found on the grinding rod (GR1), despite the abundance of phytoliths. These 3 starch grains were identified as millet and Triticeae, whereas the phytoliths mainly originated from rice and millets, with a considerable number also belonging to the stems/ leaves of other Poaceae plants. Ethnographic studies and test analyses have shown that grinding slabs and rods were mainly used for grinding nuts, beans, or tubers and were not typically used for dehusking millets (Wang, 2008; Liu et al., 2010a–c; Robitaille, 2016). GR1 contained relatively few star", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.650855+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN121", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Typical starch grains were recovered from residues on the stone tools at the Xinzhai site. a: Type I, millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum); b: Type II, \njob’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); c: Type III, Triticeae; d: Type IV-1, yam (Dioscorea polystachya); e: Type IV-2, Liliaceae; f: Type IV-3, lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera); g: \nType V, beans (Fabaceae); h: Type VI, acorns (Quercus); i–l: unidentified. (Note: a: from SKN14; b, f, i: from SKN9; c, j: from SM5; d: from SKN2; e: from SKN3; g: from \nSSK1; h: from SM2; k: from SKN10; l: from SKN11).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xinzhai", "quote": "m/locate/jasrep\n\n\nInsights into plant-based food resource harvesting and processing: A\nmicrofossil analysis of stone tools at the Xinzhai Site, China\nJingshan Li a, Shaodong Zhai b,*, Chunqing Zhao b\na School of Archaeology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China\nb Institute of Archaeology, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China\n\n\nA R T I C L E I N F O", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6d971cb8c0b800e213233d5c24c7d83a3f28f7eef5280fc57468a8953ebb5053" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S256_6d971cb8c0b8_S256-F04", "paper_key": "S256_6d971cb8c0b8", "paper_id": "S256", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from some modern plant species in China related to the identification of ancient starch grains. a: foxtail millet (Setaria italica); b: job’s tears \n(Coix lacryma-jobi); c: wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum); d: yam (Dioscorea polystachya); e: morningstar lily (Lilium pumilum); f: lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera); g: \nmungbean (Vigna radiata); h: oriental oak (Quercus variabilis).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4c3a5bc08d138d0d06dc5d2ddb842ac82fb3612d4b25507d4cb6e1900fad0a52", "image_bytes": 3140747, "sites": [ "CN121" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 一些与中国古代淀粉粒鉴定相关的现代植物物种的淀粉粒。a: 粟 （Setaria italica）； b: 薏苡 （Coix lacryma-jobi）； c: 小麦族 （Agropyron cristatum）； d: 薯蓣 （Dioscorea polystachya）； e: 百合 （Lilium pumilum）； f: 莲属 （Nelumbo nucifera）； g: 绿豆 （Vigna radiata）； h: 栎属 （Quercus variabilis）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from some modern plant species in China related to the identification of ancient starch grains. a: foxtail millet (Setaria italica); b: job’s tears \n(Coix lacryma-jobi); c: wheatgrass (crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum); d: yam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea polystachya); e: morningstar lily (coral lily, Lilium pumilum); f: lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera); g: \nmungbean (mung bean, Vigna radiata); h: oriental oak (Chinese cork oak, Quercus variabilis).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "中国部分现代植物的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from some modern plant species in China", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4c3a5bc08d138d0d06dc5d2d.png", "image_url": "media/S256_6d971cb8c0b8_S256-F04.png?v=4c3a5bc08d13", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Of all the starch grains, 250 were classified into types I–VI based on their morphology, size, and extinction cross characteristics. The remaining 37 grains lacked identifiable features and were classified as unidentified. Notably, some grains were unmeasurable owing to overlap within clusters, making them difficult to observe entirely after rotation; however, they were still included in the analysis. Type I starch grains (n = 164; 65.6 % of the total; from 17 tools with 58.6 % ubiquity) closely resemble those found in Panicoideae, particu larly foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum mil iaceum) (Figs. 3a; 4a). These grains were identified based on their morphological characteristics and sizes, ranging from 4.61 to 19.5 μm. The overlap in starch characteristics between foxtail millet and broomcorn millet is relatively high, making it difficult to distinguish between them. This type of starch is also found in the stem/leaf of Panicoideae (Liu et al., 2017). Therefore, Type I is associated with millets (S. italica and P. miliaceum) starch, which likely originated from seeds and stems/leaves. Type II starch grains (n = 23; 9.2 % of the total; from 13 tools with 41.4 % ubiquity) are polyhedral with a centric hilum and normally have T- or linear-shaped fissures. Their extinction cross is “+” shaped with a bent end (Fig. 3b). These starch grains closely resemble those from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (Fig. 4b), based on their size (10.1–26.5 μm)", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "and morphological characteristics. Type III starch grains (n = 31; 12.4 % of the total; from 16 tools with 55.2 % ubiquity) are more typical of the Triticeae tribe (Figs. 3c; 4c). The size of these grains ranges from 6.48 to 38.1 μm, although some grains were not measured due to breakage and deformation. There are no reliable criteria for further identification and distinction between starch of cultivated and wild genera of Triticeae. Studies have shown that this type of starch is also present in the stem/leaf of Panicoideae (Liu et al., 2017). Therefore, Type III starch grains may be derived from Triticeae seeds or from Panicoideae stems/leaves. Type IV starch grains (n = 16; 6.4 % of the total; from 8 tools with 27.6 % ubiquity) are commonly found in tubers. Certain species and genera can be defined relatively based on modern tuber starch studies (Wan et al., 2011). Type IV-1 starch grains (n = 3; from 2 tools) closely resemble starch from yam (Dioscorea polystachya) (Fig. 4d) based on their size range of 22.4–40.7 μm, and their morphological features (Fig. 3d). Type IV-2 starch grains (n = 5; from one stone knife) are elongated oval in shape with radiated fissures, are extremely eccentric and size range of 9.92–27.04 μm (Fig. 3e). The morphology of these grains is similar to that of the lily family (Liliaceae). Most Liliaceae starches have a smooth surface, but some genera also have large fissures (Fig. 4e). Type IV-3, a starch grain with a size of 59.15 μm is observed (Fig. 3f), and is most similar to the lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera) (Fig. 4f). The remaining Type IV st", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.701922+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN121", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from some modern plant species in China related to the identification of ancient starch grains. a: foxtail millet (Setaria italica); b: job’s tears \n(Coix lacryma-jobi); c: wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum); d: yam (Dioscorea polystachya); e: morningstar lily (Lilium pumilum); f: lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera); g: \nmungbean (Vigna radiata); h: oriental oak (Quercus variabilis).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xinzhai", "quote": "m/locate/jasrep\n\n\nInsights into plant-based food resource harvesting and processing: A\nmicrofossil analysis of stone tools at the Xinzhai Site, China\nJingshan Li a, Shaodong Zhai b,*, Chunqing Zhao b\na School of Archaeology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China\nb Institute of Archaeology, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China\n\n\nA R T I C L E I N F O", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6d971cb8c0b800e213233d5c24c7d83a3f28f7eef5280fc57468a8953ebb5053" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S256_6d971cb8c0b8_S256-F05", "paper_key": "S256_6d971cb8c0b8", "paper_id": "S256", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Typical phytoliths were recovered from residues on the stone tools at the Xinzhai site. a–c: Oryza phytolith (bulliform, double-peak, horizontal bilobate); \nd and e: Panicoideae phytolith (longitudinal bilobate, cross); f: phragmites bulliform; g: rectangle; h: elongate echinate; i: short saddle; j: long saddle; k: prickle; l: \nrondel; m: Ω type husk; n: η type husk; o: skeleton. (Note: a, e, l: from SMT5; b, i, j: from SMT4; c: from SR1; d, k, m, n: from SKN11; f: from SMT2; g: from SKN7; h: \nfrom SSK1; o: from SKN2).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f1d2d6cc05c2e272bf70732af055b051ad3372c5f7dc04991b78d7102f29482a", "image_bytes": 2469573, "sites": [ "CN121" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 从新砦遗址石器上的残留物中提取到典型的植硅体。a–c: 稻属植硅体（扇型，双峰型，水并排哑铃型）；d和e: 黍亚科植硅体（竖排哑铃型，十字状）；f: 芦苇盾型；g: 方形；h: 刺棒型；i: 短鞍型；j: 长鞍型；k: 尖型；l: 帽状；m: Ω型颖壳粟；n: η型颖壳黍；o: 表皮细胞。（注：a， e， l: 来自SMT5；b， i， j: 来自SMT4；c: 来自SR1；d， k， m， n: 来自SKN11；f: 来自SMT2；g: 来自SKN7；h: 来自SSK1；o: 来自SKN2）", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Typical phytoliths were recovered from residues on the stone tools at the Xinzhai site. a–c: rice (Oryza) phytolith (bulliform, double-peak, horizontal bilobate); \nd and e: panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) phytolith (longitudinal bilobate, cross); f: reeds (Phragmites) bulliform; g: rectangle; h: elongate echinate; i: short saddle; j: long saddle; k: prickle; l: \nrondel; m: Ω type husk; n: η type husk; o: skeleton. (Note: a, e, l: from SMT5; b, i, j: from SMT4; c: from SR1; d, k, m, n: from SKN11; f: from SMT2; g: from SKN7; h: \nfrom SSK1; o: from SKN2).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "新砦遗址石器残留物中的典型植硅体", "title_en": "Typical phytoliths from stone tool residues at the Xinzhai site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f1d2d6cc05c2e272bf70732a.png", "image_url": "media/S256_6d971cb8c0b8_S256-F05.png?v=f1d2d6cc05c2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "In this study, a total of 1259 phytoliths were extracted from 29 stone tools (Fig. 5), and they predominantly belonged to the Poaceae family. Of these, five phytoliths types were particularly prevalent: elongate (31.8 % of the total, 97.3 % ubiquity), bilobate (21.8 % of the total, 75.9 % ubiquity), skeleton (13.2 % of the total, 82.8 % ubiquity), rectangle (7.1 % of the total, 58.6 % ubiquity), and bulliform (6.3 % of the total, 75.9 % ubiquity). Elongate and rectangle phytoliths are typically found in the epidermal structures of many plants, whereas bilobate, bulliform, and skeleton phytoliths are predominantly found in the stems, leaves, and husks of Poaceae. Polylobate, cross, rondel, and prickle are commonly found in the subfamilies Pooideae and Panicoideae. The mid- long saddle is common in Bambusoideae, whereas the short saddle is typical of the Eragrostis subfamily. Some Poaceae phytoliths have been identified at the species level. For example, 44 phytoliths (41.4 % ubiquity) were identified as either double-peak from rice (Oryza sativa) husks or longitudinal bilobate and", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Of all the starch grains, 250 were classified into types I–VI based on their morphology, size, and extinction cross characteristics. The remaining 37 grains lacked identifiable features and were classified as unidentified. Notably, some grains were unmeasurable owing to overlap within clusters, making them difficult to observe entirely after rotation; however, they were still included in the analysis. Type I starch grains (n = 164; 65.6 % of the total; from 17 tools with 58.6 % ubiquity) closely resemble those found in Panicoideae, particu larly foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum mil iaceum) (Figs. 3a; 4a). These grains were identified based on their morphological characteristics and sizes, ranging from 4.61 to 19.5 μm. The overlap in starch characteristics between foxtail millet and broomcorn millet is relatively high, making it difficult to distinguish between them. This type of starch is also found in the stem/leaf of Panicoideae (Liu et al., 2017). Therefore, Type I is associated with millets (S. italica and P. miliaceum) starch, which likely originated from seeds and stems/leaves. Type II starch grains (n = 23; 9.2 % of the total; from 13 tools with 41.4 % ubiquity) are polyhedral with a centric hilum and normally have T- or linear-shaped fissures. Their extinction cross is “+” shaped with a bent end (Fig. 3b). These starch grains closely resemble those from Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (Fig. 4b), based on their size (10.1–26.5 μm)", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "and morphological characteristics. Type III starch grains (n = 31; 12.4 % of the total; from 16 tools with 55.2 % ubiquity) are more typical of the Triticeae tribe (Figs. 3c; 4c). The size of these grains ranges from 6.48 to 38.1 μm, although some grains were not measured due to breakage and deformation. There are no reliable criteria for further identification and distinction between starch of cultivated and wild genera of Triticeae. Studies have shown that this type of starch is also present in the stem/leaf of Panicoideae (Liu et al., 2017). Therefore, Type III starch grains may be derived from Triticeae seeds or from Panicoideae stems/leaves. Type IV starch grains (n = 16; 6.4 % of the total; from 8 tools with 27.6 % ubiquity) are commonly found in tubers. Certain species and genera can be defined relatively based on modern tuber starch studies (Wan et al., 2011). Type IV-1 starch grains (n = 3; from 2 tools) closely resemble starch from yam (Dioscorea polystachya) (Fig. 4d) based on their size range of 22.4–40.7 μm, and their morphological features (Fig. 3d). Type IV-2 starch grains (n = 5; from one stone knife) are elongated oval in shape with radiated fissures, are extremely eccentric and size range of 9.92–27.04 μm (Fig. 3e). The morphology of these grains is similar to that of the lily family (Liliaceae). Most Liliaceae starches have a smooth surface, but some genera also have large fissures (Fig. 4e). Type IV-3, a starch grain with a size of 59.15 μm is observed (Fig. 3f), and is most similar to the lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera) (Fig. 4f). The remaining Type IV st", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.766078+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN121", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Typical phytoliths were recovered from residues on the stone tools at the Xinzhai site. a–c: Oryza phytolith (bulliform, double-peak, horizontal bilobate); \nd and e: Panicoideae phytolith (longitudinal bilobate, cross); f: phragmites bulliform; g: rectangle; h: elongate echinate; i: short saddle; j: long saddle; k: prickle; l: \nrondel; m: Ω type husk; n: η type husk; o: skeleton. (Note: a, e, l: from SMT5; b, i, j: from SMT4; c: from SR1; d, k, m, n: from SKN11; f: from SMT2; g: from SKN7; h: \nfrom SSK1; o: from SKN2).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xinzhai", "quote": "m/locate/jasrep\n\n\nInsights into plant-based food resource harvesting and processing: A\nmicrofossil analysis of stone tools at the Xinzhai Site, China\nJingshan Li a, Shaodong Zhai b,*, Chunqing Zhao b\na School of Archaeology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China\nb Institute of Archaeology, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China\n\n\nA R T I C L E I N F O", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6d971cb8c0b800e213233d5c24c7d83a3f28f7eef5280fc57468a8953ebb5053" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S257_b16fe850a5f8_S257-F08", "paper_key": "S257_b16fe850a5f8", "paper_id": "S257", "number": "8", "caption_original": "Fig. 8. Starch grains recovered from the archaeological sample (1) Paniceae; (2) Paniceae grain with edge partially missing; Paniceae grain with signs of \nfermentation/gelatinization: (3) a granule with “donut-shaped” and presenting swelling and hollowed center; (4) a granule showing rough appearance, and with \ndiscrete holes over the surface and hazy extinction cross; (5) Triticeae; (6) damaged Triticeae with presence of laminae and blurry birefringence; Triticeae grain with \nsigns of fermentation: (7) a granule with crack in the middle; (8) a swollen granule with a spongy-looking appearance and showing a depressed central area and \ninvisible extinction cross.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "15dcb17dd9eb84033e8a5efbefd012e56052cfd2e471eb1adb354eb722e2ed23", "image_bytes": 3335538, "sites": [ "CN209" ], "caption_zh": "图8. 从考古样品中提取的淀粉粒：（1） 黍族；（2） 黍族粒边缘部分缺失；黍族粒呈现发酵/糊化迹象：（3） 一个呈“甜甜圈状”且伴有肿胀和中空中心的粒；（4） 一个表面粗糙、具有明显孔洞及模糊十字消光的粒；（5） 小麦族；（6） 损伤的小麦族粒，伴有叶脉和模糊的双折射；小麦族粒呈现发酵迹象：（7） 一个中间有裂纹的粒；（8） 一个肿胀的粒，呈海绵状外观，中央区域凹陷且无可见十字消光。", "caption_en": "Fig. 8. Starch grains recovered from the archaeological sample (1) panicgrass tribe (Paniceae); (2) panicgrass tribe (Paniceae) grain with edge partially missing; panicgrass tribe (Paniceae) grain with signs of \nfermentation/gelatinization: (3) a granule with “donut-shaped” and presenting swelling and hollowed center; (4) a granule showing rough appearance, and with \ndiscrete holes over the surface and hazy extinction cross; (5) wheat tribe (Triticeae); (6) damaged wheat tribe (Triticeae) with presence of laminae and blurry birefringence; wheat tribe (Triticeae) grain with \nsigns of fermentation: (7) a granule with crack in the middle; (8) a swollen granule with a spongy-looking appearance and showing a depressed central area and \ninvisible extinction cross.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "考古样品中淀粉粒形态特征", "title_en": "Starch Grain Morphology from Archaeological Sample", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/15dcb17dd9eb84033e8a5efb.png", "image_url": "media/S257_b16fe850a5f8_S257-F08.png?v=15dcb17dd9eb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "a. Paniceae. Majority of the identified grains are polygonal in shape while a few are nearly circular. Most of them are with flat surface and centric hila. The typical morphologies of the grains are provided in Fig. 8 (1–4). The grain in Fig. 8 (1) exhibits a clear extinction cross of ‘x’ or ‘+’ shape. These features are morphologically consistent with various species of millet under Paniceae tribe hence the determina tion is not made at genus-level. In addition, the grains in Fig. 8 (2–4) present different characteristics of damage (Wang et al., 2017; He et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2018), such as incomplete edge that resulted from other damages (Fig. 8 (2)); hazy or invisible extinction cross, massive central sinking, and surface swelling might be the signs of gelatinization (Fig. 8 (3 and 4)). b. Triticeae. Most of the grains are lenticular with oval or circular in shape, flat surface, centric hila and extinction cross of ‘x’ shape. They can be classified into two types as below: Type I. Fig. 8 (5) presents a well-preserved grain, presumably wheat (He et al., 2022; Liao et al., 2022), and the damaged ones are shown in Fig. 8 (6 and 8). The damage traits (Wang et al., 2017; He et al., 2022; Liao et al., 2022) include presence of laminae and blurry birefringence that may result from heating (Fig. 8 (6)); massive central sinking, swelling and distortion would be the signs of hy drolysis and enzymolysis (Fig. 8 (8)). Type II. Another typical type can be seen in Fig. 8 (7) which shown deep central fissure likely caused by enzymatic hydrolysis (Wang et al., 201", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.826728+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN209", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "Fig. 8. Starch grains recovered from the archaeological sample (1) Paniceae; (2) Paniceae grain with edge partially missing; Paniceae grain with signs of \nfermentation/gelatinization: (3) a granule with “donut-shaped” and presenting swelling and hollowed center; (4) a granule showing rough appearance, and with \ndiscrete holes over the surface and hazy extinction cross; (5) Triticeae; (6) damaged Triticeae with presence of laminae and blurry birefringence; Triticeae grain with \nsigns of fermentation: (7) a granule with crack in the middle; (8) a swollen granule with a spongy-looking appearance and showing a depressed central area and \ninvisible extinction cross.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Lishanpu", "quote": "eastern slopes of Li Mountain, the analyzed using HPLC-MS, HTS and PM respectively. The results pro­\nancient tomb complex of Lishanpu is located to the west of Qili village in vided comprehensive insights into both the liquor-making process and\nJiagou County, Suzhou, Anhui Province. The cemetery houses several the flavor profile of the liquor. It is therefore significant for under­", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "b16fe850a5f8b83f73e914cffbb89b003b9932ec836a235b8ddd07f59efbb9b9" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S258_15620d5863bf_S258-F03", "paper_key": "S258_15620d5863bf", "paper_id": "S258", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch grains recovered from residues on the stone tools from the Sujiacun site: (a)–(d): Type I-1; (e)–(f): Type I-2; (g) and (h): Type I-3; (i) and (j): Type II; (k) \nand (l): Type III; (m) and (n): Type IV; (o): Type V.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S258_9708210d2a3c_S258-F03。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "d0eab867592865819dfb8b6d084a76c1fbf11412584948c8110c2649d74c0a5b", "image_bytes": 8496818, "sites": [ "CN067" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 从苏家村遗址石器表面残留物中提取的淀粉粒：（a）–（d）：类型I-1，粟或黍；（e）–（f）：类型I-2，粟或黍的茎秆；（g）和（h）：类型I-3，粟或黍；（i）和（j）：类型II，水稻；（k）和（l）：类型III，未知类型；（m）和（n）：类型IV，大麦属；（o）：类型V，损伤或形态破坏，未鉴定。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch grains recovered from residues on the stone tools from the Sujiacun site: (a)–(d): Type I-1; (e)–(f): Type I-2; (g) and (h): Type I-3; (i) and (j): Type II; (k) \nand (l): Type III; (m) and (n): Type IV; (o): Type V.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "苏家村遗址石器残留物中淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types from stone tool residues at the Sujiacun site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/d0eab867592865819dfb8b6d.png", "image_url": "media/S258_15620d5863bf_S258-F03.png?v=d0eab8675928", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "3.1.1. Type I starch grains The results revealed that 684 Type I starch grains shared common features, including their polyhedral shape, centric hilum, and the absence of lamellae. These grains could be classified into three subtypes based on differences in size, surface morphology, and fissure type. (1) Type I-1 starch grains. A total of 621 starch grains fell into Type I- 1. All of them had deeply crossed, winged to Y-shaped or stellate fissures cutting through the hilum and surfaces with short lines radiating from the centre to the edges (Fig. 3(a)–(d)). Type I-1 grains ranged in length from 7.3 to 27.0 μm, with an average diameter of 15.5 ± 3.5 μm. Pre vious studies on the starch grains of modern plants, such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), and Panicum bisulcatum (Yang et al., 2012b), have shown that Type I-1 starch grains have the morphological characteristics of millet starch grains. The common occurrence of both carbonised foxtail millet and broomcorn millet in the Haidai region during the Longshan period (An et al., 2021) indicated that Type I-1 starch grains were from foxtail millet and broomcorn millet. (2) Type I-2 starch grains. This type included 29 starch grains with polyhedral or spheroidal shape, centric hilum, and no lamellae. Most of them had deep stellate fissures with dense lines radiating towards the periphery (Fig. 3(e) and (f)). The lengths of type I-2 grains ranged from 12.3 to 24.0 μm, with an average diameter of 17.4 ± 3.1 μm. According to a crop harvesting simulation study (Yang et al., 2014), foxtail mil", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "3.1.2. Type II starch grains A total of thirteen starch grains were classified as Type II. The common features of Type II starch grains included their polyhedral structures, closed centric hilum, absence of lamellae, and X-shaped extinction crosses (Fig. 3(i) and (j)). These grains were smaller, measuring 4.3–9.0 μm, with an average diameter of 6.6 ± 1.3 μm. Ac cording to Wei et al.’s (2008) investigation of modern rice starch grains and Yao et al.’s (2016) description of the morphological characteristics of modern rice starch grains, Type II starch grains likely originated from the genus Oryza.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "12.2 to 18.2 μm, with an average diameter of 14.8 ± 1.6 μm (Fig. 3(k) and (l)). Modern reference collections show that the hilum of a starch grain from roots and tubers is typically extremely eccentric (Wan et al., 2011). Accordingly, Type III starch grains were determined to be from roots and tubers. As only a small number of these starch grains were identified, we could not determine the species or genus from which they originated.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "3.1.4. Type IV starch grains Five starch grains were classified as Type IV, which had a biconvex shape, centric hilum, and indistinct lamellae (Fig. 3(m) and (n)). The starch grains were olivary and had a longitudinal dent when rotated, measuring 13.8–23.0 μm, with an average diameter of 19.8 ± 3.9 μm. Type IV starch grains had similar characteristics to the starch grains of the tribe Triticeae. Furthermore, the criteria proposed by Piperno et al. (2004) and Yang and Perry (2013) to identify the starch grains of the tribe Triticeae showed that Type IV starch grains were highly similar to the starch grains of the genus Hordeum.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.877241+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN067", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch grains recovered from residues on the stone tools from the Sujiacun site: (a)–(d): Type I-1; (e)–(f): Type I-2; (g) and (h): Type I-3; (i) and (j): Type II; (k) \nand (l): Type III; (m) and (n): Type IV; (o): Type V.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "sujiacun", "quote": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nMicro-botanical evidence of plant food sources and stone tool functions at\nthe Sujiacun site from the Longshan period in southeastern Shandong\nProvince, China\nYuyao Wu a, Can Wang a,*, Yanbo Song a,*, Zhaoyang Zhang a, Yuqi Niu b, Ruijuan Liang a,\nJiaying Zhao a\na School of Archaeology, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China\nb Jinan Institute", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "15620d5863bf5595da362a5bb00aef0ecab6a3d8c12273454903fc85454fed1a" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S258_15620d5863bf_S258-F05", "paper_key": "S258_15620d5863bf", "paper_id": "S258", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Photographs of phytoliths recovered from the stone tools at the Sujiacun site: (a) common millet-η undulating pattern; (b) rice double peaked glume cell; (c) \nrice paralleled arrangement for bilobate short cell; (d) Oryzoideae bilobate short cell; (e) rice bulliform cell; (f-g) bulliform cell; (h) square saddle short cell; (i) oblong \nconcave saddle short cell; (j) bilobate short cell; (k) multilobate short cell; (l) elongate-echinate long cell; (m) long acicular hair cell; (n) smooth-elongate long cell; (o) \nvascular tissues; (p) rondel short cell; (q) wavy trapezoid short cell; (r) horned tower short cell.\ncells, long acicular hair cells, and horned tower short cells,", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "同图其他保留版本：S258_9708210d2a3c_S258-F05。默认检索只显示本主图。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0720552523bbb390e6b21627737650920d1c8c65ad5bc79e6dea50052b3e9834", "image_bytes": 9686619, "sites": [ "CN067" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 从苏家村遗址石器中提取的植硅体照片：（a） 黍稃壳η型植硅体；（b） 水稻双峰颖壳植硅体；（c） 水稻并排哑铃型植硅体；（d） 禾本科哑铃型；（e） 水稻扇型植硅体；（f-g） 扇型；（h） 鞍型；（i） 鞍型；（j） 哑铃型；（k）多铃型；（l） 刺棒型；（m） 尖型；（n） 平滑棒型；（o） 导管；（p） 帽型；（q） 齿型；（r） 塔型。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Photographs of phytoliths recovered from the stone tools at the Sujiacun site: (a) common millet-η undulating pattern; (b) rice double peaked glume cell; (c) \nrice paralleled arrangement for bilobate short cell; (d) rice subfamily (Oryzoideae) bilobate short cell; (e) rice bulliform cell; (f-g) bulliform cell; (h) square saddle short cell; (i) oblong \nconcave saddle short cell; (j) bilobate short cell; (k) multilobate short cell; (l) elongate-echinate long cell; (m) long acicular hair cell; (n) smooth-elongate long cell; (o) \nvascular tissues; (p) rondel short cell; (q) wavy trapezoid short cell; (r) horned tower short cell.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "苏家村遗址石器中植硅体形态", "title_en": "Phytolith morphologies from stone tools at the Sujiacun site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/0720552523bbb390e6b21627.png", "image_url": "media/S258_15620d5863bf_S258-F05.png?v=0720552523bb", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "3.1.1. Type I starch grains The results revealed that 684 Type I starch grains shared common features, including their polyhedral shape, centric hilum, and the absence of lamellae. These grains could be classified into three subtypes based on differences in size, surface morphology, and fissure type. (1) Type I-1 starch grains. A total of 621 starch grains fell into Type I- 1. All of them had deeply crossed, winged to Y-shaped or stellate fissures cutting through the hilum and surfaces with short lines radiating from the centre to the edges (Fig. 3(a)–(d)). Type I-1 grains ranged in length from 7.3 to 27.0 μm, with an average diameter of 15.5 ± 3.5 μm. Pre vious studies on the starch grains of modern plants, such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), and Panicum bisulcatum (Yang et al., 2012b), have shown that Type I-1 starch grains have the morphological characteristics of millet starch grains. The common occurrence of both carbonised foxtail millet and broomcorn millet in the Haidai region during the Longshan period (An et al., 2021) indicated that Type I-1 starch grains were from foxtail millet and broomcorn millet. (2) Type I-2 starch grains. This type included 29 starch grains with polyhedral or spheroidal shape, centric hilum, and no lamellae. Most of them had deep stellate fissures with dense lines radiating towards the periphery (Fig. 3(e) and (f)). The lengths of type I-2 grains ranged from 12.3 to 24.0 μm, with an average diameter of 17.4 ± 3.1 μm. According to a crop harvesting simulation study (Yang et al., 2014), foxtail mil", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "3.1.2. Type II starch grains A total of thirteen starch grains were classified as Type II. The common features of Type II starch grains included their polyhedral structures, closed centric hilum, absence of lamellae, and X-shaped extinction crosses (Fig. 3(i) and (j)). These grains were smaller, measuring 4.3–9.0 μm, with an average diameter of 6.6 ± 1.3 μm. Ac cording to Wei et al.’s (2008) investigation of modern rice starch grains and Yao et al.’s (2016) description of the morphological characteristics of modern rice starch grains, Type II starch grains likely originated from the genus Oryza.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "3.1.3. Type III starch grains Type III also had fourteen starch grains. They were irregularly oval in shape, and the hilum was extremely eccentric. Lamellae and fissures were absent. When the grains were rotated, they still had an irregular oval shape. The lengths of Type III starch grains ranged in length from", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "12.2 to 18.2 μm, with an average diameter of 14.8 ± 1.6 μm (Fig. 3(k) and (l)). Modern reference collections show that the hilum of a starch grain from roots and tubers is typically extremely eccentric (Wan et al., 2011). Accordingly, Type III starch grains were determined to be from roots and tubers. As only a small number of these starch grains were identified, we could not determine the species or genus from which they originated.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:33.937845+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN067", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Photographs of phytoliths recovered from the stone tools at the Sujiacun site: (a) common millet-η undulating pattern; (b) rice double peaked glume cell; (c) \nrice paralleled arrangement for bilobate short cell; (d) Oryzoideae bilobate short cell; (e) rice bulliform cell; (f-g) bulliform cell; (h) square saddle short cell; (i) oblong \nconcave saddle short cell; (j) bilobate short cell; (k) multilobate short cell; (l) elongate-echinate long cell; (m) long acicular hair cell; (n) smooth-elongate long cell; (o) \nvascular tissues; (p) rondel short cell; (q) wavy trapezoid short cell; (r) horned tower short cell.\ncells, long acicular hair cells, and horned tower short cells,", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "sujiacun", "quote": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nMicro-botanical evidence of plant food sources and stone tool functions at\nthe Sujiacun site from the Longshan period in southeastern Shandong\nProvince, China\nYuyao Wu a, Can Wang a,*, Yanbo Song a,*, Zhaoyang Zhang a, Yuqi Niu b, Ruijuan Liang a,\nJiaying Zhao a\na School of Archaeology, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China\nb Jinan Institute", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "15620d5863bf5595da362a5bb00aef0ecab6a3d8c12273454903fc85454fed1a" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S259_4450c8f496ba_S259-F03", "paper_key": "S259_4450c8f496ba", "paper_id": "S259", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Archaeological starch granules recovered from stone tools. a. Type 1 Panicoideae (millet), 13.29 µm; b. Type 2 Triticeae, 32.25 µm; c. Type 3 Job’s tears (Coix \nlacryma-jobi), 15.3 µm; d. Type 4 Yam (Dioscorea sp.), 22.55 µm; e. Type 5 Snakegourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) root, 25.33 µm; f. Type 6 Lily (Lilium sp.) bulb, 31.34 \nµm; g. Type 7 Bean, 33.16 µm; h. Type 8 Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) root, 65.97 µm; i. Type 10 Unidentified USO, subtype 1, 17.82 µm; j. Type 10 Unidentified USO, \nsubtype 2, 14.44 µm; k. UNID, 12.45 µm; l. Example of damaged Type 1 starch, 19.48 µm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9e59bf7b27b08acc9412fe4b877e1f9692a1927fe3c61bbc06463f3276478e3b", "image_bytes": 2198764, "sites": [ "CN034" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 从石器中提取的考古淀粉颗粒。a. 类型1 黍亚科（粟），13.29 μm；b. 类型2 小麦族，32.25 μm；c. 类型3 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi），15.3 μm；d. 类型4 薯蓣（Dioscorea sp.），22.55 μm；e. 类型5 栝楼根（Trichosanthes kirilowii），25.33 μm；f. 类型6 百合（Lilium sp.）鳞茎，31.34 μm；g. 类型7 豆类，33.16 μm；h. 类型8 莲属（Nelumbo nucifera）根，65.97 μm；i. 类型10 未鉴定块根块茎，亚型1，17.82 μm；j. 类型10 未鉴定块根块茎，亚型2，14.44 μm；k. 未鉴定类型，12.45 μm；l. 类型1淀粉的破损示例，19.48 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Archaeological starch granules recovered from stone tools. a. Type 1 panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) (millet), 13.29 μm; b. Type 2 wheat tribe (Triticeae), 32.25 μm; c. Type 3 Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), 15.3 μm; d. Type 4 Yam (yams, Dioscorea sp.), 22.55 μm; e. Type 5 Snakegourd (Chinese snake gourd, Trichosanthes kirilowii) root, 25.33 μm; f. Type 6 Lily (lilies, Lilium sp.) bulb, 31.34 μm; g. Type 7 Bean, 33.16 μm; h. Type 8 Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) root, 65.97 μm; i. Type 10 Unidentified USO, subtype 1, 17.82 μm; j. Type 10 Unidentified USO, \nsubtype 2, 14.44 μm; k. UNID, 12.45 μm; l. Example of damaged Type 1 starch, 19.48 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "石器中提取的淀粉颗粒", "title_en": "Starch granules recovered from stone tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9e59bf7b27b08acc9412fe4b.png", "image_url": "media/S259_4450c8f496ba_S259-F03.png?v=9e59bf7b27b0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "We found starch granules on all sampled stone tools except GS 1, the grinding slab from Phase I. Among the 972 recovered starch granules (Table 2 and Fig. 3; Fig. 4 shows modern starches in our reference), 788 starch granules show identifiable features consistent with our modern plant references, classified into 9 types (detailed in Section 3.1.2). Since we found no starch granules on GS 1, we excluded it from the following discussion. Three noticeable patterns emerge from the starch result. First, Pan icoideae starch granules, likely from broomcorn (Panicum milliaecum) or foxtail (Setaria italica) millets, are present on all stone tools. And they account for a significant portion (30 %) of the overall count. This result is consistent with the macrobotanical record that millet agriculture progressed during Phase II. Second, wild plant resources, especially various kinds of underground storage organs (USOs), are ubiquitous in Phase II. Despite their small quantity, yam (Dioscorea sp.), snakegourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) root, lily (Lilium sp.) bulb, and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) root are identified on multiple sampled tools. Their presence suggests that wild plants were still part of the diet when millet agri culture developed. Third, 276 granules (28 % of the total) are incom plete or fractured, which are characteristics of damage. They resemble starch granules after grinding, as shown in previous studies (Babot, 2003). Therefore, the eight stone tools could all be used in grinding activities.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch Type Identification Axe 1 Axe 2 Axe 3 Axe 4 Axe 5 GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4 Total Percentage Ubiquity", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:26:37.643675+00:00", "revision": 5 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN034", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Archaeological starch granules recovered from stone tools. a. Type 1 Panicoideae (millet), 13.29 µm; b. Type 2 Triticeae, 32.25 µm; c. Type 3 Job’s tears (Coix \nlacryma-jobi), 15.3 µm; d. Type 4 Yam (Dioscorea sp.), 22.55 µm; e. Type 5 Snakegourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) root, 25.33 µm; f. Type 6 Lily (Lilium sp.) bulb, 31.34 \nµm; g. Type 7 Bean, 33.16 µm; h. Type 8 Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) root, 65.97 µm; i. Type 10 Unidentified USO, subtype 1, 17.82 µm; j. Type 10 Unidentified USO, \nsubtype 2, 14.44 µm; k. UNID, 12.45 µm; l. Example of damaged Type 1 starch, 19.48 µm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dadiwan", "quote": "omepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nMorphology meets lithic function: Use-wear and residue analysis of stone\ntools from the Dadiwan site in Northwestern China\nYiyi Tang a,b,*, Xueye Zhao c, Jiajing Wang a,b,*\na Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, USA\nb Ecology, Evolution, Environment, and Society Program, Dartmouth College, USA\nc Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics an", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4450c8f496bacf0eb490491cee2c421c9df36613de7942c1220cfab3b25a71a5" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S259_4450c8f496ba_S259-F04", "paper_key": "S259_4450c8f496ba", "paper_id": "S259", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Modern starch in our reference collection. a. Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); b. Foxtail milley (Setaria italica); c. Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); d. \nAgropyron cristatum; e. Lymus sp.; f. Yam (Dioscorea opposita); g. Snakegourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) root; h. Lily (Lilum pumilum) bulb; i. Bean (Vigna sp.); j. Bean \n(Vicia sp.); k. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) root; l: ground foxtail millet. Scale bar: 10 µm: q,b,c,l; 20 µm: d,e,f,g,h,I,j,k.\nlamellae.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1ea01e51e062d43a71210711689fc7fd6c657e3e11405701682ef06e91502a87", "image_bytes": 2554021, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 我们参考样品中的现代淀粉。a. 黍（Panicum miliaceum）；b. 粟（Setaria italica）；c. 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；d. 冰草（Agropyron cristatum）；e. 赖草属（Lymus sp.）；f. 山药（Dioscorea opposita）；g. 栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）根；h. 百合（Lilum pumilum）球茎；i. 豇豆属（Vigna sp.）；j. 豌豆属（Vicia sp.）；k. 莲（Nelumbo nucifera）根；l: 研磨的粟。比例尺：10 μm :q，b，c，l；20 μm:d，e，f，g，h，i，j，k。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Modern starch in our reference collection. a. Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); b. Foxtail milley (foxtail millet, Setaria italica); c. Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); d. \ncrested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum); e. Lymus sp.; f. Yam (Chinese yam, Dioscorea opposita); g. Snakegourd (Chinese snake gourd, Trichosanthes kirilowii) root; h. Lily (Lilum pumilum) bulb; i. Bean (cowpea relatives, Vigna sp.); j. Bean \n(vetches, Vicia sp.); k. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) root; l: ground foxtail millet. Scale bar: 10 μm: q,b,c,l; 20 μm: d,e,f,g,h,I,j,k.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉参考样本", "title_en": "Modern Starch in Reference Collection", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/1ea01e51e062d43a71210711.png", "image_url": "media/S259_4450c8f496ba_S259-F04.png?v=1ea01e51e062", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "We found starch granules on all sampled stone tools except GS 1, the grinding slab from Phase I. Among the 972 recovered starch granules (Table 2 and Fig. 3; Fig. 4 shows modern starches in our reference), 788 starch granules show identifiable features consistent with our modern plant references, classified into 9 types (detailed in Section 3.1.2). Since we found no starch granules on GS 1, we excluded it from the following discussion. Three noticeable patterns emerge from the starch result. First, Pan icoideae starch granules, likely from broomcorn (Panicum milliaecum) or foxtail (Setaria italica) millets, are present on all stone tools. And they account for a significant portion (30 %) of the overall count. This result is consistent with the macrobotanical record that millet agriculture progressed during Phase II. Second, wild plant resources, especially various kinds of underground storage organs (USOs), are ubiquitous in Phase II. Despite their small quantity, yam (Dioscorea sp.), snakegourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) root, lily (Lilium sp.) bulb, and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) root are identified on multiple sampled tools. Their presence suggests that wild plants were still part of the diet when millet agri culture developed. Third, 276 granules (28 % of the total) are incom plete or fractured, which are characteristics of damage. They resemble starch granules after grinding, as shown in previous studies (Babot, 2003). Therefore, the eight stone tools could all be used in grinding activities.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch Type Identification Axe 1 Axe 2 Axe 3 Axe 4 Axe 5 GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4 Total Percentage Ubiquity", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:34.033881+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S260_50aa3a7a7a15_S260-F02", "paper_key": "S260_50aa3a7a7a15", "paper_id": "S260", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2.   Common phytolith types identified from samples of the Shangshan Culture. (A) Domesticated rice bulliform. (B) Wild rice bulliform. (C) Phragmites bulliform. \n(D) Square (bulliform). (E) Rectangular (bulliform). (F) Polylobate. (G) Rice husk. (H and I) Tall saddle. (J) Squat saddle. (K) Bilobate. (L) Rondel. (M) Gymnosperm. \n(N) Trapeziform sinuate. (O) Spheroid ornate. (P) Elongate cavate. (Q) Unciform hair cell. (R) Elongate smooth. (S) Elongate echinate. (T) Vascular tissue. (U) \nPteridophyte. Scale. (V) Scanning electron microscope of Spheroid ornate. The black scale bar, 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a1eac65a6852507ff318fbc304aa1efe6dad48ff6eafbd838c78f8819ccea8b3", "image_bytes": 17473330, "sites": [ "CN079" ], "caption_zh": "图2. 从上山文化样品中鉴定出的常见植硅体类型。（A） 水稻扇形植硅体。（B） 野稻扇形植硅体。（C） 芦苇盾型植硅体。（D） 方形。（E） 长方形。（F） 多铃型。（G） 稻壳双峰型。（H和I） 长鞍形。（J） 短鞍形。（K） 哑铃型。（L） 帽型。（M） 木本植物。（N） 齿型。（O） 刺球型。（P） 平滑棒型。（Q） 尖型。（R） 平滑棒型。（S）刺棒型。（T） 导管。（U） 蕨类植物。（V） 球形饰纹形的扫描电镜图。比例尺，20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2.   Common phytolith types identified from samples of the Shangshan Culture. (A) Domesticated rice bulliform. (B) Wild rice bulliform. (C) reeds (Phragmites) bulliform. \n(D) Square (bulliform). (E) Rectangular (bulliform). (F) Polylobate. (G) Rice husk. (H and I) Tall saddle. (J) Squat saddle. (K) Bilobate. (L) Rondel. (M) Gymnosperm. \n(N) Trapeziform sinuate. (O) Spheroid ornate. (P) Elongate cavate. (Q) Unciform hair cell. (R) Elongate smooth. (S) Elongate echinate. (T) Vascular tissue. (U) \nPteridophyte. Scale. (V) Scanning electron microscope of Spheroid ornate. The black scale bar, 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "上山文化常见植硅体类型", "title_en": "Common phytolith types from the Shangshan Culture", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a1eac65a6852507ff318fbc3.png", "image_url": "media/S260_50aa3a7a7a15_S260-F02.png?v=a1eac65a6852", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "2.1.1. Phytoliths in pottery residues. In total, 4248 phytoliths were recovered from residues on 11 out of 12 sherds, except for the cooking vessel (POT). Of these phytoliths, 2704 (63.7% of the total) were classified into seven taxonomic types. The majority of phytoliths in the residues are spheroid ornate, constituting a percentage of 53.8% with a ubiquity of 91.7%. In particular, fermentation vessels and serving vessels generally exhibit a higher percentage of spheroid ornate phytolith compared to the large basins and cooking pot, reaching up to 100% and 93.8% in JAR3 and JAR5, respectively. The second phytolith type, derived from rice husks (3.7%), was present in nearly half of the pottery residue samples (ubiquity of 41.7%), but in minor proportions (0.2 to 2.10%) across most samples, except for JAR7 (33.5%) and BWL (23.1%), which were used specifically for fermentation and serving. Bulliform phytoliths from rice leaves have a relatively high ubiquity of 41.7% but are present in low quantities (0.3%). The mean percentage of rice bulliforms with ≥9 fish-scale facets in the CUP, JAR6, and JAR2 is 45.5% (56 out of 123) (Fig. 3 and SI Appendix, Table S2; bulliform identification method, SI Appendix). 2.1.2. Phytoliths in pottery clay. In total, 4672 phytoliths were recovered from pottery clay, with 1309 (28.0%) identifiable into specific taxonomic categories. The most prevalent phytolith types are those from Panicoideae, constituting a percentage of 7.8%, with ubiquity of 75.0%, followed by rice husk (6.7% in percentage), common bulliform (6.4%), woody (2.0%), and Pooideae", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "counts, measurements, and morphological features are docu mented in SI Appendix, Tables S3 and S4 . Type I rice starches (Oryza sp.) were present in all 12 vessels, typically appearing in a compound form comprising multiple small granules, with some isolated single granules. A total of 436 rice compounds and single granules were recorded, and 812 granules were measured for size. Most individual granules exhibited blurry birefringence without an extinction cross, although a few displayed a clear extinction cross, indicative of fermented rice ( Fig. 4 :1-4, compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :1-4). The quantity of Type I starch is calculated from rice compounds and isolated individual granules, resulting in the highest count of all starch Types (41.0% of the total), with 100% ubiquity through the assemblage. Type II Job’s tears starches (Coix lacryma-jobi ) were identified in eight vessels (n = 59; 5.6% of the total; 66.7% ubiquity). The size range and starch morphologies of Type II starches align with Job’s tears ( Fig. 4 :5, compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :5 and SI Appendix, Fig. S3 ). Type III Panicoideae starches were present in 11 vessels (n = 28; 2.6% of the total; 91.7% ubiquity). These granules, resembling barnyard grass (Echinochloa sp.), are small, circular, or polygonal, particularly consistent with Echinochloa colona in shape and size range ( Fig. 4 :6, compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :6 and", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "SI Appendix, Fig. S3 ). However, some Type III starches may poten tially be small Job’s tears granules, similar to barnyard grass in form. E. colona , a weed found in damp places, is widely distributed in warm regions throughout China ( 32 :515-518). Type IV, Triticeae wild grass starches were found in six vessels (n = 10; 0.9% of the total; 50.0% ubiquity), with some displaying enzymatic digestion ( Fig. 4 :7; compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :7). Type V acorn starches, identified in 10 vessels (Fagaceae; n = 111; 10.4% of the total; 83.3% ubiquity), exhibit diverse forms and sizes comparable to various acorn species in our reference database, includ ing Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi , Lithocarpus brevicaudatus , Lithocarpus glaber , and Quercus fabri ( Fig. 4 :8-11, compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :8-11 and SI Appendix, Fig. S3 ). These oak species are prev alent in southern China, including Zhejiang ( 33 ). Type VI lily starches were identified in three vessels (Lilium sp.; n = 5; 0.5% of the total; 25.0% ubiquity), and their shapes resem ble starches from many lily species ( Fig. 4 :12 compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :12). In summary, rice emerges as the most prevalent starch type in both piece count and ubiquity, followed by acorn, Job’s tears, Panicoideae (mainly barnyard grass), Triticeae grass, and lily. The presence of diverse plants aligns with the broad-spectrum subsistence revealed by previous studies. The prevalence of rice suggests its incor poration into the regular human diet during the earliest phase at Shangshan. Additionally, rice starches in the glob", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:34.086568+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 2.   Common phytolith types identified from samples of the Shangshan Culture. (A) Domesticated rice bulliform. (B) Wild rice bulliform. (C) Phragmites bulliform. \n(D) Square (bulliform). (E) Rectangular (bulliform). (F) Polylobate. (G) Rice husk. (H and I) Tall saddle. (J) Squat saddle. (K) Bilobate. (L) Rondel. (M) Gymnosperm. \n(N) Trapeziform sinuate. (O) Spheroid ornate. (P) Elongate cavate. (Q) Unciform hair cell. (R) Elongate smooth. (S) Elongate echinate. (T) Vascular tissue. (U) \nPteridophyte. Scale. (V) Scanning electron microscope of Spheroid ornate. The black scale bar, 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "ESEARCH ANTHROPOLOGY ARTICLE | \n\n Identification of 10,000-­year-­old rice beer at Shangshan in the\n Lower Yangzi River valley of China\n Li Liua,1 , Jianping Zhangb,c,1 , Jingbo Lia , Yahui Hed , Zhongzhe Gaob,c,e , and Leping Jiangf\n\n Affiliations are included on p. 10.\n\n Edited by Xinyi Liu, Wa", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "50aa3a7a7a15ae496b67774abd3f6fc7b23ca92d642af651bdb4cc594710bbdb" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S260_50aa3a7a7a15_S260-F04", "paper_key": "S260_50aa3a7a7a15", "paper_id": "S260", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4.   Examples of starch types and damaged forms from Shangshan \npottery. 1: Type I rice compound showing extinction crosses; 2: Type \nI rice compound exhibiting birefringence without crosses; 3: Type I rice \ncompound showing weak birefringence; 4: Type I rice compound, granules \nbecoming separated; 5: Type II Job’s tears, showing various shapes; 6: Type \nIII Panicoideae (likely barnyard), showing deep channels due to enzymatic \ndigestion; 7: Type IV Triticeae, showing deep channels and micropitting due \nto enzymatic digestion; 8: Type V acorn, similar to Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi; 9: \nType V acorn, similar to Quercus fabri; 10: Type V acorn compound, similar to \nLithocarpus glaber or C. fleuryi, also showing missing part due to enzymatic \ndigestion; 11: Type V acorn, similar to Lithocarpus brevicaudatus; 12: Type \nVI lily; 13: gelatinized starch mass; 14,15: gelatinized starches resembling \nrice compound granules, stained with trypan blue.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ce540a11c3899a5227d264c477c2b28b7548f47ed3ecbe7533120a5f501d6241", "image_bytes": 7906537, "sites": [ "CN079" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 上山陶器中提取的淀粉类型及受损形态示例。1：I型水稻复合体，显示消光十字；2：I型水稻复合体，呈现双折射但无十字；3：I型水稻复合体，显示弱双折射；4：I型水稻复合体，颗粒分离；5：II型薏苡，呈现多种形状；6：III型黍亚科（可能为狗尾草），因酶消化呈现深沟槽；7：IV型小麦族，因酶消化呈现深沟槽和微坑；8：V型橡实，类似饭甑青冈（Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi）；9：V型橡实，类似白栎（Quercus fabri）；10：V型橡实复合体，类似柯（Lithocarpus glaber）或饭甑青冈（Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi），也因酶消化呈现缺失部分；11：V型橡实，类似短尾柯（Lithocarpus brevicaudatus）；12：VI型百合；13：糊化淀粉团块；14，15：与水稻复合体颗粒相似的糊化淀粉，经亚甲基蓝染色。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4.   Examples of starch types and damaged forms from Shangshan \npottery. 1: Type I rice compound showing extinction crosses; 2: Type \nI rice compound exhibiting birefringence without crosses; 3: Type I rice \ncompound showing weak birefringence; 4: Type I rice compound, granules \nbecoming separated; 5: Type II Job’s tears, showing various shapes; 6: Type \nIII panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) (likely barnyard), showing deep channels due to enzymatic \ndigestion; 7: Type IV wheat tribe (Triticeae), showing deep channels and micropitting due \nto enzymatic digestion; 8: Type V acorn, similar to ring-cupped oak (Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi); 9: \nType V acorn, similar to oak (Quercus fabri); 10: Type V acorn compound, similar to \nstone oak (Lithocarpus glaber) or ring-cupped oak (Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi), also showing missing part due to enzymatic \ndigestion; 11: Type V acorn, similar to stone oak (Lithocarpus brevicaudatus); 12: Type \nVI lily; 13: gelatinized starch mass; 14,15: gelatinized starches resembling \nrice compound granules, stained with trypan blue.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "上山陶器淀粉类型及受损形态", "title_en": "Starch Types and Damaged Forms from Shangshan Pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ce540a11c3899a5227d264c4.png", "image_url": "media/S260_50aa3a7a7a15_S260-F04.png?v=ce540a11c389", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "counts, measurements, and morphological features are docu mented in SI Appendix, Tables S3 and S4 . Type I rice starches (Oryza sp.) were present in all 12 vessels, typically appearing in a compound form comprising multiple small granules, with some isolated single granules. A total of 436 rice compounds and single granules were recorded, and 812 granules were measured for size. Most individual granules exhibited blurry birefringence without an extinction cross, although a few displayed a clear extinction cross, indicative of fermented rice ( Fig. 4 :1-4, compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :1-4). The quantity of Type I starch is calculated from rice compounds and isolated individual granules, resulting in the highest count of all starch Types (41.0% of the total), with 100% ubiquity through the assemblage. Type II Job’s tears starches (Coix lacryma-jobi ) were identified in eight vessels (n = 59; 5.6% of the total; 66.7% ubiquity). The size range and starch morphologies of Type II starches align with Job’s tears ( Fig. 4 :5, compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :5 and SI Appendix, Fig. S3 ). Type III Panicoideae starches were present in 11 vessels (n = 28; 2.6% of the total; 91.7% ubiquity). These granules, resembling barnyard grass (Echinochloa sp.), are small, circular, or polygonal, particularly consistent with Echinochloa colona in shape and size range ( Fig. 4 :6, compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :6 and", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "SI Appendix, Fig. S3 ). However, some Type III starches may poten tially be small Job’s tears granules, similar to barnyard grass in form. E. colona , a weed found in damp places, is widely distributed in warm regions throughout China ( 32 :515-518). Type IV, Triticeae wild grass starches were found in six vessels (n = 10; 0.9% of the total; 50.0% ubiquity), with some displaying enzymatic digestion ( Fig. 4 :7; compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :7). Type V acorn starches, identified in 10 vessels (Fagaceae; n = 111; 10.4% of the total; 83.3% ubiquity), exhibit diverse forms and sizes comparable to various acorn species in our reference database, includ ing Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi , Lithocarpus brevicaudatus , Lithocarpus glaber , and Quercus fabri ( Fig. 4 :8-11, compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :8-11 and SI Appendix, Fig. S3 ). These oak species are prev alent in southern China, including Zhejiang ( 33 ). Type VI lily starches were identified in three vessels (Lilium sp.; n = 5; 0.5% of the total; 25.0% ubiquity), and their shapes resem ble starches from many lily species ( Fig. 4 :12 compared with SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :12). In summary, rice emerges as the most prevalent starch type in both piece count and ubiquity, followed by acorn, Job’s tears, Panicoideae (mainly barnyard grass), Triticeae grass, and lily. The presence of diverse plants aligns with the broad-spectrum subsistence revealed by previous studies. The prevalence of rice suggests its incor poration into the regular human diet during the earliest phase at Shangshan. Additionally, rice starches in the glob", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Most starches (n = 927; 87.2% of the total) exhibit various forms of damage, classified into two categories. 1) Damage attrib uted to enzymatic digestion (n = 596; 56.1% of the total), show ing random pitting, deep channels, broken edges, central depression, and lacking extinction cross, but remaining weakly birefringent ( Fig. 4 :3,6,7,10). Such altered forms can result from various factors, including fermentation. Our experiment indicates that during the brewing process, most rice granules become blurry or disappear, and only a few remain recognizable (SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :1-4). 2) Gelatinization due to high-heat cooking (steam ing or boiling; n = 331; 31.1% of the total), characterized by evenly expanded surfaces, with starch grains tending to fuse into large masses ( Fig. 4 :13). Additionally, some starches (n = 414; 38.9% of the total) that are too damaged or gelatinized, or too lacking in any diagnostic features, are classified as unidentifiable (UNID) and gelatinized mass (SI Appendix, Table S3 ). When the trypan blue staining method was applied to subsam ples, more gelatinized starches were identified, while some dis played recognizable granules, resembling those found in rice-compound granules ( Fig. 4 :14,15). These alterations align with our reference database (SI Appendix, Fig. S2 :15,16), as well as with samples from other experimental fermentation and cook ing ( 27 , 30 , 31 ). Each starch type, along with detailed starch", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:34.144241+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN079", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 4.   Examples of starch types and damaged forms from Shangshan \npottery. 1: Type I rice compound showing extinction crosses; 2: Type \nI rice compound exhibiting birefringence without crosses; 3: Type I rice \ncompound showing weak birefringence; 4: Type I rice compound, granules \nbecoming separated; 5: Type II Job’s tears, showing various shapes; 6: Type \nIII Panicoideae (likely barnyard), showing deep channels due to enzymatic \ndigestion; 7: Type IV Triticeae, showing deep channels and micropitting due \nto enzymatic digestion; 8: Type V acorn, similar to Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi; 9: \nType V acorn, similar to Quercus fabri; 10: Type V acorn compound, similar to \nLithocarpus glaber or C. fleuryi, also showing missing part due to enzymatic \ndigestion; 11: Type V acorn, similar to Lithocarpus brevicaudatus; 12: Type \nVI lily; 13: gelatinized starch mass; 14,15: gelatinized starches resembling \nrice compound granules, stained with trypan blue.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shangshan", "quote": "ESEARCH ANTHROPOLOGY ARTICLE | \n\n Identification of 10,000-­year-­old rice beer at Shangshan in the\n Lower Yangzi River valley of China\n Li Liua,1 , Jianping Zhangb,c,1 , Jingbo Lia , Yahui Hed , Zhongzhe Gaob,c,e , and Leping Jiangf\n\n Affiliations are included on p. 10.\n\n Edited by Xinyi Liu, Wa", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "50aa3a7a7a15ae496b67774abd3f6fc7b23ca92d642af651bdb4cc594710bbdb" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S261_8b1b4bb15182_S261-F04", "paper_key": "S261_8b1b4bb15182", "paper_id": "S261", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4.  Types of starch granules identified in this study. (a) Panicoideae. (b) Triticeae. (c) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). (d) Unidentifiable \nUSO. (e) Zingiberaceae (under DIC view). (f) Fern root. (g) Pueraria sp. (kudzu vine root). (h) Euryale ferox (foxnut). (i) Gelatinized. (j) UNID.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "13f023504282726b27dd1cf83544628ab069efebb8f374023dc44a407279185c", "image_bytes": 1999267, "sites": [ "CN072" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 本研究中鉴定出的淀粉粒类型。 （a） 黍亚科（b） 小麦族（c） 薏苡 （Coix lacryma-jobi） （d） 无法鉴定（e） 姜科 （在DIC视图下）（f） 蕨类根（g） 葛属（Pueraria sp.） （h） 芡实（Euryale ferox） （i） 胶化（j） 未知类型", "caption_en": "Figure 4.  Types of starch granules identified in this study. (a) panicoid grasses (Panicoideae). (b) wheat tribe (Triticeae). (c) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). (d) Unidentifiable \nUSO. (e) ginger family (Zingiberaceae) (under DIC view). (f) Fern root. (g) kudzu (Pueraria sp.) (kudzu vine root). (h) fox nut (Euryale ferox) (foxnut). (i) Gelatinized. (j) UNID.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "本研究中鉴定的淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Types of starch granules identified in this study", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/13f023504282726b27dd1cf8.png", "image_url": "media/S261_8b1b4bb15182_S261-F04.png?v=13f023504282", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "In total, we found 351 starch granules, consisting of 272 identi- fied starch granules and 79 unidentified ones (UNID), from 26 out of the 29 samples (Supplemental Table S2, available online; Figure 4). The identified starches (77.5% of the total", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:34.250069+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN072", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Figure 4.  Types of starch granules identified in this study. (a) Panicoideae. (b) Triticeae. (c) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). (d) Unidentifiable \nUSO. (e) Zingiberaceae (under DIC view). (f) Fern root. (g) Pueraria sp. (kudzu vine root). (h) Euryale ferox (foxnut). (i) Gelatinized. (j) UNID.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "liujiazhai", "quote": "h migrational\n processes, this case study investigates the subsistence pattern of a Neolithic site (5300-4700 cal. BP), Liujiazhai, in Northwestern Sichuan Highland\n by employing microbotanical residue analysis on pottery vessels. Our results on millet phytolith contribute to the overall picture of millet agriculture\n in Yangshao and Majiayao migrant communities and", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8b1b4bb1518272b101fdba37d31ed3548b1491e28f4e632913169d320ff02d44" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S261_8b1b4bb15182_S261-F05", "paper_key": "S261_8b1b4bb15182", "paper_id": "S261", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Figure 5.  (a) Ω-type phytolith. (b) η-type phytolith. (c) El. Sinuate. (d) Phragmite bulliform. (e) Common bulliform. (f) Cross. (g) Rondel. (h) \nBilobate.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "78f18b82e75a90d6d636f8abac4ee9a6e4b6650267aacce0c769025923a9cb2a", "image_bytes": 2303425, "sites": [ "CN072" ], "caption_zh": "图5 （a） Ω型植硅体。 （b） η型植硅体。 （c） 表皮细胞。 （d） 芦苇盾型。 （e） 普通扇型。 （f） 十字型。 （g） 帽型。 （h） 哑铃型。", "caption_en": "Figure 5.  (a) Ω-type phytolith. (b) η-type phytolith. (c) El. Sinuate. (d) Phragmite bulliform. (e) Common bulliform. (f) Cross. (g) Rondel. (h) \nBilobate.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "植硅体形态", "title_en": "Phytolith morphologies", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/78f18b82e75a90d6d636f8ab.png", "image_url": "media/S261_8b1b4bb15182_S261-F05.png?v=78f18b82e75a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:34.315035+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN072", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Figure 5.  (a) Ω-type phytolith. (b) η-type phytolith. (c) El. Sinuate. (d) Phragmite bulliform. (e) Common bulliform. (f) Cross. (g) Rondel. (h) \nBilobate.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "liujiazhai", "quote": "h migrational\n processes, this case study investigates the subsistence pattern of a Neolithic site (5300-4700 cal. BP), Liujiazhai, in Northwestern Sichuan Highland\n by employing microbotanical residue analysis on pottery vessels. Our results on millet phytolith contribute to the overall picture of millet agriculture\n in Yangshao and Majiayao migrant communities and", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8b1b4bb1518272b101fdba37d31ed3548b1491e28f4e632913169d320ff02d44" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S264_cc6ad50deb16_S264-F02", "paper_key": "S264_cc6ad50deb16", "paper_id": "S264", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Figure 2. Yeast cell morphology (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) compared with cells from the LJR liquid.\n(A) Modern yeast: (1) Diagrammatic cross-section of a yeast cell after [33] (Figure 4(1)); (2) yeast cells\nduring beer fermentation, some showing the budding stage (courtesy of Jing-A Brewery); (3) clustered\nyeast cells after fermentation (from a mead-brewing experiment at Stanford). (B) Ancient yeast from\nthe LJR liquid: (4) rounded cell; (5) oval cell with a developing bud on top; (6) round cell with a de-\nveloping bud on top; (7) two connected round cells; (8) cluster of round/oval cells; (9) two connected\nelongate oval cells.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "20a5b627378161652d7a59fae8a33bc986017862feae05abc6752521561c5e67", "image_bytes": 2252182, "sites": [ "CN160" ], "caption_zh": "图2. 酵母细胞形态（酿酒酵母 Saccharomyces cerevisiae）与LJR液体中的细胞形态比较。（A） 现代酵母：（1） 根据[33]（图4（1））绘制的酵母细胞横截面示意图；（2） 啤酒发酵过程中的酵母细胞，部分显示出芽阶段（致谢 Jing-A 酿酒厂）；（3） 发酵后的酵母细胞团（来自斯坦福大学蜂蜜酒酿造实验）。（B） 来自李居柔墓地液体的古代酵母：（4） 圆形细胞；（5） 椭圆形细胞，顶部有芽体正在发育；（6） 圆形细胞，顶部有芽体正在发育；（7） 两个相连的圆形细胞；（8） 圆形/椭圆形细胞团；（9） 两个相连的椭圆形细胞。", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Yeast cell morphology (brewer’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) compared with cells from the LJR liquid.\n(A) Modern yeast: (1) Diagrammatic cross-section of a yeast cell after [33] (Figure 4(1)); (2) yeast cells\nduring beer fermentation, some showing the budding stage (courtesy of Jing-A Brewery); (3) clustered\nyeast cells after fermentation (from a mead-brewing experiment at Stanford). (B) Ancient yeast from\nthe LJR liquid: (4) rounded cell; (5) oval cell with a developing bud on top; (6) round cell with a de-\nveloping bud on top; (7) two connected round cells; (8) cluster of round/oval cells; (9) two connected\nelongate oval cells.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "酵母细胞形态比较", "title_en": "Comparison of yeast cell morphology", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/20a5b627378161652d7a59fa.png", "image_url": "media/S264_cc6ad50deb16_S264-F02.png?v=20a5b6273781", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "Regardless of the brewing method, yeast is essential for converting sugars into alcohol; its presence is therefore a key indicator of alcoholic fermentation. Yeast cells can survive and be preserved in the residues of fermented beverages, and their morphology can be directly examined under a light microscope. Traditional brewing utilizes various yeast species, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae being the most common. These cells are typically round to oval, measuring approximately 5–10 μm in length. Yeast primarily reproduces by budding, whereby a small protrusion develops on the cell surface, enlarges to the size of a mature cell, and then separates from the parent to form an independent cell [32,33] (pp. 143–149) (Figure 2(A1)). Our brewing experiments show that yeast cells typically retain a clearly defined cell wall, and although some internal organelles may still be visible, they cannot be readily identified. The presence of cells in the budding stage is the most reliable criterion for identifying yeast; however, these are infrequently preserved in archaeological residues. Accordingly, the observation of round or oval cells—particularly when two or more remain connected—provides strong evidence for yeast. We also observed that, after fermentation is complete, yeast cells often occur in clusters (Figure 2(A2,A3)).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "A total of 66 yeast cells were identified, representing two morphological types: spher- ical or oval forms (N = 56; 4.22–11.5 μm in length) and elongated oval forms (N = 10; 7.48–12.68 μm in length) (Table 1). The cells occur either as single units or in clusters. Several exhibit budding characteristics, indicated by small protrusions emerging from the parent cell or by pairs of cells remaining connected, suggesting an active stage of reproduction comparable to modern reference examples (Figure 2(4–9); cf. 2 and 3).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "Ancient Type II. Triticeae, B-type Circular 3.30–9.84 Not observed Not observed No birefringence observed", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "Type I (sorghum, Sorghum sp.): A total of 46 examples were identified, round or polygonal in shape, measuring 4.79–25.07 μm in length. Some appeared singly, while others were found in compound clusters. Most exhibited damage, such as deep fissures, central voids, blurred extinction cross, and mild gelatinization, consistent with fermentation- related enzymatic activity (Figure 3(1,2,6,9); cf. Figure 4(1–3)). Type I starch morphologies broadly resemble those of several species under Panicoideae subfamily, such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet, maize, and sorghum. However, maize and millets can be excluded: maize was not introduced to China until the 16th century [37], and millet starch granules are considerably smaller than the size range observed in Type I. In our reference database, broomcorn millet starches measure 4.81–10.86 μm; and foxtail millet starches measure 4.04–16.85 μm. By contrast, Type I starches most closely match modern sorghum in both morphology and size range of 5.90–26.81 μm (Table 2). This identification is further supported by the detection of sorghum components in the aforementioned mass spectrometry analysis.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:26:40.199113+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN160", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Figure 2. Yeast cell morphology (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) compared with cells from the LJR liquid.\n(A) Modern yeast: (1) Diagrammatic cross-section of a yeast cell after [33] (Figure 4(1)); (2) yeast cells\nduring beer fermentation, some showing the budding stage (courtesy of Jing-A Brewery); (3) clustered\nyeast cells after fermentation (from a mead-brewing experiment at Stanford). (B) Ancient yeast from\nthe LJR liquid: (4) rounded cell; (5) oval cell with a developing bud on top; (6) round cell with a de-\nveloping bud on top; (7) two connected round cells; (8) cluster of round/oval cells; (9) two connected\nelongate oval cells.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Li Jurou", "quote": "his study investigates a rare case of liquid alcohol preserved in a glazed ceramic vase\n from the tomb of Li Jurou (AD 1226), Jin dynasty, Xi’an, China, to provide new insights into\n medieval brewing traditions. We employed a multi-proxy approach combining microfossil\n and isotopic analysis, experimental brewing with sorghum,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cc6ad50deb1601758d05c629fbfa75a925c3243c8985321c3b8c2732525e6440" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S264_cc6ad50deb16_S264-F03", "paper_key": "S264_cc6ad50deb16", "paper_id": "S264", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Figure 3. Microfossil types identified in the LJR liquid. (1,2) Type I sorghum starch granules showing\ndeep fissures and central depressions; (3) Type II Triticeae A-type starch; (4) Type II Triticeae A-type\nstarch with collapsed center, damaged edges, and slight gelatinization and swelling; (5) Type II\nTriticeae A-type starch with hollowed center and preserved periphery; (6) Type I sorghum starch\nwith missing center, preserved periphery, and slight gelatinization; (7) Type IV foxnut starch; (8) Type\nII Triticeae B-type starch granules; (9) aggregated cluster of sorghum starch granules; (10) aggre-\ngated cluster of rice starch with extinction crosses absent; (11) retrograded starch network structure;\n(12) gelatinized starch cluster, likely rice. (6,7,9–12) stained with trypan blue; (1–5,9) include DIC and\npolarized light images).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a1d5148521b67b0ac9c529eb55d8ed888e55f14479c07d8d8d89496949c5e6a2", "image_bytes": 2784180, "sites": [ "CN160" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 在李居柔墓地液体中鉴定出的微体化石类型。（1，2） 类型I高粱淀粉粒，表现出深裂隙和中央凹陷；（3） 类型II小麦族A型淀粉；（4） 类型II小麦族A型淀粉，中心塌陷，边缘受损，轻微糊化和膨胀；（5） 类型II小麦族A型淀粉，中心空心，外围保存完整；（6） 类型I高粱淀粉，中心缺失，外围保存，轻微糊化；（7） 类型IV芡实淀粉；（8） 类型II小麦族B型淀粉粒；（9） 高粱淀粉粒的聚集簇；（10） 多个水稻淀粉粒的聚集簇，无消光十字；（11） 退化淀粉网络结构；（12） 糊化淀粉簇，可能为水稻。（6，7，9–12） 用台盼蓝染色；（1–5，9） 包含DIC和偏光图像。", "caption_en": "Figure 3. Microfossil types identified in the LJR liquid. (1,2) Type I Sorghum starch granules showing\ndeep fissures and central depressions; (3) Type II wheat tribe (Triticeae) A-type starch; (4) Type II wheat tribe (Triticeae) A-type\nstarch with collapsed center, damaged edges, and slight gelatinization and swelling; (5) Type II\nwheat tribe (Triticeae) A-type starch with hollowed center and preserved periphery; (6) Type I Sorghum starch\nwith missing center, preserved periphery, and slight gelatinization; (7) Type IV foxnut starch; (8) Type\nII wheat tribe (Triticeae) B-type starch granules; (9) aggregated cluster of Sorghum starch granules; (10) aggre-\ngated cluster of rice starch with extinction crosses absent; (11) retrograded starch network structure;\n(12) gelatinized starch cluster, likely rice. (6,7,9–12) stained with trypan blue; (1–5,9) include DIC and\npolarized light images).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "李居柔墓地液体中微化石类型", "title_en": "Microfossil types in LJR liquid", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a1d5148521b67b0ac9c529eb.png", "image_url": "media/S264_cc6ad50deb16_S264-F03.png?v=a1d5148521b6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 10, "quote": "Type I (sorghum, Sorghum sp.): A total of 46 examples were identified, round or polygonal in shape, measuring 4.79–25.07 μm in length. Some appeared singly, while others were found in compound clusters. Most exhibited damage, such as deep fissures, central voids, blurred extinction cross, and mild gelatinization, consistent with fermentation- related enzymatic activity (Figure 3(1,2,6,9); cf. Figure 4(1–3)). Type I starch morphologies broadly resemble those of several species under Panicoideae subfamily, such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet, maize, and sorghum. However, maize and millets can be excluded: maize was not introduced to China until the 16th century [37], and millet starch granules are considerably smaller than the size range observed in Type I. In our reference database, broomcorn millet starches measure 4.81–10.86 μm; and foxtail millet starches measure 4.04–16.85 μm. By contrast, Type I starches most closely match modern sorghum in both morphology and size range of 5.90–26.81 μm (Table 2). This identification is further supported by the detection of sorghum components in the aforementioned mass spectrometry analysis.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 12, "quote": "Type II (Triticeae tribe, e.g., wheat): 62 examples. Triticeae starch granules exhibit a bimodal size distribution: large A-type (10–35 μm, lenticular) and small B-type (1–10 μm, spherical). We recorded 13 A-type (11.16–29.36 μm) and 49 B-type (3.3–9.84 μm) starches (Figure 3(3,8); cf. Figure 4(4); Table 2). B-type granules were relatively well preserved, whereas A-type granules exhibited severe fermentation-related damage, showing deep fis- sures, central depression with mild gelatinized expansion, and broken edges (Figure 3(4,5)). The damage patterns are consistent with those of mashed wheat or barley in our modern references from beer brewing (Figure 4(5,6)) [27]. The most likely source of these starches is wheat, widely cultivated in northern China after the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907) [38]. Type III (Rice, Oryza sativa): Two compound clusters consisting of small polygonal granules (3.28–6.13 μm in size) were observed exclusively on stained slides. These mor- phologies are consistent with those of rice (Table 2). These clusters exhibit varying degrees of gelatinization, ranging from the loss of birefringent crosses to partial disintegration of the granules. Their appearance closely resembles that of modern fermented rice starch aggregates (Figure 3(10,12); cf. Figure 4(7,8,10)). Type IV (foxnut, Euryale ferox): Eight compound aggregates, overall round or oval in shape (13.06–46.27 μm), containing numerous small polygonal granules (size 1.43–3.88 μm). These characteristics are consistent with the starch morphology of foxnut (Figure 3(7); cf. Figure 4(9); Table 2). Many of ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "15.6%) (Table 1; Figure 3). The morphological features of these starch types, along with corresponding modern reference features, are summarized in Table 2.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "Ancient Type II. Triticeae, B-type Circular 3.30–9.84 Not observed Not observed No birefringence observed", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:26:42.983651+00:00", "revision": 5 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN160", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Figure 3. Microfossil types identified in the LJR liquid. (1,2) Type I sorghum starch granules showing\ndeep fissures and central depressions; (3) Type II Triticeae A-type starch; (4) Type II Triticeae A-type\nstarch with collapsed center, damaged edges, and slight gelatinization and swelling; (5) Type II\nTriticeae A-type starch with hollowed center and preserved periphery; (6) Type I sorghum starch\nwith missing center, preserved periphery, and slight gelatinization; (7) Type IV foxnut starch; (8) Type\nII Triticeae B-type starch granules; (9) aggregated cluster of sorghum starch granules; (10) aggre-\ngated cluster of rice starch with extinction crosses absent; (11) retrograded starch network structure;\n(12) gelatinized starch cluster, likely rice. (6,7,9–12) stained with trypan blue; (1–5,9) include DIC and\npolarized light images).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Li Jurou", "quote": "his study investigates a rare case of liquid alcohol preserved in a glazed ceramic vase\n from the tomb of Li Jurou (AD 1226), Jin dynasty, Xi’an, China, to provide new insights into\n medieval brewing traditions. We employed a multi-proxy approach combining microfossil\n and isotopic analysis, experimental brewing with sorghum,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cc6ad50deb1601758d05c629fbfa75a925c3243c8985321c3b8c2732525e6440" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S264_cc6ad50deb16_S264-F04", "paper_key": "S264_cc6ad50deb16", "paper_id": "S264", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4. Modern reference samples of starch. (1) Native sorghum; (2) sorghum germinated for 3 days\nand mashed for 2 h, with most granules showing enzymatic digestion and a few intact; (3) sorghum\nfermented for 10 days after mashing, showing hollowed centers with mild gelatinization; (4) wheat\nstarch with large A-type and small B-type granules; (5) barley A-type starch after germination and\nmashing, displaying enzymatic damage with deep fissures and channels; (6) barley A-type starch\nafter fermentation, showing hollowed centers with residual birefringence at the periphery; (7) rice\nfermented for 5 days, showing disappearance of the extinction cross; (8) fermented rice lacking\nbirefringence; (9) foxnut starch; (10) gelatinized mass of rice starch; (11) retrograded starch network\nfrom cooked and fermented millet in huangjiu (yellow beer). (1–9) include DIC/brightfield and\npolarized light images).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c6a4af4ae280ccf1fc9f8c1b86f7636be1b3778ea962b2b5d71d5f8ca6384e49", "image_bytes": 2223203, "sites": [ "CN160" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 现代淀粉参考样本。 （1） 原生高粱； （2） 高粱发芽3天后捣碎2小时，大部分淀粉粒显示酶解作用，少数保持完整； （3） 高粱捣碎后发酵10天，中心出现空洞，伴有轻微糊化； （4） 小麦淀粉，含大量A型和少量B型淀粉粒； （5） 大麦A型淀粉经发芽和捣碎后，显示酶解损伤，具有深裂隙和通道； （6） 大麦A型淀粉经发酵后，中心空洞，边缘保留轻微双折射； （7） 水稻发酵5天后，消失十字消光； （8） 无双折射的发酵水稻； （9） 粟淀粉； （10） 糊化后的水稻淀粉团块； （11） 来自黄酒（黄啤酒）中煮熟并发酵的黍淀粉网络。 （1–9） 包括DIC/明场和偏光图像。", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Modern reference samples of starch. (1) Native Sorghum; (2) Sorghum germinated for 3 days\nand mashed for 2 h, with most granules showing enzymatic digestion and a few intact; (3) Sorghum\nfermented for 10 days after mashing, showing hollowed centers with mild gelatinization; (4) wheat\nstarch with large A-type and small B-type granules; (5) barley A-type starch after germination and\nmashing, displaying enzymatic damage with deep fissures and channels; (6) barley A-type starch\nafter fermentation, showing hollowed centers with residual birefringence at the periphery; (7) rice\nfermented for 5 days, showing disappearance of the extinction cross; (8) fermented rice lacking\nbirefringence; (9) foxnut starch; (10) gelatinized mass of rice starch; (11) retrograded starch network\nfrom cooked and fermented millet in huangjiu (yellow beer). (1–9) include DIC/brightfield and\npolarized light images).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉参考样本", "title_en": "Modern Starch Reference Samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c6a4af4ae280ccf1fc9f8c1b.png", "image_url": "media/S264_cc6ad50deb16_S264-F04.png?v=c6a4af4ae280", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 10, "quote": "Type I (sorghum, Sorghum sp.): A total of 46 examples were identified, round or polygonal in shape, measuring 4.79–25.07 μm in length. Some appeared singly, while others were found in compound clusters. Most exhibited damage, such as deep fissures, central voids, blurred extinction cross, and mild gelatinization, consistent with fermentation- related enzymatic activity (Figure 3(1,2,6,9); cf. Figure 4(1–3)). Type I starch morphologies broadly resemble those of several species under Panicoideae subfamily, such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet, maize, and sorghum. However, maize and millets can be excluded: maize was not introduced to China until the 16th century [37], and millet starch granules are considerably smaller than the size range observed in Type I. In our reference database, broomcorn millet starches measure 4.81–10.86 μm; and foxtail millet starches measure 4.04–16.85 μm. By contrast, Type I starches most closely match modern sorghum in both morphology and size range of 5.90–26.81 μm (Table 2). This identification is further supported by the detection of sorghum components in the aforementioned mass spectrometry analysis.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 12, "quote": "Type II (Triticeae tribe, e.g., wheat): 62 examples. Triticeae starch granules exhibit a bimodal size distribution: large A-type (10–35 μm, lenticular) and small B-type (1–10 μm, spherical). We recorded 13 A-type (11.16–29.36 μm) and 49 B-type (3.3–9.84 μm) starches (Figure 3(3,8); cf. Figure 4(4); Table 2). B-type granules were relatively well preserved, whereas A-type granules exhibited severe fermentation-related damage, showing deep fis- sures, central depression with mild gelatinized expansion, and broken edges (Figure 3(4,5)). The damage patterns are consistent with those of mashed wheat or barley in our modern references from beer brewing (Figure 4(5,6)) [27]. The most likely source of these starches is wheat, widely cultivated in northern China after the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907) [38]. Type III (Rice, Oryza sativa): Two compound clusters consisting of small polygonal granules (3.28–6.13 μm in size) were observed exclusively on stained slides. These mor- phologies are consistent with those of rice (Table 2). These clusters exhibit varying degrees of gelatinization, ranging from the loss of birefringent crosses to partial disintegration of the granules. Their appearance closely resembles that of modern fermented rice starch aggregates (Figure 3(10,12); cf. Figure 4(7,8,10)). Type IV (foxnut, Euryale ferox): Eight compound aggregates, overall round or oval in shape (13.06–46.27 μm), containing numerous small polygonal granules (size 1.43–3.88 μm). These characteristics are consistent with the starch morphology of foxnut (Figure 3(7); cf. Figure 4(9); Table 2). Many of ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "Ancient Type II. Triticeae, B-type Circular 3.30–9.84 Not observed Not observed No birefringence observed", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:34.474789+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN160", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 11 ], "quote": "Figure 4. Modern reference samples of starch. (1) Native sorghum; (2) sorghum germinated for 3 days\nand mashed for 2 h, with most granules showing enzymatic digestion and a few intact; (3) sorghum\nfermented for 10 days after mashing, showing hollowed centers with mild gelatinization; (4) wheat\nstarch with large A-type and small B-type granules; (5) barley A-type starch after germination and\nmashing, displaying enzymatic damage with deep fissures and channels; (6) barley A-type starch\nafter fermentation, showing hollowed centers with residual birefringence at the periphery; (7) rice\nfermented for 5 days, showing disappearance of the extinction cross; (8) fermented rice lacking\nbirefringence; (9) foxnut starch; (10) gelatinized mass of rice starch; (11) retrograded starch network\nfrom cooked and fermented millet in huangjiu (yellow beer). (1–9) include DIC/brightfield and\npolarized light images).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Li Jurou", "quote": "his study investigates a rare case of liquid alcohol preserved in a glazed ceramic vase\n from the tomb of Li Jurou (AD 1226), Jin dynasty, Xi’an, China, to provide new insights into\n medieval brewing traditions. We employed a multi-proxy approach combining microfossil\n and isotopic analysis, experimental brewing with sorghum,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cc6ad50deb1601758d05c629fbfa75a925c3243c8985321c3b8c2732525e6440" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S265_fb6bbb2e87c1_S265-F04", "paper_key": "S265_fb6bbb2e87c1", "paper_id": "S265", "number": "4", "caption_original": "FIGURE 4    |    Microscopic morphology of Xielaozhuang crusts (XLZ-­7) and the sizes distribution of the particles observed, with an average particle \nsize of 4.6 μm. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7fdc46647005d47dd328990a23e12e24ad2674b0841c0f5d6614c19012bec7bc", "image_bytes": 3869978, "sites": [ "CN032" ], "caption_zh": "图4 | 谢老庄遗址糕饼（XLZ-7）的显微形态及其颗粒大小分布，颗粒平均大小为4.6 μm。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 4    |    Microscopic morphology of Xielaozhuang crusts (XLZ-7) and the sizes distribution of the particles observed, with an average particle \nsize of 4.6 μm. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "谢老庄糕饼显微形态及颗粒大小分布", "title_en": "Microscopic morphology and particle size distribution of Xielaozhuang crusts", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/7fdc46647005d47dd328990a.png", "image_url": "media/S265_fb6bbb2e87c1_S265-F04.png?v=7fdc46647005", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "• Type I: This type was identified in six granules from XLZ-7 and XLZ-13 (Figure 5A–C,G). These granules are polygonal or near-circular in shape, with a central or eccentric hilum, fissures, a Z-shaped extinction cross, and a size range of 11.09–19.37 μm. They are identified as Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) (Liu, Ma, and Cui 2014).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "• Type II: More than 20 granules from XLZ-7 and XLZ-13 belong to this type (Figure 5D–F). They are polygonal or near-circular, with a centric hilum and frequent fissures, and a size range of 8.03–21.18 μm. They likely belong to the Panicoideae family, such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), as well as pos- sibly smaller granules from Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) (Liu, Ma, and Cui 2014; Yang et al. 2012).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "• Type III: One granule from XLZ-13 belongs to this type (Figure 5H). It has a near-circular shape, a centric hilum, and pressure depressions, and measures 20.09–23.6 μm. These characteristics suggest it is likely from the Triticeae tribe, such as the genus Agropyron and Elymus (Yang and Perry 2013).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "• Type IV: Three granules from XLZ-7 and XLZ-13 belong to this type (Figure 5I,J). They have a normal shape with tri- rounded corners, a centric hilum, and a size range of 12.12– 15.75 μm. A Y-shaped fissure is visible in Figure 3 J. These features resemble acorns, such as Quercus dentata, Quercus aliena, and Quercus acutissima (Yang et al. 2009).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:26:45.572354+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN032", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "FIGURE 4    |    Microscopic morphology of Xielaozhuang crusts (XLZ-­7) and the sizes distribution of the particles observed, with an average particle \nsize of 4.6 μm. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xielaozhuang", "quote": "ation of China (Grant 22BKG001).\nKeywords: bone powder | early Neolithic | Peiligang culture | pottery | subsistence strategies | Xielaozhuang site\n\n ABSTRACT\n The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is a major turning point in human history. In North China, although\n crops were cultivated as early as 10,000 BP, they only became staple foods with the establishment of a fully funct", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fb6bbb2e87c1f9df0a8dfd58d68a4ec447e981131280ebb8e3968d706d595a28" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S265_fb6bbb2e87c1_S265-F05", "paper_key": "S265_fb6bbb2e87c1", "paper_id": "S265", "number": "5", "caption_original": "FIGURE 5    |    Types of starch granules in XLZ-­7 and XLZ-­13 crusts (each starch grain was photographed by the light reflector and polarizer): \n(A–C,G) Type I, Job's tears; (D–F) Type II, Panicoideae; (H) Type III, Triticeae; (I,J) Type IV, acron; (K) Type V, Fabaceae; (L–N) Damaged starch \ngranules; (O) unknown starch granule (the scale bar of K = 50 μm; that of others = 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4b26dff8d75a0b2de044c4f9a6c44c4d13c98174cdc7887fbcddb4a3c8ed13dd", "image_bytes": 3441901, "sites": [ "CN032" ], "caption_zh": "图5 |谢老庄-7和谢老庄-13层中淀粉颗粒的类型（每个淀粉粒均通过反射光和偏振器拍摄）： （A–C，G） 类型I，薏米； （D–F） 类型II，黍亚科； （H） 类型III，小麦族； （I，J） 类型IV，橡子； （K） 类型V，豆科； （L–N） 损伤淀粉粒； （O） 未知淀粉粒（K的比例尺=50 μm；其余的比例尺=10 μm）.", "caption_en": "FIGURE 5    |    Types of starch granules in XLZ-7 and XLZ-13 crusts (each starch grain was photographed by the light reflector and polarizer): \n(A–C,G) Type I, Job's tears; (D–F) Type II, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae); (H) Type III, wheat tribe (Triticeae); (I,J) Type IV, acron; (K) Type V, legume family (Fabaceae); (L–N) Damaged starch \ngranules; (O) unknown starch granule (the scale bar of K = 50 μm; that of others = 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "谢老庄-7和谢老庄-13层中淀粉颗粒的类型", "title_en": "Starch Granule Types in XLZ-7 and XLZ-13 Crusts", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4b26dff8d75a0b2de044c4f9.png", "image_url": "media/S265_fb6bbb2e87c1_S265-F05.png?v=4b26dff8d75a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "• Type I: This type was identified in six granules from XLZ-7 and XLZ-13 (Figure 5A–C,G). These granules are polygonal or near-circular in shape, with a central or eccentric hilum, fissures, a Z-shaped extinction cross, and a size range of 11.09–19.37 μm. They are identified as Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) (Liu, Ma, and Cui 2014).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "• Type II: More than 20 granules from XLZ-7 and XLZ-13 belong to this type (Figure 5D–F). They are polygonal or near-circular, with a centric hilum and frequent fissures, and a size range of 8.03–21.18 μm. They likely belong to the Panicoideae family, such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), as well as pos- sibly smaller granules from Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) (Liu, Ma, and Cui 2014; Yang et al. 2012).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "• Type III: One granule from XLZ-13 belongs to this type (Figure 5H). It has a near-circular shape, a centric hilum, and pressure depressions, and measures 20.09–23.6 μm. These characteristics suggest it is likely from the Triticeae tribe, such as the genus Agropyron and Elymus (Yang and Perry 2013).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "• Type IV: Three granules from XLZ-7 and XLZ-13 belong to this type (Figure 5I,J). They have a normal shape with tri- rounded corners, a centric hilum, and a size range of 12.12– 15.75 μm. A Y-shaped fissure is visible in Figure 3 J. These features resemble acorns, such as Quercus dentata, Quercus aliena, and Quercus acutissima (Yang et al. 2009).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:26:48.816135+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN032", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "FIGURE 5    |    Types of starch granules in XLZ-­7 and XLZ-­13 crusts (each starch grain was photographed by the light reflector and polarizer): \n(A–C,G) Type I, Job's tears; (D–F) Type II, Panicoideae; (H) Type III, Triticeae; (I,J) Type IV, acron; (K) Type V, Fabaceae; (L–N) Damaged starch \ngranules; (O) unknown starch granule (the scale bar of K = 50 μm; that of others = 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xielaozhuang", "quote": "ation of China (Grant 22BKG001).\nKeywords: bone powder | early Neolithic | Peiligang culture | pottery | subsistence strategies | Xielaozhuang site\n\n ABSTRACT\n The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is a major turning point in human history. In North China, although\n crops were cultivated as early as 10,000 BP, they only became staple foods with the establishment of a fully funct", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "fb6bbb2e87c1f9df0a8dfd58d68a4ec447e981131280ebb8e3968d706d595a28" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S266_64c257c5fbdd_S266-F02", "paper_key": "S266_64c257c5fbdd", "paper_id": "S266", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2. Starch granules from modern food legumes database under bright field and polarized light microscopy. Scale bar: 20 μm. (a) Cajanus cajan; (b) Canavalia gladiata; (c) Cicer arietinum; (d) Lablab purpureus; (e) Lathyrus sativus; (f) Lens culinaris; (g) Mucuna pruriens; (h) Phaseolus coccineus; (i) Phaseolus lunatus; (j) Phaseolus multiflorus; (k) Phaseolus vulgaris; (l) Pisum sativum; (m) Vicia faba; (n) Vigna angularis; (o) Vigna cylindrica; (p) Vigna radiata; (q) Vigna umbellata; (r) Vigna unguiculata.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。共18项参照材料，名称沿用原文，未将这些名称直接等同于18个现行有效种；例如同物异名应在定稿时另行核对。\n原文复核说明：A/B与I/II命名切换。保存作者不同层次的分组，译文加来源说明，不直接把两套编号视为严格等价。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "294ee4778e8af8a86e8a6397b7fe8b33afcaf5d0795655856fe2f49942d73efb", "image_bytes": 7011218, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2 现代食用豆类淀粉粒的明场与偏光显微图像。比例尺为20 μm。a，木豆（Cajanus cajan）；b，刀豆（Canavalia gladiata）；c，鹰嘴豆（Cicer arietinum）；d，扁豆（Lablab purpureus）；e，山黧豆（Lathyrus sativus）；f，兵豆（Lens culinaris）；g，刺毛黧豆（Mucuna pruriens）；h，荷包豆（Phaseolus coccineus）；i，利马豆（Phaseolus lunatus）；j，荷包豆（Phaseolus multiflorus）；k，菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris）；l，豌豆（Pisum sativum）；m，蚕豆（Vicia faba）；n，赤小豆（Vigna angularis）；o，豇豆类（Vigna cylindrica）；p，绿豆（Vigna radiata）；q，饭豆（Vigna umbellata）；r，豇豆（Vigna unguiculata）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2. Starch granules from modern food legumes database under bright field and polarized light microscopy. Scale bar: 20 μm. (a) pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan); (b) sword bean (Canavalia gladiata); (c) chickpea (Cicer arietinum); (d) hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus); (e) grass pea (Lathyrus sativus); (f) lentil (Lens culinaris); (g) Mucuna pruriens; (h) runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus); (i) lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus); (j) runner bean (Phaseolus multiflorus); (k) common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); (l) pea (Pisum sativum); (m) broad bean (Vicia faba); (n) adzuki bean (Vigna angularis); (o) catjang cowpea (Vigna cylindrica); (p) mung bean (Vigna radiata); (q) rice bean (Vigna umbellata); (r) cowpea (Vigna unguiculata).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "食用豆类现代参照材料的淀粉粒", "title_zh": "食用豆类现代参照材料的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Microscopic observation of starch granules from legumes", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/294ee4778e8af8a86e8a6397.png", "image_url": "media/S266_64c257c5fbdd_S266-F02.png?v=294ee4778e8a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "These food legumes starch granule retrieved from 12 artifacts of 6 archaeological sites are showed in Fig. 4, which can be divided to two sub-groups. Type A, contained 43 elliptic starch granules usually with longitudinal fissure and clear-cut lamellae. The range of length was 23.09–47.21 μm, and the mean length of these starch granules is 30.07 μm. Type B, contained 13 round starch grains usually with radiating fissure and inconspicuous lamellae. The range of length was 15.84–22.19 μm, and the mean length of these starch granules is 20.59 μm. The length of all ancient starch granules ranged from 15.84 to 47.21 μm, with a mean value of 27.87 μm and a standard deviation of 6.25 μm.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Although precise taxonomic identification of the extracted ancient starch granules at the species level remains challenging, comparative analysis was conducted by examining granule size distributions of modern food legume starches from different genera or taxa sharing geographic origins. Modern starch data from 18 food legume species were categorized into four groups: Group 1: Genus Phaseolus; Group 2: Genus Pisum and Genus Vicia; Group 3: Genus Vigna; Group 4: Seven remaining legume species. Kernel density estimation (KDE) analysis of modern and ancient starch granule length data is presented in Fig. 5. Among modern samples, Group 1 and Group 2 exhibit similar KDE profiles, both peaking near 30 μm. Groups 3 and 4 show comparable distribution patterns, though Group 4 displays a higher frequency of larger granules. The ancient starch granules were classified as Type I and Type II based primarily on granule size thresholds, a distinction re flected in their KDE distributions. Modern reference data demonstrate that starch granules from a single legume species typically exhibit bimodal size distributions, collectively forming a complete starch assemblage (Wang et al., 2013). Consequently, combining Type I and Type II reveals that the merged KDE profile (Type I + II) aligns most closely with Group 3.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:34.678577+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S266_64c257c5fbdd_S266-F04", "paper_key": "S266_64c257c5fbdd", "paper_id": "S266", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Food legumes starch granules extracted from 6 archaeological sites under bright field and polarized light microscopy. (Type A: a-e, Type B: f-h. Scale bar: 20 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。\n补入本轮逐项对照PDF的分图释读，保留来源页码及原句。\n原文复核说明：A/B与I/II命名切换。保存作者不同层次的分组，译文加来源说明，不直接把两套编号视为严格等价。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e98968c5f56b5a0ab8a559e620886a5db80905f87b63ff1ef1df514c7f42854d", "image_bytes": 4874072, "sites": [ "CN098", "CN099", "CN100", "CN101", "CN102", "CN104" ], "caption_zh": "图4 从6处考古遗址提取的食用豆类淀粉粒，展示明场与偏光显微图像。A型为a—e，椭圆形食用豆类淀粉粒；B型为f—h，圆形食用豆类淀粉粒。比例尺为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Food legumes starch granules extracted from 6 archaeological sites under bright field and polarized light microscopy. (Type A: a-e, Type B: f-h. Scale bar: 20 μm).\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\na–e: Elliptical food-legume starch, reported length 23.09–47.21 μm; genus and species unresolved. (PDF p. 5).\nf–h: Round food-legume starch, reported length 15.84–22.19 μm; genus and species unresolved. The combined size distribution resembles the cowpea relatives (Vigna) group; this is not a diagnosis of individual grains as cowpea relatives (Vigna) or mung bean. (PDF p. 5).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "六处遗址检出的豆类淀粉粒", "title_zh": "六处遗址检出的豆类淀粉粒", "title_en": "Microscopic observation of legume starch granules", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e98968c5f56b5a0ab8a559e6.png", "image_url": "media/S266_64c257c5fbdd_S266-F04.png?v=e98968c5f56b", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "a–e", "type_code": "A", "interpretation_zh": "椭圆形食用豆类淀粉粒，原文长度23.09–47.21 μm；不指定到属、种", "interpretation_en": "Elliptical food-legume starch, reported length 23.09–47.21 μm; genus and species unresolved.", "uncertainty": "食用豆类范围；图版/形态段用A、B；后文KDE改称I、II，不能据此给单颗图像硬配物种。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "These food legumes starch granule retrieved from 12 artifacts of 6 \narchaeological sites are showed in Fig. 4, which can be divided to two \nsub-groups. Type A, contained 43 elliptic starch granules usually with \nlongitudinal fissure and clear-cut lamellae. The range of length was \n23.09–47.21 μm, and the mean length of these starch granules is 30.07 \nμm. Type B, contained 13 round starch grains usually with radiating \nfissure and inconspicuous lamellae. The range of length was \n15.84–22.19 μm, and the mean length of these starch granules is 20.59 \nμm. The length of all ancient starch granules ranged from 15.84 to 47.21 \nμm, with a mean value of 27.87 μm and a standard deviation of 6.25 μm." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e98968c5f56b5a0ab8a559e620886a5db80905f87b63ff1ef1df514c7f42854d" }, { "panels": "f–h", "type_code": "B", "interpretation_zh": "圆形食用豆类淀粉粒，原文长度15.84–22.19 μm；不指定到属、种", "interpretation_en": "Round food-legume starch, reported length 15.84–22.19 μm; genus and species unresolved. The combined size distribution resembles the cowpea relatives (Vigna) group; this is not a diagnosis of individual grains as cowpea relatives (Vigna) or mung bean.", "uncertainty": "食用豆类范围；两类合并的粒径分布与Vigna组最接近，是组合统计结果，不等于各分图已鉴定为豇豆属，更不等于绿豆。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "These food legumes starch granule retrieved from 12 artifacts of 6 \narchaeological sites are showed in Fig. 4, which can be divided to two \nsub-groups. Type A, contained 43 elliptic starch granules usually with \nlongitudinal fissure and clear-cut lamellae. The range of length was \n23.09–47.21 μm, and the mean length of these starch granules is 30.07 \nμm. Type B, contained 13 round starch grains usually with radiating \nfissure and inconspicuous lamellae. The range of length was \n15.84–22.19 μm, and the mean length of these starch granules is 20.59 \nμm. The length of all ancient starch granules ranged from 15.84 to 47.21 \nμm, with a mean value of 27.87 μm and a standard deviation of 6.25 μm." } ], "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "e98968c5f56b5a0ab8a559e620886a5db80905f87b63ff1ef1df514c7f42854d" } ], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "These food legumes starch granule retrieved from 12 artifacts of 6 archaeological sites are showed in Fig. 4, which can be divided to two sub-groups. Type A, contained 43 elliptic starch granules usually with longitudinal fissure and clear-cut lamellae. The range of length was 23.09–47.21 μm, and the mean length of these starch granules is 30.07 μm. Type B, contained 13 round starch grains usually with radiating fissure and inconspicuous lamellae. The range of length was 15.84–22.19 μm, and the mean length of these starch granules is 20.59 μm. The length of all ancient starch granules ranged from 15.84 to 47.21 μm, with a mean value of 27.87 μm and a standard deviation of 6.25 μm.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Although precise taxonomic identification of the extracted ancient starch granules at the species level remains challenging, comparative analysis was conducted by examining granule size distributions of modern food legume starches from different genera or taxa sharing geographic origins. Modern starch data from 18 food legume species were categorized into four groups: Group 1: Genus Phaseolus; Group 2: Genus Pisum and Genus Vicia; Group 3: Genus Vigna; Group 4: Seven remaining legume species. Kernel density estimation (KDE) analysis of modern and ancient starch granule length data is presented in Fig. 5. Among modern samples, Group 1 and Group 2 exhibit similar KDE profiles, both peaking near 30 μm. Groups 3 and 4 show comparable distribution patterns, though Group 4 displays a higher frequency of larger granules. The ancient starch granules were classified as Type I and Type II based primarily on granule size thresholds, a distinction re flected in their KDE distributions. Modern reference data demonstrate that starch granules from a single legume species typically exhibit bimodal size distributions, collectively forming a complete starch assemblage (Wang et al., 2013). Consequently, combining Type I and Type II reveals that the merged KDE profile (Type I + II) aligns most closely with Group 3.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:34.809518+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN098", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Food legumes starch granules extracted from 6 archaeological sites under bright field and polarized light microscopy. (Type A: a-e, Type B: f-h. Scale bar: 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Fanchengdui", "quote": "15.61◦E hilly regions Fanchengdui 28.10◦N, Neolithic age River valley 1977–1980\nwidespread acidic red soils in southern China are generally unfavorable 115.30◦E mountainous\nfor the preservation of macro-plant remains (Zhao, 2010; Zhao", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "64c257c5fbdd318f17581aeb50b85fb89e087ece50a26ff55e693bc2cf406675" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN099", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Food legumes starch granules extracted from 6 archaeological sites under bright field and polarized light microscopy. (Type A: a-e, Type B: f-h. Scale bar: 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shinianshan", "quote": "extended pe­ 115.90◦E Shinianshan 28.04◦N, Neolithic age River valley 1986–1989\nriods within micro-depressions or crevices on artifact surfaces (Barton, 115.05◦E mountainous\n2007). Consequently, starch granule micro-remains constitute", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "64c257c5fbdd318f17581aeb50b85fb89e087ece50a26ff55e693bc2cf406675" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN100", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Food legumes starch granules extracted from 6 archaeological sites under bright field and polarized light microscopy. (Type A: a-e, Type B: f-h. Scale bar: 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "yinjiaping", "quote": "perioda\n In recent years, advances in the analysis of starch grain micro- Yinjiaping 27.32◦N, Neolithic age River valley 1983\nremains have provided novel insights for archaeobotanical in­ 115.41◦E mountainous\nvestigations across global regions (Zhang et al., 2021; Guan et al.,", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "64c257c5fbdd318f17581aeb50b85fb89e087ece50a26ff55e693bc2cf406675" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN101", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Food legumes starch granules extracted from 6 archaeological sites under bright field and polarized light microscopy. (Type A: a-e, Type B: f-h. Scale bar: 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "zhuweicheng", "quote": "plain\nHenry et al., 2014; Piperno et al., 2009; Barton and Torrence, 2015; Zhuweicheng 28.03◦N, Neolithic age alluvial plains of 1974–1977\nYang et al., 2013; Tao et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2019). Although the 115.61◦E hilly regions", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "64c257c5fbdd318f17581aeb50b85fb89e087ece50a26ff55e693bc2cf406675" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN102", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Food legumes starch granules extracted from 6 archaeological sites under bright field and polarized light microscopy. (Type A: a-e, Type B: f-h. Scale bar: 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "wucheng", "quote": "Gan River-Poyang\nriver, served as a critical corridor for the diffusion of rice agriculture into Lake basin, Jiangxi province. Wucheng site is an important Shang dy­\nGuangdong and Fujian provinces (Chen et al., 2023). Recent research nasty archaeological site which is famous for lots of huge bronzes,\nsuggests that millet cultivation in the Fujian and Guangdong regions indicating that", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "64c257c5fbdd318f17581aeb50b85fb89e087ece50a26ff55e693bc2cf406675" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN104", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Food legumes starch granules extracted from 6 archaeological sites under bright field and polarized light microscopy. (Type A: a-e, Type B: f-h. Scale bar: 20 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "dawangling", "quote": "plain\nPiperno, 2000), food legumes contain abundant semi-crystalline starch Dawangling 29.61◦N, Neolithic age Hills and terraces 1976\ngranules (Terstegen et al., 2023) which can persist over extended pe­ 115.90◦E Shiniansha", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "64c257c5fbdd318f17581aeb50b85fb89e087ece50a26ff55e693bc2cf406675" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S267_85a10aae0c94_S267-F03", "paper_key": "S267_85a10aae0c94", "paper_id": "S267", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Mogou starch types. (1–3) Type I, rice compound; (4) Type I, rice granule; (5) TypeII, Triticeae; (6) Type III, millets; (7) Type IV, Job’s tears; (8) Type V, \nbuckwheat; (9) Type VI, lily bulb; (10) UNID.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "2d422d9f568dd1c78a3f66188156928c4399d461dd5bf54989f1a8d756ab1cd4", "image_bytes": 4089980, "sites": [ "CN039" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 磨沟遗址淀粉类型。 （1–3） 类型I，稻复合体； （4） 类型I，稻粒； （5） 类型II，小麦族； （6） 类型III，粟类； （7） 类型IV，薏苡； （8） 类型V，荞麦； （9） 类型VI，百合鳞茎； （10） 未鉴定类型。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Mogou starch types. (1–3) Type I, rice compound; (4) Type I, rice granule; (5) TypeII, wheat tribe (Triticeae); (6) Type III, millets; (7) Type IV, Job’s tears; (8) Type V, \nbuckwheat; (9) Type VI, lily bulb; (10) UNID.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "磨沟淀粉类型", "title_en": "Starch Types from Mogou", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/2d422d9f568dd1c78a3f6618.png", "image_url": "media/S267_85a10aae0c94_S267-F03.png?v=2d422d9f568d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "Type I starch granules were identified as rice (Oryza sativa) (n = 127; 22.9 % of the total; 61.9 % ubiquity). They are small, polygonal in shape, and usually appear in their compound forms. The size of individual granule ranges from 5.71-8.67 μm (Fig. 3: 1–4). In our modern rice reference samples, starch granules measure between 3.19 and 9.63 μm, which is consistent with the size range of Mogou Type I starch. The granules often appear fused and lack clear extinction crosses, charac teristics that resemble those of fermented rice starch in our reference dataset (Fig. 4: 1–2).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type II starch granules were identified as Triticeae (n = 6; 1.1 % of the total; 9.5 % ubiquity). They are lenticular or discoid in shape, with a flat surface and centric hilum (Fig. 3: 5, compared with Fig. 4: 3), and size range is 11.11–35.2 μm. Lamellae are visible on large granules, and the extinction crosses are faint and shaped as either “×” or “+”. The Triticeae tribe includes various wild genera like Agropyron and Elymus, as well as domesticated species such as Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Triticum spp. (wheat). Recent archaeobotanical studies have revealed that domesticated wheat (T. aestivum L.) and barley (H. vulgare L.), which originated in West Asia, had already reached northwestern China and were found at the Qijiaping site (140 km from Mogou) in Guanghe County, dating to the late Qijia period (ca. 1600 BC) (Guo et al., 2022; Ma et al., 2015). Given the spatial and temporal context, Type II starch granules are most likely derived from wheat or barley.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type III starch granules were identified as Panicoideae (n = 18; 3.3 % of the total; 31.0 % ubiquity). They are spherical or polyhedral in shape, with centric hilum, and their extinction crosses typically exhibit straight arms (Fig. 3: 6, compared with Fig. 4: 4 & 5). The granules range in size from 6.15 to 15.66 μm. They are most likely derived from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) or broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), although differentiating between these species based solely on starch morphology is challenging. Both foxtail and broomcorn millets were domesticated in northwestern China in the Neolithic period", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "Type IV starch granules were identified as Job’s tears (Coix lacryma- jobi L.) (n = 7; 1.3 % of the total; 14.3 % ubiquity). These granules are spherical or polygonal in shape, with centric or eccentric hilum that typically exhibits T-shaped or linear fissures (Fig. 3: 7, compared with Fig. 4: 6). Their sizes range from 18.77-24.85 μm. While they are morphologically similar to type III starch granules, they are larger in size and display distinctive features characteristic of Job’s tears, such as Z- shaped arm on the extinction cross (Liu et al., 2019a). Job’s tears were commonly used as a starchy source for alcohol fermentation in Neolithic North and Northwest China (Liu, 2023), including at the sites of Boxi and Haxiu in Sichuan, located on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (Liu et al., 2022a). These findings suggest a broad geographic distribution of this plant and a long-standing tradition of its use in", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:26:51.596944+00:00", "revision": 5 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN039", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Mogou starch types. (1–3) Type I, rice compound; (4) Type I, rice granule; (5) TypeII, Triticeae; (6) Type III, millets; (7) Type IV, Job’s tears; (8) Type V, \nbuckwheat; (9) Type VI, lily bulb; (10) UNID.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Mo Gou", "quote": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nAlcoholic beverage offerings at the bronze age mogou cemetery in\nnorthwest China: insights from residue analysis\nYinzhi Cui a, Li Liu b,* , Ruilin Mao c, Honghai Chen a\na School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an, China\nb Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Stanford University, Sta", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "85a10aae0c947dfadde7193fa4b28d5e1ccc0fdf60b8ef3979ca801529eb1cff" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S267_85a10aae0c94_S267-F04", "paper_key": "S267_85a10aae0c94", "paper_id": "S267", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Modern starch reference. (1) Fermented rice (Oryza sativa) compound; (2) fermented rice (Oryza sp.) granules; (3) Triticeae; (4) millet (Setaria italica); (5) \nmillet (Panicum miliaceum); (6) Job’s tears (Coix Lacryma-jobi); (7) buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum); (8) lily bulbs (lilium Pumilum).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "cbc59c835580f18da4d46551fa8c9b1004d5706b68956a5e9ddbb2c775635d7a", "image_bytes": 3197744, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 现代淀粉样本。 （1） 发酵稻（Oryza sativa）复合体；（2） 发酵稻（Oryza sp.）淀粉粒；（3） 小麦族；（4） 粟（Setaria italica）；（5） 黍（Panicum miliaceum）；（6） 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；（7） 荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum）；（8） 百合鳞茎（Lilium pumilum）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Modern starch reference. (1) Fermented rice (Oryza sativa) compound; (2) fermented rice (Oryza sp.) granules; (3) wheat tribe (Triticeae); (4) millet (foxtail millet, Setaria italica); (5) \nmillet (broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum); (6) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (7) buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum); (8) lily bulbs (coral lily, Lilium pumilum).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉参考样本", "title_en": "Modern Starch Reference", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/cbc59c835580f18da4d46551.png", "image_url": "media/S267_85a10aae0c94_S267-F04.png?v=cbc59c835580", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "Type I starch granules were identified as rice (Oryza sativa) (n = 127; 22.9 % of the total; 61.9 % ubiquity). They are small, polygonal in shape, and usually appear in their compound forms. The size of individual granule ranges from 5.71-8.67 μm (Fig. 3: 1–4). In our modern rice reference samples, starch granules measure between 3.19 and 9.63 μm, which is consistent with the size range of Mogou Type I starch. The granules often appear fused and lack clear extinction crosses, charac teristics that resemble those of fermented rice starch in our reference dataset (Fig. 4: 1–2).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type II starch granules were identified as Triticeae (n = 6; 1.1 % of the total; 9.5 % ubiquity). They are lenticular or discoid in shape, with a flat surface and centric hilum (Fig. 3: 5, compared with Fig. 4: 3), and size range is 11.11–35.2 μm. Lamellae are visible on large granules, and the extinction crosses are faint and shaped as either “×” or “+”. The Triticeae tribe includes various wild genera like Agropyron and Elymus, as well as domesticated species such as Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Triticum spp. (wheat). Recent archaeobotanical studies have revealed that domesticated wheat (T. aestivum L.) and barley (H. vulgare L.), which originated in West Asia, had already reached northwestern China and were found at the Qijiaping site (140 km from Mogou) in Guanghe County, dating to the late Qijia period (ca. 1600 BC) (Guo et al., 2022; Ma et al., 2015). Given the spatial and temporal context, Type II starch granules are most likely derived from wheat or barley.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type III starch granules were identified as Panicoideae (n = 18; 3.3 % of the total; 31.0 % ubiquity). They are spherical or polyhedral in shape, with centric hilum, and their extinction crosses typically exhibit straight arms (Fig. 3: 6, compared with Fig. 4: 4 & 5). The granules range in size from 6.15 to 15.66 μm. They are most likely derived from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) or broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), although differentiating between these species based solely on starch morphology is challenging. Both foxtail and broomcorn millets were domesticated in northwestern China in the Neolithic period", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "Type IV starch granules were identified as Job’s tears (Coix lacryma- jobi L.) (n = 7; 1.3 % of the total; 14.3 % ubiquity). These granules are spherical or polygonal in shape, with centric or eccentric hilum that typically exhibits T-shaped or linear fissures (Fig. 3: 7, compared with Fig. 4: 6). Their sizes range from 18.77-24.85 μm. While they are morphologically similar to type III starch granules, they are larger in size and display distinctive features characteristic of Job’s tears, such as Z- shaped arm on the extinction cross (Liu et al., 2019a). Job’s tears were commonly used as a starchy source for alcohol fermentation in Neolithic North and Northwest China (Liu, 2023), including at the sites of Boxi and Haxiu in Sichuan, located on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (Liu et al., 2022a). These findings suggest a broad geographic distribution of this plant and a long-standing tradition of its use in", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:34.914000+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S267_85a10aae0c94_S267-F05", "paper_key": "S267_85a10aae0c94", "paper_id": "S267", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Damaged starch granules from Mogou pottery. (1–3, 5–7) starch granules with enzymatic attack; (4, 8) gelatinization.\n9", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4ea55b205f7ed2632d4792a5733e242ec82b96eb1c0d341d2de3299fbaa3c5e8", "image_bytes": 3713347, "sites": [ "CN039" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 磨沟遗址陶器中的受损淀粉粒。 （1–3， 5–7） 受酶作用的淀粉粒； （4， 8） 糊化淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Damaged starch granules from Mogou pottery. (1–3, 5–7) starch granules with enzymatic attack; (4, 8) gelatinization.\n9", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "磨沟陶器受损淀粉粒", "title_en": "Damaged starch granules from Sandou pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/4ea55b205f7ed2632d4792a5.png", "image_url": "media/S267_85a10aae0c94_S267-F05.png?v=4ea55b205f7e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "Type I starch granules were identified as rice (Oryza sativa) (n = 127; 22.9 % of the total; 61.9 % ubiquity). They are small, polygonal in shape, and usually appear in their compound forms. The size of individual granule ranges from 5.71-8.67 μm (Fig. 3: 1–4). In our modern rice reference samples, starch granules measure between 3.19 and 9.63 μm, which is consistent with the size range of Mogou Type I starch. The granules often appear fused and lack clear extinction crosses, charac teristics that resemble those of fermented rice starch in our reference dataset (Fig. 4: 1–2).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type II starch granules were identified as Triticeae (n = 6; 1.1 % of the total; 9.5 % ubiquity). They are lenticular or discoid in shape, with a flat surface and centric hilum (Fig. 3: 5, compared with Fig. 4: 3), and size range is 11.11–35.2 μm. Lamellae are visible on large granules, and the extinction crosses are faint and shaped as either “×” or “+”. The Triticeae tribe includes various wild genera like Agropyron and Elymus, as well as domesticated species such as Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Triticum spp. (wheat). Recent archaeobotanical studies have revealed that domesticated wheat (T. aestivum L.) and barley (H. vulgare L.), which originated in West Asia, had already reached northwestern China and were found at the Qijiaping site (140 km from Mogou) in Guanghe County, dating to the late Qijia period (ca. 1600 BC) (Guo et al., 2022; Ma et al., 2015). Given the spatial and temporal context, Type II starch granules are most likely derived from wheat or barley.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type III starch granules were identified as Panicoideae (n = 18; 3.3 % of the total; 31.0 % ubiquity). They are spherical or polyhedral in shape, with centric hilum, and their extinction crosses typically exhibit straight arms (Fig. 3: 6, compared with Fig. 4: 4 & 5). The granules range in size from 6.15 to 15.66 μm. They are most likely derived from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) or broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), although differentiating between these species based solely on starch morphology is challenging. Both foxtail and broomcorn millets were domesticated in northwestern China in the Neolithic period", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "(GansuMuesum, 1982; Liu et al., 2004). Our research further indicates that both millet species remained major crops, consistent with findings from the Qijiaping site during the Qijia period (Guo et al., 2022). Type III starches may also include some small granules from Job’s tears, described below.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T05:39:55.616164+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN039", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Damaged starch granules from Mogou pottery. (1–3, 5–7) starch granules with enzymatic attack; (4, 8) gelatinization.\n9", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Mo Gou", "quote": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nAlcoholic beverage offerings at the bronze age mogou cemetery in\nnorthwest China: insights from residue analysis\nYinzhi Cui a, Li Liu b,* , Ruilin Mao c, Honghai Chen a\na School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an, China\nb Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Stanford University, Sta", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "85a10aae0c947dfadde7193fa4b28d5e1ccc0fdf60b8ef3979ca801529eb1cff" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S267_85a10aae0c94_S267-F06", "paper_key": "S267_85a10aae0c94", "paper_id": "S267", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Phytolith morphotypes from Mogou pottery. (1–3) bilobate; (4) cross; (5, 6) elongate; (7) common bulliform; (8) opaque perforated platelets.\n10", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "75abe5dfee3979732f104763a0857e0f332611eae560b7fdb0030eaf043bb7cf", "image_bytes": 2672605, "sites": [ "CN039" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 磨沟遗址陶器中的植硅体形态类型。 （1–3） 哑铃型；（4） 十字型；（5， 6） 刺棒型；（7） 常见扇形；（8） 不透明孔状薄片。10", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Phytolith morphotypes from Mogou pottery. (1–3) bilobate; (4) cross; (5, 6) elongate; (7) common bulliform; (8) opaque perforated platelets.\n10", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "磨沟陶器植硅体形态", "title_en": "Phytolith Morphotypes from Mogou Pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/75abe5dfee3979732f104763.png", "image_url": "media/S267_85a10aae0c94_S267-F06.png?v=75abe5dfee39", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 10, "quote": "A total of 116 phytoliths were identified in 24 pottery vessels, with counts ranging from 1 to 17 per vessel and an average of 5 phytoliths per vessel. No phytoliths were found in 18 vessels (Supplementary mate rial). The recovered morphotypes are primarily associated with Poaceae family and include bilobate, polylobate, cross, rondel, bulliform, and elongate forms, with one—an opaque perforated platelet possibly derived from the Asteraceae family (Fig. 6). No diagnostic husk phyto liths from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, rice, or Triticeae were detected, suggesting that these vessels likely contained well-processed food materials. Given the negligible quantity of phytoliths across the entire pottery assemblage, the evidence is insufficient to support the interpretation that caoqu or blended alcohol methods were regularly practiced for fermentation at Mogou.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type I starch granules were identified as rice (Oryza sativa) (n = 127; 22.9 % of the total; 61.9 % ubiquity). They are small, polygonal in shape, and usually appear in their compound forms. The size of individual granule ranges from 5.71-8.67 μm (Fig. 3: 1–4). In our modern rice reference samples, starch granules measure between 3.19 and 9.63 μm, which is consistent with the size range of Mogou Type I starch. The granules often appear fused and lack clear extinction crosses, charac teristics that resemble those of fermented rice starch in our reference dataset (Fig. 4: 1–2).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type II starch granules were identified as Triticeae (n = 6; 1.1 % of the total; 9.5 % ubiquity). They are lenticular or discoid in shape, with a flat surface and centric hilum (Fig. 3: 5, compared with Fig. 4: 3), and size range is 11.11–35.2 μm. Lamellae are visible on large granules, and the extinction crosses are faint and shaped as either “×” or “+”. The Triticeae tribe includes various wild genera like Agropyron and Elymus, as well as domesticated species such as Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Triticum spp. (wheat). Recent archaeobotanical studies have revealed that domesticated wheat (T. aestivum L.) and barley (H. vulgare L.), which originated in West Asia, had already reached northwestern China and were found at the Qijiaping site (140 km from Mogou) in Guanghe County, dating to the late Qijia period (ca. 1600 BC) (Guo et al., 2022; Ma et al., 2015). Given the spatial and temporal context, Type II starch granules are most likely derived from wheat or barley.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type III starch granules were identified as Panicoideae (n = 18; 3.3 % of the total; 31.0 % ubiquity). They are spherical or polyhedral in shape, with centric hilum, and their extinction crosses typically exhibit straight arms (Fig. 3: 6, compared with Fig. 4: 4 & 5). The granules range in size from 6.15 to 15.66 μm. They are most likely derived from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) or broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), although differentiating between these species based solely on starch morphology is challenging. Both foxtail and broomcorn millets were domesticated in northwestern China in the Neolithic period", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:26:54.373196+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN039", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Phytolith morphotypes from Mogou pottery. (1–3) bilobate; (4) cross; (5, 6) elongate; (7) common bulliform; (8) opaque perforated platelets.\n10", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Mo Gou", "quote": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nAlcoholic beverage offerings at the bronze age mogou cemetery in\nnorthwest China: insights from residue analysis\nYinzhi Cui a, Li Liu b,* , Ruilin Mao c, Honghai Chen a\na School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an, China\nb Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Stanford University, Sta", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "85a10aae0c947dfadde7193fa4b28d5e1ccc0fdf60b8ef3979ca801529eb1cff" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S269_5099690e37b4_S269-F04", "paper_key": "S269_5099690e37b4", "paper_id": "S269", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Some modern starch grains referenced a,a’. Panicum miliaceum; b,b’. Setaria italica; c,c’. Coix Lacryma-jobi; d,d’. Oryza sativa; e,e’. Triticum aestivum; f,f’. \nQuercus acutissima; g,g’. Nelumbo nucifera (root); h,h’. Trichosanthes kirilowii; i,i’. Pseudostellaria heterophylla.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "143379b1ab8c7462f710c34270d54ba7c81cdc298280099b92eeb70c1d6e66a7", "image_bytes": 13076956, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 一些现代淀粉粒参考样品 a，a′。黍（Panicum miliaceum）；b，b′。粟（Setaria italica）；c，c′。薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；d，d′。水稻（Oryza sativa）；e，e′。普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）；f，f′。麻栎（Quercus acutissima）；g，g′。莲（Nelumbo nucifera）（根）；h，h′。栝楼（Trichosanthes kirilowii）；i，i′。太子参（Pseudostellaria heterophylla）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Some modern starch grains referenced a,a′. broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); b,b′. foxtail millet (Setaria italica); c,c′. Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); d,d′. rice (Oryza sativa); e,e′. bread wheat (Triticum aestivum); f,f′. \nsawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima); g,g′. lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) (root); h,h′. Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii); i,i′. Pseudostellaria heterophylla.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "一些现代淀粉粒参考样例", "title_en": "Some modern starch grains reference samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/143379b1ab8c7462f710c342.png", "image_url": "media/S269_5099690e37b4_S269-F04.png?v=143379b1ab8c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Laboratory observations and identification were carried out using an Olympus BM53 light microscope equipped with a polarizing optic. Photographs and measurements were taken using the Olympus DP74 imaging system. To facilitate taxonomic comparisons, we collected starch grains from modern common edible plants (Fig. 4). We also reviewed published data on modern starch grains (Yang et al., 2009, 2010; Ge et al., 2010; Ge, 2010; Wan et al., 2011; Yang and Perry, 2013; Liu et al., 2014; Wan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2022b). The identification and classification of phytoliths referred to the standards established by Wang and Lu (1993), and were compared with the rele vant published data (Lu et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2011; Wen et al., 2018; Ge et al., 2020; Wang and Lu, 2022).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "2018: Fig. 3. m-n; Fig. 4. m-r). Based on our observations of starch grains from commonly encountered modern USOs, this particular subtype closely resembles the bell-shaped grains observed in several USO spe cies, such as Trichosanthes kirilowii (Fig. 4h, h’), Pseudostellaria hetero phylla (Fig. 4i, i’), and Fallopia multiflora, among others.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type A (n = 464): This type was characterized by a polyhedral or rounded polyhedron shape, as well as semicircular form with rounded edges in three-dimensional shape. They were identified within the subfamily Panicoideae based on modern starch morphology and repre sent the most abundant type. The identifiable ones were categorized into sub-types AI and AII.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type AII (n = 105): This sub-type included subcircular, rounded polygonal, rounded rectangular and rounded semicircular shapes, with usually rounded contours. Hila were centered or slightly eccentric and visible. Fissures were radial, Y-shaped, linear-shaped and star-shaped. The birefringence crosses were vertical or X-shaped, with nearly all of them featuring Z-shaped arms. The size range was 13.15~29.88 μm, and the average size was 20.25 ± 3.74 μm (Fig. 5b, b’). The aforemen tioned characteristics are predominantly found in Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), although it cannot be entirely ruled out that they may also appear in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (Yang et al., 2010; Ge et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2014). According to the two-step identification method pro posed by Liu et al. (2014), three preliminary identification standards are effective for singling out the most readily diagnosed grains of job’s tears from those of millets, including (1) being larger than 21.17 μm in size, (2) having an eccentricity ratio greater than 1.47, and (3) having a Z- shaped arm on the extinction cross for grains >12.8 μm. Type AII starch grains comply with at least one of these three identification standards (see Fig.S2). Taking all factors above into consideration, starch grains of type II were classified as job’s tears.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.123384+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S269_5099690e37b4_S269-F05", "paper_key": "S269_5099690e37b4", "paper_id": "S269", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Starch grains from human dental calculus and pottery vessels in Jiaojia (Type A-Type F) a, a’. Type AI; b, b’. Type AII; c, c’. Type B; d, d’. Gelatinized \ntype B; e–f’. Type C; g, g’. Type DI; h, h’. Type DII; i, i’. Type DII (upper left) and type DIII (lower right); j, j’. Type DIII; k–l’. Type DIV; m, m’. Type E; n, n’. Type F.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ef4b917b4e119f803e3085e9cc8d4455c93390cee70dd60be1e2862ce8636740", "image_bytes": 8344250, "sites": [ "CN174" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 焦家遗址（A型-F型）人类牙结石和陶器中的淀粉粒 a, a’. Type AI，粟或黍; b, b’. Type AII，薏苡或黍亚科; c, c’. Type B，小麦族; d, d’. Gelatinized type B，糊化小麦族; e–f’. Type C，水稻; g, g’. Type DI，睡莲; h, h’. Type DII，栝楼; i, i’. Type DII (upper left) and type DIII (lower right)，块根块茎; j, j’. Type DIII，块根块茎; k–l’. Type DIV，块根块茎; m, m’. Type E，橡子; n, n’. Type F未鉴定.", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Starch grains from human dental calculus and pottery vessels in Jiaojia (Type A-Type F) a, a′. Type AI; b, b′. Type AII; c, c′. Type B; d, d′. Gelatinized \ntype B; e–f′. Type C; g, g′. Type DI; h, h′. Type DII; i, i′. Type DII (upper left) and type DIII (lower right); j, j′. Type DIII; k–l′. Type DIV; m, m′. Type E; n, n′. Type F.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "焦家A型F型遗址牙结石与陶器淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch Grains from Human Dental Calculus and Pottery Vessels at Jiaojia (Type A-Type F)", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ef4b917b4e119f803e3085e9.png", "image_url": "media/S269_5099690e37b4_S269-F05.png?v=ef4b917b4e11", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "Type AII (n = 105): This sub-type included subcircular, rounded polygonal, rounded rectangular and rounded semicircular shapes, with usually rounded contours. Hila were centered or slightly eccentric and visible. Fissures were radial, Y-shaped, linear-shaped and star-shaped. The birefringence crosses were vertical or X-shaped, with nearly all of them featuring Z-shaped arms. The size range was 13.15~29.88 μm, and the average size was 20.25 ± 3.74 μm (Fig. 5b, b’). The aforemen tioned characteristics are predominantly found in Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), although it cannot be entirely ruled out that they may also appear in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (Yang et al., 2010; Ge et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2014). According to the two-step identification method pro posed by Liu et al. (2014), three preliminary identification standards are effective for singling out the most readily diagnosed grains of job’s tears from those of millets, including (1) being larger than 21.17 μm in size, (2) having an eccentricity ratio greater than 1.47, and (3) having a Z- shaped arm on the extinction cross for grains >12.8 μm. Type AII starch grains comply with at least one of these three identification standards (see Fig.S2). Taking all factors above into consideration, starch grains of type II were classified as job’s tears.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type C: Starch grains of this type were polyhedral or round poly hedral in shape with the centric hila closed, and they were common for the multigrain aggregation form. Nearly every starch grain classified as Type C displayed an extinction cross when observed under polarized light, devoid of any discernible fissures or lamellae, and measured approximately 5 to 7 μm in length. These starch grains were identified as originating from rice (Yang and Perry, 2013; Ge, 2010). These starch grains were exclusively observed in the M72S male’s dental calculus and the M91:25 small jar with lid (Fig. 3). A substantial quantity of type C starch grains adhered to the M72S male’s dental calculus (Fig. 5e, e’, f, f’; Fig.S3a–c’). Due to their abundance and adhesive complexity, which made accurate quantification impractical, they will be treated as a single unit for analytical simplicity. A single starch grain of this type was identified within the M91:25 small jar with a lid. Given its distinctive polyhedral morphology, characterized by well-defined and sharp edges and corners, along with its minute size of 5.7 μm, we deduced that it originated from rice (Fig.S3, d and d’).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Type DII (n = 21): This type exhibited bell-shaped, featuring either centric or slightly eccentric hila. Most of these starch grains exhibited linear or Y-shaped fissures, while a few grains lacked fissures. The birefringence crosses were most X-shaped. The size ranged from 8.13 to 21.11 μm, and their average size was 16.26 ± 4.42 μm (Fig. 5h, h’, i, i’). The starch grains of USOs classified as groups B and E in Wang et al. (2018) both exhibited bell-shaped morphologies (refer to Wang et al.,", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Type DIII (n = 21): These starch grains exhibited circular or sub circular shapes, with hila centered or slightly eccentric. Almost all of them have clear lamellae without clear fissures. They demonstrated vertical and arc curved birefringence cross under polarized light. The size ranged from 9.18 to 21.82 μm, and the average size was 15.52 ± 4.08 μm (Fig. 5i–j’). According to published morphology of modern starch grains of USOs in China (Wang et al., 2018), circular or", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.182236+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN174", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Starch grains from human dental calculus and pottery vessels in Jiaojia (Type A-Type F) a, a’. Type AI; b, b’. Type AII; c, c’. Type B; d, d’. Gelatinized \ntype B; e–f’. Type C; g, g’. Type DI; h, h’. Type DII; i, i’. Type DII (upper left) and type DIII (lower right); j, j’. Type DIII; k–l’. Type DIV; m, m’. Type E; n, n’. Type F.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiaojia", "quote": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nPlant diet and pottery vessels function at the Jiaojia site during middle-late\nDawenkou culture in Shandong Province, China\nQian Wu a,b , Can Wang a,b,* , Qingyu Lu a,b, Hao Wu a,b, Zhongming Tang a,b,\nFen Wang a,b,*\na School of Archaeology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China\nb Key Laboratory of Archaeo", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5099690e37b4d746fd62ae3e90eb77bf60f521eb600f80c03560161556ed2472" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S269_5099690e37b4_S269-F06", "paper_key": "S269_5099690e37b4", "paper_id": "S269", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Typical phytoliths in human dental calculus a. η-type from broomcorn millet husk; b. Ω-type from foxtail millet husk; c. Panicoideae sub-family husk; d. \nCross/quadra-lobate; e. Bilobate short cell; f. Polylobate short cell; g. Elongate-entire long cell; h. Wavy trapezoid; i. Rondel; j. Elongate-echinate; k. Bulliform cell; l. \nCuneiform bulliform cell from reed; m. Saddle; n. Rectangle; o. Unciform hair cell; p. Tracheid.\n8", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8000888da85baad2020e93bc38fc57e2d4647cd6d2ff19939f3bd1f0cb6e9dcb", "image_bytes": 7071998, "sites": [ "CN174" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 人类牙结石中典型的植硅体 a. 来自黍壳的η型；b. 来自粟壳的Ω型；c. 来自黍亚科稃壳；d. 十字型；e. 哑铃型；f. 多铃型；g. 平滑棒型；h. 齿型；i. 帽型；j. 刺棒型；k. 扇型；l. 芦苇盾型；m. 鞍型；n. 方型；o. 尖型；p. 导管细胞。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Typical phytoliths in human dental calculus a. η-type from broomcorn millet husk; b. Ω-type from foxtail millet husk; c. panicoid grasses (Panicoideae) sub-family husk; d. \nCross/quadra-lobate; e. Bilobate short cell; f. Polylobate short cell; g. Elongate-entire long cell; h. Wavy trapezoid; i. Rondel; j. Elongate-echinate; k. Bulliform cell; l. \nCuneiform bulliform cell from reed; m. Saddle; n. Rectangle; o. Unciform hair cell; p. Tracheid.\n8", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "人类牙结石中典型的植硅体", "title_en": "Typical phytoliths in human dental calculus", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/8000888da85baad2020e93bc.png", "image_url": "media/S269_5099690e37b4_S269-F06.png?v=8000888da85b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Type A (n = 464): This type was characterized by a polyhedral or rounded polyhedron shape, as well as semicircular form with rounded edges in three-dimensional shape. They were identified within the subfamily Panicoideae based on modern starch morphology and repre sent the most abundant type. The identifiable ones were categorized into sub-types AI and AII.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type AII (n = 105): This sub-type included subcircular, rounded polygonal, rounded rectangular and rounded semicircular shapes, with usually rounded contours. Hila were centered or slightly eccentric and visible. Fissures were radial, Y-shaped, linear-shaped and star-shaped. The birefringence crosses were vertical or X-shaped, with nearly all of them featuring Z-shaped arms. The size range was 13.15~29.88 μm, and the average size was 20.25 ± 3.74 μm (Fig. 5b, b’). The aforemen tioned characteristics are predominantly found in Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), although it cannot be entirely ruled out that they may also appear in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (Yang et al., 2010; Ge et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2014). According to the two-step identification method pro posed by Liu et al. (2014), three preliminary identification standards are effective for singling out the most readily diagnosed grains of job’s tears from those of millets, including (1) being larger than 21.17 μm in size, (2) having an eccentricity ratio greater than 1.47, and (3) having a Z- shaped arm on the extinction cross for grains >12.8 μm. Type AII starch grains comply with at least one of these three identification standards (see Fig.S2). Taking all factors above into consideration, starch grains of type II were classified as job’s tears.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type B (n = 67): Starch grains were circular or lenticular, featuring centrally located hilum. Fissures were often absent, while lamellae were present occasionally. The extinction cross exhibited X-shaped and vague", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type C: Starch grains of this type were polyhedral or round poly hedral in shape with the centric hila closed, and they were common for the multigrain aggregation form. Nearly every starch grain classified as Type C displayed an extinction cross when observed under polarized light, devoid of any discernible fissures or lamellae, and measured approximately 5 to 7 μm in length. These starch grains were identified as originating from rice (Yang and Perry, 2013; Ge, 2010). These starch grains were exclusively observed in the M72S male’s dental calculus and the M91:25 small jar with lid (Fig. 3). A substantial quantity of type C starch grains adhered to the M72S male’s dental calculus (Fig. 5e, e’, f, f’; Fig.S3a–c’). Due to their abundance and adhesive complexity, which made accurate quantification impractical, they will be treated as a single unit for analytical simplicity. A single starch grain of this type was identified within the M91:25 small jar with a lid. Given its distinctive polyhedral morphology, characterized by well-defined and sharp edges and corners, along with its minute size of 5.7 μm, we deduced that it originated from rice (Fig.S3, d and d’).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.234823+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN174", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Typical phytoliths in human dental calculus a. η-type from broomcorn millet husk; b. Ω-type from foxtail millet husk; c. Panicoideae sub-family husk; d. \nCross/quadra-lobate; e. Bilobate short cell; f. Polylobate short cell; g. Elongate-entire long cell; h. Wavy trapezoid; i. Rondel; j. Elongate-echinate; k. Bulliform cell; l. \nCuneiform bulliform cell from reed; m. Saddle; n. Rectangle; o. Unciform hair cell; p. Tracheid.\n8", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiaojia", "quote": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nPlant diet and pottery vessels function at the Jiaojia site during middle-late\nDawenkou culture in Shandong Province, China\nQian Wu a,b , Can Wang a,b,* , Qingyu Lu a,b, Hao Wu a,b, Zhongming Tang a,b,\nFen Wang a,b,*\na School of Archaeology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China\nb Key Laboratory of Archaeo", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5099690e37b4d746fd62ae3e90eb77bf60f521eb600f80c03560161556ed2472" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S269_5099690e37b4_S269-F09", "paper_key": "S269_5099690e37b4", "paper_id": "S269", "number": "9", "caption_original": "Fig. 9. Gelatinized starch in M28 dental calculus (a), gelatinized starch in M42:4 ding tripod (b, b’), and minute charcoal fragments in M42:4 ding tripod (c).\n10", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "12f53e28a2d242cd483046e474d9931989bfc480f41fcd216ad64b1bc6ea9129", "image_bytes": 4425414, "sites": [ "CN174" ], "caption_zh": "图9. M28牙结石中的糊化淀粉（a），M42:4鼎中的糊化淀粉（b，b′），以及M42:4鼎中的微炭屑（c）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 9. Gelatinized starch in M28 dental calculus (a), gelatinized starch in M42:4 ding tripod (b, b′), and minute charcoal fragments in M42:4 ding tripod (c).\n10", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "M28牙结石及M42:4鼎中的糊化淀粉与炭屑", "title_en": "Gelatinized starch and charcoal fragments in M28 dental calculus and M42:4 ding tripod", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/12f53e28a2d242cd483046e4.png", "image_url": "media/S269_5099690e37b4_S269-F09.png?v=12f53e28a2d2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 11, "quote": "(Fig. 9a), suggesting that Jiaojia people would have cooked starchy foods. Ding tripods and jars were the main cooking vessel assemblage at the Jiaojia (Lu et al., 2018; Yuan et al., 2021; Yuan et al., 2022). Ding tripods and jars selected for this study had similar vessel shape and paste, of which soot was found on the external surfaces, representing similar function. The presence of comparable starch grain types and gelatinization conditions in the cooking vessels suggests functional similarity, indicating that they were used to cook similar plant-based foods. Gelatinized starch (Fig. 9b, b’) and numerous minute charcoal fragments (Fig. 9c) were discovered on the inner bases of certain ding tripods and jars, likely deposited during the food boiling process. (See Fig. 10).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type A (n = 464): This type was characterized by a polyhedral or rounded polyhedron shape, as well as semicircular form with rounded edges in three-dimensional shape. They were identified within the subfamily Panicoideae based on modern starch morphology and repre sent the most abundant type. The identifiable ones were categorized into sub-types AI and AII.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type AII (n = 105): This sub-type included subcircular, rounded polygonal, rounded rectangular and rounded semicircular shapes, with usually rounded contours. Hila were centered or slightly eccentric and visible. Fissures were radial, Y-shaped, linear-shaped and star-shaped. The birefringence crosses were vertical or X-shaped, with nearly all of them featuring Z-shaped arms. The size range was 13.15~29.88 μm, and the average size was 20.25 ± 3.74 μm (Fig. 5b, b’). The aforemen tioned characteristics are predominantly found in Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), although it cannot be entirely ruled out that they may also appear in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (Yang et al., 2010; Ge et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2014). According to the two-step identification method pro posed by Liu et al. (2014), three preliminary identification standards are effective for singling out the most readily diagnosed grains of job’s tears from those of millets, including (1) being larger than 21.17 μm in size, (2) having an eccentricity ratio greater than 1.47, and (3) having a Z- shaped arm on the extinction cross for grains >12.8 μm. Type AII starch grains comply with at least one of these three identification standards (see Fig.S2). Taking all factors above into consideration, starch grains of type II were classified as job’s tears.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type B (n = 67): Starch grains were circular or lenticular, featuring centrally located hilum. Fissures were often absent, while lamellae were present occasionally. The extinction cross exhibited X-shaped and vague", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.297570+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN174", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Fig. 9. Gelatinized starch in M28 dental calculus (a), gelatinized starch in M42:4 ding tripod (b, b’), and minute charcoal fragments in M42:4 ding tripod (c).\n10", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiaojia", "quote": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nPlant diet and pottery vessels function at the Jiaojia site during middle-late\nDawenkou culture in Shandong Province, China\nQian Wu a,b , Can Wang a,b,* , Qingyu Lu a,b, Hao Wu a,b, Zhongming Tang a,b,\nFen Wang a,b,*\na School of Archaeology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China\nb Key Laboratory of Archaeo", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5099690e37b4d746fd62ae3e90eb77bf60f521eb600f80c03560161556ed2472" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S270_4c0f698bdb2d_S270-F04", "paper_key": "S270_4c0f698bdb2d", "paper_id": "S270", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4 | Main types of starch granules discovered in the residue sample (scale bar = 50 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "selected_needs_review", "image_sha256": "4b42731c81275e896f2c45968ae047c41470730e5e55501bc3aaaf2936178821", "image_bytes": 1098579, "sites": [ "CN096" ], "caption_zh": "图4 | 在残留物样品中发现的主要淀粉颗粒类型（比例尺 = 50 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 | Main types of starch granules discovered in the residue sample (scale bar = 50 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "local_model_draft", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "主要淀粉颗粒类型", "title_en": "Main types of starch granules", "translation_status": "machine_draft", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4b42731c81275e896f2c4596.png", "image_url": "media/S270_4c0f698bdb2d_S270-F04.png?v=4b42731c8127", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Results Atotalof111starchgranuleswereextractedfrom22ofthe23lithicartifacts, of which 101 granules were morphologically identifiable in subsequent analyses (Fig. 4). Each starch granule collected from Sediment 3 (Sed 3) on stone tools was initially compared with modern starch granules. Details regarding the starch granules from stone tools are presented in Table 3. The classification and identification of starch granules mainly rely on the method used by Guan Ying and Zhang Xi32–34. This method is mainly based on Geometric Morphometrics and Supporting Vector Machine (SVM) in Supervised Machine Learning. And the unknown starch granules are primarily based on the modern starch grain database established by the ArchaeologicalResidueResearchGroupattheKeyLaboratoryofVertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Given the possibility that starch residues from Sediment 2 (Sed 2) may haveoriginated fromboththesoilandthelithicsurfaces,theywereexcluded from further discussion in this study. It is also believed that Sed 1 has been influenced by taphonomic contamination at the site; thus, it serves as a control sample to eliminate contamination effects. We compared starch granules obtained from Sed 1 and Sed 3 for geometric morphological analysis.UsingCanonicalVariateAnalysis(CVA),weobservedasignificant difference between the starch granules from Sed 1 and those from Sed 3 (p < 0.001), indicating distinct peaks (Fig. 5). This suggests that starch granules from Sed 3 were minimally affected by soil contamination during the deposition process, providing insight into", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN096", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4 | Main types of starch granules discovered in the residue sample (scale bar = 50 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Fenghuangzui", "quote": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-025-02050-w\n Identification and implications of lithic\n artifacts starch residues from\n Fenghuangzui Neolithic site in\n Central China\n\n\n\n Check for updates\n\n Wentai Lou1,2,3,4, Feng Wang1,3, Xuan Wei1,3, Ying Guan5 , Xin Wang1,3 & Yinghua Li1,3,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "4c0f698bdb2d1894e6817df903926a379f49c7d7f86d7af55ea229bd6ad3806e" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S271_6530b4791052_S271-F06", "paper_key": "S271_6530b4791052", "paper_id": "S271", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6 | Starch granules of dental calculus; 5-1 and 5-2 are Oryza clumps, 5-3 and 5-4 are Hordeum or Triticum, 5-4 and 5-6 are Setaria italica or Panicum miliaceum, and 5-7 and 5-8 are Coix.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9bd5c20ad11c58eafae23accd32b4a15ee7344cca2c276fd0139c750f97f0338", "image_bytes": 419411, "sites": [ "CN175" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 牙结石中的淀粉粒。5-1和5-2为稻属（Oryza）淀粉团块；5-3和5-4为大麦属（Hordeum）或小麦属（Triticum）；5-4和5-6为粟（Setaria italica）或黍（Panicum miliaceum）；5-7和5-8为薏苡属（Coix）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6 | Starch granules of dental calculus; 5-1 and 5-2 are rice (Oryza) clumps, 5-3 and 5-4 are barley (Hordeum) or wheat (Triticum), 5-4 and 5-6 are foxtail millet (Setaria italica) or broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), and 5-7 and 5-8 are Job’s tears (Coix).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "牙结石中不同植物来源的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Plant starch granules from dental calculus", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9bd5c20ad11c58eafae23acc.png", "image_url": "media/S271_6530b4791052_S271-F06.png?v=9bd5c20ad11c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch granules in dental calculus Atotalof fourkinds of plantstarchgrainswereidentified fromthe molarsof M158 (Fig. 6). The results suggested that her diet may have included Oryza (n = 18), Hordeum or Triticum (n = 10), Setaria italica or Panicum mili- aceum (n = 15) and Coix (n = 14). The number of starches found was similar, suggesting that a variety of foods shared a certain proportion of her diet and the sources of her diet were mixed and varied.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.361574+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN175", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 6 | Starch granules of dental calculus; 5-1 and 5-2 are Oryza clumps, 5-3 and 5-4 are Hordeum or Triticum, 5-4 and 5-6 are Setaria italica or Panicum miliaceum, and 5-7 and 5-8 are Coix.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Ju’an", "quote": "Yang Yimin2\n\n\n\n This study investigates Bronze Age dietary transitions among aristocrats and sacrificial victims from\n Ju’an Site in Shaanxi Province, northwestern China. By employing high-precision stable isotope\n analysis on individuals, the study reveals lifespan dietary shifts shaped by age, gender and\n sociocultural roles. The aristocrats underwent a breastfeeding", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "6530b47910521a59811f510bfbb070918aa35dbb107ad768e977a79fdb0aa5ff" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S273_24e647f02b7c_S273-F04", "paper_key": "S273_24e647f02b7c", "paper_id": "S273", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4 | Representative examples of brewing-damaged starches from brewing\nsimulation experiments (scale bar: 20 μm). a Wheat (Triticum aestivum) starch\ngrain showing small pits on the surface; b Wheat starch grains—left: with missing\nedges and weakened birefringence; right: with a central depression forming a ring-\nshaped structure; c Wheat starch grain with central depression forming a ring-\nshaped structure; d Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) starch grains with central\ndepression and enlarged fissures; e, f Foxtail millet starch grains showing swelling,\nmelting, missing edges, and ring-shaped structures; g Rice (Oryza sativa) starch\ngrains with missing edges and weakened birefringence; h, i Rice starch grains\nshowing swelling, melting, and central depression.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1774d605ee0f7d99a4b53c4fe0ba07c9b472dd5e5d6219685f2adf23992ae562", "image_bytes": 2675884, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 来自酿造模拟实验的酿造损伤淀粉代表性实例（比例尺：20 μm）。a 小麦（Triticum aestivum）淀粉粒表面有小凹坑；b 小麦淀粉粒左：边缘缺失且双折射减弱；右：中央凹陷形成环状结构；c 小麦淀粉粒中央凹陷形成环状结构；d 粟（Setaria italica）淀粉粒具有中央凹陷和扩大的裂隙；e， f 粟淀粉粒显示膨胀、熔融、边缘缺失和环状结构；g 水稻（Oryza sativa）淀粉粒边缘缺失且双折射减弱；h， i 水稻淀粉粒显示膨胀、熔融和中央凹陷。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 | Representative examples of brewing-damaged starches from brewing\nsimulation experiments (scale bar: 20 μm). a Wheat (Triticum aestivum) starch\ngrain showing small pits on the surface; b Wheat starch grains—left: with missing\nedges and weakened birefringence; right: with a central depression forming a ring-\nshaped structure; c Wheat starch grain with central depression forming a ring-\nshaped structure; d Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) starch grains with central\ndepression and enlarged fissures; e, f Foxtail millet starch grains showing swelling,\nmelting, missing edges, and ring-shaped structures; g Rice (Oryza sativa) starch\ngrains with missing edges and weakened birefringence; h, i Rice starch grains\nshowing swelling, melting, and central depression.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "酿造损伤淀粉示例", "title_en": "Representative Examples of Brewing-Damaged Starches", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/1774d605ee0f7d99a4b53c4f.png", "image_url": "media/S273_24e647f02b7c_S273-F04.png?v=1774d605ee0f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "damage requires support from contextual archeological information, a representative number of samples, and complementary lines of evidence29. Previous brewing simulation studies have demonstrated that saccharification and fermentation tend to leave morphological changes on starch grains, including small pits and cracks, missing edges, hazy extinction crosses, enlarged fissures, expansion of the central depression, and ring-shaped structures17,30,31. These damage types are typical of brewing and distinguishable in a well-documented context. To further strengthen our interpretations, we compared the archeological starch grains with modern reference collections obtained through our brewing experiments (Fig. 4). In addition, the analysis of biomolecules preserved in archeological artifacts, using chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques, is a powerful but controversial approach32. It is now widely accepted that the identification of ancient alcoholic beverages through organic residue analysis can be strengthened by archaeobotanical evi- dence and archeological context33–35. Moreover, residual evidence of fungi and husk phytoliths may indicate brewing and filtration techniques17,31. Based on this framework, our study integrates archaeobotanical analysis with organic residue analysis to investigate alcohol-related practices at the Shuanghuaishu site. What is more, previous studies have identified the ingredients of Neolithic alcoholic beverages in China as cereals (such as millets, rice, Triticeae, and Job’s tears), tubers, fruits, and honey8,36. At Shuanghuaishu, charre", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Lab No. Pottery Type A Panicoideae Type B Rice Type C Triticeae Type D Legume Type E Snake gourd root USOs UNID Total Brewing damage", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.413825+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S273_24e647f02b7c_S273-F05", "paper_key": "S273_24e647f02b7c", "paper_id": "S273", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5 | Modern reference starch grains used for comparison in this study (scale bar: 20 µm). a Foxtail millet; b Job's tears; c Rice; d Triticeae; e Mung bean; f Snake gourd root.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ed2f16fce13ef2b03ffcfe4b6f68f9606cf1b25b79d8e06a67758f09b75e9672", "image_bytes": 1365087, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5 本研究中用于比较的现代淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）。a 粟；b 薏苡；c 水稻；d 小麦族；e 绿豆；f 栝楼根。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5 | Modern reference starch grains used for comparison in this study (scale bar: 20 μm). a Foxtail millet; b Job's tears; c Rice; d wheat tribe (Triticeae); e Mung bean; f Snake gourd root.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代参考淀粉粒比较图", "title_en": "Modern reference starch grains for comparison", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ed2f16fce13ef2b03ffcfe4b.png", "image_url": "media/S273_24e647f02b7c_S273-F05.png?v=ed2f16fce13e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Results Starch grains A total of 244 starch grains were extracted from 13 of the 28 samples, and no starch grains were discovered in the other 15 samples or any of the control samples, suggesting that the analysis was not contaminated and that the 244 grains could be interpreted as valid data. Of the 244 starch grains analyzed, 77 grains were unidentified (UNID) due to damage or lack of typical characteristics. The remaining 167 starch grains, identified through comparison with modern reference materials (Fig. 5), were derived from five plant types and underground storage organs (USOs) (Fig. 6, Table 4). These include Panicoideae (include foxtail millet, common millet, and Job’s tears Coix lacryma-jobi L.), rice, Triticeae, legume (include Vigna and other legumes), snake gourd root (Trichosanthes kirilowii), and other USOs. See details of iden- tification in the Supplementary Material. Among the 244 starch grains observed, 123 exhibited distinctive brewing-related damage and were all recovered from five pottery cups (S5, S9,S11,S13,andS15),whilenobrewing-relatedstarchgrainswereidentified in the six jiandiping, six jars, or one bottle analyzed (Table 4). Specifically, a total of 80 grains displayed damage related to enzymatic hydrolysis, as", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Lab No. Pottery Type A Panicoideae Type B Rice Type C Triticeae Type D Legume Type E Snake gourd root USOs UNID Total Brewing damage", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.464879+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S273_24e647f02b7c_S273-F06", "paper_key": "S273_24e647f02b7c", "paper_id": "S273", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6 | Types of starch grains at the Shuan- ghuaishu site (scale bar: 20 µm). a Foxtail millet; b Job's tears; c: Rice; d Triticeae; e Legume; f Vigna (possibly mung bean, Vigna radiata); g Snake gourd root; h Underground storage organ.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "042b92c137cde8369484ae29f839b94545fb6b562b97e0a7f39175c18a8f9e91", "image_bytes": 1743901, "sites": [ "CN144" ], "caption_zh": "图6 双槐树遗址淀粉粒类型（比例尺：20 μm）。a 粟；b 薏苡；c：水稻；d 小麦族；e 豆类；f 豇豆属（Vigna）（可能为绿豆，Vigna radiata）；g 栝楼根；h 地下贮藏器官。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6 | Types of starch grains at the Shuan- ghuaishu site (scale bar: 20 μm). a Foxtail millet; b Job's tears; c: Rice; d wheat tribe (Triticeae); e Legume; f cowpea relatives (Vigna) (possibly mung bean, Vigna radiata); g Snake gourd root; h Underground storage organ.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "沙湾寺遗址淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch grain types at the Shuan-ghuaishu site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/042b92c137cde8369484ae29.png", "image_url": "media/S273_24e647f02b7c_S273-F06.png?v=042b92c137cd", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Results Starch grains A total of 244 starch grains were extracted from 13 of the 28 samples, and no starch grains were discovered in the other 15 samples or any of the control samples, suggesting that the analysis was not contaminated and that the 244 grains could be interpreted as valid data. Of the 244 starch grains analyzed, 77 grains were unidentified (UNID) due to damage or lack of typical characteristics. The remaining 167 starch grains, identified through comparison with modern reference materials (Fig. 5), were derived from five plant types and underground storage organs (USOs) (Fig. 6, Table 4). These include Panicoideae (include foxtail millet, common millet, and Job’s tears Coix lacryma-jobi L.), rice, Triticeae, legume (include Vigna and other legumes), snake gourd root (Trichosanthes kirilowii), and other USOs. See details of iden- tification in the Supplementary Material. Among the 244 starch grains observed, 123 exhibited distinctive brewing-related damage and were all recovered from five pottery cups (S5, S9,S11,S13,andS15),whilenobrewing-relatedstarchgrainswereidentified in the six jiandiping, six jars, or one bottle analyzed (Table 4). Specifically, a total of 80 grains displayed damage related to enzymatic hydrolysis, as", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Lab No. Pottery Type A Panicoideae Type B Rice Type C Triticeae Type D Legume Type E Snake gourd root USOs UNID Total Brewing damage", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.536539+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN144", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 6 | Types of starch grains at the Shuan- ghuaishu site (scale bar: 20 µm). a Foxtail millet; b Job's tears; c: Rice; d Triticeae; e Legume; f Vigna (possibly mung bean, Vigna radiata); g Snake gourd root; h Underground storage organ.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shuanghuaishu", "quote": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-025-01911-8\n Pottery vessels and alcohol consumption\n at the late Neolithic Shuanghuaishu site in\n Central China\n\n\n Check for updates\n\n Jingwen Liao 1,2, Yuzhang Yang3 , Wanfa Gu4,5 , Yingxue Gong3, Binggui Sun6, Qilong Cui7,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "24e647f02b7c8a1516ae5498fda90c11267d20409336aedb0e1fb4edbf289147" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S273_24e647f02b7c_S273-F07", "paper_key": "S273_24e647f02b7c", "paper_id": "S273", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig. 7 | Brewing damaged starch grains in the five cups from Shuanghuaishu (scale bar: 20 µm). a, b Showing blurred extinction crosses and wea- kened birefringence; c Showing small pits and dis- appearing extinction cross; d, e Showing central depression; f Showing swelling and melting.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "acadb7ccf1d070b104417cd078b0faa08d6591c4aded0c14ef8d34ffee117121", "image_bytes": 1207729, "sites": [ "CN144" ], "caption_zh": "图7 从双槐树五个陶杯中发现的酿造受损淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）。a， b 显示模糊的十字消光和减弱的双折射；c 显示小凹坑和消失的十字消光；d， e 显示中央凹陷；f 显示膨胀和熔化。", "caption_en": "Fig. 7 | Brewing damaged starch grains in the five cups from Shuanghuaishu (scale bar: 20 μm). a, b Showing blurred extinction crosses and wea- kened birefringence; c Showing small pits and dis- appearing extinction cross; d, e Showing central depression; f Showing swelling and melting.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "双槐树五杯酿造受损淀粉粒", "title_en": "Brewing Damaged Starch Grains from Shuanghuaishu Five Cups", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/acadb7ccf1d070b104417cd0.png", "image_url": "media/S273_24e647f02b7c_S273-F07.png?v=acadb7ccf1d0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "evidenced by small pits on the surface, partial edge loss, blurred extinction crosses, weakened birefringence, and concave inward hilum (Fig. 7). A total of 43 grains displayed damage consistent with fermentation and gelatini- zation, characterized by swelling, melting, and the expansion of the central depression from the hilum, resulting in a ring-shaped structure with some grains displaying only the edge and the central area almost completely disappearing (Fig. 7). As the starch grains continue to decompose, the extinction crossarmgraduallydisappears untilthecrystalstructure waslost. Thereby, these five cups were selected for analyses of husk phytoliths, fungi, and organic acids. However, no fungal remains and husk phytoliths were extracted from these five cups.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "Lab No. Pottery Type A Panicoideae Type B Rice Type C Triticeae Type D Legume Type E Snake gourd root USOs UNID Total Brewing damage", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.597734+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN144", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 7 | Brewing damaged starch grains in the five cups from Shuanghuaishu (scale bar: 20 µm). a, b Showing blurred extinction crosses and wea- kened birefringence; c Showing small pits and dis- appearing extinction cross; d, e Showing central depression; f Showing swelling and melting.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shuanghuaishu", "quote": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-025-01911-8\n Pottery vessels and alcohol consumption\n at the late Neolithic Shuanghuaishu site in\n Central China\n\n\n Check for updates\n\n Jingwen Liao 1,2, Yuzhang Yang3 , Wanfa Gu4,5 , Yingxue Gong3, Binggui Sun6, Qilong Cui7,", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "24e647f02b7c8a1516ae5498fda90c11267d20409336aedb0e1fb4edbf289147" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S274_5dd0d181e681_S274-F03", "paper_key": "S274_5dd0d181e681", "paper_id": "S274", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3 | Examples of starch granules from modern plants. a-a’ Oryza sativa. Range 2.47-6.27 μm, mean 3.91 μm (n = 100); b-b’ Setaria italica. Range 6.23- 19.35 μm, mean 9.32 μm (n = 55); c-c’ Panicum miliaceum. Range 5.96-10.99 μm, mean 8.42 μm (n = 46); (d-d’) Sorghum bicolor. Range 7.77- 17.1 μm, mean 12.26 μm (n = 100); e-e’ Coix lacryma-jobi. Range 3.44- 11.26 μm, mean 7.73 μm (n = 100); (f-f’)Triticum aestivum. Range 5.77–31.24 μm, mean 14.98 μm (n = 82); g-g’ Hor- deum vulgare. Range 11.29-30.33 μm, mean 21.82 μm (n = 49); (h-h’) Vigna angularis. Range 7.42–28.32 μm, mean 14.51 μm (n = 100); i-i’ Dios- corea polystachya. Range 9.05– 20.7 μm, mean 14.27 μm (n = 85). (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9b9d06a7044385aef092294a543a27b0cd8099f1fcadb2e3761fb96112106ed6", "image_bytes": 1690799, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 现代植物中淀粉颗粒的示例。a-a′ 水稻（Oryza sativa）。范围2.47-6.27 μm，平均值3.91 μm（n = 100）；b-b′ 粟（Setaria italica）。范围6.23-19.35 μm，平均值9.32 μm（n = 55）；c-c′ 黍（Panicum miliaceum）。范围5.96-10.99 μm，平均值8.42 μm（n = 46）；（d-d′） 高粱（Sorghum bicolor）。范围7.77-17.1 μm，平均值12.26 μm（n = 100）；e-e′ 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）。范围3.44-11.26 μm，平均值7.73 μm（n = 100）；（f-f′） 普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）。范围5.77–31.24 μm，平均值14.98 μm（n = 82）；g-g′ 大麦（Hordeum vulgare）。范围11.29-30.33 μm，平均值21.82 μm（n = 49）；（h-h′） 赤小豆（Vigna angularis）。范围7.42–28.32 μm，平均值14.51 μm（n = 100）；i-i′ 山药（Dioscorea polystachya）。范围9.05–20.7 μm，平均值14.27 μm（n = 85）。（比例尺：10 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 | Examples of starch granules from modern plants. a-a′ rice (Oryza sativa). Range 2.47-6.27 μm, mean 3.91 μm (n = 100); b-b′ foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Range 6.23- 19.35 μm, mean 9.32 μm (n = 55); c-c′ broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum). Range 5.96-10.99 μm, mean 8.42 μm (n = 46); (d-d′) Sorghum bicolor. Range 7.77- 17.1 μm, mean 12.26 μm (n = 100); e-e′ Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). Range 3.44- 11.26 μm, mean 7.73 μm (n = 100); (f-f′)bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Range 5.77–31.24 μm, mean 14.98 μm (n = 82); g-g′ barley (Hordeum vulgare). Range 11.29-30.33 μm, mean 21.82 μm (n = 49); (h-h′) adzuki bean (Vigna angularis). Range 7.42–28.32 μm, mean 14.51 μm (n = 100); i-i′ Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya). Range 9.05– 20.7 μm, mean 14.27 μm (n = 85). (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉颗粒示例", "title_en": "Examples of starch granules from modern plants", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9b9d06a7044385aef092294a.png", "image_url": "media/S274_5dd0d181e681_S274-F03.png?v=9b9d06a70443", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Starch granule identification Starch granules of different plants are characterized by their overall shape, type, size, position, form of the hilum, fissure, presence or absence of lamellae, and the appearance and projection of Maltese crosses under a polarized microscope31–33. Therefore, the comprehensive morphological characteristics of starch granules can serve as an important basis for their identification. The morphological data of modern starch granules form the basis for the analysis of ancient starch granules. To identify ancient starch granules extracted from the calculus, we referred to over 40 species from 18 genera of modern plants (Fig. 3). In addition to comparative plant samples collected by the authors, many studies about starch granule morphology of modern plants are also consulted to any further identification34–46.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Results In total, 151 starch granules were recovered from 45 dental calculus samples (Table 2). Sixty-six starch granules could not be identified owing to severe damage or diagnostic features. The remaining 85 starch granules were classified into seven types based on the above-mentioned reliable diagnostic attributes (Fig. 4). Type 1 starch granules (N = 2) are polygonal with acute angles. They are small, ranging from 4.2 μm to 5.45 μm and the average size is approximately 4.82 ± 0.73 μm. The hilum is centered without fissures or lamellae. The extinction cross is faint with an “X” shape. The two starch granules are single in the free state (Fig. 4a-a’). Although most of starch granules from rice are always aggregated47,48, processing activities can dis- perse them and these grains are able to become single.Meantime,compared with modernreference materials (Fig. 3) and research byYangetal. 49on the morphological description of rice starch granules from the Kuahuqiao site, the features of Type 1 starch grains accord with those of rice (Oryza sativa).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Considering that charred rice remains were found at the Jiangzhuang site, these starch granules are probably from rice (Oryza sativa). Type 2 starch granules (N = 9) are polygonal with a centric hilum. Their size range is from 5.7 μm to 14.3 μm, and the average size is 9.66 ± 0.54 μm. They have smooth surfaces without any lamellae. Some of the larger starch granules have “Y” or horizontal linear fissures across the hilum with a plane view. The extinction arm is clear and vertical with an “+” shape (Fig. 4b-b’). Compared with reference collections in our laboratory and published works36,37 (Fig. 3), these polygonal granules are often found in the family Poaceae, including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), commonmillet(Panicummiliaceum),rice (Oryzasativa),Job'stears (Coix lacryma-jobi),sorghum(Sorghumbicolor),andoats(Avenasativa).Starch granules from rice and oats are smaller than type 2 (Fig. 3); Job's tears starch granules always have a “Z” shaped arm on the extinction cross, particularly on larger granules38 (Fig. 3); the starch granules of sorghum are bigger with distinct lamellae (Fig. 3). The surface of Type 2 starch granules is relatively smooth with clear and vertical extinction cross, and the average size is 9.66 μm, both indicating that the Type 2 starch granules were not from rice, oat, sorghum, and Job's tears; they are likely from foxtail millet or common millet. The size of foxtail millet is 6.23–19.35 μm with an average size of 9.32 μm, and the larger granules have fissures across the hilum (Fig. 3). The size of common millet is 5.96–10.99 μm, with an average s", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "The Type 3 starch granules (N = 13) are either polygonal or nearly round. Their sizes are 6.75–13.54 μm and the average size is 10.42 ± 0.94 μm. The hilum is centric or slightly eccentric with “-” or “Y” shape fissure. Lamellae are not evident. Under the polarized light, the extinction arm is vertical with a “Z” bent shape at the end. Some starch granules were encapsulated by calculus (Fig. 4c-c’). As mentioned above, Job's tears starch granules always have a “Z” shaped arm on the extinction cross, particularly on larger granules38 (Fig. 3). These characteristics of type 3 starch granules accord with those of Coix sp and they are probably from Coix sp. Type 4 starch granules (N = 36) are oval or nearly round in shape, with sizes ranging from 9.75–33.84 μm. The average size is 17.91 ± 1.10 μm. The starch granules have a centric hilum without fissures. Some of the starch granules with large grain sizes or damaged features have obvious lamellae with diffusely “X” shaped extinction arm. Most starch granules are encap- sulated by calculus (Fig. 4d-d’). Type 4 starch granules are lenticular or discoid in shape, with an olivary side view. Combined with modern refer- ence materials in our lab (Fig. 3) and research by Yang34 on the morphology ofstarchgranulesfromthemoderntribeTriticeae,type4starchgranulesare probably from the tribe Triticeae. Type 5 starch granules (N = 5) are oval or kidney-shaped. The size range is from 6.52 μm to 22.59 μm and the average size is 13.76 ± 2.81 μm. Lamellae are evident in the centric hila. The surface has longitudinal fissures or craters. The extinc", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.643557+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S274_5dd0d181e681_S274-F04", "paper_key": "S274_5dd0d181e681", "paper_id": "S274", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4 | Starch granules extracted from human dental calculus at Jiangzhuang site. a-a’ Type 1, rice (Oryza sativa); (b-b’) Type2, millets; (c-c’) Type3, Coix sp; (d-d’) Type4, Triticeae; (e-e’) Type5, Fabaceae; (f-f’) Type6, Quercus sp; (g-g’) Type 6, Cyclobalanopsis sp (h-h’) Type7, tubers and roots (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "360f050bf5f65c05bb17572255aa14b92ff8ed4fa50b4f8c3e03d17051d29a51", "image_bytes": 1687296, "sites": [ "CN086" ], "caption_zh": "图4 从蒋庄遗址人类牙结石中提取的淀粉颗粒。a-a′ 类型1，水稻（Oryza sativa）；（b-b′） 类型2，粟和黍；（c-c′） 类型3，薏苡属（Coix sp）；（d-d′） 类型4，小麦族（Triticeae）；（e-e′） 类型5，豆科（Fabaceae）；（f-f′） 类型6，栎属（Quercus sp）；（g-g′） 类型6， 青冈属（Cyclobalanopsis） sp；（h-h′） 类型7，块茎和根部（比例尺：10 μm）.", "caption_en": "Fig. 4 | Starch granules extracted from human dental calculus at Jiangzhuang site. a-a′ Type 1, rice (Oryza sativa); (b-b′) Type2, millets; (c-c′) Type3, Job’s tears (Coix) sp; (d-d′) Type4, wheat tribe (Triticeae); (e-e′) Type5, legume family (Fabaceae); (f-f′) Type6, oaks (Quercus) sp; (g-g′) Type 6, ring-cupped oaks (Cyclobalanopsis) sp (h-h′) Type7, tubers and roots (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "蒋庄遗址牙结石中淀粉颗粒", "title_en": "Starch granules from dental calculus at Jiangzhuang site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/360f050bf5f65c05bb175722.png", "image_url": "media/S274_5dd0d181e681_S274-F04.png?v=360f050bf5f6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Results In total, 151 starch granules were recovered from 45 dental calculus samples (Table 2). Sixty-six starch granules could not be identified owing to severe damage or diagnostic features. The remaining 85 starch granules were classified into seven types based on the above-mentioned reliable diagnostic attributes (Fig. 4). Type 1 starch granules (N = 2) are polygonal with acute angles. They are small, ranging from 4.2 μm to 5.45 μm and the average size is approximately 4.82 ± 0.73 μm. The hilum is centered without fissures or lamellae. The extinction cross is faint with an “X” shape. The two starch granules are single in the free state (Fig. 4a-a’). Although most of starch granules from rice are always aggregated47,48, processing activities can dis- perse them and these grains are able to become single.Meantime,compared with modernreference materials (Fig. 3) and research byYangetal. 49on the morphological description of rice starch granules from the Kuahuqiao site, the features of Type 1 starch grains accord with those of rice (Oryza sativa).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Considering that charred rice remains were found at the Jiangzhuang site, these starch granules are probably from rice (Oryza sativa). Type 2 starch granules (N = 9) are polygonal with a centric hilum. Their size range is from 5.7 μm to 14.3 μm, and the average size is 9.66 ± 0.54 μm. They have smooth surfaces without any lamellae. Some of the larger starch granules have “Y” or horizontal linear fissures across the hilum with a plane view. The extinction arm is clear and vertical with an “+” shape (Fig. 4b-b’). Compared with reference collections in our laboratory and published works36,37 (Fig. 3), these polygonal granules are often found in the family Poaceae, including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), commonmillet(Panicummiliaceum),rice (Oryzasativa),Job'stears (Coix lacryma-jobi),sorghum(Sorghumbicolor),andoats(Avenasativa).Starch granules from rice and oats are smaller than type 2 (Fig. 3); Job's tears starch granules always have a “Z” shaped arm on the extinction cross, particularly on larger granules38 (Fig. 3); the starch granules of sorghum are bigger with distinct lamellae (Fig. 3). The surface of Type 2 starch granules is relatively smooth with clear and vertical extinction cross, and the average size is 9.66 μm, both indicating that the Type 2 starch granules were not from rice, oat, sorghum, and Job's tears; they are likely from foxtail millet or common millet. The size of foxtail millet is 6.23–19.35 μm with an average size of 9.32 μm, and the larger granules have fissures across the hilum (Fig. 3). The size of common millet is 5.96–10.99 μm, with an average s", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "The Type 3 starch granules (N = 13) are either polygonal or nearly round. Their sizes are 6.75–13.54 μm and the average size is 10.42 ± 0.94 μm. The hilum is centric or slightly eccentric with “-” or “Y” shape fissure. Lamellae are not evident. Under the polarized light, the extinction arm is vertical with a “Z” bent shape at the end. Some starch granules were encapsulated by calculus (Fig. 4c-c’). As mentioned above, Job's tears starch granules always have a “Z” shaped arm on the extinction cross, particularly on larger granules38 (Fig. 3). These characteristics of type 3 starch granules accord with those of Coix sp and they are probably from Coix sp. Type 4 starch granules (N = 36) are oval or nearly round in shape, with sizes ranging from 9.75–33.84 μm. The average size is 17.91 ± 1.10 μm. The starch granules have a centric hilum without fissures. Some of the starch granules with large grain sizes or damaged features have obvious lamellae with diffusely “X” shaped extinction arm. Most starch granules are encap- sulated by calculus (Fig. 4d-d’). Type 4 starch granules are lenticular or discoid in shape, with an olivary side view. Combined with modern refer- ence materials in our lab (Fig. 3) and research by Yang34 on the morphology ofstarchgranulesfromthemoderntribeTriticeae,type4starchgranulesare probably from the tribe Triticeae. Type 5 starch granules (N = 5) are oval or kidney-shaped. The size range is from 6.52 μm to 22.59 μm and the average size is 13.76 ± 2.81 μm. Lamellae are evident in the centric hila. The surface has longitudinal fissures or craters. The extinc", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "hilum. The extinction is in the shape of “X” (Fig. 4f-f’). The diagnostic features of Type 6 starch granules are consistent with nuts. Ovoids and triangles with round corner starch granules are commonly found in nut plants, such as Quercus sp., Cyclobalanopsis sp., Castanea sp., and Ginkgo biloba L. The starch granules from Castanea sp. have mainly eccentric and closedhila, with a small size, and lamellae around the hilum can be observed in starch granules with a long axis greater than 10 μm. The starch granules from Ginkgo biloba L. show radiations pointing from the center to the edge. None of these fit the diagnostic characteristics of this starch type41. Based on modern reference materials and previous studies41, most of Type 6 starch granules come from Quercus sp. Notably, one of the starch granules was similar to those form Cyclobalanopsis sp. (Fig. 4g-g’). It is triangular with round corners, with a short axis of 12.5 μm and a long axis of 13.16 μm. It has a centric hilum surrounded by several short fissures. Visible layers patterns on surface with diffuse extinction arms. Although no macro-plant remains of Cyclobalanopsis sp. were found in the archaeological sites in the eastern Jianghuai region, pollen grains from Cyclobalanopsis sp. have been found in profile samples fromarchaeologicalsites in this region51, indicating that this plant species should exist in this area. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that this starch granule may come from the genus Cyclobalanopsis. Type 7 starch granules (N = 6) have diverse morphological features with polygonal, oval, or irregul", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.704420+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN086", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4 | Starch granules extracted from human dental calculus at Jiangzhuang site. a-a’ Type 1, rice (Oryza sativa); (b-b’) Type2, millets; (c-c’) Type3, Coix sp; (d-d’) Type4, Triticeae; (e-e’) Type5, Fabaceae; (f-f’) Type6, Quercus sp; (g-g’) Type 6, Cyclobalanopsis sp (h-h’) Type7, tubers and roots (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiangzhuang", "quote": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-025-01700-3\n Understanding the plant food spectrum at\n Jiangzhuang site through starch granule\n analysis of dental calculus\n\n\n Check for updates\n\n Yitong Yin1,4, Huilin Zou1,2,4, Huiyuan Gan3, Xiaoting Zhu3 & Dawei", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5dd0d181e681d3453f73a4459bc3859dd1ddf9f4a6aedadbeb06cc8ef866cc61" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S274_5dd0d181e681_S274-F05", "paper_key": "S274_5dd0d181e681", "paper_id": "S274", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5 | Pollen extracted from human dental cal- culus at Jiangzhuang site. (a) Pinus sp; (b-c) Fagaceae; (d) Artemisia sp; (e-f) Quercus sp; (g) Persicaria sp; (h) ferns (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ed149b0b543541f9de0aea35eacc9d5e36a5779dc3e0efc6b395a35b1b887b88", "image_bytes": 1910373, "sites": [ "CN086" ], "caption_zh": "图5 从蒋庄遗址人类牙结石中提取的花粉。 （a） 松属（Pinus sp）；（b-c） 壳斗科（Fagaceae）；（d） 蒿属（Artemisia sp）；（e-f） 栎属（Quercus sp）；（g）蓼属（Persicaria sp） ；（h） 蕨类 （比例尺：10 μm）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5 | Pollen extracted from human dental cal- culus at Jiangzhuang site. (a) Pinus sp; (b-c) beech family (Fagaceae); (d) Artemisia sp; (e-f) oaks (Quercus) sp; (g) Persicaria sp; (h) ferns (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "蒋庄遗址人类牙结石中花粉", "title_en": "Pollen from human dental calculus at Jiangzhuang site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ed149b0b543541f9de0aea35.png", "image_url": "media/S274_5dd0d181e681_S274-F05.png?v=ed149b0b5435", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "hilum. The extinction is in the shape of “X” (Fig. 4f-f’). The diagnostic features of Type 6 starch granules are consistent with nuts. Ovoids and triangles with round corner starch granules are commonly found in nut plants, such as Quercus sp., Cyclobalanopsis sp., Castanea sp., and Ginkgo biloba L. The starch granules from Castanea sp. have mainly eccentric and closedhila, with a small size, and lamellae around the hilum can be observed in starch granules with a long axis greater than 10 μm. The starch granules from Ginkgo biloba L. show radiations pointing from the center to the edge. None of these fit the diagnostic characteristics of this starch type41. Based on modern reference materials and previous studies41, most of Type 6 starch granules come from Quercus sp. Notably, one of the starch granules was similar to those form Cyclobalanopsis sp. (Fig. 4g-g’). It is triangular with round corners, with a short axis of 12.5 μm and a long axis of 13.16 μm. It has a centric hilum surrounded by several short fissures. Visible layers patterns on surface with diffuse extinction arms. Although no macro-plant remains of Cyclobalanopsis sp. were found in the archaeological sites in the eastern Jianghuai region, pollen grains from Cyclobalanopsis sp. have been found in profile samples fromarchaeologicalsites in this region51, indicating that this plant species should exist in this area. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that this starch granule may come from the genus Cyclobalanopsis. Type 7 starch granules (N = 6) have diverse morphological features with polygonal, oval, or irregul", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "not further discussed below (Fig. 6). Only pollen grains with clear mor- phological characteristics were identified. The identifiable pollen grains (N = 13) extracted from human dental calculus at the Jiangzhuang site belonged to Pinus sp. (Fig. 5a), Fagaceae (Fig. 5b, c), Artemisia sp. (Fig. 5d), Quercus sp. (Fig. 5e, f), Persicaria sp. (Fig. 5g), and ferns (Fig. 5h).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.754002+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN086", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 5 | Pollen extracted from human dental cal- culus at Jiangzhuang site. (a) Pinus sp; (b-c) Fagaceae; (d) Artemisia sp; (e-f) Quercus sp; (g) Persicaria sp; (h) ferns (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiangzhuang", "quote": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-025-01700-3\n Understanding the plant food spectrum at\n Jiangzhuang site through starch granule\n analysis of dental calculus\n\n\n Check for updates\n\n Yitong Yin1,4, Huilin Zou1,2,4, Huiyuan Gan3, Xiaoting Zhu3 & Dawei", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5dd0d181e681d3453f73a4459bc3859dd1ddf9f4a6aedadbeb06cc8ef866cc61" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S274_5dd0d181e681_S274-F06", "paper_key": "S274_5dd0d181e681", "paper_id": "S274", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6 | Fungal spores extracted from human dental calculus at Jiangzhuang site (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9feeaf72d09ded0f714ddfad089722287fbde41981bb3b95f4ab2ca3db1c4fb4", "image_bytes": 2927524, "sites": [ "CN086" ], "caption_zh": "图6 从蒋庄遗址人类牙结石中提取的真菌孢子（比例尺：10 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 6 | Fungal spores extracted from human dental calculus at Jiangzhuang site (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "蒋庄遗址牙结石中真菌孢子", "title_en": "Fungal spores from human dental calculus at Jiangzhuang site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9feeaf72d09ded0f714ddfad.png", "image_url": "media/S274_5dd0d181e681_S274-F06.png?v=9feeaf72d09d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "hilum. The extinction is in the shape of “X” (Fig. 4f-f’). The diagnostic features of Type 6 starch granules are consistent with nuts. Ovoids and triangles with round corner starch granules are commonly found in nut plants, such as Quercus sp., Cyclobalanopsis sp., Castanea sp., and Ginkgo biloba L. The starch granules from Castanea sp. have mainly eccentric and closedhila, with a small size, and lamellae around the hilum can be observed in starch granules with a long axis greater than 10 μm. The starch granules from Ginkgo biloba L. show radiations pointing from the center to the edge. None of these fit the diagnostic characteristics of this starch type41. Based on modern reference materials and previous studies41, most of Type 6 starch granules come from Quercus sp. Notably, one of the starch granules was similar to those form Cyclobalanopsis sp. (Fig. 4g-g’). It is triangular with round corners, with a short axis of 12.5 μm and a long axis of 13.16 μm. It has a centric hilum surrounded by several short fissures. Visible layers patterns on surface with diffuse extinction arms. Although no macro-plant remains of Cyclobalanopsis sp. were found in the archaeological sites in the eastern Jianghuai region, pollen grains from Cyclobalanopsis sp. have been found in profile samples fromarchaeologicalsites in this region51, indicating that this plant species should exist in this area. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that this starch granule may come from the genus Cyclobalanopsis. Type 7 starch granules (N = 6) have diverse morphological features with polygonal, oval, or irregul", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "not further discussed below (Fig. 6). Only pollen grains with clear mor- phological characteristics were identified. The identifiable pollen grains (N = 13) extracted from human dental calculus at the Jiangzhuang site belonged to Pinus sp. (Fig. 5a), Fagaceae (Fig. 5b, c), Artemisia sp. (Fig. 5d), Quercus sp. (Fig. 5e, f), Persicaria sp. (Fig. 5g), and ferns (Fig. 5h).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.804092+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN086", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 6 | Fungal spores extracted from human dental calculus at Jiangzhuang site (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiangzhuang", "quote": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-025-01700-3\n Understanding the plant food spectrum at\n Jiangzhuang site through starch granule\n analysis of dental calculus\n\n\n Check for updates\n\n Yitong Yin1,4, Huilin Zou1,2,4, Huiyuan Gan3, Xiaoting Zhu3 & Dawei", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5dd0d181e681d3453f73a4459bc3859dd1ddf9f4a6aedadbeb06cc8ef866cc61" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S274_5dd0d181e681_S274-F08", "paper_key": "S274_5dd0d181e681", "paper_id": "S274", "number": "8", "caption_original": "Fig. 8 | Damaged starch granules of Triticeae extracted from human dental calculus at Jiangz- huang site (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4a88e7defe4e71b5a5dd3ce1b932da24bfbd4afa08dec7b8198a68537b0cf288", "image_bytes": 1368180, "sites": [ "CN086" ], "caption_zh": "图8 从蒋庄遗址人类牙结石中提取的小麦族淀粉颗粒（比例尺：10 μm）", "caption_en": "Fig. 8 | Damaged starch granules of wheat tribe (Triticeae) extracted from human dental calculus at Jiangz- huang site (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "江浙黄遗址小麦族淀粉颗粒", "title_en": "Starch Granules of Triticeae from Jiangzhuang Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4a88e7defe4e71b5a5dd3ce1.png", "image_url": "media/S274_5dd0d181e681_S274-F08.png?v=4a88e7defe4e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 7, "quote": "characteristics, including morphological deformation caused by cooking and heating, specific gelatinization features (such as clearer layer patterns and disappearance of extinction crosses), as well as surface or edge roughness and cracking caused by grinding or other mechanical force. The damage characteristics of these granules are similar to those of starch granules from wheat and barley after processing58, and these damaged starch granules are likely from Triticeae, which also indicates that wild Triticeae seeds were processed and consumed by the Jiangzhuang inha- bitants (Fig. 8). Macrofossil remains of Job's tears have only been found sporadically at some archaeological sites, but their micro-plant remains have been recovered from more than 30 sites across China, dating to as early as 28,000 cal. BP35. Ancient starch granules analysis reveals that Job's tears were an important plant food resource in the Yangtze, Yellow, Liao, Jianghuai, and Huanghuai regions during the early and Middle Holocene59–61. The earliest Job's tears starch granules in the Jianghuai region were found on stone and pottery artifact surfaces of the middle Neolithic period (8500–7000 cal BP) excavated from Shunshanji site47. Subsequently,suchremains have been found in archaeological sitesdating to the Shuangdun, Houjiazai, and Longshan cultures62,63. Thirteen starch granules from Coix sp. were extracted from human dental calculi at the Jiangzhuang site, accounting for 15.3% of the total starch grains (Fig. 7). The ubiquity of Coix sp. starch granules (55.6%) is higher than that of rice and millets", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.861096+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN086", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 8 | Damaged starch granules of Triticeae extracted from human dental calculus at Jiangz- huang site (Scale bar: 10 μm).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiangzhuang", "quote": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-025-01700-3\n Understanding the plant food spectrum at\n Jiangzhuang site through starch granule\n analysis of dental calculus\n\n\n Check for updates\n\n Yitong Yin1,4, Huilin Zou1,2,4, Huiyuan Gan3, Xiaoting Zhu3 & Dawei", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "5dd0d181e681d3453f73a4459bc3859dd1ddf9f4a6aedadbeb06cc8ef866cc61" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S275_8973debfe3d7_S275-F02", "paper_key": "S275_8973debfe3d7", "paper_id": "S275", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2.   Starch granules recovered from the dental calculus of Jingtoushan \nand Kuahuqiao suid specimens. 1: Type I-­A, acorn (Quercus); 2: Type I-­B, acorn \n(Lithocarpus/Cyclobalanopsis); 3: Type I, acorn (Quercus/Lithocarpus/Cyclobalanopsis); \n4: Type II, rice (Oryza sp.); 5: Type III, Triticeae; 6: Type IV, Paniceae; 7: Type V, yam \n(Dioscorea sp.); 8: Type VI, undetermined underground storage organ (USO); 9 to \n11: gelatinized starch granules. (Scale bar, 20 μm.)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "5172c28606d5d5e5828f39a95d7cb630bfef75d491e45712abb7a65bb2c74149", "image_bytes": 1022001, "sites": [ "CN085", "CN083" ], "caption_zh": "图2. 从井头山和跨湖桥猪牙结石中提取的淀粉颗粒。1： 类型I-A，橡子（Quercus）；2： 类型I-B，橡子（Lithocarpus/青冈属（Cyclobalanopsis））；3： 类型I，橡子（Quercus/柯属（Lithocarpus）/青冈属（原文分类）（Cyclobalanopsis））；4： 类型II，水稻（Oryza sp.）；5： 类型III，小麦族（Triticeae）；6： 类型IV，黍族（Paniceae）；7： 类型V，山药（Dioscorea sp.）；8： 类型VI，未确定的地下贮藏器官（USO）；9至11: 糊化淀粉颗粒。（比例尺，20 μm。）", "caption_en": "Fig. 2.   Starch granules recovered from the dental calculus of Jingtoushan \nand Kuahuqiao suid specimens. 1: Type I-A, acorn (oaks, Quercus); 2: Type I-B, acorn \n(stone oaks, Lithocarpus/ring-cupped oaks (Cyclobalanopsis)); 3: Type I, acorn (oaks, Quercus/stone oaks (Lithocarpus)/ring-cupped oaks (Cyclobalanopsis)); \n4: Type II, rice (Oryza sp.); 5: Type III, wheat tribe (Triticeae); 6: Type IV, panicgrass tribe (Paniceae); 7: Type V, yam \n(yams, Dioscorea sp.); 8: Type VI, undetermined underground storage organ (USO); 9 to \n11: gelatinized starch granules. (Scale bar, 20 μm.)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "井头山和跨湖桥猪牙结石中淀粉颗粒", "title_en": "Starch Granules from Jingtoushan and Kuahuqiao Suid Dental Calculus", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/5172c28606d5d5e5828f39a9.png", "image_url": "media/S275_8973debfe3d7_S275-F02.png?v=5172c28606d5", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Our analysis identified three types of microfossils—starch gran- ules, phytoliths, and parasite eggs—with their quantities varying across samples. Control sediment samples contained only mineral crystals, fungal spores, and pollen, suggesting minimal postdep- ositional or curation-related contamination. Detailed counts and descriptions are provided in the SI Text and SI Appendix, Tables S2 and S3 . Given that microfossils are more reliable for assessing group-level dietary patterns rather than individual diets ( 36 ), the following discussion integrates data from all specimens while con- sidering site-level differences. A total of 240 starch granules were recovered, of which 165 were taxonomically identifiable using our reference data ( Fig. 2 and SI Appendix, Text and Fig. S1 ). The identified starch types include acorns (Quercus sp., Lithocarpus sp., and Cyclobalanopsis sp.; N = 99; Fig. 2 : 1 to 3), rice [Oryza sp.; N = 15 (compound count); >82 individual granules; Fig. 2 : 4], Triticeae grasses", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "(N = 17; Fig. 2 : 5), Paniceae grasses (N = 10; Fig. 2 : 6), yam (Dioscorea sp.; N = 6; Fig. 2 : 7), and unidentified underground storage organs (USOs; N = 18; Fig. 2 : 8). At both sites, acorn starches are the most abundant, followed by unidentified USOs, indicating a strong reliance on wild plant resources. This pattern aligns with macrobotanical and palynological data, which show a dominance of acorns and Quercus pollen ( 33 , 34 ). Paniceae starches are present exclusively in specimens from Jingtoushan, while Dioscorea starches are limited to Kuahuqiao specimens. Notably, gelatinized starch granules were recovered at both sites, indicating the consumption of cooked plant foods (N = 43). These granules exhibit distinctive morphological changes, including swelling, distortion, and loss of the extinction cross under polarized light ( Fig. 2 : 9 to 11), consistent with heat-induced modifications such as boiling or steaming ( 37 – 39 ). Although gelatinization can obscure taxonomic identification, these granules likely derive from noncompound starches, including acorn, USOs, and Triticeae grasses. A greater proportion of Kuahuqiao suids (10 of 12) than Jingtoushan suids (8 of 20) consumed human-prepared foods, as indicated by the presence of gelatinized starches. A total of 117 phytoliths were identified, corroborating both starch and environmental data (SI Appendix, Table S3 ). Rice phytoliths, including double-peak husk phytoliths ( Fig. 3 : 1) and Oryza-type bulliforms from rice leaf ( Fig. 3 : 2), were found in six Jingtoushan and three Kuahuqiao specimens, consistent w", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.918404+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN085", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "Fig. 2.   Starch granules recovered from the dental calculus of Jingtoushan \nand Kuahuqiao suid specimens. 1: Type I-­A, acorn (Quercus); 2: Type I-­B, acorn \n(Lithocarpus/Cyclobalanopsis); 3: Type I, acorn (Quercus/Lithocarpus/Cyclobalanopsis); \n4: Type II, rice (Oryza sp.); 5: Type III, Triticeae; 6: Type IV, Paniceae; 7: Type V, yam \n(Dioscorea sp.); 8: Type VI, undetermined underground storage organ (USO); 9 to \n11: gelatinized starch granules. (Scale bar, 20 μm.)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jingtoushan", "quote": "l calculus from two early Neolithic sites This study offers insights into early\n in the Lower Yangtze River region: Jingtoushan (8,300 to 7,800 cal. BP) and Kuahuqiao human–pig interactions during the\n (8,200 to 7,000 cal. BP). Analyses of starch, phytolith, and parasite remains indicate initial stages of pig domestication\n that pigs consumed human-­associat", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8973debfe3d7a9f50ccd7219a49732031b534b66c187764bc54c6825bf954227" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN083", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "Fig. 2.   Starch granules recovered from the dental calculus of Jingtoushan \nand Kuahuqiao suid specimens. 1: Type I-­A, acorn (Quercus); 2: Type I-­B, acorn \n(Lithocarpus/Cyclobalanopsis); 3: Type I, acorn (Quercus/Lithocarpus/Cyclobalanopsis); \n4: Type II, rice (Oryza sp.); 5: Type III, Triticeae; 6: Type IV, Paniceae; 7: Type V, yam \n(Dioscorea sp.); 8: Type VI, undetermined underground storage organ (USO); 9 to \n11: gelatinized starch granules. (Scale bar, 20 μm.)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "kuahuqiao", "quote": "This study offers insights into early\n in the Lower Yangtze River region: Jingtoushan (8,300 to 7,800 cal. BP) and Kuahuqiao human–pig interactions during the\n (8,200 to 7,000 cal. BP). Analyses of starch, phytolith, and parasite remains indicate initial stages of pig domestication\n that pigs consumed human-­associated foods and waste, including cooked st", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8973debfe3d7a9f50ccd7219a49732031b534b66c187764bc54c6825bf954227" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S275_8973debfe3d7_S275-F03", "paper_key": "S275_8973debfe3d7", "paper_id": "S275", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3.   Phytoliths recovered from the dental calculus of Jingtoushan and \nKuahuqiao suids. 1: Oryza-­type bulliform (rice leaf); 2: double peak (rice \ninflorescence); 3: interdigitating type (Panicoideae inflorescence); 4. Phragmites \nbulliform (reed leaf). (Scale bar, 20 μm.)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "fa28a42625243b2234c383287bfe8b65fdc17134b4b47bb55a27b8bd4dfbfb93", "image_bytes": 2372451, "sites": [ "CN085", "CN083" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 从井头山和跨湖桥野猪的牙结石中提取的植硅体。1： 水稻扇型（水稻叶片）；2： 双峰型水稻稃壳；3：稃壳植硅体（黍亚科）；4. 芦苇盾型。（比例尺，20 μm。）", "caption_en": "Fig. 3.   Phytoliths recovered from the dental calculus of Jingtoushan and \nKuahuqiao suids. 1: rice (Oryza)-type bulliform (rice leaf); 2: double peak (rice \ninflorescence); 3: interdigitating type (panicoid grasses, Panicoideae inflorescence); 4. reeds (Phragmites) \nbulliform (reed leaf). (Scale bar, 20 μm.)", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "井头山和跨湖桥野猪牙结石中植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from Jingtoushan and Kuahuqiao Suid Dental Calculus", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/fa28a42625243b2234c38328.png", "image_url": "media/S275_8973debfe3d7_S275-F03.png?v=fa28a4262524", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "(N = 17; Fig. 2 : 5), Paniceae grasses (N = 10; Fig. 2 : 6), yam (Dioscorea sp.; N = 6; Fig. 2 : 7), and unidentified underground storage organs (USOs; N = 18; Fig. 2 : 8). At both sites, acorn starches are the most abundant, followed by unidentified USOs, indicating a strong reliance on wild plant resources. This pattern aligns with macrobotanical and palynological data, which show a dominance of acorns and Quercus pollen ( 33 , 34 ). Paniceae starches are present exclusively in specimens from Jingtoushan, while Dioscorea starches are limited to Kuahuqiao specimens. Notably, gelatinized starch granules were recovered at both sites, indicating the consumption of cooked plant foods (N = 43). These granules exhibit distinctive morphological changes, including swelling, distortion, and loss of the extinction cross under polarized light ( Fig. 2 : 9 to 11), consistent with heat-induced modifications such as boiling or steaming ( 37 – 39 ). Although gelatinization can obscure taxonomic identification, these granules likely derive from noncompound starches, including acorn, USOs, and Triticeae grasses. A greater proportion of Kuahuqiao suids (10 of 12) than Jingtoushan suids (8 of 20) consumed human-prepared foods, as indicated by the presence of gelatinized starches. A total of 117 phytoliths were identified, corroborating both starch and environmental data (SI Appendix, Table S3 ). Rice phytoliths, including double-peak husk phytoliths ( Fig. 3 : 1) and Oryza-type bulliforms from rice leaf ( Fig. 3 : 2), were found in six Jingtoushan and three Kuahuqiao specimens, consistent w", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:35.977100+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN085", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 3.   Phytoliths recovered from the dental calculus of Jingtoushan and \nKuahuqiao suids. 1: Oryza-­type bulliform (rice leaf); 2: double peak (rice \ninflorescence); 3: interdigitating type (Panicoideae inflorescence); 4. Phragmites \nbulliform (reed leaf). (Scale bar, 20 μm.)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jingtoushan", "quote": "l calculus from two early Neolithic sites This study offers insights into early\n in the Lower Yangtze River region: Jingtoushan (8,300 to 7,800 cal. BP) and Kuahuqiao human–pig interactions during the\n (8,200 to 7,000 cal. BP). Analyses of starch, phytolith, and parasite remains indicate initial stages of pig domestication\n that pigs consumed human-­associat", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8973debfe3d7a9f50ccd7219a49732031b534b66c187764bc54c6825bf954227" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN083", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 3.   Phytoliths recovered from the dental calculus of Jingtoushan and \nKuahuqiao suids. 1: Oryza-­type bulliform (rice leaf); 2: double peak (rice \ninflorescence); 3: interdigitating type (Panicoideae inflorescence); 4. Phragmites \nbulliform (reed leaf). (Scale bar, 20 μm.)", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "kuahuqiao", "quote": "This study offers insights into early\n in the Lower Yangtze River region: Jingtoushan (8,300 to 7,800 cal. BP) and Kuahuqiao human–pig interactions during the\n (8,200 to 7,000 cal. BP). Analyses of starch, phytolith, and parasite remains indicate initial stages of pig domestication\n that pigs consumed human-­associated foods and waste, including cooked st", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "8973debfe3d7a9f50ccd7219a49732031b534b66c187764bc54c6825bf954227" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S277_7da44d837029_S277-F03", "paper_key": "S277_7da44d837029", "paper_id": "S277", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch grains extracted from the pottery surfaces at the Chengyan site (scale: 20 μm) \na: rice, b: Job’s tears, c: millet, d, e: Triticeae, f: lotus root, g: snake gourd root, h: yam, i: lily, j: legume, k: acorn, l: unidentified underground storage organs.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "384e1ccd9e7b91b32c4212f05a78047c5eb39932529f2ee4801da69a10c5be27", "image_bytes": 3288839, "sites": [ "CN139" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 来自城烟遗址陶器表面提取的淀粉粒（比例：20 μm） a: 水稻， b: 薏苡， c: 粟， d， e: 小麦族， f: 荷藕根， g: 西瓜根， h: 山药， i: 百合， j: 豆类， k: 板栗， l: 未鉴定的地下贮藏器官。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch grains extracted from the pottery surfaces at the Chengyan site (scale: 20 μm) \na: rice, b: Job’s tears, c: millet, d, e: wheat tribe (Triticeae), f: lotus root, g: snake gourd root, h: yam, i: lily, j: legume, k: acorn, l: unidentified underground storage organs.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "城烟遗址陶器表面淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from pottery surfaces at the Chengyan site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/384e1ccd9e7b91b32c4212f0.png", "image_url": "media/S277_7da44d837029_S277-F03.png?v=384e1ccd9e7b", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Type A: Rice starch grains (n=8; size range: 5.1–11.6 μm). The grains exhibited polygonal shape, centric hila. Their surfaces were smooth without lamellas; no cracks were observed. The extinction arm was X- shaped under orthogonal polarization with sharp angles. Combined with Yang Xiaoyan’s discussion on the single rice starch granule from the Kuahuqiao site (Yang and Jiang, 2010), we concluded that the A-type starch granules were from rice (Fig. 3a)", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type B: Job’s tears starch grains (n=26; size range: 13.3–24.9 μm). Most starch grains exhibited nearly circular polyhedral morphologies with smooth surfaces lacking lamellae, and the hila were located at or near the centers. Some grains displayed “-”, Y-shaped, or radial cracks at the hilum. Extinction arms were vertically oriented under orthogonal polarization, and some exhibited Z-shaped bending at the end of the extinction arm. According to modern reference samples, starch grains of gramineous plants (e.g., Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum, and Coix lacryma-jobi) are generally polyhedral, and the extinction arms are vertical. However, the particle sizes of Setaria italica and Panicum mil iaceum are generally smaller, averaging 7.6 ± 1.4 μm and 9.2 ± 2.8 μm, respectively (Ge et al., 2010). In contrast, the Job’s tears starch grains have larger maximum and average particle sizes, and their extinction arms were mostly Z-shaped (Liu et al., 2014a). Based on this, we iden tified Job’s tears as the source of the Type B starch grains (Fig. 3b).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type C: Millet starch grains (n=16; size range: 15.1–25.1 μm). The starch grains exhibitedpolyhedral structureswith centrally located hila, and some hila were depressed. There were “-”-shaped, T-shaped, Y- shaped, or radial cracks at the hilum. Compared with modern reference samples, the collected grains’ morphological characteristics were similar to those of gramineous starch grains (Yang et al. (2010b). Analysis of Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum, and their wild relatives revealed that Type C starch grains extracted from the samples lacked diagnostic specificity, precluding further taxonomic classification. Based on the above analysis, we concluded that Type C starch grains originated from millet (Fig. 3c).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type D: Triticeae starch grains (n=24; size range: 11.3–30.1 μm). The frontal projection appears round or oval, while the side projection is thin and long, and nearly olive-shaped. The hilum is located at or near the center. There is no cracks at the hilum. The extinction arms are either vertical or X-shaped under orthogonal polarization, exhibiting diffuse extinction. Some larger starch grains have clear lamellae (Fig. 3d). smaller granules are nearly circular or polygonal with a centered hilum, and there is no cracks at the hilum (Fig. 3e). By comparing with modern reference samples preserved in the laboratory and referencing the criteria for identifying Triticeae starch granulesestablished by Liu et al. (2014b) and Yang et al. (2016a), this study identified that the type D", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.043012+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN139", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch grains extracted from the pottery surfaces at the Chengyan site (scale: 20 μm) \na: rice, b: Job’s tears, c: millet, d, e: Triticeae, f: lotus root, g: snake gourd root, h: yam, i: lily, j: legume, k: acorn, l: unidentified underground storage organs.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Chengyan", "quote": "www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint\n\n\nAnalysis of plant micro-remains and organic acid residues reveals the\ndietary conditions at the Chengyan site during the early Yangshao Culture\nin western Henan, central China\nYingxue Gong a , Yuzhang Yang a,* , Xingtao Wei b,**, Jingwen Liao c, Binggui Sun d,\nYuchun Wang e, Juzhong Zhang e\na Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technolog", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7da44d8370291bc11ab0e5b6ecf61ea644975a3c82ee484aaec704a3268bc68c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S277_7da44d837029_S277-F04", "paper_key": "S277_7da44d837029", "paper_id": "S277", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Main phytolith morphotypes and other microfossils found at the Chengyan site (scale:20 μm) \nA: BULLIFORM from rice; b: DOUBLE-PEAKED from rice; c: BILOBATE with scooped ends paralleled arrangement from rice; d: η-type from husks of broomcorn millet; \ne: Ω-type from husks of foxtail millet; f: CUNEIFORM BULLIFORM; g: BILOBATE; h: ELONGATE-ECHINATE; i: SMOOTH-ELONGATE; j: siliceous vessel; k: TOOTH- \nSHAPED; l: ACICULAR; m: LONG-SADDLE; n: SCUTIFORM-BULLIFORM was from Phragmites (reeds); o: diatoms.\n6", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f870bad594cc3d3e25710e935bb74aaa04ce852c446ff3bbe644b0e651a909fb", "image_bytes": 12186428, "sites": [ "CN139" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 城烟遗址发现的主要植硅体形态及其他微化石（比例尺：20 μm）\nA: 水稻扇型；b: 水稻双峰型；c: 水稻并排哑铃型植硅体；d: η型，来自黍的颖壳；e: Ω型，来自粟的颖壳；f: 扇型；g: 哑铃型；h: 刺棒型；i: 平滑棒型；j: 导管；k: 刺棒型；l: 尖型；m: 长鞍形；n: 芦苇盾型，来自香蒲（芦苇）；o: 硅藻。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Main phytolith morphotypes and other microfossils found at the Chengyan site (scale:20 μm) \nA: BULLIFORM from rice; b: DOUBLE-PEAKED from rice; c: BILOBATE with scooped ends paralleled arrangement from rice; d: η-type from husks of broomcorn millet; \ne: Ω-type from husks of foxtail millet; f: CUNEIFORM BULLIFORM; g: BILOBATE; h: ELONGATE-ECHINATE; i: SMOOTH-ELONGATE; j: siliceous vessel; k: TOOTH- \nSHAPED; l: ACICULAR; m: LONG-SADDLE; n: SCUTIFORM-BULLIFORM was from reeds (Phragmites) (reeds); o: diatoms.\n6", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "城烟遗址主要植硅体形态及微化石", "title_en": "Main phytolith morphotypes and microfossils from the Chengyan site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f870bad594cc3d3e25710e93.png", "image_url": "media/S277_7da44d837029_S277-F04.png?v=f870bad594cc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "After the observation under the microscope, a large number of starch grains with fermentation damage characteristics were found. According to current literatures, these damaged starch grains were likely related to alcoholic beverages making (Liao et al., 2022a; Liu et al., 2021b). In this case, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis was conducted to verify whether human at the site had already engaged in wine-brewing activities. For LC-MS analysis, ten common organic acids in fermented drinks were selected as detection targets including lactic, acetic, butyric, succinic, tartaric, pyruvic, fumaric, malic, citric, and oxalic acid (Gong, 2023). During the experiment, standard reagents were also tested with the same procedure to ensure all tests were not contaminated in the laboratory. The specific organic acid reagent used were as follows: L-lactic acid (85 %, AR), glacial acetic acid (99 %, AR), butyric acid (99 %, AR), succinic acid (99 %, AR), tartaric acid (L (+) -tartaric acid, 99 %, AR), pyruvic acid (98 %, AR); fumaric acid (99 %, AR); DL-malic acid (99 %, AR); citric acid (99 %, AR) acid (99 %, AR). The tartaric acid was produced by Shanghai McLin Biochemical Tech nology Co., Ltd., the DL-malic acid was produced by Tianjin Fuchen Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., and all remaining organic acid reagents were produced by the State Pharmaceutical Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type A: Rice starch grains (n=8; size range: 5.1–11.6 μm). The grains exhibited polygonal shape, centric hila. Their surfaces were smooth without lamellas; no cracks were observed. The extinction arm was X- shaped under orthogonal polarization with sharp angles. Combined with Yang Xiaoyan’s discussion on the single rice starch granule from the Kuahuqiao site (Yang and Jiang, 2010), we concluded that the A-type starch granules were from rice (Fig. 3a)", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type B: Job’s tears starch grains (n=26; size range: 13.3–24.9 μm). Most starch grains exhibited nearly circular polyhedral morphologies with smooth surfaces lacking lamellae, and the hila were located at or near the centers. Some grains displayed “-”, Y-shaped, or radial cracks at the hilum. Extinction arms were vertically oriented under orthogonal polarization, and some exhibited Z-shaped bending at the end of the extinction arm. According to modern reference samples, starch grains of gramineous plants (e.g., Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum, and Coix lacryma-jobi) are generally polyhedral, and the extinction arms are vertical. However, the particle sizes of Setaria italica and Panicum mil iaceum are generally smaller, averaging 7.6 ± 1.4 μm and 9.2 ± 2.8 μm, respectively (Ge et al., 2010). In contrast, the Job’s tears starch grains have larger maximum and average particle sizes, and their extinction arms were mostly Z-shaped (Liu et al., 2014a). Based on this, we iden tified Job’s tears as the source of the Type B starch grains (Fig. 3b).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type C: Millet starch grains (n=16; size range: 15.1–25.1 μm). The starch grains exhibitedpolyhedral structureswith centrally located hila, and some hila were depressed. There were “-”-shaped, T-shaped, Y- shaped, or radial cracks at the hilum. Compared with modern reference samples, the collected grains’ morphological characteristics were similar to those of gramineous starch grains (Yang et al. (2010b). Analysis of Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum, and their wild relatives revealed that Type C starch grains extracted from the samples lacked diagnostic specificity, precluding further taxonomic classification. Based on the above analysis, we concluded that Type C starch grains originated from millet (Fig. 3c).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.100549+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN139", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Main phytolith morphotypes and other microfossils found at the Chengyan site (scale:20 μm) \nA: BULLIFORM from rice; b: DOUBLE-PEAKED from rice; c: BILOBATE with scooped ends paralleled arrangement from rice; d: η-type from husks of broomcorn millet; \ne: Ω-type from husks of foxtail millet; f: CUNEIFORM BULLIFORM; g: BILOBATE; h: ELONGATE-ECHINATE; i: SMOOTH-ELONGATE; j: siliceous vessel; k: TOOTH- \nSHAPED; l: ACICULAR; m: LONG-SADDLE; n: SCUTIFORM-BULLIFORM was from Phragmites (reeds); o: diatoms.\n6", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Chengyan", "quote": "www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint\n\n\nAnalysis of plant micro-remains and organic acid residues reveals the\ndietary conditions at the Chengyan site during the early Yangshao Culture\nin western Henan, central China\nYingxue Gong a , Yuzhang Yang a,* , Xingtao Wei b,**, Jingwen Liao c, Binggui Sun d,\nYuchun Wang e, Juzhong Zhang e\na Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technolog", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7da44d8370291bc11ab0e5b6ecf61ea644975a3c82ee484aaec704a3268bc68c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S277_7da44d837029_S277-F08", "paper_key": "S277_7da44d837029", "paper_id": "S277", "number": "8", "caption_original": "Fig. 8. Damaged starch grains from the Chengyan site (scale: 20 μm).\n9", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7cc54161eb60b97eeb834ee2071a785f34a14e9013b9b5db6721994a5bdb2125", "image_bytes": 3159784, "sites": [ "CN139" ], "caption_zh": "图8. 城烟遗址提取的受损淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 8. Damaged starch grains from the Chengyan site (scale: 20 μm).\n9", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "城烟遗址受损淀粉粒", "title_en": "Damaged starch grains from the Chengyan site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/7cc54161eb60b97eeb834ee2.png", "image_url": "media/S277_7da44d837029_S277-F08.png?v=7cc54161eb60", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "whether these four potteries are related to fermented drinks was not discussed in this paper. Notably, multiple organic acids were detected from the other six potteries. Among them, acetic and butyric are com mon in various fermented beverages, and they originate from different organic substances through acetic acid bacteria’s fermentation (BARATA et al., 2012). Tartaric acid is an iconic organic acid existing widely in grain or fruit wine (Ding and Xia, 2014), and malic acid is very common in fermented drinks except distilled liquor (Li, 2017b). Com bined with the result of starch grain analysis, it can be concluded that five pottery Jiandiping (Sample 1: 2022LCT32175; Sample 3: 2022LCT2917H1595; Sample 4: 2022LCTG2H1620; Sample 5: 2022LCTG23; Sample 7: 2022LCT32164) should to be related to alcoholic beverages. For sample 10 (pottery cup: 2022LCT2917H1595), it is difficult to determine whether the organic acid residues came from alcoholic beverage because only malic acid was found in the cup apart from acetic and butyric. In addition, in the starch grain analysis on two potteries (one is Jiandiping numbered 2019LCT15305, the other is a large-mouth round bottom jar numbered 2019LCT2119H599) which were both unearthed at Chengyan site in 2019, 164 starch grains with fermented damage characteristics were observed (Wang et al., 2017a) (Fig. 8), and these damage features included disappearance of partial edge (Fig. 8a), small pits on the surface (Fig. 8b), blurred cross extinc tion arm (Fig. 8c), recessed hilum (Fig. 8a and b), and ring-shaped rim (Fig. 8d,e,f) (Liao et al., 202", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "After the observation under the microscope, a large number of starch grains with fermentation damage characteristics were found. According to current literatures, these damaged starch grains were likely related to alcoholic beverages making (Liao et al., 2022a; Liu et al., 2021b). In this case, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis was conducted to verify whether human at the site had already engaged in wine-brewing activities. For LC-MS analysis, ten common organic acids in fermented drinks were selected as detection targets including lactic, acetic, butyric, succinic, tartaric, pyruvic, fumaric, malic, citric, and oxalic acid (Gong, 2023). During the experiment, standard reagents were also tested with the same procedure to ensure all tests were not contaminated in the laboratory. The specific organic acid reagent used were as follows: L-lactic acid (85 %, AR), glacial acetic acid (99 %, AR), butyric acid (99 %, AR), succinic acid (99 %, AR), tartaric acid (L (+) -tartaric acid, 99 %, AR), pyruvic acid (98 %, AR); fumaric acid (99 %, AR); DL-malic acid (99 %, AR); citric acid (99 %, AR) acid (99 %, AR). The tartaric acid was produced by Shanghai McLin Biochemical Tech nology Co., Ltd., the DL-malic acid was produced by Tianjin Fuchen Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., and all remaining organic acid reagents were produced by the State Pharmaceutical Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type A: Rice starch grains (n=8; size range: 5.1–11.6 μm). The grains exhibited polygonal shape, centric hila. Their surfaces were smooth without lamellas; no cracks were observed. The extinction arm was X- shaped under orthogonal polarization with sharp angles. Combined with Yang Xiaoyan’s discussion on the single rice starch granule from the Kuahuqiao site (Yang and Jiang, 2010), we concluded that the A-type starch granules were from rice (Fig. 3a)", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type B: Job’s tears starch grains (n=26; size range: 13.3–24.9 μm). Most starch grains exhibited nearly circular polyhedral morphologies with smooth surfaces lacking lamellae, and the hila were located at or near the centers. Some grains displayed “-”, Y-shaped, or radial cracks at the hilum. Extinction arms were vertically oriented under orthogonal polarization, and some exhibited Z-shaped bending at the end of the extinction arm. According to modern reference samples, starch grains of gramineous plants (e.g., Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum, and Coix lacryma-jobi) are generally polyhedral, and the extinction arms are vertical. However, the particle sizes of Setaria italica and Panicum mil iaceum are generally smaller, averaging 7.6 ± 1.4 μm and 9.2 ± 2.8 μm, respectively (Ge et al., 2010). In contrast, the Job’s tears starch grains have larger maximum and average particle sizes, and their extinction arms were mostly Z-shaped (Liu et al., 2014a). Based on this, we iden tified Job’s tears as the source of the Type B starch grains (Fig. 3b).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.156615+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN139", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Fig. 8. Damaged starch grains from the Chengyan site (scale: 20 μm).\n9", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Chengyan", "quote": "www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint\n\n\nAnalysis of plant micro-remains and organic acid residues reveals the\ndietary conditions at the Chengyan site during the early Yangshao Culture\nin western Henan, central China\nYingxue Gong a , Yuzhang Yang a,* , Xingtao Wei b,**, Jingwen Liao c, Binggui Sun d,\nYuchun Wang e, Juzhong Zhang e\na Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technolog", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "7da44d8370291bc11ab0e5b6ecf61ea644975a3c82ee484aaec704a3268bc68c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S278_d1eba6f7a4ed_S278-F03", "paper_key": "S278_d1eba6f7a4ed", "paper_id": "S278", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3  Microscopic characterization of starch grains of 15 species of root and tubers (the abbreviations of the 15 species represented by a ~ o are the \nsame as those of the plants in Table 1, and the length and width of each micrograph are 158 μm and 118.5 μm, respectively)", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "补入本轮逐项对照PDF的分图释读，保留来源页码及原句。", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988", "image_bytes": 18001001, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图3 15种根茎类植物淀粉粒的显微特征（图中a~o的缩写与表1中的植物相同，每张显微照片的长度和宽度分别为158 μm和118.5 μm）\na：魔芋（Amorphophallus rivieri）b：芋（Colocasia esculenta）c：慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia）d：锁阳（Cynomorium songaricum）e：黄独（Dioscorea bulbifera）f：薯莨（Dioscorea cirrhosa）g：山药（Dioscorea opposita）\nh：山萆薢（Dioscorea tokoro）i：卷叶黄精（Polygonatum cirrhifolium）j：土茯苓（Smilax glabra）k：蕨麻（Potentilla anserina）l：白蔹（Ampelopsis japonica）\nm：节鞭山姜（Alpinia conchigera）n：莪术（Curcuma phaeocaulis）o：土田七（Stahlianthus involucratus）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3  Microscopic characterization of starch grains of 15 species of root and tubers (the abbreviations of the 15 species represented by a ~ o are the \nsame as those of the plants in Table 1, and the length and width of each micrograph are 158 μm and 118.5 μm, respectively)\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\na: Modern reference: konjac (Amorphophallus rivieri) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\nb: Modern reference: taro (Colocasia esculenta) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\nc: Modern reference: arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\nd: Modern reference: cynomorium (Cynomorium songaricum) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\ne: Modern reference: air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\nf: Modern reference: dye yam (Dioscorea cirrhosa) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\ng: Modern reference: Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\nh: Modern reference: Tokoro mountain yam (Dioscorea tokoro) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\ni: Modern reference: Solomon’s seal (Polygonatum cirrhifolium) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\nj: Modern reference: sarsaparilla (Smilax glabra) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\nk: Modern reference: silverweed (Potentilla anserina) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\nl: Modern reference: ampelopsis (Ampelopsis japonica) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\nm: Modern reference: galangal (Alpinia conchigera) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\nn: Modern reference: turmeric relative (Curcuma phaeocaulis) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).\no: Modern reference: ginger relative (Stahlianthus involucratus) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis). (PDF p. 3).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "15种根茎类植物淀粉粒的显微特征", "title_en": "Microscopic characterization of starch grains from 15 species of root and tubers", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae79.png", "image_url": "media/S278_d1eba6f7a4ed_S278-F03.png?v=32e9546d848c", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "a", "type_code": "AAR", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：魔芋（Amorphophallus rivieri）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: konjac (Amorphophallus rivieri) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "AAR\ntuber\nYunnan" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "b", "type_code": "ACE", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：芋（Colocasia esculenta）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: taro (Colocasia esculenta) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "ACE\nroot\nJiangxi" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "c", "type_code": "AST", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "AST\ntuber\nJiangxi" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "d", "type_code": "CCS", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：锁阳（Cynomorium songaricum）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: cynomorium (Cynomorium songaricum) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "CCS\nroot\nGansu" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "e", "type_code": "DDB", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：黄独（Dioscorea bulbifera）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "DDB\nroot\nGuangxi" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "f", "type_code": "DDC", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：薯莨（Dioscorea cirrhosa）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: dye yam (Dioscorea cirrhosa) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "DDC\nroot\nJiangxi" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "g", "type_code": "DDO", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：山药（Dioscorea opposita）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "DDO\nroot\nJiangxi" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "h", "type_code": "DDT", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：山萆薢（Dioscorea tokoro）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: Tokoro mountain yam (Dioscorea tokoro) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "DDT\nroot\nAnhui" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "i", "type_code": "LPC", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：卷叶黄精（Polygonatum cirrhifolium）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: Solomon’s seal (Polygonatum cirrhifolium) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "LPC\nroot\nYunnan" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "j", "type_code": "LSG", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：土茯苓（Smilax glabra）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: sarsaparilla (Smilax glabra) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "10\nLiliaceae\nSmilax glabra\nLSG\nroot\nGuangdong\n11\nRosaceae\nPotentilla \nanserina" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "k", "type_code": "RPA", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：蕨麻（Potentilla anserina）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: silverweed (Potentilla anserina) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "RPA\nroot\nGansu" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "l", "type_code": "VAJ", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：白蔹（Ampelopsis japonica）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: ampelopsis (Ampelopsis japonica) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "VAJ\nroot\nHunan" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "m", "type_code": "ZAC", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：节鞭山姜（Alpinia conchigera）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: galangal (Alpinia conchigera) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "ZAC\nroot\nYunnan" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "n", "type_code": "ZCP", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：莪术（Curcuma phaeocaulis）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: turmeric relative (Curcuma phaeocaulis) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "ZCP\nroot\nGuangxi" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" }, { "panels": "o", "type_code": "ZSI", "interpretation_zh": "现代参照样本：土田七（Stahlianthus involucratus）", "interpretation_en": "Modern reference: ginger relative (Stahlianthus involucratus) (original nomenclature; not an archaeological species diagnosis).", "uncertainty": "现代参照的原文名称；不表示考古样本鉴定到种；分图字母和缩写依原图3；学名依表1。沿用来源命名，不据此宣称现行分类学接受名。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 3, "section": "正文／表格与图版核对", "quote": "ZSI\nroot\nFujian" } ], "material_context": "modern", "material_image_sha256": "32e9546d848c21d2c8ceae792953a15bd60b3029495806f10bed054bb2198988" } ], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.209237+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S279_19ea74d66e6f_MAN_e3dfd796deaa", "paper_key": "S279_19ea74d66e6f", "paper_id": "S279", "number": "3", "title_zh": "现代植物淀粉与发酵参照", "title_en": "Modern starch and fermentation references", "caption_original": "", "caption_source_corrected": "Fig. 3. Modern starch reference. \n(1–3) Fermented rice; (4) fermented foxtail millet; (5,6) fermented broomcorn millet; (7) barnyard grass; (8) barley; (9) taro; (10) foxnut; (11) yam; (12) ginger; (13) \ngelatinized millet; (14) native taro; (15) taro, boiled for 5 min, taking from inner area of the sample; (16) gelatinized taro, boiled for 5 min, taking from sample \nsurface; (17) fermented red rice beer, red Monascus spores not stained, while starches stained blue (14–17: stained with trypan blue).", "caption_zh": "图3 现代淀粉参照。1–3：发酵稻米；4：发酵粟；5、6：发酵黍；7：稗；8：大麦；9：芋；10：芡实；11：山药；12：姜；13：糊化粟黍类；14：原生芋淀粉；15：水煮5分钟后取自内部的芋样品；16：水煮5分钟后取自表面的糊化芋样品；17：发酵红米酒，红曲霉红色孢子未着色，淀粉被染成蓝色。14–17采用台盼蓝染色。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Modern starch reference. \n(1–3) Fermented rice; (4) fermented foxtail millet; (5,6) fermented broomcorn millet; (7) barnyard grass; (8) barley; (9) taro; (10) foxnut; (11) yam; (12) ginger; (13) \ngelatinized millet; (14) native taro; (15) taro, boiled for 5 min, taking from inner area of the sample; (16) gelatinized taro, boiled for 5 min, taking from sample \nsurface; (17) fermented red rice beer, red red yeast molds (Monascus) spores not stained, while starches stained blue (14–17: stained with trypan blue).", "source_language": "en", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "notes": "原PDF复核后恢复的现代参照图版。原人工排除；现代发酵参照备选，非本轮确认漏提。原人工筛选记录及PDF均未修改。", "sites": [], "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "da6a9af08c3cb5aa7d658fc32556749e5fffcbf2817ad8f1942d41dcb05acb83", "image_bytes": 8039324, "thumbnail": "previews/da6a9af08c3cb5aa7d658fc3.png", "image_url": "media/S279_19ea74d66e6f_MAN_e3dfd796deaa.png?v=da6a9af08c3c", "editorial_image_provenance": { "paper_key": "S279_19ea74d66e6f", "page": 5, "bbox_points": [ 68, 316, 527, 700 ], "dpi": 600, "source_sha256": "19ea74d66e6fc43a5a480e353c6d6cb40bf44bdab32ba0d2c388d50ccca0ab21" }, "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.253863+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S279_19ea74d66e6f_S279-F04", "paper_key": "S279_19ea74d66e6f", "paper_id": "S279", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Starch types from Xiying pottery residues. \n(1,2) Type I, rice compound, weakly birefringent; (3) Type I, isolated rice granule, central depression; (4) Type II, Paniceae; (5) Type II, Paniceae, hollowed center \nwith relatively well preserved peripheries; (6) Type III, Triticeae, deep channels; (7) Type V, foxnut; (8) Type VI, yam, with broken edge; (9) Type VII, ginger, weakly \nbirefringent; (10) UNID-1, hollowed center; (11) UNID-2, pitting, central depression, and missing part; (12) gelatinized mass; (13,14) Type IV, taro; (15) Type I, rice; \n(16) gelatinized mass; (17) gelatinized mass from cooked taro. (1–13: each starch image shown in brightfield and polarized views; 13–17: stained with trypan blue).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "44ff63f8cfd2e5601f5e2ee79806cc1e5e0cb8fae037416d5695d78499a54566", "image_bytes": 9348584, "sites": [ "CN113" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 西营遗址陶器残留物中提取的淀粉类型。\n（1，2） 类型I，水稻复合体，弱双折射；（3） 类型I，孤立水稻粒，中央凹陷；（4） 类型II，黍族；（5） 类型II，黍族，中心空心，外围相对保存良好；（6） 类型III，小麦族，深沟槽；（7） 类型V，狐尾竹；（8） 类型VI，山药，边缘破碎；（9） 类型VII，姜，弱双折射；（10） UNID-1，中心空心；（11） UNID-2，凹坑，中央凹陷，部分缺失；（12） 胶质团块；（13，14） 类型IV，芋头；（15） 类型I，水稻；（16） 胶质团块；（17） 来自煮熟芋头的胶质团块。（1–13：每种淀粉图像均显示明场和偏振视图；13–17：经台盼蓝染色）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Starch types from Xiying pottery residues. \n(1,2) Type I, rice compound, weakly birefringent; (3) Type I, isolated rice granule, central depression; (4) Type II, panicgrass tribe (Paniceae); (5) Type II, panicgrass tribe (Paniceae), hollowed center \nwith relatively well preserved peripheries; (6) Type III, wheat tribe (Triticeae), deep channels; (7) Type V, foxnut; (8) Type VI, yam, with broken edge; (9) Type VII, ginger, weakly \nbirefringent; (10) UNID-1, hollowed center; (11) UNID-2, pitting, central depression, and missing part; (12) gelatinized mass; (13,14) Type IV, taro; (15) Type I, rice; \n(16) gelatinized mass; (17) gelatinized mass from cooked taro. (1–13: each starch image shown in brightfield and polarized views; 13–17: stained with trypan blue).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西营陶器残留物中的淀粉类型", "title_en": "Starch Types from Xiying Pottery Residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/44ff63f8cfd2e5601f5e2ee7.png", "image_url": "media/S279_19ea74d66e6f_S279-F04.png?v=44ff63f8cfd2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "Type I rice (Oryza sp.) starches are present in all ten samples and represent the most abundant category (39.1%; 100% ubiquity). They occur mainly as compound aggregates of small polygonal granules (n = 110 measured; 2.99–7.06 μm), with some isolated granules. A total of 188 rice starches were recorded. Many display blurred birefringence and lack extinction crosses, consistent with experimentally fermented rice (Fig. 4: 1–3, 15; cf. Fig. 3: 1–3; Table 1).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type II Paniceae starches occur in four samples (n = 15; 3.1%; 40% ubiquity). These granules are polygonal (6.05–16.3 μm), centric hila, and mostly exhibit enzymatic damage characterized by hollowed cen ters with relatively well-preserved peripheries (Fig. 4:4,5; Table 1).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "millet produce predominantly polyhedral starch granules with occa sional spherical forms, but they exhibit different size ranges, with foxtail millet generally larger (5.29–21.17 μm) than broomcorn millet (3.03–12.34 μm) (Liu et al., 2014: Table 1). The Xiying Type II starches fall within the reported shape and size ranges of millet starches (Fig. 3:4,5; cf. Fig. 4:4,5). In addition, the enzymatic damage patterns of the Xiying starches closely resemble those observed in experimentally fermented foxtail and broomcorn millet samples in our reference data base (Fig. 3:6; cf. Fig. 4:5; Table 1).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type III Triticeae starches are rare (n = 3; 0.6%; 30% ubiquity) and occur in three samples. These lenticular granules (24.01–40.59 μm) all exhibit enzymatic damage (Fig. 4: 6; cf. Fig. 3: 8; Table 1), suggesting processing prior to deposition. Taxonomic resolution finer than the tribe level is not possible.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.309782+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN113", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Starch types from Xiying pottery residues. \n(1,2) Type I, rice compound, weakly birefringent; (3) Type I, isolated rice granule, central depression; (4) Type II, Paniceae; (5) Type II, Paniceae, hollowed center \nwith relatively well preserved peripheries; (6) Type III, Triticeae, deep channels; (7) Type V, foxnut; (8) Type VI, yam, with broken edge; (9) Type VII, ginger, weakly \nbirefringent; (10) UNID-1, hollowed center; (11) UNID-2, pitting, central depression, and missing part; (12) gelatinized mass; (13,14) Type IV, taro; (15) Type I, rice; \n(16) gelatinized mass; (17) gelatinized mass from cooked taro. (1–13: each starch image shown in brightfield and polarized views; 13–17: stained with trypan blue).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xiying", "quote": "epage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ara\n\nFull length article\nIdentifying fermented alcoholic beverages from early Neolithic pottery at\nXiying shell midden site on Pingtan Island of Southeast China\nLi Liu a,b,*, Yahui He b, Wei Ge c,e,**, Ran Chen b,d, Wenjie Zhang e, Xuechun Fan f\na Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA\nb Stanford Archaeolog", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "19ea74d66e6fc43a5a480e353c6d6cb40bf44bdab32ba0d2c388d50ccca0ab21" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S279_19ea74d66e6f_S279-F06", "paper_key": "S279_19ea74d66e6f", "paper_id": "S279", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Xiying phytolith morphotypes (1–7) and modern reference (8). \n(1) Bilobate; (2) common bulliform; (3) Phragmite bulliform; (4) xylem tracheary element with helical wall thickening; (5) epidermis; (6) microcharcoal; (7) elongate \nentire; (8) xylem tracheary element with helical wall thickening from modern taro sample.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1412e6a4edbc0fce9464be03f8ba35d5b12a583cb9ec794572259e41facb6a61", "image_bytes": 7882660, "sites": [ "CN113" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 西营遗址提取植硅体形态类型（1–7）及现代样品（8）。 （1） 哑铃型；（2） 常见扇形；（3） 芦苇盾型；（4） 具螺旋壁增厚的木质部导管；（5） 表皮细胞；（6） 微炭屑；（7） 平滑棒型；（8） 来自现代芋头样本的具螺旋壁增厚的木质部导管。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Xiying phytolith morphotypes (1–7) and modern reference (8). \n(1) Bilobate; (2) common bulliform; (3) Phragmite bulliform; (4) xylem tracheary element with helical wall thickening; (5) epidermis; (6) microcharcoal; (7) elongate \nentire; (8) xylem tracheary element with helical wall thickening from modern taro sample.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "西营植硅体形态类型", "title_en": "Phytolith morphotypes from Xiying", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/1412e6a4edbc0fce9464be03.png", "image_url": "media/S279_19ea74d66e6f_S279-F06.png?v=1412e6a4edbc", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "and Weisler, 2006) (Fig. 6: 4, cf. 8). This correspondence provides in dependent support for the identification of taro based on starch analysis.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type I rice (Oryza sp.) starches are present in all ten samples and represent the most abundant category (39.1%; 100% ubiquity). They occur mainly as compound aggregates of small polygonal granules (n = 110 measured; 2.99–7.06 μm), with some isolated granules. A total of 188 rice starches were recorded. Many display blurred birefringence and lack extinction crosses, consistent with experimentally fermented rice (Fig. 4: 1–3, 15; cf. Fig. 3: 1–3; Table 1).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Type II Paniceae starches occur in four samples (n = 15; 3.1%; 40% ubiquity). These granules are polygonal (6.05–16.3 μm), centric hila, and mostly exhibit enzymatic damage characterized by hollowed cen ters with relatively well-preserved peripheries (Fig. 4:4,5; Table 1).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "millet produce predominantly polyhedral starch granules with occa sional spherical forms, but they exhibit different size ranges, with foxtail millet generally larger (5.29–21.17 μm) than broomcorn millet (3.03–12.34 μm) (Liu et al., 2014: Table 1). The Xiying Type II starches fall within the reported shape and size ranges of millet starches (Fig. 3:4,5; cf. Fig. 4:4,5). In addition, the enzymatic damage patterns of the Xiying starches closely resemble those observed in experimentally fermented foxtail and broomcorn millet samples in our reference data base (Fig. 3:6; cf. Fig. 4:5; Table 1).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.431524+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN113", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Xiying phytolith morphotypes (1–7) and modern reference (8). \n(1) Bilobate; (2) common bulliform; (3) Phragmite bulliform; (4) xylem tracheary element with helical wall thickening; (5) epidermis; (6) microcharcoal; (7) elongate \nentire; (8) xylem tracheary element with helical wall thickening from modern taro sample.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "xiying", "quote": "epage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ara\n\nFull length article\nIdentifying fermented alcoholic beverages from early Neolithic pottery at\nXiying shell midden site on Pingtan Island of Southeast China\nLi Liu a,b,*, Yahui He b, Wei Ge c,e,**, Ran Chen b,d, Wenjie Zhang e, Xuechun Fan f\na Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA\nb Stanford Archaeolog", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "19ea74d66e6fc43a5a480e353c6d6cb40bf44bdab32ba0d2c388d50ccca0ab21" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S280_37c6aaecb840_S280-F05", "paper_key": "S280_37c6aaecb840", "paper_id": "S280", "number": "5", "caption_original": "FIGURE 5    |    Main microfossils found form the liquid in the vase: (a, a’; b, b’) Type 1 starch grains from Trib. Paniceae; (c, c’) Type 2 starch grain \nfrom foxtail millet; (d, d’) Type 3 starch grain from Triticeae; (e, e’) Type 4 starch grain form rice; (f–i) fungal cleistothecia (white arrows); (j–l) \nArtemisia spp. pollen; (m) Ω-­type with regularly arranged papillae from foxtail millet; (n) Ω-­type from foxtail millet; (o–q) OPAQUE PERFORATED \nPLATELETS from Asteraceae; (r) epidermal cells with stomata; (s) ELONGATE-­ECHINATE; (t) SMOOTH-­ELONGATE; (u) BULLIFORM \nFLABELLATE; (v) WAVY TRAPEZOID; (w) SHORT SADDLE; (x–z) BILOBATE; (aa–ac) RONDEL; scar bar: 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "57aa94af90e9a68e4d785bd4bf5227c6ae825e8264b6a647e3dc684744905cf0", "image_bytes": 13813342, "sites": [ "CN208" ], "caption_zh": "图5 器物内液体中发现的主要微体化石：（a， a′； b， b′） 来自黍族（Trib. 黍族（Paniceae））的类型1淀粉粒；（c， c′） 来自粟的类型2淀粉粒；（d， d′） 来自小麦族（Triticeae）的类型3淀粉粒；（e， e′） 来自水稻的类型4淀粉粒；（f–i） 真菌闭果（白色箭头）；（j–l） 蒲公英属（Artemisia spp.）花粉；（m） 来自粟的Ω型，具有规则排列的乳突；（n） 来自粟的Ω型；（o–q） 来自菊科（Asteraceae）的不透明孔板状结构；（r） 具气孔的表皮细胞；（s） 刺棒型；（t） 平滑棒型；（u） 扇型；（v） 齿型；（w） 短鞍状；（x–z） 哑铃型；（aa–ac） 帽型；标尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "FIGURE 5    |    Main microfossils found form the liquid in the vase: (a, a′; b, b′) Type 1 starch grains from Trib. panicgrass tribe (Paniceae); (c, c′) Type 2 starch grain \nfrom foxtail millet; (d, d′) Type 3 starch grain from wheat tribe (Triticeae); (e, e′) Type 4 starch grain form rice; (f–i) fungal cleistothecia (white arrows); (j–l) \nArtemisia spp. pollen; (m) Ω-type with regularly arranged papillae from foxtail millet; (n) Ω-type from foxtail millet; (o–q) OPAQUE PERFORATED \nPLATELETS from Asteraceae; (r) epidermal cells with stomata; (s) ELONGATE-ECHINATE; (t) SMOOTH-ELONGATE; (u) BULLIFORM \nFLABELLATE; (v) WAVY TRAPEZOID; (w) SHORT SADDLE; (x–z) BILOBATE; (aa–ac) RONDEL; scar bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "器物内液体中发现的主要微化石", "title_en": "Main microfossils found in the liquid inside the vase", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/57aa94af90e9a68e4d785bd4.png", "image_url": "media/S280_37c6aaecb840_S280-F05.png?v=57aa94af90e9", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "A total of five starch granules were identified in the sealed chicken drumstick shaped vase (Figure 5a–e). Based on their morphological characteristics, these granules were classified into four distinct types. Type 1 (n = 2) exhibited a smooth sur- face, polygonal to nearly circular shape, prominent extinction arms in a near-vertical orientation, and a central navel with a straight crack, with an average particle size of 22.58 μm. Type 2 (n = 1) was characterized by a polyhedral shape, concave navel, no visible layering, and perpendicular extinction arms, with a particle size of 21.20 μm. Type 3 (n = 1) was nearly circular with a lens-shaped side, no central navel cracks, visible layered pat- terns, and “X”-shaped dispersed extinction arms, with a particle size of 18.45 μm. Type 4 (n = 1) had a polyhedral shape, closed navel, sharp contact surfaces, no obvious cracks or layers, and “X”-shaped extinction arms under polarized light, with a parti- cle size of 8.23 μm (Appendix S9). Comparative analysis of mor- phology, grain size, and existing studies suggests that these four types of starch originate from Trib. Paniceae (n = 2), foxtail mil- let (Setaria italic) (n = 1), Triticeae (n = 1), and rice (Oryza sativa) (n = 1), respectively (Ge et al. 2010; Yang et al. 2016; Yang and Perry 2013).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "A total of 211 phytoliths are identified across 12 distinct mor- photypes within 100 fields of view, including Ω-type from in- florescence bracts of foxtail millet, OPAQUE PERFORATED PLATELETS from Asteraceae, BULLIFORM FLABELLATE, SMOOTH-ELONGATE, ELONGATE-ECHINATE, ACICULAR, BILOBATE, SHORT SADDLE, RONDEL, WAVY TRAPEZOID, and other epidermal cells. Among these, the calculable con- centrations were 6.79 grains/mL for Ω-shaped and 413.96 grains/mL for OPAQUE PERFORATED PLATELETS from Asteraceae. Additionally, 145 round cleistothecia from fungi (with a calculated concentration of 492 grains/mL), and eight Artemisia spp. pollen grains (27.14 grains/mL) are observed in the same 100 fields of view (Figure 5f–ac; Appendix S9).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 8, "quote": "Ancient DNA analysis in this study revealed that Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, dominate the bacterial community, whereas Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are prevalent among fungi, and Thaumarchaeota are prominent in the archaeal population of the chicken drumstick shaped vase (Figure 4). Existing stud- ies have identified Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes as the predominant bacterial phyla in mod- ern cellar mud, mash, and liquor (Duan 2016; Huang, Huang, et al. 2017; Huang, Xiong, et al. 2017; Xiu et al. 2012; Yang et al. 2017). In the context of fungal microbiology, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, along with Aspergillus species, dominate the modern brewing process. These microorganisms have been reported to account for relative abundances of 98.95% and 99.67% in flavor compound formation within Chinese yellow wine (Mou 2015). Certain fungal genera including Aspergillus, Mucor, Fusarium, and Alternaria have been identified at vary- ing abundance levels across different Chinese yellow wine starter samples (Cao et al. 2008; Fang et al. 2006; Niu 2020). Notably, our investigation revealed a high concentration of Ascomycota cleistothecia in the liquid (Figure 5f–i), linked to qu brewing fermentation (Liu et al. 2019, 2024), aligning with ancient DNA analysis results. The dominant bacterial phyla, including Archaea, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Acidobacteria consistently identified in modern rice wine soak- ing water, sake rice qu, and Baijiu pit mud, were also detect- able in the ancient DNA of the chicken drumstick shaped vase liquid, with ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.490464+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN208", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "FIGURE 5    |    Main microfossils found form the liquid in the vase: (a, a’; b, b’) Type 1 starch grains from Trib. Paniceae; (c, c’) Type 2 starch grain \nfrom foxtail millet; (d, d’) Type 3 starch grain from Triticeae; (e, e’) Type 4 starch grain form rice; (f–i) fungal cleistothecia (white arrows); (j–l) \nArtemisia spp. pollen; (m) Ω-­type with regularly arranged papillae from foxtail millet; (n) Ω-­type from foxtail millet; (o–q) OPAQUE PERFORATED \nPLATELETS from Asteraceae; (r) epidermal cells with stomata; (s) ELONGATE-­ECHINATE; (t) SMOOTH-­ELONGATE; (u) BULLIFORM \nFLABELLATE; (v) WAVY TRAPEZOID; (w) SHORT SADDLE; (x–z) BILOBATE; (aa–ac) RONDEL; scar bar: 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Tianjin", "quote": "and Technology of China, Hefei, China  |  2Yancheng Institute\nof Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology, Yancheng, China  |  3Tianjin Cultural Heritage Protection Center, Tianjin, China  |  4Anhui Modern\nAgricultural Development Center, Hefei, China\n\nCorrespondence: Wuhong Luo (lwh0551@ustc.edu.cn)  |  Chenglong Yin (yinchenglong2008@126.com)\nReceived: 2 January 2026  |  Revised: 27 Februar", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "37c6aaecb84008043c339024d40736ccee6154128cc7c7fbb73db99a35c83326" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S281_49cf9ff69889_S281-F04", "paper_key": "S281_49cf9ff69889", "paper_id": "S281", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Figure 4. Representative starch damage patterns produced by malt-based and qu-based brew-\ning methods. (1–4) Damage caused by enzymatic hydrolysis, including pitting, deep fissures, ex-\nposed lamellae, broken edges (pointed by red arrow), loss of birefringence, and central depressions.\n(5,6) Damage associated with mashing, including mild gelatinization and hollowed centers sur-\nrounded by relatively intact peripheries (“pizza crust-shaped”). (7–9) Gelatinization damage caused\nby cooking, including swollen granules with loss of birefringence and the formation of large aggre-\ngates. (Modified from [48] (Figures 5 and 7)).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 9 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ed7954295ddddf49f6e2558a2d8860dddc85633af49a61d2799c6f6864d01a31", "image_bytes": 1815647, "sites": [ "CN031" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 由麦芽基和曲基酿造方法产生的代表性淀粉损伤模式。 （1–4） 由酶水解引起的损伤，包括坑洞、深裂纹、暴露的层纹、断裂边缘（红色箭头所示）、双折射消失以及中心凹陷。（5，6） 与糊化相关的损伤，包括轻度糊化和周围相对完整、中心空洞的结构（呈“披萨外皮状”）。（7–9） 由烹煮引起的糊化损伤，包括膨胀的淀粉粒、双折射消失以及大聚合体的形成。（改编自[48]（图5和图7））", "caption_en": "Figure 4. Representative starch damage patterns produced by malt-based and qu-based brew-\ning methods. (1–4) Damage caused by enzymatic hydrolysis, including pitting, deep fissures, ex-\nposed lamellae, broken edges (pointed by red arrow), loss of birefringence, and central depressions.\n(5,6) Damage associated with mashing, including mild gelatinization and hollowed centers sur-\nrounded by relatively intact peripheries (“pizza crust-shaped”). (7–9) Gelatinization damage caused\nby cooking, including swollen granules with loss of birefringence and the formation of large aggre-\ngates. (Modified from [48] (Figures 5 and 7)).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "麦芽与曲酿造方法引起的淀粉损伤模式", "title_en": "Starch Damage Patterns from Malt- and Qu-Based Brewing Methods", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ed7954295ddddf49f6e2558a.png", "image_url": "media/S281_49cf9ff69889_S281-F04.png?v=ed7954295ddd", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "Experimental studies have shown that starch granules in malt-based brewing un- dergo enzymatic hydrolysis during grain germination, followed by additional modification during mashing. These processes produce a series of distinctive microscopic alterations, including pitting, deep fissures, exposed lamellae, broken edges, loss of birefringence, central depressions, mild gelatinization, and hollowed centers surrounded by relatively intact peripheries. The latter two morphologies, particularly the “pizza crust-shaped” form, are especially characteristic of Triticeae (wheat and barley) starch granules subjected to mashing at 65–70 ◦C [48] (Figure 4). In traditional North Shaanxi millet beer, we identified three characteristic types of damaged starch granules: enzymatically digested starches produced during grain germination, “pizza crust-shaped” starches formed during mashing, and heavily gelatinized aggregates resulting from steaming. In contrast, qu was traditionally prepared from uncooked or semi-cooked cereals (such as rice or wheat) inoculated with fungal cultures and subsequently combined with boiled or steamed starchy ingredients to initiate saccharification and fermentation [2,3] (Figure 3). Experimental and ethnographic studies of qu-based brewing have shown that the resulting fermented beverages contained diverse microbial communities [50,60,61]. Starch granules from the uncooked ingredients used in the qu starter exhibit damage caused by enzymatic hydrolysis, similar to that observed in malted cereals, whereas starch gelatinization caused by high-temperature cooking ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 13, "quote": "hydrolysis; (4) Type II, Panicoideae; (5) Type III, Job’s tears showing a zig-zag arm on the extinction cross (pointed by arrow); (6) Type II, damaged Panicoideae starch, consistent with mashing; (7) Type IV, Triticeae; (8) Type IV, damaged Triticeae starch, showing deep channels, broken edge related to enzymatic hydrolysis; (9) Type IV, Triticeae mildly gelatinized starch, consistent with mashing; (10–12) Type V, snake gourd root, bell-shaped, polygonal, and round; (13) Type VI, foxnut; (14) Type VII, yam; (15) Type VIII, ginger; (16) Type IX, tuber; (17) UNID; (18) gelatinized mass.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 13, "quote": "Type I rice starches (Oryza sp.) were identified in 13 vessels, making them the most ubiquitous starch type in the assemblage (86.7% ubiquity). They typically occurred as compound starches composed of multiple small polygonal granules. A total of 94 rice compound starches and isolated single granules were recorded, accounting for 20.8% of the total assemblage. Measurements of 142 individual granules yielded sizes ranging from 2.9 to 7.04 μm (mean = 4.72 μm), consistent with those of modern reference rice starches", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 14, "quote": "Type II Panicoideae taxa starches were recovered in seven vessels (n = 31; 6.9% of the total assemblage; 46.7% ubiquity). The granules are small and predominantly polygonal, with a few spherical forms, ranging in size from 7.65 to 18.88 μm (mean = 12.10 μm). Their morphology and size range are consistent with several Panicoideae taxa, including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), barnyard grass (Echinochloa sp.), and small granules of Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (Figure 5: 4; cf. Figure 6: 2–5; Figure 7). Consequently, individual granules cannot be assigned confidently to a more specific taxon based on starch morphology alone. However, phytolith analysis provides complementary information that permits more confident taxonomic interpretation (see below). Carbonized barnyard grass seeds have previously been recovered from Jiahu [62], and Job’s tears starches have been identified at the nearby Lingjing (ca. 14,000–11,000 cal. BP) and Shunshanji (ca. 8500–7000 cal. BP) sites in the Ying River region [63]. Although millet micro- and macrobotanical remains have been reported from several Peiligang culture sites (ca. 8000–7000 cal. BP), including Tanghu [64] and Peiligang [65], this study provides the first evidence for millet starch remains at Jiahu. Type III Job’s tears starch (Coix lacryma-jobi) was recorded in one vessel (n = 1; 0.2% of the total assemblage; 6.7% ubiquity). The granule is polygonal, with a linear fissure, and exhibits a zigzag-shaped extinction cross, a diagnostic characteristic of Job’s tears starch. Its size (18.41 μm)", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.549407+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN031", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 9 ], "quote": "Figure 4. Representative starch damage patterns produced by malt-based and qu-based brew-\ning methods. (1–4) Damage caused by enzymatic hydrolysis, including pitting, deep fissures, ex-\nposed lamellae, broken edges (pointed by red arrow), loss of birefringence, and central depressions.\n(5,6) Damage associated with mashing, including mild gelatinization and hollowed centers sur-\nrounded by relatively intact peripheries (“pizza crust-shaped”). (7–9) Gelatinization damage caused\nby cooking, including swollen granules with loss of birefringence and the formation of large aggre-\ngates. (Modified from [48] (Figures 5 and 7)).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiahu", "quote": "Article\nRevisiting Jiahu’s 9000-Year-Old Fermented Beverage: New\nMicrofossil Evidence for Early Qu-Based and Malt-Based\nBrewing Technologies in North China\n\nLi Liu 1,2,* , Yahui He 2 , Jingpu Li 1,2 , Juzhong Zhang 3 and Wuhong Luo 3", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "49cf9ff698895f1d6238244e3c6653f5612816983bf4e05a31e11a9bed196593" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S281_49cf9ff69889_S281-F05", "paper_key": "S281_49cf9ff69889", "paper_id": "S281", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Figure 5. Representative starch morphotypes from Jiahu pottery samples. (1–3) Type I, rice com-\npounds and single granule, showing weak birefringence and hollowed center related to enzymatic", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "70f151cc9e6a81d6a49f9424e9ad7efe1b37e7a6e650723a7f8c63e9ad7c83cd", "image_bytes": 7209123, "sites": [ "CN031" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 贾湖遗址陶器样品中代表性淀粉形态。 （1–3） 类型I，水稻化合物及单个淀粉粒，表现出弱双折射和中心空腔，与酶促作用相关。（4）II型，黍亚科（Panicoideae）；（5）III型，薏苡（Job’s tears），其消光十字上可见锯齿状臂（箭头所指）；（6）II型，受损的黍亚科淀粉粒，与糖化过程相符；（7）IV型，小麦族（Triticeae）；（8）IV型，受损的小麦族淀粉粒，可见深沟槽及与酶解相关的破碎边缘；（9）IV型，轻度糊化的小麦族淀粉粒，与糖化过程相符；（10–12）V型，蛇瓜根（snake gourd root），呈钟形、多边形及圆形；（13）VI型，芡实（foxnut）；（14）VII型，山药（yam）；（15）VIII型，姜（ginger）；（16）IX型，块茎类（tuber）；（17）未鉴定（UNID）；（18）糊化团块（gelatinized mass）。", "caption_en": "Figure 5. Representative starch morphotypes from Jiahu pottery samples. (1–3) Type I, rice com-\npounds and single granule, showing weak birefringence and hollowed center related to enzymatic", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "贾湖陶器样品代表性淀粉形态", "title_en": "Representative Starch Morphotypes from Jiahu Pottery Samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/70f151cc9e6a81d6a49f9424.png", "image_url": "media/S281_49cf9ff69889_S281-F05.png?v=70f151cc9e6a", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 14, "quote": "Type II Panicoideae taxa starches were recovered in seven vessels (n = 31; 6.9% of the total assemblage; 46.7% ubiquity). The granules are small and predominantly polygonal, with a few spherical forms, ranging in size from 7.65 to 18.88 μm (mean = 12.10 μm). Their morphology and size range are consistent with several Panicoideae taxa, including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), barnyard grass (Echinochloa sp.), and small granules of Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (Figure 5: 4; cf. Figure 6: 2–5; Figure 7). Consequently, individual granules cannot be assigned confidently to a more specific taxon based on starch morphology alone. However, phytolith analysis provides complementary information that permits more confident taxonomic interpretation (see below). Carbonized barnyard grass seeds have previously been recovered from Jiahu [62], and Job’s tears starches have been identified at the nearby Lingjing (ca. 14,000–11,000 cal. BP) and Shunshanji (ca. 8500–7000 cal. BP) sites in the Ying River region [63]. Although millet micro- and macrobotanical remains have been reported from several Peiligang culture sites (ca. 8000–7000 cal. BP), including Tanghu [64] and Peiligang [65], this study provides the first evidence for millet starch remains at Jiahu. Type III Job’s tears starch (Coix lacryma-jobi) was recorded in one vessel (n = 1; 0.2% of the total assemblage; 6.7% ubiquity). The granule is polygonal, with a linear fissure, and exhibits a zigzag-shaped extinction cross, a diagnostic characteristic of Job’s tears starch. Its size (18.41 μm)", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 15, "quote": "8–10). Several Triticeae genera, including Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus, are widely dis- tributed across North China [66]. The Type IV granules range in size from 8.98 to 38.16 μm (mean = 23.96 μm), consistent with modern reference starches of these wild Triticeae taxa (Figure 7). Starches attributed to wild Triticeae grasses have also been reported from multiple Early and Middle Holocene sites in the Huai River region [63]. Type V starches, identified as snake gourd root (Trichosanthes kirilowii), were docu- mented from three vessels (n = 33; 7.3% of the total assemblage; 20.0% ubiquity). The starch granules range in size from 3.97 to 24.04 μm (mean = 10.01 μm) and exhibit diverse morphologies, including bell-shaped, spherical, oval, and polygonal forms. The hilum is typically eccentric, and the extinction cross often displays bent arms. These character- istics are consistent in both morphology and size with modern reference starches from snake gourd roots (Figure 5: 10–12; cf. Figure 6: 11; Figure 7). Snake gourd is widely distributed across North China, and its root starches have been identified at Lingjing (ca. 14,000–11,000 cal. BP) and Shunshanji (ca. 8500–7000 cal. BP) sites in the Huai River valley [63], suggesting a long history of use as a food resource. Type VI starches, identified as foxnut, the seed of prickly water lily (Euryale ferox), were observed in a single vessel (n = 4; 0.9% of the total assemblage; 6.7% ubiquity). These occur as round compound starch aggregates ranging in size from 16.97 to 34.14 μm (mean = 22.86 μm), composed of tightly packed small ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 12, "quote": "A total of 452 starch granules were recovered, of which 209 (46.2% of the total) were assigned to nine taxonomically diagnostic types. Slightly more than half of the assemblage (n = 243; 53.8%) was classified as unidentifiable (UNID) granules or gelatinized masses because the starches were too damaged, gelatinized, or lacked diagnostic morphological features (Table 3). Most starches (n = 356; 78.8% of the total) exhibit various forms of damage, which can be classified into three categories comparable to experimentally altered starches in our reference database. (1) Enzymatic hydrolysis (n = 24; 5.3% of the total), characterized by random pitting, deep channels, broken edges, central depressions, and the loss of extinction crosses, while retaining weak birefringence (Figure 5: 1, 2, 4, 8; cf. Figure 6: 1, 6, 9). Such alterations may result from several processes, including brewing. (2) Brewing- related processing, including mashing and fermentation (n = 119; 26.3% of the total). Some granules from Panicoideae taxa and Triticeae exhibit hollowed centers with better-preserved peripheries and mild gelatinization, whereas the individual starch granules within rice compound appear blurred or absent, with only a few remaining recognizable (Figure 5: 2, 6, 9; cf. Figure 6: 7, 10). (3) High-temperature gelatinization (steaming or boiling; n = 213; 47.1% of the total), characterized by uniformly expanded surfaces, with starch grains often fused into large masses (Figure 5: 18; cf. Figure 6: 15, 16).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 13, "quote": "hydrolysis; (4) Type II, Panicoideae; (5) Type III, Job’s tears showing a zig-zag arm on the extinction cross (pointed by arrow); (6) Type II, damaged Panicoideae starch, consistent with mashing; (7) Type IV, Triticeae; (8) Type IV, damaged Triticeae starch, showing deep channels, broken edge related to enzymatic hydrolysis; (9) Type IV, Triticeae mildly gelatinized starch, consistent with mashing; (10–12) Type V, snake gourd root, bell-shaped, polygonal, and round; (13) Type VI, foxnut; (14) Type VII, yam; (15) Type VIII, ginger; (16) Type IX, tuber; (17) UNID; (18) gelatinized mass.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.603277+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN031", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 12 ], "quote": "Figure 5. Representative starch morphotypes from Jiahu pottery samples. (1–3) Type I, rice com-\npounds and single granule, showing weak birefringence and hollowed center related to enzymatic", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiahu", "quote": "Article\nRevisiting Jiahu’s 9000-Year-Old Fermented Beverage: New\nMicrofossil Evidence for Early Qu-Based and Malt-Based\nBrewing Technologies in North China\n\nLi Liu 1,2,* , Yahui He 2 , Jingpu Li 1,2 , Juzhong Zhang 3 and Wuhong Luo 3", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "49cf9ff698895f1d6238244e3c6653f5612816983bf4e05a31e11a9bed196593" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S281_49cf9ff69889_S281-F06", "paper_key": "S281_49cf9ff69889", "paper_id": "S281", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Figure 6. Modern starch comparative references. (1) rice Oryza sativa, fermented; (2) barnyard grass\nEchinochloa colonum; (3) broomcorn millet Panicum miliaceum; (4) foxtail millet Setaria italica; (5) Job’s\ntears Coix lacryma-jobi (arrow pointing to the zig-zag arm); (6) sprouted broomcorn millet, showing\nenzymatic hydrolysis; (7) fermented millet, showing hollowed center with better preserved periphery\nand mild gelatinization; (8) wheat grass Agropyron cristatum; (9) wheat Triticum aestivum starch in\nqu starter, showing enzymatic hydrolysis; (10) mashed wheat grass Agropyron sp., showing mild\ngelatinization and more damaged center; (11) snake gourd Trichosanthes cucumerina; (12) foxnut\nEuryale ferox; (13) yam Dioscorea polystachya; (14) ginger Zingiber officinale; (15) fermented, gelatinized\nrice; (16) fermented, gelatinized broomcorn millet.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 13 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "8150693b3339a481c4628ccda96b883fb4d919db7238f44625913d6a01f6f5c9", "image_bytes": 5288656, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图6. 现代淀粉比较参考。 （1） 水稻（Oryza sativa），发酵；（2） 稗 无芒稗（Echinochloa colonum）；（3） 黍 （Panicum miliaceum）；（4） 粟（Setaria italica） ；（5） 薏苡 （Coix lacryma-jobi，箭头指向锯齿状臂）；（6） 发芽黍，显示酶解作用；（7） 发酵的黍，显示中心空洞，外围保存较好且轻微糊化；（8） 小麦草 冰草（Agropyron cristatum）；（9） 普通小麦 （Triticum aestivum） 淀粉在启动剂中，显示酶解作用；（10） 研磨的小麦草 冰草属（Agropyron sp.），显示轻微糊化和中心更严重的破坏；（11） 青藤 蛇瓜（Trichosanthes cucumerina）；（12） 芡实（Euryale ferox）；（13） 山药 Dioscorea polystachya；（14） 姜（Zingiber officinale）；（15） 发酵并糊化的米；（16） 发酵并糊化的黍。", "caption_en": "Figure 6. Modern starch comparative references. (1) rice Oryza sativa, fermented; (2) barnyard grass\njungle rice (Echinochloa colonum); (3) broomcorn millet Panicum miliaceum; (4) foxtail millet Setaria italica; (5) Job’s\ntears Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (arrow pointing to the zig-zag arm); (6) sprouted broomcorn millet, showing\nenzymatic hydrolysis; (7) fermented millet, showing hollowed center with better preserved periphery\nand mild gelatinization; (8) wheat grass crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum); (9) wheat Triticum aestivum starch in\nqu starter, showing enzymatic hydrolysis; (10) mashed wheat grass wheatgrasses (Agropyron sp.), showing mild\ngelatinization and more damaged center; (11) snake gourd Trichosanthes cucumerina; (12) foxnut\nfox nut (Euryale ferox); (13) yam Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya); (14) ginger Zingiber officinale; (15) fermented, gelatinized\nrice; (16) fermented, gelatinized broomcorn millet.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉比较参考", "title_en": "Modern Starch Comparative References", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/8150693b3339a481c4628ccd.png", "image_url": "media/S281_49cf9ff69889_S281-F06.png?v=8150693b3339", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 14, "quote": "Type II Panicoideae taxa starches were recovered in seven vessels (n = 31; 6.9% of the total assemblage; 46.7% ubiquity). The granules are small and predominantly polygonal, with a few spherical forms, ranging in size from 7.65 to 18.88 μm (mean = 12.10 μm). Their morphology and size range are consistent with several Panicoideae taxa, including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), barnyard grass (Echinochloa sp.), and small granules of Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (Figure 5: 4; cf. Figure 6: 2–5; Figure 7). Consequently, individual granules cannot be assigned confidently to a more specific taxon based on starch morphology alone. However, phytolith analysis provides complementary information that permits more confident taxonomic interpretation (see below). Carbonized barnyard grass seeds have previously been recovered from Jiahu [62], and Job’s tears starches have been identified at the nearby Lingjing (ca. 14,000–11,000 cal. BP) and Shunshanji (ca. 8500–7000 cal. BP) sites in the Ying River region [63]. Although millet micro- and macrobotanical remains have been reported from several Peiligang culture sites (ca. 8000–7000 cal. BP), including Tanghu [64] and Peiligang [65], this study provides the first evidence for millet starch remains at Jiahu. Type III Job’s tears starch (Coix lacryma-jobi) was recorded in one vessel (n = 1; 0.2% of the total assemblage; 6.7% ubiquity). The granule is polygonal, with a linear fissure, and exhibits a zigzag-shaped extinction cross, a diagnostic characteristic of Job’s tears starch. Its size (18.41 μm)", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 15, "quote": "8–10). Several Triticeae genera, including Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus, are widely dis- tributed across North China [66]. The Type IV granules range in size from 8.98 to 38.16 μm (mean = 23.96 μm), consistent with modern reference starches of these wild Triticeae taxa (Figure 7). Starches attributed to wild Triticeae grasses have also been reported from multiple Early and Middle Holocene sites in the Huai River region [63]. Type V starches, identified as snake gourd root (Trichosanthes kirilowii), were docu- mented from three vessels (n = 33; 7.3% of the total assemblage; 20.0% ubiquity). The starch granules range in size from 3.97 to 24.04 μm (mean = 10.01 μm) and exhibit diverse morphologies, including bell-shaped, spherical, oval, and polygonal forms. The hilum is typically eccentric, and the extinction cross often displays bent arms. These character- istics are consistent in both morphology and size with modern reference starches from snake gourd roots (Figure 5: 10–12; cf. Figure 6: 11; Figure 7). Snake gourd is widely distributed across North China, and its root starches have been identified at Lingjing (ca. 14,000–11,000 cal. BP) and Shunshanji (ca. 8500–7000 cal. BP) sites in the Huai River valley [63], suggesting a long history of use as a food resource. Type VI starches, identified as foxnut, the seed of prickly water lily (Euryale ferox), were observed in a single vessel (n = 4; 0.9% of the total assemblage; 6.7% ubiquity). These occur as round compound starch aggregates ranging in size from 16.97 to 34.14 μm (mean = 22.86 μm), composed of tightly packed small ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 12, "quote": "A total of 452 starch granules were recovered, of which 209 (46.2% of the total) were assigned to nine taxonomically diagnostic types. Slightly more than half of the assemblage (n = 243; 53.8%) was classified as unidentifiable (UNID) granules or gelatinized masses because the starches were too damaged, gelatinized, or lacked diagnostic morphological features (Table 3). Most starches (n = 356; 78.8% of the total) exhibit various forms of damage, which can be classified into three categories comparable to experimentally altered starches in our reference database. (1) Enzymatic hydrolysis (n = 24; 5.3% of the total), characterized by random pitting, deep channels, broken edges, central depressions, and the loss of extinction crosses, while retaining weak birefringence (Figure 5: 1, 2, 4, 8; cf. Figure 6: 1, 6, 9). Such alterations may result from several processes, including brewing. (2) Brewing- related processing, including mashing and fermentation (n = 119; 26.3% of the total). Some granules from Panicoideae taxa and Triticeae exhibit hollowed centers with better-preserved peripheries and mild gelatinization, whereas the individual starch granules within rice compound appear blurred or absent, with only a few remaining recognizable (Figure 5: 2, 6, 9; cf. Figure 6: 7, 10). (3) High-temperature gelatinization (steaming or boiling; n = 213; 47.1% of the total), characterized by uniformly expanded surfaces, with starch grains often fused into large masses (Figure 5: 18; cf. Figure 6: 15, 16).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 13, "quote": "hydrolysis; (4) Type II, Panicoideae; (5) Type III, Job’s tears showing a zig-zag arm on the extinction cross (pointed by arrow); (6) Type II, damaged Panicoideae starch, consistent with mashing; (7) Type IV, Triticeae; (8) Type IV, damaged Triticeae starch, showing deep channels, broken edge related to enzymatic hydrolysis; (9) Type IV, Triticeae mildly gelatinized starch, consistent with mashing; (10–12) Type V, snake gourd root, bell-shaped, polygonal, and round; (13) Type VI, foxnut; (14) Type VII, yam; (15) Type VIII, ginger; (16) Type IX, tuber; (17) UNID; (18) gelatinized mass.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.648037+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S281_49cf9ff69889_S281-F09", "paper_key": "S281_49cf9ff69889", "paper_id": "S281", "number": "9", "caption_original": "Figure 9. Representative phytolith morphotypes from Jiahu pottery. (1) Rodel; (2) saddle; (3) bilo-\nbate; (4) cross; (5) hair cell; (6) Phragmites bulliform; (7) common bulliform; (8) elongate sinuate;\n(9) Ω-type millet husk; (10) η-type broomcorn millet husk; (11) possible β-type barnyard grass husk;\n(12) dendriform Triticeae husk; (13) rice double-peaked; (14) elongate crenate; (15) tracheary; (16) Opaque\nperforated platelets.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 20 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "4d86ab0648f29c3b8d3074ed02d72fb9220e59bbf97d36cd5e81d2ce2df10c8c", "image_bytes": 6779900, "sites": [ "CN031" ], "caption_zh": "图9. 贾湖陶器中代表性植硅体形态。 （1） 帽型；（2） 鞍型；（3） 哑铃型；（4） 十字型；（5） 尖型；（6） 芦苇盾形；（7） 常见扇形；（8） 表皮细胞；（9） Ω型粟壳；（10） η型黍壳；（11） 可能的β型稗壳；（12） 分枝状小麦族壳；（13） 水稻双峰形；（14） 稃壳植硅体；（15） 导管；（16） 不透明孔状板片。", "caption_en": "Figure 9. Representative phytolith morphotypes from Jiahu pottery. (1) Rodel; (2) saddle; (3) bilo-\nbate; (4) cross; (5) hair cell; (6) reeds (Phragmites) bulliform; (7) common bulliform; (8) elongate sinuate;\n(9) Ω-type millet husk; (10) η-type broomcorn millet husk; (11) possible β-type barnyard grass husk;\n(12) dendriform wheat tribe (Triticeae) husk; (13) rice double-peaked; (14) elongate crenate; (15) tracheary; (16) Opaque\nperforated platelets.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "贾湖陶器代表性植硅体形态", "title_en": "Representative phytolith morphotypes from Jiahu pottery", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/4d86ab0648f29c3b8d3074ed.png", "image_url": "media/S281_49cf9ff69889_S281-F09.png?v=4d86ab0648f2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 18, "quote": "A total of 337 phytoliths were recovered from 15 vessels. Most phytoliths were concentrated in two vessels, P4 bottle (n = 204) and P8 jar (n = 62), whereas each of the remaining vessels contained only 1–12 phytoliths. The phytolith assemblage is dominated by morphotypes associated with Poaceae. The phytolith assemblage from P4 bottle is morphologically diverse and includes elongate forms, bilobates, saddles, common bulliforms, Phragmites bulliforms, hair cells, and opaque perfo- rated platelets. In contrast, P8 jar contains primarily husk phytoliths, most of which are highly fragmentary and can therefore only be broadly assigned to the Paniceae tribe. However, a few specimens can be tentatively identified as broomcorn millet η-type (n = 4), foxtail millet Ω-type (n = 1), possible barnyard grass β-type (n = 3), and Triticeae dendriform phytoliths (n = 1). In addition, crenate or columellate phytoliths derived from grass seed husks or inflorescences were also identified (n = 9) (Table 5; Figure 9). The presence of husk phytoliths from two millet taxa and possibly barnyard grass is consistent with the identification of Panicoideae starch granules that may have derived from these taxa. The P8 jar sample also contained abundant microcharcoal fragments, indicating repeated exposure to high-temperature heating.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 20, "quote": "These contrasting phytolith assemblages indicate that different categories of plant materials were probably processed in these two vessels. P4 bottle appears to have contained leafy plant materials, whereas P8 jar was more directly associated with cereal processing. Notably, most phytoliths recovered from P8 jar exhibit varying degrees of discoloration, ranging from light brown to dark brown or black (Figure 9: 9–11, 14), most likely resulting from heat-induced alteration [73,74]. The sand-tempered fabric of the P8 jar (Supplementary Materials Table S2), together with the abundant microcharcoal fragments and heat-altered phytoliths, is consistent with repeated exposure to high temperatures. In addition, hair cells, epidermal tissues, and tracheary elements were recovered from 11 vessels (73.7%). Yeast cells and Monascus remains were observed attached to these plant tissues, suggesting that the tissues formed part of the fermented residue matrix (Figure 8: 4, 8, 9). Among the control samples, the interior of the P1 basin yielded 111 phytoliths, whereas the absence of starch granules and fungal elements. The remaining control samples from pottery exteriors and adhering soil contained only negligible numbers of phytoliths (0–3 per sample) (Table 5). Phytoliths occur in low numbers in most residue and control samples, with the ex- ception of the P4 bottle, P8 jar, and the interior of the P1 basin, where they are consid- erably more abundant. Such high phytolith concentrations likely reflect vessel-specific", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 13, "quote": "hydrolysis; (4) Type II, Panicoideae; (5) Type III, Job’s tears showing a zig-zag arm on the extinction cross (pointed by arrow); (6) Type II, damaged Panicoideae starch, consistent with mashing; (7) Type IV, Triticeae; (8) Type IV, damaged Triticeae starch, showing deep channels, broken edge related to enzymatic hydrolysis; (9) Type IV, Triticeae mildly gelatinized starch, consistent with mashing; (10–12) Type V, snake gourd root, bell-shaped, polygonal, and round; (13) Type VI, foxnut; (14) Type VII, yam; (15) Type VIII, ginger; (16) Type IX, tuber; (17) UNID; (18) gelatinized mass.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 13, "quote": "Type I rice starches (Oryza sp.) were identified in 13 vessels, making them the most ubiquitous starch type in the assemblage (86.7% ubiquity). They typically occurred as compound starches composed of multiple small polygonal granules. A total of 94 rice compound starches and isolated single granules were recorded, accounting for 20.8% of the total assemblage. Measurements of 142 individual granules yielded sizes ranging from 2.9 to 7.04 μm (mean = 4.72 μm), consistent with those of modern reference rice starches", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.758205+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN031", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 20 ], "quote": "Figure 9. Representative phytolith morphotypes from Jiahu pottery. (1) Rodel; (2) saddle; (3) bilo-\nbate; (4) cross; (5) hair cell; (6) Phragmites bulliform; (7) common bulliform; (8) elongate sinuate;\n(9) Ω-type millet husk; (10) η-type broomcorn millet husk; (11) possible β-type barnyard grass husk;\n(12) dendriform Triticeae husk; (13) rice double-peaked; (14) elongate crenate; (15) tracheary; (16) Opaque\nperforated platelets.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jiahu", "quote": "Article\nRevisiting Jiahu’s 9000-Year-Old Fermented Beverage: New\nMicrofossil Evidence for Early Qu-Based and Malt-Based\nBrewing Technologies in North China\n\nLi Liu 1,2,* , Yahui He 2 , Jingpu Li 1,2 , Juzhong Zhang 3 and Wuhong Luo 3", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "49cf9ff698895f1d6238244e3c6653f5612816983bf4e05a31e11a9bed196593" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S282_bcb209d9dd37_S282-F03", "paper_key": "S282_bcb209d9dd37", "paper_id": "S282", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch granule types identified at Miaodigou. (e.g., a, a’: Type A1; b, b’: Type A1; c, c’: Type A2; d, d’: Type B; e, e’: Type C1; f, f’: Type C2; g, g’: Type E; h, h’: Type D).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "df856addb959b0d527d9ca011adc32da49e4bae8170e0915f4d4d0b2fed13b38", "image_bytes": 3198458, "sites": [ "CN148" ], "caption_zh": "庙底沟遗址鉴定出的淀粉粒类型。a、a′和b、b′为A1型，粟/黍及其聚集形态；c、c′为A2型，薏苡属；d、d′为B型，小麦属；e、e′为C1型，莲属根茎；f、f′为C2型，块根与根茎类；g、g′为E型，豆科（Fabaceae）；h、h′为D型，栎属橡子（Quercus）。对应的明场与偏光图像成对排列。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch granule types identified at Miaodigou. (e.g., a, a′: Type A1; b, b′: Type A1; c, c′: Type A2; d, d′: Type B; e, e′: Type C1; f, f′: Type C2; g, g′: Type E; h, h′: Type D).\n\nBody-text clarification (editorial addition from the cited PDF):\na / a′: Foxtail / broomcorn millet type (PDF p. 4).\nb / b′: Aggregated starch, most likely millets; consistent with gelatinization (PDF p. 4).\nc / c′: Job’s tears type (Job’s tears, Coix lacryma-jobi) (PDF p. 4).\nd / d′: Triticeae grasses, not resolved to species (PDF p. 4).\ne / e′: Lotus (Nelumbo) rhizome (PDF p. 5).\nf / f′: Tuberous roots and rhizomes, taxonomically unresolved (PDF p. 5).\ng / g′: Legumes (legume family, Fabaceae) (PDF p. 5).\nh / h′: oaks (Quercus) acorns, species unresolved (PDF p. 5).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "庙底沟遗址检出的淀粉粒类型", "title_zh": "庙底沟遗址检出的淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch Granule Types at Miaodigou", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/df856addb959b0d527d9ca01.png", "image_url": "media/S282_bcb209d9dd37_S282-F03.png?v=df856addb959", "panel_annotations": [ { "panels": "a / a′", "type_code": "A1", "interpretation_zh": "粟/黍型，不能仅凭分图分别定为粟或黍", "interpretation_en": "Foxtail / broomcorn millet type", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "These traits match modern starch from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum)" } ], "figure_id": "S282_bcb209d9dd37_S282-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "df856addb959b0d527d9ca011adc32da49e4bae8170e0915f4d4d0b2fed13b38" }, { "panels": "b / b′", "type_code": "A1", "interpretation_zh": "聚集淀粉，最可能来自粟黍类；与糊化形态一致", "interpretation_en": "Aggregated starch, most likely millets; consistent with gelatinization", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "Morphologically, these aggregates match Type A1 and are most likely derived from millets." } ], "figure_id": "S282_bcb209d9dd37_S282-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "df856addb959b0d527d9ca011adc32da49e4bae8170e0915f4d4d0b2fed13b38" }, { "panels": "c / c′", "type_code": "A2", "interpretation_zh": "薏苡型（Coix lacryma-jobi）", "interpretation_en": "Job’s tears type (Job’s tears, Coix lacryma-jobi)", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "these granules are consistent with Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi)." } ], "figure_id": "S282_bcb209d9dd37_S282-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "df856addb959b0d527d9ca011adc32da49e4bae8170e0915f4d4d0b2fed13b38" }, { "panels": "d / d′", "type_code": "B", "interpretation_zh": "小麦族（Triticeae），未细分到种", "interpretation_en": "Triticeae grasses, not resolved to species", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 4, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "Type B is attributed to Triticeae grasses." } ], "figure_id": "S282_bcb209d9dd37_S282-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "df856addb959b0d527d9ca011adc32da49e4bae8170e0915f4d4d0b2fed13b38" }, { "panels": "e / e′", "type_code": "C1", "interpretation_zh": "莲属根茎（Nelumbo）", "interpretation_en": "Lotus (Nelumbo) rhizome", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "C1 is interpreted as lotus rhizome starch." } ], "figure_id": "S282_bcb209d9dd37_S282-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "df856addb959b0d527d9ca011adc32da49e4bae8170e0915f4d4d0b2fed13b38" }, { "panels": "f / f′", "type_code": "C2", "interpretation_zh": "块根与根茎类，未进一步分类", "interpretation_en": "Tuberous roots and rhizomes, taxonomically unresolved", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "C2 is assigned more broadly to tuberous roots and rhizomes without further taxonomic resolution." } ], "figure_id": "S282_bcb209d9dd37_S282-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "df856addb959b0d527d9ca011adc32da49e4bae8170e0915f4d4d0b2fed13b38" }, { "panels": "g / g′", "type_code": "E", "interpretation_zh": "豆科（Fabaceae），未细分到属种", "interpretation_en": "Legumes (legume family, Fabaceae)", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "On this basis, Type E is assigned to legumes." } ], "figure_id": "S282_bcb209d9dd37_S282-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "df856addb959b0d527d9ca011adc32da49e4bae8170e0915f4d4d0b2fed13b38" }, { "panels": "h / h′", "type_code": "D", "interpretation_zh": "栎属橡子（Quercus），未区分物种", "interpretation_en": "oaks (Quercus) acorns, species unresolved", "uncertainty": "按原作者的类型解释；不将形态组提高为更细的物种鉴定。", "status": "body_mapping_source_checked", "evidence": [ { "page": 5, "section": "正文类型解释", "quote": "this morphotype is attributed to Quercus acorns." } ], "figure_id": "S282_bcb209d9dd37_S282-F03", "material_context": "ancient", "material_image_sha256": "df856addb959b0d527d9ca011adc32da49e4bae8170e0915f4d4d0b2fed13b38" } ], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "In addition, 12 occurrences of aggregated starch were observed (Fig. 3b–b'). Individual granule outlines remain visible in places and extinction crosses are partially preserved, although they are severely degraded and obscured. Morphologically, these aggregates match Type A1 and are most likely derived from millets. Heating experiments show that boiling foxtail and broomcorn millet in water causes granule swelling, progressive loss of extinction crosses, and the formation of aggregates that are distinct from natural compound granules(Ge et al., 2010a,b). With continued heating, granules lose their polygonal out lines, appear subround, and eventually lose all visible contours, becoming uniformly dark under crossed polars. The Miaodigou aggre gates are consistent with this pattern of gelatinization.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Type B (n 1⁄4 151) Type B granules are oval to subround (Fig. 3d–d'). When the cover slip is gently tapped, granules rotate and appear biconvex. Hila are central and lack fissures. Some granules have clear lamellae, whereas in others lamellae are faint. Extinction is diffuse and typically X-shaped. Granule size ranges from 10.95 to 34.26 μm, with a mean of 19.41 μm. In light of comparative work (Wan et al., 2016; Wan et al., 2011a,b), Type B is attributed to Triticeae grasses.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type D (n 1⁄4 35) Type D granules are oval, with eccentric, closed hila or Y-shaped fissures. Extinction is X-shaped and lamellae are absent. Granule size ranges from 13.97 to 19.99 μm, with a mean of 15.58 μm (Fig. 3h–h'). These traits are consistent with nut starch (X. Yang et al., 2009). val granules of this type are common in oak (Quercus) and", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type E (n 1⁄4 19) Type E granules are reniform to oval, with surface pitting, clear lamellae, and fissures. Under crossed polars, lamellae remain visible and extinction is X-shaped. Granule size ranges from 15.52 to 69.39 μm, with a mean of 28.58 μm (Fig. 3g–g'). Legume starch (Fabaceae) is typically oval, reniform, or rounded-triangular, with clear lamellae and branched, Y-shaped, linear, or wing-like fissures (Q. Wang et al., 2013). On this basis, Type E is assigned to legumes.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "source_checked_mapping", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.829235+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN148", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch granule types identified at Miaodigou. (e.g., a, a’: Type A1; b, b’: Type A1; c, c’: Type A2; d, d’: Type B; e, e’: Type C1; f, f’: Type C2; g, g’: Type E; h, h’: Type D).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "miaodigou", "quote": "lsevier.com/locate/jas\n\n\nCooking continuities and shifting vessels: Residue evidence across the\nYangshao - Longshan transition at Miaodigou\nFan Yang a,1, Qimeng Duan b,1, Wenquan Fan c, Tianyi Wang d,*\na National Centre for Archaeology, Beijing, 100020, China\nb Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA\nc Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology, Zhengzhou, 45", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "bcb209d9dd3753a1a47bddf9bf3b12857e0265ee69ba0b6e97f6a2a3fe674a38" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S283_de9e6e2137a2_S283-F03", "paper_key": "S283_de9e6e2137a2", "paper_id": "S283", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch types from Pingliangtai pottery residues. 1: Type A, Panicoideae; 2: Type A, Panicoideae, a starch cluster interwoven with fungal hyphae and a red \nMonuscus cleistothecium; 3: Type B, Job’s tears; 4: Type C, Triticeae; 5: Type D, rice; 6: Type E, snake gourd root; 7: Type F, acorn; 8: Type G, lily; 9: Type H, water \nchestnut; 10: fermented starches, showing hollowed center with peripheries remaining birefringent; 11: damaged due to enzymatic attack; 12: gelatinized starch \nmass; 13: a cluster of Triticeae starches, showing both A-type and B-types granules.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a50c08da0f1fadbe39e1dfd735464c0ef9f75a244b8bb662aff2243284721e10", "image_bytes": 3835614, "sites": [ "CN194" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 平粮台遗址陶器残留物中的淀粉类型。1： A型，黍亚科；2： A型，黍亚科，淀粉团簇与菌丝及一个红色蒙斯克闭囊壳交织；3： B型，薏苡；4： C型，小麦族；5： D型，水稻；6： E型，栝楼根；7： F型，橡子；8： G型，百合；9： H型，荸荠；10： 发酵淀粉，中心空洞，外围仍保持双折射；11： 因酶解作用受损；12： 糊化淀粉团块；13： 一簇小麦族淀粉，显示A型和B型淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch types from Pingliangtai pottery residues. 1: Type A, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae); 2: Type A, panicoid grasses (Panicoideae), a starch cluster interwoven with fungal hyphae and a red \nMonuscus cleistothecium; 3: Type B, Job’s tears; 4: Type C, wheat tribe (Triticeae); 5: Type D, rice; 6: Type E, snake gourd root; 7: Type F, acorn; 8: Type G, lily; 9: Type H, water \nchestnut; 10: fermented starches, showing hollowed center with peripheries remaining birefringent; 11: damaged due to enzymatic attack; 12: gelatinized starch \nmass; 13: a cluster of wheat tribe (Triticeae) starches, showing both A-type and B-types granules.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "平粮台陶器残留物中的淀粉类型", "title_en": "Starch Types from Pingliangtai Pottery Residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a50c08da0f1fadbe39e1dfd7.png", "image_url": "media/S283_de9e6e2137a2_S283-F03.png?v=a50c08da0f1f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Type A: Starch granules belonging to the subfamily Panicoideae (n = 137; 19.88% of the total; 91.67% ubiquity) were identified. They occur predominantly as single granules, though three clusters were also observed. One cluster of granules exhibits partial gelatinization and is interwoven with fungal hyphae and a red cleistothecium (Fig. 3:2). In dividual granules measure 5.39–20.59 μm in length, with an average of 13.05 μm. These starches likely derive from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and small granules of Job’s tears (Fig. 3:1; cf. Fig. 4: 1,2). The starches of the two millets are morphologically very similar, differing primarily in size range (Fig. 5), while the smaller granules of Job’s tears closely resemble those of millet, making them difficult to distinguish (Liu, et al., 2014). For this reason, they are considered together here. Type A starches exhibit the highest ubiquity in the assemblage.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type B: Starch granules identified as Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (n = 48; 6.97% of the total; 66.67% ubiquity) were observed. In contrast to millet starches, they exhibit diagnostic features characteristic of Job’s tears, including larger granule size (8.84–26.23 μm), an eccentric hilum, and zigzag-shaped arms of the extinction cross (Liu, et al., 2014) (Fig. 3:3; cf. Fig. 4:3; Fig. 5). The earliest Job’s tears starches have been reported from the Lingjing site (11,500–9000 BP) and have been iden tified at numerous Neolithic sites in the Central Plains (Yang, et al., 2016).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type D: Rice (Oryza sp.) starches were identified. The granules are relatively small and most commonly occur as compound grains (n = 22; 66.67% ubiquity). Most exhibited enzymatic and cooking damage; therefore, only 115 starch granules with identifiable morphologies were recorded (16.69% of the total) with size measurements (3.46–9.13 μm) (Fig. 3:5; cf. Fig. 4:5). The earliest evidence of rice in the Central Plains comes from the Jiahu site, dating to ca. 9000 cal. BP, and rice was widely cultivated in the region throughout the Neolithic (Yang, et al., 2016). Notably, rice was not only a common food crop but also served as the principal raw material for producing red rice qu starters during the Neolithic period in the Yellow River region (Liu, 2023), highlighting its pivotal role in the brewing practices represented at Pingliangtai.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type E: Starch granules originating from the root of snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina) (n = 13; 1.89% of the total; 41.67% ubiquity) were identified (Fig. 3:6; cf. Fig. 4:6). This root was used as both food and medicine, as documented in medical texts such as the Materia Medica (Li, 1981 [original 1578]). Starch from this plant has been re ported on artifacts from the Lingjing site (11,500–9000 BP) in the Central Plains (Yang, et al., 2016), as well as from numerous later Neolithic sites (Liu, et al., 2013; Liu, et al., 2018). These finds suggest that snake gourd root was a common food resource in ancient times.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:26:57.887951+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN194", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch types from Pingliangtai pottery residues. 1: Type A, Panicoideae; 2: Type A, Panicoideae, a starch cluster interwoven with fungal hyphae and a red \nMonuscus cleistothecium; 3: Type B, Job’s tears; 4: Type C, Triticeae; 5: Type D, rice; 6: Type E, snake gourd root; 7: Type F, acorn; 8: Type G, lily; 9: Type H, water \nchestnut; 10: fermented starches, showing hollowed center with peripheries remaining birefringent; 11: damaged due to enzymatic attack; 12: gelatinized starch \nmass; 13: a cluster of Triticeae starches, showing both A-type and B-types granules.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "pingliangtai", "quote": "s\n\n\n journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nAlcoholic drinking practices at Pingliangtai during the Late Neolithic\nLongshan culture, North China\nLina Li a,1, Chunyang Liu a, Yanpeng Cao b,*, Shuzheng Zhu b, Jiyin Wei c, Chunguang Gu a,\nLi Liu d,*,1\na School of History and Culture, Henan University, Kaifeng, China\nb Henan Provincial Institute of C", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "de9e6e2137a22854deff637eb5cf85440f2ab78f0d4054c4de748f462706acc7" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S283_de9e6e2137a2_S283-F04", "paper_key": "S283_de9e6e2137a2", "paper_id": "S283", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Modern starch references. 1: foxtail millet (Setaria italica); 2–3: Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); 4: wheat (Triticum aestivum); 5: rice starch damaged by \nfermentation; 6: root of snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina); 7: acorn (Quercus serrata); 8: lily (Lilium pumilum); 9: water chestnut (Trapa sp.); 10: fermented starch \nshowing a hollowed center with birefringent peripheries; 11: barley starch damaged by enzymatic digestion; 12: gelatinized starch mass produced by boiling.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b5a294faa297a6d6031ec6302631393f7709d7ed028ca309f509921cf0feab71", "image_bytes": 3070788, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4. 现代淀粉参考样本。1：粟（Setaria italica）；2–3：薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；4：小麦（Triticum aestivum）；5：发酵受损的水稻淀粉；6：栝楼根（Trichosanthes cucumerina）；7：橡子（Quercus serrata）；8：百合（Lilium pumilum）；9：菱属（Trapa sp.）；10：发酵淀粉，中心呈空洞，边缘呈双折射；11：酶解受损的大麦淀粉；12：通过煮沸产生的糊化淀粉团块。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Modern starch references. 1: foxtail millet (Setaria italica); 2–3: Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); 4: wheat (Triticum aestivum); 5: rice starch damaged by \nfermentation; 6: root of snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina); 7: acorn (konara oak, Quercus serrata); 8: lily (coral lily, Lilium pumilum); 9: water chestnut (water caltrops, Trapa sp.); 10: fermented starch \nshowing a hollowed center with birefringent peripheries; 11: barley starch damaged by enzymatic digestion; 12: gelatinized starch mass produced by boiling.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉参考样本", "title_en": "Modern Starch References", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b5a294faa297a6d6031ec630.png", "image_url": "media/S283_de9e6e2137a2_S283-F04.png?v=b5a294faa297", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Type A: Starch granules belonging to the subfamily Panicoideae (n = 137; 19.88% of the total; 91.67% ubiquity) were identified. They occur predominantly as single granules, though three clusters were also observed. One cluster of granules exhibits partial gelatinization and is interwoven with fungal hyphae and a red cleistothecium (Fig. 3:2). In dividual granules measure 5.39–20.59 μm in length, with an average of 13.05 μm. These starches likely derive from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and small granules of Job’s tears (Fig. 3:1; cf. Fig. 4: 1,2). The starches of the two millets are morphologically very similar, differing primarily in size range (Fig. 5), while the smaller granules of Job’s tears closely resemble those of millet, making them difficult to distinguish (Liu, et al., 2014). For this reason, they are considered together here. Type A starches exhibit the highest ubiquity in the assemblage.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type B: Starch granules identified as Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (n = 48; 6.97% of the total; 66.67% ubiquity) were observed. In contrast to millet starches, they exhibit diagnostic features characteristic of Job’s tears, including larger granule size (8.84–26.23 μm), an eccentric hilum, and zigzag-shaped arms of the extinction cross (Liu, et al., 2014) (Fig. 3:3; cf. Fig. 4:3; Fig. 5). The earliest Job’s tears starches have been reported from the Lingjing site (11,500–9000 BP) and have been iden tified at numerous Neolithic sites in the Central Plains (Yang, et al., 2016).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type D: Rice (Oryza sp.) starches were identified. The granules are relatively small and most commonly occur as compound grains (n = 22; 66.67% ubiquity). Most exhibited enzymatic and cooking damage; therefore, only 115 starch granules with identifiable morphologies were recorded (16.69% of the total) with size measurements (3.46–9.13 μm) (Fig. 3:5; cf. Fig. 4:5). The earliest evidence of rice in the Central Plains comes from the Jiahu site, dating to ca. 9000 cal. BP, and rice was widely cultivated in the region throughout the Neolithic (Yang, et al., 2016). Notably, rice was not only a common food crop but also served as the principal raw material for producing red rice qu starters during the Neolithic period in the Yellow River region (Liu, 2023), highlighting its pivotal role in the brewing practices represented at Pingliangtai.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type E: Starch granules originating from the root of snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina) (n = 13; 1.89% of the total; 41.67% ubiquity) were identified (Fig. 3:6; cf. Fig. 4:6). This root was used as both food and medicine, as documented in medical texts such as the Materia Medica (Li, 1981 [original 1578]). Starch from this plant has been re ported on artifacts from the Lingjing site (11,500–9000 BP) in the Central Plains (Yang, et al., 2016), as well as from numerous later Neolithic sites (Liu, et al., 2013; Liu, et al., 2018). These finds suggest that snake gourd root was a common food resource in ancient times.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:36.947713+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S283_de9e6e2137a2_S283-F06", "paper_key": "S283_de9e6e2137a2", "paper_id": "S283", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Phytoliths from Pingliangtai pottery residues. 1: BILOBATE; 2: POLYLOBATE; 3: OPAQUE PERFORATED PLATELETS; 4: SMOOTH ELONGATE; 5: SHORT \nSADDLE; 6: ELONGATE DENTATE; 7: BLOCKY; 8: ELONGATE COLUMNAR; 9: CROSS; 10. Rice BULLIFORM; 11: Ω-type; 12: η-type; 13: Rice PARALLEL-BILOBATES; \n14: RONDEL.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e5e0479c9175e862336944f8df767477d0d24c8bd2ff258d54772fdf1b9e8ba1", "image_bytes": 1969368, "sites": [ "CN194" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 平粮台遗址陶器残留物中的植硅体。1： 哑铃型；2： 多铃型；3： 不透明孔状板片；4： 平滑棒型；5： 短鞍形；6： 长形齿状；7： 方型；8： 刺棒型；9： 十字型；10. 水稻扇型；11： Ω型；12： η型；13： 水稻并排哑铃型；14： 帽型。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Phytoliths from Pingliangtai pottery residues. 1: BILOBATE; 2: POLYLOBATE; 3: OPAQUE PERFORATED PLATELETS; 4: SMOOTH ELONGATE; 5: SHORT \nSADDLE; 6: ELONGATE DENTATE; 7: BLOCKY; 8: ELONGATE COLUMNAR; 9: CROSS; 10. Rice BULLIFORM; 11: Ω-type; 12: η-type; 13: Rice PARALLEL-BILOBATES; \n14: RONDEL.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "Pingliangtai陶器残留物中的植硅体", "title_en": "Phytoliths from Pingliangtai pottery residues", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/e5e0479c9175e862336944f8.png", "image_url": "media/S283_de9e6e2137a2_S283-F06.png?v=e5e0479c9175", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "Other phytolith types identified include SMOOTH ELONGATES, BLOCKYS, RONDELS, and SADDLES. These forms largely correspond to the observed starch grain types and are consistent with the macro botanical remains of millets, rice, and wheat. In addition, phytoliths from other taxa were present, such as OPAQUE PERFORATED PLATE LETS, which are commonly associated with the Asteraceae family (Fig. 6:3).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type A: Starch granules belonging to the subfamily Panicoideae (n = 137; 19.88% of the total; 91.67% ubiquity) were identified. They occur predominantly as single granules, though three clusters were also observed. One cluster of granules exhibits partial gelatinization and is interwoven with fungal hyphae and a red cleistothecium (Fig. 3:2). In dividual granules measure 5.39–20.59 μm in length, with an average of 13.05 μm. These starches likely derive from foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and small granules of Job’s tears (Fig. 3:1; cf. Fig. 4: 1,2). The starches of the two millets are morphologically very similar, differing primarily in size range (Fig. 5), while the smaller granules of Job’s tears closely resemble those of millet, making them difficult to distinguish (Liu, et al., 2014). For this reason, they are considered together here. Type A starches exhibit the highest ubiquity in the assemblage.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type B: Starch granules identified as Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) (n = 48; 6.97% of the total; 66.67% ubiquity) were observed. In contrast to millet starches, they exhibit diagnostic features characteristic of Job’s tears, including larger granule size (8.84–26.23 μm), an eccentric hilum, and zigzag-shaped arms of the extinction cross (Liu, et al., 2014) (Fig. 3:3; cf. Fig. 4:3; Fig. 5). The earliest Job’s tears starches have been reported from the Lingjing site (11,500–9000 BP) and have been iden tified at numerous Neolithic sites in the Central Plains (Yang, et al., 2016).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Type D: Rice (Oryza sp.) starches were identified. The granules are relatively small and most commonly occur as compound grains (n = 22; 66.67% ubiquity). Most exhibited enzymatic and cooking damage; therefore, only 115 starch granules with identifiable morphologies were recorded (16.69% of the total) with size measurements (3.46–9.13 μm) (Fig. 3:5; cf. Fig. 4:5). The earliest evidence of rice in the Central Plains comes from the Jiahu site, dating to ca. 9000 cal. BP, and rice was widely cultivated in the region throughout the Neolithic (Yang, et al., 2016). Notably, rice was not only a common food crop but also served as the principal raw material for producing red rice qu starters during the Neolithic period in the Yellow River region (Liu, 2023), highlighting its pivotal role in the brewing practices represented at Pingliangtai.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:37.004916+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN194", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Phytoliths from Pingliangtai pottery residues. 1: BILOBATE; 2: POLYLOBATE; 3: OPAQUE PERFORATED PLATELETS; 4: SMOOTH ELONGATE; 5: SHORT \nSADDLE; 6: ELONGATE DENTATE; 7: BLOCKY; 8: ELONGATE COLUMNAR; 9: CROSS; 10. Rice BULLIFORM; 11: Ω-type; 12: η-type; 13: Rice PARALLEL-BILOBATES; \n14: RONDEL.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "pingliangtai", "quote": "s\n\n\n journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep\n\n\nAlcoholic drinking practices at Pingliangtai during the Late Neolithic\nLongshan culture, North China\nLina Li a,1, Chunyang Liu a, Yanpeng Cao b,*, Shuzheng Zhu b, Jiyin Wei c, Chunguang Gu a,\nLi Liu d,*,1\na School of History and Culture, Henan University, Kaifeng, China\nb Henan Provincial Institute of C", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "de9e6e2137a22854deff637eb5cf85440f2ab78f0d4054c4de748f462706acc7" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S284_a620ae74c9a4_S284-F03", "paper_key": "S284_a620ae74c9a4", "paper_id": "S284", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Examples of fibers on stone tools from HJGD. a and b. BLD1, bast fiber bundle with red plate test (Image a shows a blue color in the 0◦position; Image b \nshows red/yellow in the 90◦position, indicating a Z-twist fiber rotation direction); c. BLD1, fiber showing Z-twist under bright-field and polarized light microscopy; \nd and e. PS1, fiber with red plate test (Image d shows red/yellow in the 0◦position; Image e shows blue in the 90◦position, confirming a S-twist rotation direction); f. \nPS1, fiber showing Z-twist (arrows) under bright-field and polarized light microscopy (compared with Supplementary Material Fig. S2 d); g. PS1, fiber with \nprominent dislocations and cross markings; h. PS1, fiber dyed in pink color; i. PS1, fiber dyed in blue color; j. FL4, fiber dyed in black color (Scale bars: 100 µm; each \nfiber image shown in bright field and polarized views except red plate images).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "635fa69b40a454ad1ce425e546c5ac61fc85afbde386bcd19302695e3911a0b9", "image_bytes": 4643543, "sites": [ "CN123" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 来自韩家圪旦石器上的纤维示例。a和b. BLD1，带红板试验的韧皮纤维束（图像a在0°位置显示蓝色；图像b在90°位置显示红色/黄色，表明Z型纤维旋转方向）；c. BLD1，纤维在明场和偏光显微镜下显示Z型扭转；d和e. PS1，带红板试验的纤维（图像d在0°位置显示红色/黄色；图像e在90°位置显示蓝色，确认S型旋转方向）；f. PS1，纤维在明场和偏光显微镜下显示Z型扭转（箭头指示）（与补充材料图S2 d对比）；g. PS1，纤维具有明显的位错和交叉标记；h. PS1，纤维染成粉红色；i. PS1，纤维染成蓝色；j. FL4，纤维染成黑色（比例尺：100 μm；除红板图像外，每张纤维图像均显示明场和偏光视图）。\n", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Examples of fibers on stone tools from HJGD. a and b. BLD1, bast fiber bundle with red plate test (Image a shows a blue color in the 0◦position; Image b \nshows red/yellow in the 90◦position, indicating a Z-twist fiber rotation direction); c. BLD1, fiber showing Z-twist under bright-field and polarized light microscopy; \nd and e. PS1, fiber with red plate test (Image d shows red/yellow in the 0◦position; Image e shows blue in the 90◦position, confirming a S-twist rotation direction); f. \nPS1, fiber showing Z-twist (arrows) under bright-field and polarized light microscopy (compared with Supplementary Material Fig. S2 d); g. PS1, fiber with \nprominent dislocations and cross markings; h. PS1, fiber dyed in pink color; i. PS1, fiber dyed in blue color; j. FL4, fiber dyed in black color (Scale bars: 100 μm; each \nfiber image shown in bright field and polarized views except red plate images).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "韩家圪旦石器上纤维示例", "title_en": "Fiber Examples from Stone Tools at HJGD", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/635fa69b40a454ad1ce425e5.png", "image_url": "media/S284_a620ae74c9a4_S284-F03.png?v=635fa69b40a4", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:27:05.639202+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN123", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Examples of fibers on stone tools from HJGD. a and b. BLD1, bast fiber bundle with red plate test (Image a shows a blue color in the 0◦position; Image b \nshows red/yellow in the 90◦position, indicating a Z-twist fiber rotation direction); c. BLD1, fiber showing Z-twist under bright-field and polarized light microscopy; \nd and e. PS1, fiber with red plate test (Image d shows red/yellow in the 0◦position; Image e shows blue in the 90◦position, confirming a S-twist rotation direction); f. \nPS1, fiber showing Z-twist (arrows) under bright-field and polarized light microscopy (compared with Supplementary Material Fig. S2 d); g. PS1, fiber with \nprominent dislocations and cross markings; h. PS1, fiber dyed in pink color; i. PS1, fiber dyed in blue color; j. FL4, fiber dyed in black color (Scale bars: 100 µm; each \nfiber image shown in bright field and polarized views except red plate images).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shimao", "quote": "stoneFlax tools, spindle whorls, human remains and textile fragments from Shimao. The results reveal, for the first time, theRamie\nShimao production and consumption of plant bast fibers in this early city on the north Loess Plateau. Our analysis\nUrbanization", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a620ae74c9a4f2b4c1e7d57db954694572bd39973287b448697790fe0967c2ef" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S284_a620ae74c9a4_S284-F04", "paper_key": "S284_a620ae74c9a4", "paper_id": "S284", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Examples of fibers from spindle whorls, residue attached to human skeletons and textile remains. a. HCT-SW1, showing prominent dislocations (black arrows) and cross markings (red arrows); b. HCT-SW4, fiber bundle showing prominent cross markings (red arrows); c. HJGD-SW4, showing a twisted ribbon form due to damage; d. HCTM-Textile 1, dyed in blue color and without prominent dislocations and cross markings; e. HCTM-Bone 9, dyed in pink color and showing twisted ribbon form due to damage. f. HCT-SW2, dyed in black color; g. HCTM-Bone 1, damaged fiber bundle; h. red plate testing for fibrillar orientation. HCTM-Bone 9, Z- twist: changing color from blue at 0◦to red at 90◦; i. red plate testing for fibrillar orientation. HCTM-Textile 1, S-twist: changing color from red at 0◦to blue at 90◦. (Scale bars: 50 µm; each fiber image shown in bright field and polarized views except red plate images).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c765e3482595ca0b1b2b5c05cb67c2df117a68c440f036fb5e76b74bd6f3d76e", "image_bytes": 3744117, "sites": [ "CN123" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 从纺锤轮、附着于人类骨骼上的残留物以及纺织品残余中获得的纤维示例。a. HCT-SW1，显示明显的位移（黑箭头）和交叉标记（红箭头）；b. HCT-SW4，纤维束显示明显的交叉标记（红箭头）；c. HJGD-SW4，因损伤而呈现扭曲带状形态；d. HCTM-Textile 1，呈蓝色染色，无明显位移和交叉标记；e. HCTM-Bone 9，呈粉色染色，因损伤而呈现扭曲带状形态；f. HCT-SW2，呈黑色染色；g. HCTM-Bone 1，损伤的纤维束；h. 红板测试纤维取向。HCTM-Bone 9，Z-扭转：在0°时为蓝色，90°时变为红色；i. 红板测试纤维取向。HCTM-Textile 1，S-扭转：在0°时为红色，90°时变为蓝色。（尺度条：50 μm；除红板图像外，每个纤维图像均显示明场和偏振视图）", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Examples of fibers from spindle whorls, residue attached to human skeletons and textile remains. a. HCT-SW1, showing prominent dislocations (black arrows) and cross markings (red arrows); b. HCT-SW4, fiber bundle showing prominent cross markings (red arrows); c. HJGD-SW4, showing a twisted ribbon form due to damage; d. HCTM-Textile 1, dyed in blue color and without prominent dislocations and cross markings; e. HCTM-Bone 9, dyed in pink color and showing twisted ribbon form due to damage. f. HCT-SW2, dyed in black color; g. HCTM-Bone 1, damaged fiber bundle; h. red plate testing for fibrillar orientation. HCTM-Bone 9, Z- twist: changing color from blue at 0◦to red at 90◦; i. red plate testing for fibrillar orientation. HCTM-Textile 1, S-twist: changing color from red at 0◦to blue at 90◦. (Scale bars: 50 μm; each fiber image shown in bright field and polarized views except red plate images).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "纺锤轮、骨骼残留及纺织品中纤维示例", "title_en": "Fiber Examples from Spindle Whorls, Bone Residues, and Textile Remains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c765e3482595ca0b1b2b5c05.png", "image_url": "media/S284_a620ae74c9a4_S284-F04.png?v=c765e3482595", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "In addition to the abovementioned production steps, some of the fibers were also dyed. Previous studies have revealed the presence of dyed fibers in pink, blue and black colors at the Upper Paleolithic Shi zitan site in Shanxi (L. Liu et al., 2026) and at the early Neolithic Pei ligang site in Henan (L. Liu et al., 2024). Ethnographic and historical records show that dyeing materials in ancient China primarily included both minerals and plants (Jin and Wu, 2012; Li, 2020; Tan, 2009). Mineral-based dyes were often used for decorative applications, whereas plant-based dyes were typically applied through exhaust dyeing in dye solutions (Chen, 1984). The relatively uniform colors observed in the Shimao fibers (Fig. 4c–f), together with modern reference samples (Fig. S2n–p), suggest that some fibers may have been dyed with plant- based materials. Potential local dye sources include madder root (Rubia cordifolia) for red hues, Chinese indigo (Polygonum tinctorium) or Chinese woad (Isatis indigotica) for blue, and acorn caps (Quercus sp.) for black dyes (L. Liu et al., 2024, 2026). The Shimao evidence therefore suggests continuity in dyeing practices in north China from the Upper Paleolithic onward.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:53.590149+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN123", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Examples of fibers from spindle whorls, residue attached to human skeletons and textile remains. a. HCT-SW1, showing prominent dislocations (black arrows) and cross markings (red arrows); b. HCT-SW4, fiber bundle showing prominent cross markings (red arrows); c. HJGD-SW4, showing a twisted ribbon form due to damage; d. HCTM-Textile 1, dyed in blue color and without prominent dislocations and cross markings; e. HCTM-Bone 9, dyed in pink color and showing twisted ribbon form due to damage. f. HCT-SW2, dyed in black color; g. HCTM-Bone 1, damaged fiber bundle; h. red plate testing for fibrillar orientation. HCTM-Bone 9, Z- twist: changing color from blue at 0◦to red at 90◦; i. red plate testing for fibrillar orientation. HCTM-Textile 1, S-twist: changing color from red at 0◦to blue at 90◦. (Scale bars: 50 µm; each fiber image shown in bright field and polarized views except red plate images).", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shimao", "quote": "stoneFlax tools, spindle whorls, human remains and textile fragments from Shimao. The results reveal, for the first time, theRamie\nShimao production and consumption of plant bast fibers in this early city on the north Loess Plateau. Our analysis\nUrbanization", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "a620ae74c9a4f2b4c1e7d57db954694572bd39973287b448697790fe0967c2ef" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S285_0787bf5200e2_S285-F06", "paper_key": "S285_0787bf5200e2", "paper_id": "S285", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. The starch and phytolith types in the sediment sample S2. (a) Broomcorn millet, intact starch grain; (b) Broomcorn millet, hilum with depression; (c) \nTriticeae, intact starch grain; (d) Triticeae, biconvex lens shape observed under rotation; (e) Triticeae, damaged starch grains showing fractures; (f) Triticeae, hilum \nregion with enhanced lamellae visibility and extensive darkened area; (g) Thick, rounded waves of long-cell walls derived from Triticeae husks; (h) Yeast cells (red \narrows) and blastospores (white arrows) identified in the ancient samples. (a-f) Each image shown in bright field and polarised views.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "23dc951812817597722c631b6b4305d6ea6ecd8bc3c7b7d659180e75aaab86d5", "image_bytes": 5017137, "sites": [ "CN158" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 沉积物样品S2中的淀粉粒和植硅体类型。 （a） 黍，完整淀粉粒；（b） 黍，脐点伴有凹陷；（c） 小麦族，完整淀粉粒；（d） 小麦族，旋转观察下呈现双凸透镜状；（e） 小麦族，受损淀粉粒显示断裂；（f） 小麦族，脐点区域可见增强的层纹及大面积深色区域；（g） 来自小麦族颖壳的长细胞壁形成的厚而圆润的波浪状结构；（h） 古代样品中识别出的酵母细胞（红箭头）和芽孢（白箭头）。（a-f） 每幅图像均显示明场和偏振视图。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. The starch and phytolith types in the sediment sample S2. (a) Broomcorn millet, intact starch grain; (b) Broomcorn millet, hilum with depression; (c) \nwheat tribe (Triticeae), intact starch grain; (d) wheat tribe (Triticeae), biconvex lentils (Lens) shape observed under rotation; (e) wheat tribe (Triticeae), damaged starch grains showing fractures; (f) wheat tribe (Triticeae), hilum \nregion with enhanced lamellae visibility and extensive darkened area; (g) Thick, rounded waves of long-cell walls derived from wheat tribe (Triticeae) husks; (h) Yeast cells (red \narrows) and blastospores (white arrows) identified in the ancient samples. (a-f) Each image shown in bright field and polarised views.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "样品S2中淀粉粒与植硅体类型", "title_en": "Starch and phytolith types in sediment sample S2", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/23dc951812817597722c631b.png", "image_url": "media/S285_0787bf5200e2_S285-F06.png?v=23dc95181281", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "There were 100,218 grains attributed to broomcorn millet. These starch grains ranged in maximum length from 4.62 to 12.79 μm (n = 58), with an average of 7.46 μm. Morphologically, most were polygonal, with a smaller number appearing sub-rounded. Both the size range and shape were consistent with those of modern broomcorn millet starch grains (Ge et al., 2010). The assemblage includes intact starch grains (Fig. 6a)", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "as well as damaged ones exhibiting hilum depressions (Fig. 6b), indi cating starch degradation following seed germination (Wang et al., 2017).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "A total of 8,352 Triticeae starch grains were identified, which exhibited the A-type morphology (Peng et al., 1999). These grains range in length from 12.10 to 37.65 μm (n = 56), with an average length of 22.84 μm. The grains were generally sub-rounded and exhibited a characteristic biconvex appearance when rotated under the microscope (Fig. 6d), a diagnostic feature of Triticeae starch (Ge et al., 2024). Although some grains remained intact (Fig. 6c), the majority showed varying degrees of degradation, including fracturing, hilum collapse, and alterations in surface morphology. These alterations included enhanced visibility of lamellae (Fig. 6f) and partial to complete loss of the extinction cross under cross-polarised light (Fig. 6e). The breakage of starch grains likely resulted from mechanical stress, whereas hilum deformation and the loss of birefringence were more plausibly attributed to microbial activity and enzymatic degradation (Wang et al., 2017). In a subset of grains, the enhanced lamellae patterns radiating from the hilum resembled those observed in experimental heating under high- moisture conditions (Ge et al., 2010, Henry et al., 2009), suggesting that some Triticeae starch grains may have undergone thermal pro cessing prior to deposition.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "A few phytoliths derived from cereal glumes were observed, exhib iting morphological features (thickened cell walls and rounded, sinuous outlines) consistent with long cells from the husks of Triticeae, such as wheat or barley (Rosen, 1992) (Fig. 6g). While the precise distinction between wheat and barley glume phytoliths based solely on long-cell morphology remains challenging, their presence provides supporting evidence for the use of Triticeae cereals in the beverage.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:53.473916+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN158", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. The starch and phytolith types in the sediment sample S2. (a) Broomcorn millet, intact starch grain; (b) Broomcorn millet, hilum with depression; (c) \nTriticeae, intact starch grain; (d) Triticeae, biconvex lens shape observed under rotation; (e) Triticeae, damaged starch grains showing fractures; (f) Triticeae, hilum \nregion with enhanced lamellae visibility and extensive darkened area; (g) Thick, rounded waves of long-cell walls derived from Triticeae husks; (h) Yeast cells (red \narrows) and blastospores (white arrows) identified in the ancient samples. (a-f) Each image shown in bright field and polarised views.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "shanjiabao", "quote": "gy a bronze bottle with garlic-shaped mouth, which was unearthed in a Qin tomb M39 at Shanjiabao cemetery\n dating to the Warring States period (475–221 BCE). The chemical analysis methods of FTIR, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS,\n and UPLC-QE-MS, along with the analysis of microfossil", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0787bf5200e24eb08f62274958ee61d092cf12fdea9181e51787940eb24998ec" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S286_cf501a8cf2c2_S286-F06", "paper_key": "S286_cf501a8cf2c2", "paper_id": "S286", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Images of microfossils. a. Millet starches；b. Coix lacryma-jobi；c. Tubers；d. Poaceae pollen; e, f. suspected Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b3c5039b9dd00506adef3ab4fcdcfe5550ac227cc4b53f1cf3d32b0ab32ae483", "image_bytes": 5816562, "sites": [ "CN210" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 微体化石图。a. 粟类淀粉粒；b. 薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；c. 块根块茎；d. 禾本科花粉；e， f. 被怀疑为酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Images of microfossils. a. Millet starches;b. Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi);c. Tubers;d. grass family (Poaceae) pollen; e, f. suspected brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "微化石图像", "title_en": "Microfossil images", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b3c5039b9dd00506adef3ab4.png", "image_url": "media/S286_cf501a8cf2c2_S286-F06.png?v=b3c5039b9dd0", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "The microfossils in the sediment sample can be divided into five types based on their morphological features. Five starch grains that could be identified were extracted from the sample. Type A (Millet starches, n = 3, size 16–22.4 μm) are polygonal and have centric hilum with clear and straight extinction cross under a polarized microscope. The lamellar is not visible, and the centered hilum shows depressed and clear linear-shaped fissures. The existence of type A proves the presence of millet in the sample. In addition, compared with modern reference samples in literature (Ge, 2010), the type A starch has rounder shape and more likely is foxtail millet. Type B (Coix lacryma-jobi, n = 1, size 21.1 μm) is also polygonal, but has no lamellae. Its features are similar to", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "those of Type A, but it has a clear and curing extinction cross. Type C (Tubers, n = 1, size 22.2 μm) is oval and has an eccentric hilum, as well as lamellae of large sizes. Type D (Poaceae pollen, n = 1, size 29.3 μm) is nearly round, with obvious pores on the surface, a characteristic of Poaceae pollen. Type E (suspected Saccharomyces cerevisiae, n = 2, size 4.6–7.1 μm) is highly similar to yeast cells in previous study (Li, et al., 2023), which is consistent with the detection of ergosterol derivatives by Py-GC/MS. In addition, Type A and Type C displayed damage consistent with gelatinization and fermentation, including small pits, missing edges and hazy extinction crosses, etc.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:53.647326+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN210", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 8 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Images of microfossils. a. Millet starches；b. Coix lacryma-jobi；c. Tubers；d. Poaceae pollen; e, f. suspected Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Zhuangyuanhong", "quote": "vated in\nsuccessfully used to analyze archaeological residues (Han, et al., 2019, the southeast cross of Wangcheng Street and Zhuangyuanhong Road,\nJiang, et al., 2021, Shi, et al., 2024, Shi, et al., 2025). However, It has Luoyang City, China (Fig. 1a–c). Two bronze kettles with liquid remains\nonly been used to analyze plant components in medicinal liquor (Ding, inside were unearthed in the", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "cf501a8cf2c284bf3bfaa62ef6be26fad5c062f4a3a52f76a43090f30231cd26" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S287_7facc8752a15_S287-F02", "paper_key": "S287_7facc8752a15", "paper_id": "S287", "number": "2", "caption_original": "Fig. 2. Starch granules and microorganisms in cultured wheat starter (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views).a. Wheat starch granules damaged by enzymes in starter, characterized with concentric channels, pitting and fissures in brightfield and blurry birefringence in polarized light; b. A cluster of starch granules damaged by enzymes in starter, possibly wheat, with a concaved center and pitting feature in brightfield and blurry birefringence in polarized light; c. Rhizopus rhizoides connecting to sporangiophores and stolons (arrows: 1. sporangium, 2. sporangiophore, 3. rhizoides); d. Rhizopus stolon; e. Rhizopus grouped in tufts; f. Broken Rhizopus sporangium and clustered sporangiospores; g. Broken Rhizopus columella (arrow 1) and apophysis (arrow 2); h. An image of Rhizopus sp. for comparison ( St-Germain and Summerbell, 2011 , 225)(Scales, a-b: 20 μm; c-f: 100 μm; g: 50 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "9039e09c404d08ea6100b4aff929abbfec55a7fa64f1ee1bf0df747fe0774b98", "image_bytes": 5080678, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图2. 培养的小麦曲中的淀粉粒与微生物，每幅淀粉粒图像均展示微分干涉与偏光视野。a，受曲中酶作用损伤的小麦淀粉粒，明场下有同心状沟道、蚀坑和裂隙，偏光下双折射模糊；b，受曲中酶作用损伤的淀粉粒团簇，可能来自小麦，明场下中心凹陷并有蚀坑，偏光下双折射模糊；c，根霉属（Rhizopus）假根与孢囊梗、匍匐菌丝相连，箭头1示孢子囊，2示孢囊梗，3示假根；d，根霉匍匐菌丝；e，簇生的根霉；f，破裂的根霉孢子囊及聚集的孢囊孢子；g，破裂的根霉囊轴（箭头1）和囊托（箭头2）；h，用于比较的根霉属图像（St-Germain和Summerbell，2011，第225页）。比例尺：a、b为20 μm；c—f为100 μm；g为50 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 2. Starch granules and microorganisms in cultured wheat starter (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views).a. Wheat starch granules damaged by enzymes in starter, characterized with concentric channels, pitting and fissures in brightfield and blurry birefringence in polarized light; b. A cluster of starch granules damaged by enzymes in starter, possibly wheat, with a concaved center and pitting feature in brightfield and blurry birefringence in polarized light; c. bread molds (Rhizopus) rhizoides connecting to sporangiophores and stolons (arrows: 1. sporangium, 2. sporangiophore, 3. rhizoides); d. bread molds (Rhizopus) stolon; e. bread molds (Rhizopus) grouped in tufts; f. Broken bread molds (Rhizopus) sporangium and clustered sporangiospores; g. Broken bread molds (Rhizopus) columella (arrow 1) and apophysis (arrow 2); h. An image of bread molds (Rhizopus sp.) for comparison ( St-Germain and Summerbell, 2011 , 225)(Scales, a-b: 20 μm; c-f: 100 μm; g: 50 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "小麦曲中的淀粉粒与根霉", "title_zh": "小麦曲中的淀粉粒与根霉", "title_en": "Starch Granules and Microorganisms in Cultured Wheat Starter", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/9039e09c404d08ea6100b4af.png", "image_url": "media/S287_7facc8752a15_S287-F02.png?v=9039e09c404d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "Sporangiophores, a long stalk supporting sporangia, are often un branched (Fig. 2c) and grouped in tufts with large aseptate or few- septate hyphae (Fig. 2e) (St-Germain and Summerbell, 2011, 5, 225). Some of the molds in the black substance are more fragile. Spor angiospores, characterized by a round shape and brown color, are de tached and dispersed heavily from sporangia (Fig. 2d). For those without sporangiospores, columella and apophysis, as main structures of sporangia, can be clearly observed (Fig. 2g). The size range of sporangia and hyphae are 41.04–135.61 μm and 7.78–35.04 μm, respectively. In", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "addition, starch granules present typical features caused by enzymatic digestion. They have concaved channels, pitting and fissures in bright field and blurry birefringence in polarized light (Fig. 2a-b).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:53.735110+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S287_7facc8752a15_S287-F05", "paper_key": "S287_7facc8752a15", "paper_id": "S287", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Starch granules and microorganisms in cultured medium-temperature big starter (a-e), low-temperature big starter (f-h) and small starter (i-l) (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views). a-b. Rhizopus sporangiospores are detached from sporangia, which are folded heavily. Without sporangiospores, apophysis and columella can be clearly observed; c. Rhizopus rhizoides connecting to stolons; d. Aspergillus vesicle with metulae and phialides; e. Aspergillus hyphae; f. Wheat starch granules with concentric channels, showing a damaged pattern by enzymatic attack; g. UNID mold; h. Intertwined molds; i. A rice starch compound; j. Rhizopus rhizoides connecting to sporangiophores and stolons; k. Rhizopus sp. sporangium and rhizoides; l. Multiple heavily damaged UNID microbes (Scales, a-c, e: 100 μm; d: 20 μm; f-l: 50 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0f19b8de78857bd0a478e05f5b9a7a59f6ceaa597bff010313ff13d3e23a86cf", "image_bytes": 8212203, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图5. 培养的中温大曲（a—e）、低温大曲（f—h）和小曲（i—l）中的淀粉粒与微生物，每幅淀粉粒图像均展示DIC与偏光视野。a、b，根霉的孢囊孢子已从孢子囊脱落，孢子囊严重折叠，脱去孢囊孢子后可清楚观察囊托和囊轴；c，与匍匐菌丝相连的根霉假根；d，具有梗基和瓶梗的曲霉属（Aspergillus）顶囊；e，曲霉菌丝；f，具有同心状沟道的小麦淀粉粒，呈现酶作用的损伤模式；g，未能鉴定的霉菌；h，缠绕的霉菌；i，稻米淀粉复粒；j，与孢囊梗和匍匐菌丝相连的根霉假根；k，根霉属孢子囊和假根；l，多个严重受损、未能鉴定的微生物。比例尺：a—c、e为100 μm；d为20 μm；f—l为50 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Starch granules and microorganisms in cultured medium-temperature big starter (a-e), low-temperature big starter (f-h) and small starter (i-l) (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views). a-b. bread molds (Rhizopus) sporangiospores are detached from sporangia, which are folded heavily. Without sporangiospores, apophysis and columella can be clearly observed; c. bread molds (Rhizopus) rhizoides connecting to stolons; d. aspergillus molds (Aspergillus) vesicle with metulae and phialides; e. aspergillus molds (Aspergillus) hyphae; f. Wheat starch granules with concentric channels, showing a damaged pattern by enzymatic attack; g. UNID mold; h. Intertwined molds; i. A rice starch compound; j. bread molds (Rhizopus) rhizoides connecting to sporangiophores and stolons; k. bread molds (Rhizopus sp.) sporangium and rhizoides; l. Multiple heavily damaged UNID microbes (Scales, a-c, e: 100 μm; d: 20 μm; f-l: 50 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "中温大曲、低温大曲和小曲中的淀粉粒与霉菌", "title_zh": "中温大曲、低温大曲和小曲中的淀粉粒与霉菌", "title_en": "Starch Granules and Microorganisms in High-, Low-, and Small Starters", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/0f19b8de78857bd0a478e05f.png", "image_url": "media/S287_7facc8752a15_S287-F05.png?v=0f19b8de7885", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 8, "quote": "The low temperature big starter from Congtai Distillery is yellowish brown in color (Fig. 1(1)E). After being cultured for five days, the molds are primarily black with some white spots (Fig. 1(2)e). Under micro scopic observation, the raw materials in this starter are wheat, similar to the homemade wheat starter, the high temperature starter and medium temperature starter as mentioned above (Fig. 5f). Filamentous fungi include Rhizopus sp. and possibly Mucor sp. in morphology (Fig. 5g, h).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "Small starter is commonly made from rice as the raw material, and the color is white (Fig. 1(1)F, Fig. 1(2)f). Due to low incubation tem perature, it has a less diverse microbial community, majorly including filamentous fungi Rhizopus sp. and Mucor sp. (Sakandar et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). In our culturing sample, Rhizopus molds were detected (Fig. 5j-k). The absence of Mucor sp. may be caused by diverse factors in the culturing environment or human artificial control of what types of fungi is added in the starter making process. In addition, heavily damaged unidentified fungal parts were also detected (Fig. 5l). In brightfield, rice granules are commonly in clusters (Fig. 5i). In polarized light, the birefringence is a little blurry. The size range of the granules (n = 145) is 2.37–8.81 μm with the average of 4.70 μm.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:35:24.452358+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S287_7facc8752a15_S287-F06", "paper_key": "S287_7facc8752a15", "paper_id": "S287", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Starch granules and microorganisms in cultured Nuruk (a-d), koji (e-g) starters and wheat dough from Xichuan (i-l) (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views). a. Rhizopus sporangium; b. Sporangium without sporangiospores; c. Rhizoides connecting to stolons; d. Growing Aspergillus vesicles from conidiophores; e. A cluster of rice starch compounds; f. Aspergillus vesicle with conidial (arrow 1), metulae (arrow 2) and phialides (arrow 3); g. A growing Aspergillus vesicle from conidiophore; h. An image of Aspergillus sp. for comparison ( St-Germain and Summerbell, 2011 , 57); i. A wheat starch granule damaged due to enzymatic digestion in brightfield and polarized light; j-k. Yeasts with budding reproduction feature, possibly S. cerevisiae ; l. Yeasts in clusters and primitive pseudohyphae (in yellow circle) (Scales: a-d, 50 μm; e-g; i-l, 20 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 8 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "25b3f70390f856d48ad2db0151828d48fe033b5d705929816fd63b60190ed3dd", "image_bytes": 5290887, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图6. 培养酒曲（a—d）、米曲（e—g）以及淅川小麦面团（i—l）中的淀粉粒与微生物，每幅淀粉粒图像均展示DIC与偏光视野。a，根霉孢子囊；b，已无孢囊孢子的孢子囊；c，与匍匐菌丝相连的假根；d，从分生孢子梗上发育的曲霉顶囊；e，稻米淀粉复粒团簇；f，曲霉顶囊及其分生孢子（箭头1）、梗基（箭头2）和瓶梗（箭头3）；g，从分生孢子梗上发育的曲霉顶囊；h，用于比较的曲霉属图像（St-Germain和Summerbell，2011，第57页）；i，因酶消化而受损的小麦淀粉粒，展示明场和偏光图像；j、k，呈出芽生殖特征的酵母，可能为酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）；l，成簇的酵母及初生假菌丝（黄色圆圈）。比例尺：a—d为50 μm；e—g、i—l为20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Starch granules and microorganisms in cultured Nuruk (a-d), koji (e-g) starters and wheat dough from Xichuan (i-l) (each starch image is shown in DIC and polarized views). a. bread molds (Rhizopus) sporangium; b. Sporangium without sporangiospores; c. Rhizoides connecting to stolons; d. Growing aspergillus molds (Aspergillus) vesicles from conidiophores; e. A cluster of rice starch compounds; f. aspergillus molds (Aspergillus) vesicle with conidial (arrow 1), metulae (arrow 2) and phialides (arrow 3); g. A growing aspergillus molds (Aspergillus) vesicle from conidiophore; h. An image of aspergillus molds (Aspergillus sp.) for comparison ( St-Germain and Summerbell, 2011 , 57); i. A wheat starch granule damaged due to enzymatic digestion in brightfield and polarized light; j-k. Yeasts with budding reproduction feature, possibly brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ; l. Yeasts in clusters and primitive pseudohyphae (in yellow circle) (Scales: a-d, 50 μm; e-g; i-l, 20 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "韩式酒曲、米曲与淅川小麦面团中的微体遗存", "title_zh": "韩式酒曲、米曲与淅川小麦面团中的微体遗存", "title_en": "Starch granules and microorganisms in Nuruk, koji and wheat dough from Xichuan", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/25b3f70390f856d48ad2db01.png", "image_url": "media/S287_7facc8752a15_S287-F06.png?v=25b3f70390f8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "Nuruk is a starter prevalently used in alcohol making in Korea. The starter is yellowish brown in color (Fig. 1(1)G). After being cultured for five days, the molds are primarily black with some white spots (Fig. 1(2) g). Nuruk starter contains a variety of substances, including wheat, molds, and yeasts. Previously published studies have revealed that the most primary filamentous fungi in Nuruk include Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., Mucor sp., and Lichtheimia sp., etc. (Carroll et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2011). In our experiment, the observed major filamentous fungi include Aspergillus sp. and Rhizopus sp. (Fig. 6a-d). No obvious Mucor sp., or Lichtheimia sp. are detected.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "Microscopic observation shows that rice starch granules in the cultured koji sample are predominantly arranged in compounds. Under polarized light, some starch granules exhibit clear birefringence, whereas others show blurred or weakened birefringence, reflecting varying degrees of enzymatic hydrolysis (Fig. 6e).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "The leavened wheat flour dough was made by a farmer family, which can be used for making Chinese steaming buns or alcohol, since this kind of dough include natural yeasts (Fig. 1(1)I, Fig. 1(2)i). First, starch granules reveal evident enzymatic features − concentric channels, pitting and fissures in brightfield and blurry birefringence in polarized light (Fig. 6i). The size range of wheat starch granules (n = 139) is 11.43–33.03 μm with an average of 21.95 μm. Second, yeast cells are characterized by a round, oval, or elongate shape with budding repro duction features. Some are in clusters (Fig. 6j-k). These yeast cells do not have color in brightfield or birefringence in polarized light. The size range of the yeasts (n = 128) is 2.76–9.42 μm with an average of 5.29 μm. Yeasts are a kind of eukaryotic microbes, preferring an acidic environment with sugar and water. After division, some cells are still connected with the parent cells, resembling chains. In this process, pseudohyphaes can be formed (Fig. 6l). The circular and oval yeast cells", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "observed in this sample are morphologically consistent with S. cerevisiae, which is a type of yeast commonly involved in East Asian alcohol pro duction (Bai et al., 2022; Li et al., 2014). The typical size range of S. cerevisiae (2.5–10 μm) overlaps with the measurements in this study. However, species-level identification cannot be confirmed without further genetic analyses. Budding features with scars, formed during reproduction, are visible as protrusions on the yeast cell surfaces (Fig. 6j- k) (Cen and Cai, 2017, 73-85; St-Germain and Summerbell, 2011, 228- 229). In addition, there are long yeast cells. However, we cannot identify their taxonomy based on morphology only.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:53.916276+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S287_7facc8752a15_S287-F07", "paper_key": "S287_7facc8752a15", "paper_id": "S287", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig. 7. Starch granules and microorganism of Nuruk-based millet alcohol experiment (each starch image is shown in DIC/brightfield and polarized views). a. Wheat starch from Nuruk; b. A damaged wheat starch granule in Congo red; c. Gelatinized starch cluster; d. Rhizopus sp. sporangium; e-f. Aspergillus sp. vesicle; g. Fungi entangled with starch cluster; h. Rhizopus sp. dyed in Congo red; i. Wheat starch granules and yeasts; j. Hyphae dyed with trypan blue (Scales, a-e: 20 μm; f-j: 50 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。小麦淀粉来自Nuruk曲料，不能因图中有小麦而将该实验改称“小麦酒实验”。", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c264a9d8244f91997ddaa77417f2fb99599d866d93621605030e81f499405c8f", "image_bytes": 6305561, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图7. 酒曲Nuruk小米醇实验中的淀粉颗粒与微生物，每幅淀粉粒图像均展示DIC/明场与偏光视野。a，来自酒曲的小麦淀粉粒；b，经刚果红染色的受损小麦淀粉粒；c，糊化淀粉团簇；d，根霉属孢子囊；e、f，曲霉属顶囊；g，与淀粉团簇缠绕的真菌；h，经刚果红染色的根霉属；i，小麦淀粉粒与酵母；j，经台盼蓝染色的菌丝。比例尺：a—e为20 μm；f—j为50 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 7. Starch granules and microorganism of Nuruk-based millet alcohol experiment (each starch image is shown in DIC/brightfield and polarized views). a. Wheat starch from Nuruk; b. A damaged wheat starch granule in Congo red; c. Gelatinized starch cluster; d. bread molds (Rhizopus sp.) sporangium; e-f. aspergillus molds (Aspergillus sp.) vesicle; g. Fungi entangled with starch cluster; h. bread molds (Rhizopus sp.) dyed in Congo red; i. Wheat starch granules and yeasts; j. Hyphae dyed with trypan blue (Scales, a-e: 20 μm; f-j: 50 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "韩式酒曲酿制粟酒的淀粉粒与微生物", "title_zh": "韩式酒曲酿制粟酒的淀粉粒与微生物", "title_en": "Starch Granules and Microorganisms from Nuruk-Based Millet Alcohol Experiment", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c264a9d8244f91997ddaa774.png", "image_url": "media/S287_7facc8752a15_S287-F07.png?v=c264a9d8244f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "In the foxtail millet experiment, starch granules exhibit polygonal, sub-spherical, or spherical shapes. During porridge-making, the starch granules become heavily gelatinized, primarily existing in an amor phous state (Fig. 7c). Wheat starch from Nuruk serve as an additional nutrient source and display enzymatic damage such as pitting, fissures, and loss of extinction crosses (Fig. 7a-b) (Kavanagh, 2017, 3). Congo red staining reveals broken wheat starch granules turn red (Fig. 7b).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "Across both millet- and rice-based fermentations, the dominant fungi are Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus sp., distinguishable by their morpho logical features (Fig. 7d-e, h; Fig. 8d, i). Many fungal structures are fragmented, with only sporangium or hyphae remaining (Fig. 7f, j; Fig. 8e-g). During fermentation, fungi, starch granules, spores, and yeasts become interwoven (Fig. 7g, 8h). The number of yeasts has increased rapidly in both samples (Fig. 7i). In millet alcohol, they pro duce pseudohyphae (Fig. 7j).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:53.961551+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S287_7facc8752a15_S287-F08", "paper_key": "S287_7facc8752a15", "paper_id": "S287", "number": "8", "caption_original": "Fig. 8. Starch granules and microorganism of Nuruk-based rice alcohol experiment (each starch image is shown in DIC/brightfield and polarized views).a. A rice starch granule compound with wheat starch granules; b. Wheat starch granules in the Nuruk; c. Wheat starch granules in the Nuruk with gelatinized rice starch compounds; d. cf. Rhizopus sp. sporangium; e. UNID hyphae; f. UNID damaged fungus (arrow 1) and starch granule (arrow 2); g. UNID fungi; h. Starch granules in a web structure dyed with trypan blue; i. Damaged Aspergillus sp. with hypha attached (Scales, a: 20 μm; b-i: 50 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 11 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "45a7393c49295cbab42f4fbecd741a72198836d031a6c99acc93ee0332998a8e", "image_bytes": 7342386, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图8. 基于Nuruk的米酒实验中的淀粉粒与微生物，每幅淀粉粒图像均展示DIC/明场与偏光视野。a，稻米淀粉复粒与小麦淀粉粒；b，Nuruk酒曲中的小麦淀粉粒；c，Nuruk酒曲中的小麦淀粉粒与糊化的稻米淀粉复粒；d，疑似根霉属孢子囊；e，未能鉴定的菌丝；f，未能鉴定的受损真菌（箭头1）及淀粉粒（箭头2）；g，未能鉴定的真菌；h，经台盼蓝染色、呈网状结构的淀粉粒；i，受损的曲霉属，附有菌丝。比例尺：a为20 μm；b—i为50 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 8. Starch granules and microorganism of Nuruk-based rice alcohol experiment (each starch image is shown in DIC/brightfield and polarized views).a. A rice starch granule compound with wheat starch granules; b. Wheat starch granules in the Nuruk; c. Wheat starch granules in the Nuruk with gelatinized rice starch compounds; d. cf. bread molds (Rhizopus sp.) sporangium; e. UNID hyphae; f. UNID damaged fungus (arrow 1) and starch granule (arrow 2); g. UNID fungi; h. Starch granules in a web structure dyed with trypan blue; i. Damaged aspergillus molds (Aspergillus sp.) with hypha attached (Scales, a: 20 μm; b-i: 50 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "韩式酒曲酿制米酒的淀粉粒与微生物", "title_zh": "韩式酒曲酿制米酒的淀粉粒与微生物", "title_en": "Starch Granules and Microorganisms from Nuruk-Based Rice Alcohol Experiment", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/45a7393c49295cbab42f4fbe.png", "image_url": "media/S287_7facc8752a15_S287-F08.png?v=45a7393c4929", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 9, "quote": "In the rice experiment, steaming causes most starch granules to gelatinize and lose extinction crosses, rendering them amorphous under bright field. Unlike millet, however, some rice starch granule com pounds retain birefringence and relatively clear extinction crosses (Fig. 8a), while others show faint birefringence or appeared heavily gelatinized and amorphous (Fig. 8c).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "Some rice starch clusters stain blue, and in certain cases form web structures (Fig. 8h). This web-like morphology is characteristic of starch retrogradation, a process in which gelatinized starch gradually reasso ciates into a more ordered and less soluble state during cooling. The retrogradation process, driven primarily by the reassociation of amylose and to a lesser extent amylopectin molecules, results in an amorphous network structure under bright field, and blurred or faint birefringence under polarized light (Tang and Copeland, 2007). Wheat starch granules derived from Nuruk undergo enzymatic digestion, including pitting, fissures, and disappearance of extinction crosses, though some intact granules are also observed (Fig. 8b-c).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 9, "quote": "Across both millet- and rice-based fermentations, the dominant fungi are Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus sp., distinguishable by their morpho logical features (Fig. 7d-e, h; Fig. 8d, i). Many fungal structures are fragmented, with only sporangium or hyphae remaining (Fig. 7f, j; Fig. 8e-g). During fermentation, fungi, starch granules, spores, and yeasts become interwoven (Fig. 7g, 8h). The number of yeasts has increased rapidly in both samples (Fig. 7i). In millet alcohol, they pro duce pseudohyphae (Fig. 7j).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.016213+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S287_7facc8752a15_S287-F09", "paper_key": "S287_7facc8752a15", "paper_id": "S287", "number": "9", "caption_original": "Fig. 9. Starch granules and microorganism of the koji -based rice alcohol experiment. a. A rice cluster; b. Aspergillus sp. vesicle with conidia, phialides and metulae; c. Rice starch cluster and Aspergillus sp. hyphae; d. Aspergillus sp. vesicle with conidia, phialides and metulae; e. Rice starch cluster intertwined with Aspergillus sp. hyphae; f. Yeasts, with some in a budding process; g. Starch granules dyed with Congo red; h. Aspergillus sp. dyed with Congo red; i. Starch granule and hyphae dyed with trypan blue; j. Aspergillus sp. dyed with trypan blue (Scales: 50 μm).", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "沿用2026年10月19日已整理的图注；本次自动提取的图版范围仍需复核。", "pdf_pages": [ 12 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "979fa4490f6e9b69acf5f66bbb5bcbbacb4db00d88e5c55096efc0df69bd2ded", "image_bytes": 6001634, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图9. 以米曲koji酿制米酒的实验样品中的淀粉粒与微生物。a，稻米淀粉粒团簇；b，曲霉属顶囊及其分生孢子、瓶梗和梗基；c，稻米淀粉粒团簇与曲霉菌丝；d，曲霉属顶囊及其分生孢子、瓶梗和梗基；e，与曲霉菌丝缠绕的稻米淀粉粒团簇；f，酵母，其中部分正在出芽；g，经刚果红染色的淀粉粒；h，经刚果红染色的曲霉属；i，经台盼蓝染色的淀粉粒与菌丝；j，经台盼蓝染色的曲霉属。比例尺均为50 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 9. Starch granules and microorganism of the koji -based rice alcohol experiment. a. A rice cluster; b. aspergillus molds (Aspergillus sp.) vesicle with conidia, phialides and metulae; c. Rice starch cluster and aspergillus molds (Aspergillus sp.) hyphae; d. aspergillus molds (Aspergillus sp.) vesicle with conidia, phialides and metulae; e. Rice starch cluster intertwined with aspergillus molds (Aspergillus sp.) hyphae; f. Yeasts, with some in a budding process; g. Starch granules dyed with Congo red; h. aspergillus molds (Aspergillus sp.) dyed with Congo red; i. Starch granule and hyphae dyed with trypan blue; j. aspergillus molds (Aspergillus sp.) dyed with trypan blue (Scales: 50 μm).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "米曲酿制米酒的淀粉粒与微生物", "title_zh": "米曲酿制米酒的淀粉粒与微生物", "title_en": "Starch granules and microorganisms from koji-based rice alcohol experiment", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/979fa4490f6e9b69acf5f66b.png", "image_url": "media/S287_7facc8752a15_S287-F09.png?v=979fa4490f6e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 10, "quote": "Similar to rice starch granules in the steamed rice and Nuruk starter alcohol making, most rice starch granules are observed as bulky clusters in an amorphous form due to high-temperature processing (Fig. 9a, c, e), resembling a web-like structure with blurred birefringence remaining under polarized light. Also, intertwined structures containing rice clus ters and Aspergillus sp. are observed (Fig. 9c, e). Various forms of Aspergillus sp. are also observed at different stages of fermentation (Fig. 9b, d). For example, vesicles surrounded by metulae and phialides and connected to a conidiophore are observed (Fig. 9b). And most of them are very fragile, with only a short partition of conidiophore or a bold vesicle left in the sample. Throughout the fermentation process, the yeast population gradually increased (Fig. 9f). Dyeing experiments reveal that both gelatinized starch granules and fungi can be dyed with both Congo red and trypan blue (Fig. 9g-j).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.059729+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "not_a_primary_site_plate", "note": "现代参照／实验方法" } }, { "id": "S288_c78c38f7ea38_S288-F03", "paper_key": "S288_c78c38f7ea38", "paper_id": "S288", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch grains retrieved from Zhaizishan pottery samples under DIC and polarized light: (a–c′) Setaria italica/Panicum miliaceum; (d–f′) Coix lacryma-jobi; (g–i′) \nOryza sativa; (j–l′) Quercus; (m–o′) Nelumbo nucifera / Dioscorea polystachya.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a058221cbc8e75f5b1480dca630c029c76c2c856a85cef3b5222d7d8f708f50b", "image_bytes": 2120104, "sites": [ "CN095" ], "caption_zh": "图3. 寨子山遗址陶器样品中提取的淀粉粒，展示微分干涉（DIC）和偏光图像。（a–c′）粟/黍（Setaria italica/黍（Panicum miliaceum））；（d–f′）薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）；（g–i′）水稻（Oryza sativa）；（j–l′）栎属（Quercus）；（m–o′）莲（Nelumbo nucifera）/薯蓣（Dioscorea polystachya）。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch grains retrieved from Zhaizishan pottery samples under DIC and polarized light: (a–c′) foxtail millet (Setaria italica)/broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); (d–f′) Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi); (g–i′) \nrice (Oryza sativa); (j–l′) oaks (Quercus); (m–o′) lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) / Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya).", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "寨子山陶器样品中的淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Zhaizishan pottery samples", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a058221cbc8e75f5b1480dca.png", "image_url": "media/S288_c78c38f7ea38_S288-F03.png?v=a058221cbc8e", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 4, "quote": "Millet starch grains are the most abundant category, with 1,393 grains identified. They exhibit faceted shapes with four to six angular or rounded edges, a centric hilum, and fissures radiating from the center, often as star-shaped patterns (Fig. 3a–c′). Under polarized light, extinction crosses are typically “+”-shaped, with occasional twisted arms. Lamellae are generally not visible (Gong et al., 2025). Grain sizes range from 6.38 to 23.23 μm, overlapping with modern foxtail millet (11.21–16.75 μm) and broomcorn millet (5.92–13.00 μm). Because starch grains from these two taxa are morphologically similar, they are collectively identified as millets.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "A total of 285 starch grains were assigned to Job’s tears. These grains are polygonal to sub-rounded and commonly display Y-, V-, or linear- shaped fissures. Hilum positions are centric or eccentric, and lamellae are generally not visible. Under polarized light, the grains show extinction crosses with straight or zigzag arms, most commonly forming a characteristic “Z”-shaped extinction (Fig. 3d–f′) (Liu et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2016b). Grain sizes range from 6.87 to 26.78 μm.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "A total of 32 starch grains were identified as rice. These grains are predominantly polyhedral or round-polyhedral, with a closed centric hilum. Under polarized light, they display an “×”-shaped extinction cross; fissures and lamellae are absent (Fig. 3g–i′) (Khan et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2021). Grain sizes range from 5.74 to 12.13 μm, consistent with modern domesticated Oryza sativa.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 4, "quote": "Thirty-one starch grains were identified as acorns. These grains are ovate or spheroid, with a centric hilum and a slightly bent “×”-shaped extinction cross. Fissures and lamellae are absent (Fig. 3j–l′). Grain sizes range from 9.74 to 24.93 μm, consistent with Quercus species (Faga ceae), which are documented as an important food resource in South China (Wan et al., 2012).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.182893+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN095", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch grains retrieved from Zhaizishan pottery samples under DIC and polarized light: (a–c′) Setaria italica/Panicum miliaceum; (d–f′) Coix lacryma-jobi; (g–i′) \nOryza sativa; (j–l′) Quercus; (m–o′) Nelumbo nucifera / Dioscorea polystachya.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "zhaizishan", "quote": "consumption versus agricultural production in the Jianghan Plain,\ncentral China: Starch and phytolith evidence from the Neolithic\nZhaizishan site\nMuslim Khan a , Binggui Sun b, Ling Yao c,*, Xin Jia a , Chengqiu Lu c, Yuzhang Yang d,*\na School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China\nb School of Archaeology and Museology, Jingdezhe", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c78c38f7ea3894b88f7cc3d3ba945820c32d802a9c947b1de886dacf6fa10de7" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S288_c78c38f7ea38_S288-F04", "paper_key": "S288_c78c38f7ea38", "paper_id": "S288", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Main phytoliths morphotypes found at Zhaizishan site Main phytolith morphotypes found at Zhaizishan: (a, b) BULLIFORM from Oryza sativa; (c) DOUBLE- \nPEAKED from Oryza sativa; (d) DUMBBELL with scooped ends in parallel arrangement from Oryza sativa; (e) Ω-type from husks of Setaria italica; (f) η-type from husks \nof Panicum miliaceum; (g) CUNEIFORM BULLIFORM; (h) SCUTIFORM-BULLIFORM from Phragmites (reeds); (i) BLOCKY; (j) WAVY TRAPEZOID; (k) RECTANGLE; (l) \nCROSS; (m) LONG SADDLE; (n) SHORT SADDLE; (o) siliceous vessel; (p) ACICULAR; (q) RONDEL; (r) ELONGATE-ECHINATE; (s) POLYHEDRONS with conical \nprojection; (t) SMOOTH-ELONGATE. Scale bar = 20 μm.\n5", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "de1f7ba66402d4cc1f36068195523e7e2d700ebd093c86a63acddc69296e15b8", "image_bytes": 1723885, "sites": [ "CN095" ], "caption_zh": "图4. 寨子山遗址发现的主要植硅体形态类型：（a， b） 来自水稻（Oryza sativa）的扇型；（c） 来自水稻（Oryza sativa）的双峰型；（d） 来自水稻（Oryza sativa）的平行排列的哑铃型；（e） 来自粟（Setaria italica）颖壳的Ω型；（f） 来自黍（Panicum miliaceum）颖壳的η型；（g）普通扇型；（h） 来自芦苇（Phragmites）的盾型；（i） 方型；（j） 齿型；（k）长方型；（l） 十字型；（m） 长鞍型；（n） 短鞍型；（o） 导管；（p） 尖型；（q） 帽型；（r） 刺棒型；（s）莎草科的多边帽型；（t）平滑棒型。比例尺 = 20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Main phytoliths morphotypes found at Zhaizishan site Main phytolith morphotypes found at Zhaizishan: (a, b) BULLIFORM from rice (Oryza sativa); (c) DOUBLE- \nPEAKED from rice (Oryza sativa); (d) DUMBBELL with scooped ends in parallel arrangement from rice (Oryza sativa); (e) Ω-type from husks of foxtail millet (Setaria italica); (f) η-type from husks \nof broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum); (g) CUNEIFORM BULLIFORM; (h) SCUTIFORM-BULLIFORM from reeds (Phragmites) (reeds); (i) BLOCKY; (j) WAVY TRAPEZOID; (k) RECTANGLE; (l) \nCROSS; (m) LONG SADDLE; (n) SHORT SADDLE; (o) siliceous vessel; (p) ACICULAR; (q) RONDEL; (r) ELONGATE-ECHINATE; (s) POLYHEDRONS with conical \nprojection; (t) SMOOTH-ELONGATE. Scale bar = 20 μm.\n5", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "寨子山遗址主要植硅体形态", "title_en": "Main Phytolith Morphotypes at Zhaizishan Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/de1f7ba66402d4cc1f360681.png", "image_url": "media/S288_c78c38f7ea38_S288-F04.png?v=de1f7ba66402", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "Analysis of the 26 soil samples yielded 13,214 phytoliths, with approximately 20 morphotypes identified (Fig. 4). Other micro-remains, including sponge spicules, diatoms, and charcoal fragments, were also recovered. Assemblages are characterized by abundant rice-associated morphotypes (SMOOTH-ELONGATE, CUNEIFORM BULLIFORM, RECTANGLE, DOUBLE-PEAKED, and DUMBBELL with scooped ends in parallel arrangement), which are characteristic of Oryza sativa.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.250414+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN095", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Main phytoliths morphotypes found at Zhaizishan site Main phytolith morphotypes found at Zhaizishan: (a, b) BULLIFORM from Oryza sativa; (c) DOUBLE- \nPEAKED from Oryza sativa; (d) DUMBBELL with scooped ends in parallel arrangement from Oryza sativa; (e) Ω-type from husks of Setaria italica; (f) η-type from husks \nof Panicum miliaceum; (g) CUNEIFORM BULLIFORM; (h) SCUTIFORM-BULLIFORM from Phragmites (reeds); (i) BLOCKY; (j) WAVY TRAPEZOID; (k) RECTANGLE; (l) \nCROSS; (m) LONG SADDLE; (n) SHORT SADDLE; (o) siliceous vessel; (p) ACICULAR; (q) RONDEL; (r) ELONGATE-ECHINATE; (s) POLYHEDRONS with conical \nprojection; (t) SMOOTH-ELONGATE. Scale bar = 20 μm.\n5", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "zhaizishan", "quote": "consumption versus agricultural production in the Jianghan Plain,\ncentral China: Starch and phytolith evidence from the Neolithic\nZhaizishan site\nMuslim Khan a , Binggui Sun b, Ling Yao c,*, Xin Jia a , Chengqiu Lu c, Yuzhang Yang d,*\na School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China\nb School of Archaeology and Museology, Jingdezhe", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c78c38f7ea3894b88f7cc3d3ba945820c32d802a9c947b1de886dacf6fa10de7" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S288_c78c38f7ea38_S288-F10", "paper_key": "S288_c78c38f7ea38", "paper_id": "S288", "number": "10", "caption_original": "Fig. 10. Assemblage of damaged starch grains extracted from pottery vessels at the Zhaizishan site.\n10", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 10 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f43ab9ef81d2a5b4b8d328c18ad36e22fb6bec2fa742e6a7f98cf445df3416fe", "image_bytes": 1266598, "sites": [ "CN095" ], "caption_zh": "图10. 从寨子山遗址陶器中提取的受损淀粉粒组合。", "caption_en": "Fig. 10. Assemblage of damaged starch grains extracted from pottery vessels at the Zhaizishan site.\n10", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "寨子山遗址陶器中受损淀粉粒组合", "title_en": "Starch Grains from Damaged Pottery at Zhaizishan Site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f43ab9ef81d2a5b4b8d328c1.png", "image_url": "media/S288_c78c38f7ea38_S288-F10.png?v=f43ab9ef81d2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 10, "quote": "damage. Partially gelatinized starch grains attributable to Job's tears or millets were identified (Fig. 10a), further supporting this interpretation.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 10, "quote": "Several starch grains show cracking and fragmentation (Fig. 10b, d), consistent with mechanical stress from grinding, stirring, or mashing (Liu et al., 2010; del Babot, 2003; Guan et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020b). Such damage may result from routine culinary handling during cooking. Overall, the co-occurrence of gelatinized, cracked, and enzymatically altered grains supports the interpretation that pottery at Zhaizishan was used for multiple food processing activities, including cooking, me chanical processing, and possibly fermentation. These damage patterns also strengthen the argument that the starch assemblage reflects culi nary residues rather than post-depositional contamination.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.117828+00:00", "revision": 1 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN095", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 10 ], "quote": "Fig. 10. Assemblage of damaged starch grains extracted from pottery vessels at the Zhaizishan site.\n10", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "zhaizishan", "quote": "consumption versus agricultural production in the Jianghan Plain,\ncentral China: Starch and phytolith evidence from the Neolithic\nZhaizishan site\nMuslim Khan a , Binggui Sun b, Ling Yao c,*, Xin Jia a , Chengqiu Lu c, Yuzhang Yang d,*\na School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China\nb School of Archaeology and Museology, Jingdezhe", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "c78c38f7ea3894b88f7cc3d3ba945820c32d802a9c947b1de886dacf6fa10de7" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S289_70f8cadd568d_SUP_F03", "paper_key": "S289_70f8cadd568d", "paper_id": "S289", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3. Starch grains recovered from archaeological samples (each image shown in DIC/brightfield and polarized views). A–b: State I (Triticeae) single granule; c–d: \nState II (Triticeae), clusters of 3–5 State I granules; e–f: State III (Triticeae) digested granules; g–h: State IV disintegrated, starry. Scale bar = 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对账后从原PDF补提整图；未改动原人工筛选记录。", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "caption_pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c5d18f4f1e398ee175694e08759037bc6fb90596630692364adc8cf00c017616", "image_bytes": 1410900, "sites": [ "CN156" ], "recovery_provenance": { "method": "whole_embedded_plate_roi_pdf_render", "dpi": 600, "pdf_page": 6, "bbox": [ 127.61599731445312, 330.4269714355469, 467.69598388671875, 605.7069702148438 ] }, "title_zh": "考古样品中淀粉粒的形态特征", "title_en": "Starch Grain Morphology from Archaeological Samples", "title_original": "", "caption_zh": "图3 考古样品中提取的淀粉粒。各组均显示微分干涉/明场与偏光图像。（a—b）状态Ⅰ：小麦族单个颗粒；（c—d）状态Ⅱ：小麦族颗粒，3—5颗状态Ⅰ颗粒组成的聚集体；（e—f）状态Ⅲ：小麦族受消化颗粒；（g—h）状态Ⅳ：解体、呈星点状的颗粒。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3. Starch grains recovered from archaeological samples (each image shown in DIC/brightfield and polarized views). A–b: State I (wheat tribe, Triticeae) single granule; c–d: \nState II (wheat tribe, Triticeae), clusters of 3–5 State I granules; e–f: State III (wheat tribe, Triticeae) digested granules; g–h: State IV disintegrated, starry. Scale bar = 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/c5d18f4f1e398ee175694e08.png", "image_url": "media/S289_70f8cadd568d_SUP_F03.png?v=c5d18f4f1e39", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Identification of grain species All identifiable starch granules come from the tribe Triticeae. (Table 4, Fig. 3 & Fig. 4) Bradford method", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "comparable to that of the tribe Triticeae. The surfaces of the items under consideration are faceted, with a circular configuration. The hilum is centric and exhibits depression patterns. Fissures are a relatively com mon occurrence, manifesting predominantly as a radiating pattern to wards the periphery. The extinction cross is typically “+” shaped, and only a small number of crosses exhibit a twisted pattern at the extremity of the arm. Lamellae are invariably visible (Fig. 3a, 3b, Fig. 4a, and 4b). The size range of the particles is 6.5–35.5 μm, which is divided into large and small groups. In addition to single granules, which were by far the most prevalent, starches were occasionally observed to occur in clusters within the residues from the samples (Fig. 3c and 3d). These features are comparable to Triticeae.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "State IV disintegrated, starry, degraded granular residues with starch- like morphology (P4 and P5); State III a granule showing a spongy- looking appearance (P6). Some starches extracted exhibit damage pat terns indicative of fermentation, such as central depressions and pitting related to enzyme digestion (Fig. 3c and 3d), as well as hollow or swollen granules resulting from the disappearance of extinction crosses caused by gelatinization during fermentation (Fig. 3e and 3f). Some of these patterns are almost identical to the experimental results (Fig. 3e, 3f, 4d, 4e and 4j). This suggests that the damaged features of the starch grains are related to fermented drinks. State IV is present in both archaeolog ical and simulated specimens (Fig. 3g, 3 h, 4 g and 4i), exhibiting a starry dispersion pattern with a high population density. This may indicate that the granules have been fully lysed.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.302127+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN156", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 6 ], "quote": "Fig. 3. Starch grains recovered from archaeological samples (each image shown in DIC/brightfield and polarized views). A–b: State I (Triticeae) single granule; c–d: \nState II (Triticeae), clusters of 3–5 State I granules; e–f: State III (Triticeae) digested granules; g–h: State IV disintegrated, starry. Scale bar = 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "zoumaliang", "quote": "agent\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 1. The Location and surrounding topographic environment of the Zoumaliang Han tomb complex (a and b); The residues (g) in the bronze pot M1:6 (c and d);\nThe sample of the solid (e) and liquid (f) residues.\n\nfor saccharification and yeasts for fermentation (McGovern et al., 2004; agricultural populations to the south and east (L", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "70f8cadd568decd35ec414d005cd2b1369156fa7a05f3beb162407c46cd00554" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S289_70f8cadd568d_SUP_F04", "paper_key": "S289_70f8cadd568d", "paper_id": "S289", "number": "4", "caption_original": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from the simulated sample (each image shown in DIC/brightfield and polarized views). A: State I a granule showing random small pits on the \nsurface (P1); b: State II clusters of two State I granules (P2); c–d: a granule showing pitting at the hilum(P3); e: State III a granule (up) with almost intact exterior \nsurface but completely enzyme digested interior, as indicated by the loss of birefringence under polarized light(P4); f: State III a ‘pizza crust−shaped’ granule \nshowing depressed center and less attacked periphery(P4); g-i: State IV disintegrated, starry (P4 and P5); j: State III a granule showing a spongy-looking appearance \n(P6). Scale bar = 20 μm.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对账后从原PDF补提整图；未改动原人工筛选记录。", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "caption_pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "52e6bdda35f71f7dd3359003da81bd829797dcd00209ef6f3c23277c82523602", "image_bytes": 3890160, "sites": [ "CN156" ], "recovery_provenance": { "method": "whole_embedded_plate_roi_pdf_render", "dpi": 600, "pdf_page": 7, "bbox": [ 127.61599731445312, 55.41796875, 467.69598388671875, 404.61798095703125 ] }, "title_zh": "模拟样品的淀粉粒形态", "title_en": "Starch grain morphologies from simulated sample", "title_original": "", "caption_zh": "图4 模拟实验样品中的淀粉粒。各组均显示微分干涉/明场与偏光图像。（a）状态Ⅰ：表面出现不规则小坑的颗粒（P1）；（b）状态Ⅱ：两颗状态Ⅰ颗粒形成的聚集体（P2）；（c—d）脐点出现蚀坑的颗粒（P3）；（e）状态Ⅲ：上方颗粒外部轮廓近乎完整，内部已完全被酶消化，偏光下双折射消失（P4）；（f）状态Ⅲ:“比萨饼皮状”颗粒，中心凹陷，边缘受侵蚀较轻（P4）；（g—i）状态Ⅳ：解体、呈星点状的颗粒（P4、P5）；（j）状态Ⅲ：呈海绵状外观的颗粒（P6）。比例尺：20 μm。", "caption_en": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from the simulated sample (each image shown in DIC/brightfield and polarized views). A: State I a granule showing random small pits on the \nsurface (P1); b: State II clusters of two State I granules (P2); c–d: a granule showing pitting at the hilum(P3); e: State III a granule (up) with almost intact exterior \nsurface but completely enzyme digested interior, as indicated by the loss of birefringence under polarized light(P4); f: State III a ‘pizza crust−shaped’ granule \nshowing depressed center and less attacked periphery(P4); g-i: State IV disintegrated, starry (P4 and P5); j: State III a granule showing a spongy-looking appearance \n(P6). Scale bar = 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/52e6bdda35f71f7dd3359003.png", "image_url": "media/S289_70f8cadd568d_SUP_F04.png?v=52e6bdda35f7", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Identification of grain species All identifiable starch granules come from the tribe Triticeae. (Table 4, Fig. 3 & Fig. 4) Bradford method", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 7, "quote": "comparable to that of the tribe Triticeae. The surfaces of the items under consideration are faceted, with a circular configuration. The hilum is centric and exhibits depression patterns. Fissures are a relatively com mon occurrence, manifesting predominantly as a radiating pattern to wards the periphery. The extinction cross is typically “+” shaped, and only a small number of crosses exhibit a twisted pattern at the extremity of the arm. Lamellae are invariably visible (Fig. 3a, 3b, Fig. 4a, and 4b). The size range of the particles is 6.5–35.5 μm, which is divided into large and small groups. In addition to single granules, which were by far the most prevalent, starches were occasionally observed to occur in clusters within the residues from the samples (Fig. 3c and 3d). These features are comparable to Triticeae.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.359982+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN156", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 4. Starch grains from the simulated sample (each image shown in DIC/brightfield and polarized views). A: State I a granule showing random small pits on the \nsurface (P1); b: State II clusters of two State I granules (P2); c–d: a granule showing pitting at the hilum(P3); e: State III a granule (up) with almost intact exterior \nsurface but completely enzyme digested interior, as indicated by the loss of birefringence under polarized light(P4); f: State III a ‘pizza crust−shaped’ granule \nshowing depressed center and less attacked periphery(P4); g-i: State IV disintegrated, starry (P4 and P5); j: State III a granule showing a spongy-looking appearance \n(P6). Scale bar = 20 μm.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "zoumaliang", "quote": "agent\n\n\n\n\n\nFig. 1. The Location and surrounding topographic environment of the Zoumaliang Han tomb complex (a and b); The residues (g) in the bronze pot M1:6 (c and d);\nThe sample of the solid (e) and liquid (f) residues.\n\nfor saccharification and yeasts for fermentation (McGovern et al., 2004; agricultural populations to the south and east (L", "page": 2, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "70f8cadd568decd35ec414d005cd2b1369156fa7a05f3beb162407c46cd00554" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S290_14fd86d55a2e_S290-F03", "paper_key": "S290_14fd86d55a2e", "paper_id": "S290", "number": "3", "caption_original": "Fig. 3 | Main phytolith types extracted at Jinlansi (Scale bar: 20 µm). a rice bul-\nliform (BULLIFORM FLABELLATE); b rice parallel bilobate (BILOBATE); c rice\ndouble-peak; d elongate entire (ELONGATE ENTIRE); e rectanglar (BULLIFORM\nFLABELLATE); f. common bulliform (BULLIFORM FLABELLATE); g. bilobate\n(BILOBATE); h saddle (SADDLE); i rondel (RONDEL); j wavy trapezoid", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "ff90d9a67016065d94502c9d1adfbb4fddcedcc45b4e4569482a7ecdd6717035", "image_bytes": 20426565, "sites": [ "CN110" ], "caption_zh": "图3 在金兰寺遗址提取的主要植硅体类型（比例尺：20 μm）。a 水稻扇型（BULLIFORM FLABELLATE）；b 水稻并排哑铃型（BILOBATE）；c 水稻双峰型；d 平滑棒型（ELONGATE ENTIRE）；e 方型（BULLIFORM FLABELLATE）；f 常见扇型（BULLIFORM FLABELLATE）；g 哑铃型（BILOBATE）；h 鞍型（SADDLE）；i 帽型（RONDEL）；j 齿型 k 尖型；l 刺棒型；m 刺球型；n 芦苇盾型；p 海绵骨针。", "caption_en": "Fig. 3 | Main phytolith types extracted at Jinlansi (Scale bar: 20 μm). a rice bul-\nliform (BULLIFORM FLABELLATE); b rice parallel bilobate (BILOBATE); c rice\ndouble-peak; d elongate entire (ELONGATE ENTIRE); e rectanglar (BULLIFORM\nFLABELLATE); f. common bulliform (BULLIFORM FLABELLATE); g. bilobate\n(BILOBATE); h saddle (SADDLE); i rondel (RONDEL); j wavy trapezoid", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "金兰寺主要植硅体类型", "title_en": "Main phytolith types at Jinlansi", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/ff90d9a67016065d94502c9d.png", "image_url": "media/S290_14fd86d55a2e_S290-F03.png?v=ff90d9a67016", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 3, "quote": "Results Phytoliths Phytolith preservation at the Jinlansi site was generally excellent. Twenty- three phytolith morphotypes were identified (Supplementary Table 1). Phytolith assemblages from the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age samples shared several common characteristics. For instance, all samples contained three diagnostic phytolith types from rice (Oryza sativa), rice bulliform (BULLIFORM FLABELLATE, Fig. 3a), and rice parallel bilobate (BILO- BATE, Fig. 3b), rice double-peak (Fig. 3c), as well as phytoliths from palms, spheroid echinate (SPHEROID ECHINATE) (Fig. 3m), but in low pro- portion (Fig. 4). The most abundant morphotypes (Fig. 4) were elongate entire (ELONGATE ENTIRE, Fig. 3d) and rectanglar (BULLIFORM", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "Nine granules were classified as Type B (Fig. 5b) (size: 14.5–29.7 μm, mean: 19.6 μm). They were typically oval or rounded triangle with an eccentric hilum and bent extinction cross, characteristics often associated with tubers from the Dioscorea genus (yam) in the dryland of tropical and subtropical regions. Twelve granules forming 2–3 compound grains were assigned to Type C (Fig. 5c) (size: 7.2–34.5 μm, mean: 13.9 μm). They displayed smooth surfaces without visible lamellae or fissures. Their morphology closely matches starch granules from certain ferns, such as the Angiopteris genus (giant ferns, primitive ferns that grow in humid, shaded environments). Nine single granules were assigned Type D (Fig. 5d) (size: 9.4–21.1 μm, mean: 12.1 μm). They were oval with protrusions on both sides along the short axis and a centric, non-open hilum, lacking visible lamellae or fissures. Comparison with the reference database suggests an origin from the aquatic floating plant, Trapa genus (water chestnut). A single Type E (Fig. 5e) granule (29.7 μm) was identified. It was oval with an eccentric hilum, bent extinction arms, and a conical concavity running from the hilum to the distal end. This resembles starch from the Caryota genus (fishtail palm) in tropical and subtropical monsoon forests. Fourteen Type F (Fig. 5f, g) granules were categorised (size: 15.6–22.5 μm, mean: 18.1 μm) as Fagaceae nuts in subtropical forests. One drop-shaped granule with an eccentric hilum was identified as Quercus (acorn) (Fig. 5g). The remaining 13 were single, irregular polyhedral granules with centric, ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.411336+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN110", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "Fig. 3 | Main phytolith types extracted at Jinlansi (Scale bar: 20 µm). a rice bul-\nliform (BULLIFORM FLABELLATE); b rice parallel bilobate (BILOBATE); c rice\ndouble-peak; d elongate entire (ELONGATE ENTIRE); e rectanglar (BULLIFORM\nFLABELLATE); f. common bulliform (BULLIFORM FLABELLATE); g. bilobate\n(BILOBATE); h saddle (SADDLE); i rondel (RONDEL); j wavy trapezoid", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jinlansi", "quote": "ture in the Pearl River Delta between 4500 and 3500 cal. BP, through integrated phytolith and\n starch grain analyses at the Jinlansi site. Our results reveal the persistence of a subsistence system\n centred on the exploitation of underground storage organs during the Late Neolithic, representing a1234567890():,; 1234567890():,;\n localised adaptation to subtropi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "14fd86d55a2e81fe35dde0e5ae14a89b4c312af6faca0fe5af2e5584ce251fdd" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S290_14fd86d55a2e_S290-F05", "paper_key": "S290_14fd86d55a2e", "paper_id": "S290", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5 | Typical starch granules recovered from stone tools at Jinlansi (scale bar: 20 μm). a, Type A, USO types; b, Type B, USOs, cf. Dioscorea genus; c, Type C, USOs, cf.\nAngiopteris genus; d, Type D, cf. Trapa genus; e, Type E, cf. Caryota genus; f-g, Type F, acorn; h, Type G cf. Coix genus; i, Type H, millet; j, Type I, edible legume.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "87cedb6ed449c014b9f42380e5053033b745f05c684ec5b2834c27b4055f60b5", "image_bytes": 3566293, "sites": [ "CN110" ], "caption_zh": "图5 从金兰寺遗址石器中提取的典型淀粉粒（比例尺：20 μm）。a，类型A，块根块茎类型；b，类型B，地下贮藏器官，cf. 薯蓣属；c，类型C，地下贮藏器官，cf. 莲座蕨属；d，类型D，cf. 菱属（Trapa）属；e，类型E，cf. 鱼尾葵属（Caryota）属；f-g，类型F，橡子；h，类型G，cf. 薏苡属；i，类型H，粟类植物；j，类型I，可食用豆类。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5 | Typical starch granules recovered from stone tools at Jinlansi (scale bar: 20 μm). a, Type A, USO types; b, Type B, USOs, cf. yams (Dioscorea) genus; c, Type C, USOs, cf.\nAngiopteris genus; d, Type D, cf. water caltrops (Trapa) genus; e, Type E, cf. fishtail palms (Caryota) genus; f-g, Type F, acorn; h, Type G cf. Job’s tears (Coix) genus; i, Type H, millet; j, Type I, edible legume.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "金兰寺石器中淀粉粒类型", "title_en": "Starch Granule Types from Stone Tools at Jinlansi", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/87cedb6ed449c014b9f42380.png", "image_url": "media/S290_14fd86d55a2e_S290-F05.png?v=87cedb6ed449", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "Nine granules were classified as Type B (Fig. 5b) (size: 14.5–29.7 μm, mean: 19.6 μm). They were typically oval or rounded triangle with an eccentric hilum and bent extinction cross, characteristics often associated with tubers from the Dioscorea genus (yam) in the dryland of tropical and subtropical regions. Twelve granules forming 2–3 compound grains were assigned to Type C (Fig. 5c) (size: 7.2–34.5 μm, mean: 13.9 μm). They displayed smooth surfaces without visible lamellae or fissures. Their morphology closely matches starch granules from certain ferns, such as the Angiopteris genus (giant ferns, primitive ferns that grow in humid, shaded environments). Nine single granules were assigned Type D (Fig. 5d) (size: 9.4–21.1 μm, mean: 12.1 μm). They were oval with protrusions on both sides along the short axis and a centric, non-open hilum, lacking visible lamellae or fissures. Comparison with the reference database suggests an origin from the aquatic floating plant, Trapa genus (water chestnut). A single Type E (Fig. 5e) granule (29.7 μm) was identified. It was oval with an eccentric hilum, bent extinction arms, and a conical concavity running from the hilum to the distal end. This resembles starch from the Caryota genus (fishtail palm) in tropical and subtropical monsoon forests. Fourteen Type F (Fig. 5f, g) granules were categorised (size: 15.6–22.5 μm, mean: 18.1 μm) as Fagaceae nuts in subtropical forests. One drop-shaped granule with an eccentric hilum was identified as Quercus (acorn) (Fig. 5g). The remaining 13 were single, irregular polyhedral granules with centric, ", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "Starches No starch granules were recovered from the control samples. Therefore, the 213 granules identified are interpreted as use-related residues (Table 3). Of these, 94 granules were unidentifiable due to severe damage, lack of diag- nosticfeatures,orabsenceofmatchesinthemodernreferencedatabase.The identifiable granules were categorised into nine types (A-I) based on mor- phology and size. TypeA(Fig.5a)wasmostnumerous(n = 57).Thegranules(sizerange: 5.4–19.9 μm, mean: 10.4 μm) were predominantly single, spherical, or spherical-cap-shaped, often with pressure facets. Some compound granules consisted of two bell-shaped granules joined at the base or three forming a rounded triangle. The granule surfaces were smooth, occasionally with linear fissures, and lacked visible lamellae. This morphology is common in USOs, such as Amorphophallus spp.(konjac), and Pueraria lobata (kudzu), as well as some woody plants like Cycas spp. and Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit). Given the granule size, an origin from USOs growing forest margins and shaded understories is most likely.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.464422+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN110", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 5 | Typical starch granules recovered from stone tools at Jinlansi (scale bar: 20 μm). a, Type A, USO types; b, Type B, USOs, cf. Dioscorea genus; c, Type C, USOs, cf.\nAngiopteris genus; d, Type D, cf. Trapa genus; e, Type E, cf. Caryota genus; f-g, Type F, acorn; h, Type G cf. Coix genus; i, Type H, millet; j, Type I, edible legume.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "jinlansi", "quote": "ture in the Pearl River Delta between 4500 and 3500 cal. BP, through integrated phytolith and\n starch grain analyses at the Jinlansi site. Our results reveal the persistence of a subsistence system\n centred on the exploitation of underground storage organs during the Late Neolithic, representing a1234567890():,; 1234567890():,;\n localised adaptation to subtropi", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "14fd86d55a2e81fe35dde0e5ae14a89b4c312af6faca0fe5af2e5584ce251fdd" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S291_0f29a28c0891_S291-F06", "paper_key": "S291_0f29a28c0891", "paper_id": "S291", "number": "6", "caption_original": "Fig 6.  Microfibers uncovered from SZT lithic tools. (a) Z-twist type in fibrillar orientation; (b) S-twist type in fibrillar orientation; (c) bast fiber showing \nvisible Z-twist fibrillar orientation; (d) bast fiber bundle; (e) bast fiber showing prominent dislocations (indicated by arrows); (f) bast fiber showing less \nprominent dislocations (indicated by arrows) and cross markings; (g) damaged fiber showing twisted ribbon form, likely hemp; (h) long and entangled \nfiber; (i) very damaged UNID fibers (d, i, j showing both brightfield and polarized views).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346767.g006", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 17 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "b301bcf87147774faa4031a2b5f50852b6bac1399703d5c523c776e74d115de4", "image_bytes": 8279695, "sites": [ "CN004", "CN006" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 从柿子滩石器中揭示出的微纤维。（a） 纤维状取向的Z型扭曲；（b） 纤维状取向的S型扭曲；（c） 显示可见Z型扭曲纤维状取向的韧皮纤维；（d） 韧皮纤维束；（e） 显示明显位错（由箭头指示）的韧皮纤维；（f） 显示较不明显位错（由箭头指示）和交叉标记的韧皮纤维；（g） 显示扭曲带状形态的受损纤维，可能为大麻纤维；（h） 长而缠绕的纤维；（i） 非常受损的未知纤维（d， i， j同时显示明场和偏振视图）。", "caption_en": "Fig 6.  Microfibers uncovered from SZT lithic tools. (a) Z-twist type in fibrillar orientation; (b) S-twist type in fibrillar orientation; (c) bast fiber showing \nvisible Z-twist fibrillar orientation; (d) bast fiber bundle; (e) bast fiber showing prominent dislocations (indicated by arrows); (f) bast fiber showing less \nprominent dislocations (indicated by arrows) and cross markings; (g) damaged fiber showing twisted ribbon form, likely hemp; (h) long and entangled \nfiber; (i) very damaged UNID fibers (d, i, j showing both brightfield and polarized views).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346767.g006", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "柿子滩石器中发现的微纤维", "title_en": "Microfibers uncovered from SZT lithic tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/b301bcf87147774faa4031a2.png", "image_url": "media/S291_0f29a28c0891_S291-F06.png?v=b301bcf87147", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:27:08.627139+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN004", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 17 ], "quote": "Fig 6.  Microfibers uncovered from SZT lithic tools. (a) Z-twist type in fibrillar orientation; (b) S-twist type in fibrillar orientation; (c) bast fiber showing \nvisible Z-twist fibrillar orientation; (d) bast fiber bundle; (e) bast fiber showing prominent dislocations (indicated by arrows); (f) bast fiber showing less \nprominent dislocations (indicated by arrows) and cross markings; (g) damaged fiber showing twisted ribbon form, likely hemp; (h) long and entangled \nfiber; (i) very damaged UNID fibers (d, i, j showing both brightfield and polarized views).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346767.g006", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "SZT14", "quote": "ated by microfiber remains and associated usewear traces on\nstone tools at two Upper Paleolithic localities at the Shizitan site, SZT14 and SZT29 (SZT = the abbreviation for Shizitan,\nfollowed by the locality number).\n\n2.  Archaeological materials\n2.1  Shizitan site and its environment\n\nThe Shizitan site encompasses a cluster of several dozen Upper Paleolithic localities situated on the North", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0f29a28c0891968b4a78e4fc4feb60ba2075d2846842fb337a0f04715c8eb29c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN006", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 17 ], "quote": "Fig 6.  Microfibers uncovered from SZT lithic tools. (a) Z-twist type in fibrillar orientation; (b) S-twist type in fibrillar orientation; (c) bast fiber showing \nvisible Z-twist fibrillar orientation; (d) bast fiber bundle; (e) bast fiber showing prominent dislocations (indicated by arrows); (f) bast fiber showing less \nprominent dislocations (indicated by arrows) and cross markings; (g) damaged fiber showing twisted ribbon form, likely hemp; (h) long and entangled \nfiber; (i) very damaged UNID fibers (d, i, j showing both brightfield and polarized views).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346767.g006", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shizitan 29", "quote": "opment of fiber technologies during the Paleolithic era. However, an NPP analysis of materials from the Upper\nPaleolithic site of Shizitan 29 in North China identified microfibers [11], offering new pathways for further research.\n In addition, the recent integration of microfossil analysis and usewear studies on stone tools from the Peiligang site\nin Henan provides evidence of bast fiber producti", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0f29a28c0891968b4a78e4fc4feb60ba2075d2846842fb337a0f04715c8eb29c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S291_0f29a28c0891_S291-F07", "paper_key": "S291_0f29a28c0891", "paper_id": "S291", "number": "7", "caption_original": "Fig 7.  Bast fiber associated elements from SZT lithic tools. (a) A large clustered crystal, resembling velvetleaf (14-GS3); (b) a group of small clus­\ntered crystals, resembling hemp (29-SF4); (c) small clustered crystals attached to epidermis; (d) enlarged image of a crystal from (c); (e) yeast cells in \nbudding process; (f) curved hair cell, resembling hemp; (g) pitted vessel cells. (Crystals, hair cell, and pitted vessel cells are comparable with corre­\nsponding elements from modern examples in Fig 2e–2g; all images from 14-GS3 except b).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346767.g007", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 18 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "7002c17b1576ca1602b88783c88b0c6ac0bc60112f758d8cbafec3c47a0f16f0", "image_bytes": 10719160, "sites": [ "CN004", "CN006" ], "caption_zh": "图7. 来自柿子滩石器的韧皮纤维相关成分。 （a） 一个大型聚集晶体，类似苘麻（14-GS3）；（b） 一组小型聚集晶体，类似大麻（29-SF4）；（c） 附着于表皮的微小聚集晶体；（d） （c） 中晶体的放大图像；（e） 处于芽生过程的酵母细胞；（f） 弯曲的毛状细胞，类似大麻；（g） 有孔的管胞。 （晶体、毛状细胞和有孔的管胞与图2e–2g中现代实例的相应成分相似；除（b）外，所有图像均来自14-GS3）。", "caption_en": "Fig 7.  Bast fiber associated elements from SZT lithic tools. (a) A large clustered crystal, resembling velvetleaf (14-GS3); (b) a group of small clus\ntered crystals, resembling hemp (29-SF4); (c) small clustered crystals attached to epidermis; (d) enlarged image of a crystal from (c); (e) yeast cells in \nbudding process; (f) curved hair cell, resembling hemp; (g) pitted vessel cells. (Crystals, hair cell, and pitted vessel cells are comparable with corre\nsponding elements from modern examples in Fig 2e–2g; all images from 14-GS3 except b).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346767.g007", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "柿子滩石器中韧皮纤维相关成分", "title_en": "Bast fiber associated elements from SZT lithic tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/7002c17b1576ca1602b88783.png", "image_url": "media/S291_0f29a28c0891_S291-F07.png?v=7002c17b1576", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 19, "quote": "Four yeast cells, appearing attached to an epidermis fragment, were identified on slab 14-GS3. They are round or oval, with a size range of 6.99–10.57 μm. Two cells appear to be in the budding process, indicated by the presence of small protrusions on the mother cells (Fig 7e). During retting processes, various microorganisms, including bacteria, molds, and yeasts (and the pectinolytic enzymes they produce), play a role in breaking down pectin and other substances binding the fibers to other plant material [95]. The presence of yeast on this slab might be the result of pounding retted fibers on the tool.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 19, "quote": "retting. The presence of yeast cells attached to an epidermis fragment on 14-GS3 further supports a connection to the retting process (S6 Table; Fig 7e).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 19, "quote": "Among the seven slabs, 14-GS3 shows the most diverse array of microfossil remains associated with fiber pounding. These include not only microfibers and microfiber bundles but also various related elements such as crystals, hair cell phytoliths, epidermis fragments, pitted vessel cells, and yeast cells likely linked to the retting process (Figs 5, Fig 7a and 7c–7g; S6 Table).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:27:11.031505+00:00", "revision": 4 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN004", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 18 ], "quote": "Fig 7.  Bast fiber associated elements from SZT lithic tools. (a) A large clustered crystal, resembling velvetleaf (14-GS3); (b) a group of small clus­\ntered crystals, resembling hemp (29-SF4); (c) small clustered crystals attached to epidermis; (d) enlarged image of a crystal from (c); (e) yeast cells in \nbudding process; (f) curved hair cell, resembling hemp; (g) pitted vessel cells. (Crystals, hair cell, and pitted vessel cells are comparable with corre­\nsponding elements from modern examples in Fig 2e–2g; all images from 14-GS3 except b).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346767.g007", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "SZT14", "quote": "ated by microfiber remains and associated usewear traces on\nstone tools at two Upper Paleolithic localities at the Shizitan site, SZT14 and SZT29 (SZT = the abbreviation for Shizitan,\nfollowed by the locality number).\n\n2.  Archaeological materials\n2.1  Shizitan site and its environment\n\nThe Shizitan site encompasses a cluster of several dozen Upper Paleolithic localities situated on the North", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0f29a28c0891968b4a78e4fc4feb60ba2075d2846842fb337a0f04715c8eb29c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" }, { "site_id": "CN006", "role": "pooled_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 18 ], "quote": "Fig 7.  Bast fiber associated elements from SZT lithic tools. (a) A large clustered crystal, resembling velvetleaf (14-GS3); (b) a group of small clus­\ntered crystals, resembling hemp (29-SF4); (c) small clustered crystals attached to epidermis; (d) enlarged image of a crystal from (c); (e) yeast cells in \nbudding process; (f) curved hair cell, resembling hemp; (g) pitted vessel cells. (Crystals, hair cell, and pitted vessel cells are comparable with corre­\nsponding elements from modern examples in Fig 2e–2g; all images from 14-GS3 except b).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346767.g007", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shizitan 29", "quote": "opment of fiber technologies during the Paleolithic era. However, an NPP analysis of materials from the Upper\nPaleolithic site of Shizitan 29 in North China identified microfibers [11], offering new pathways for further research.\n In addition, the recent integration of microfossil analysis and usewear studies on stone tools from the Peiligang site\nin Henan provides evidence of bast fiber producti", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0f29a28c0891968b4a78e4fc4feb60ba2075d2846842fb337a0f04715c8eb29c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "pooled_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。 组图涉及多个遗址；未据此推断各分图／颗粒的具体出土地。" } }, { "id": "S291_0f29a28c0891_S291-F08", "paper_key": "S291_0f29a28c0891", "paper_id": "S291", "number": "8", "caption_original": "Fig 8.  Dyed and pigmented fibers, hematite powder, and ostrich eggshell beads from SZT. (a–e) Fibers dyed blue, pink, green, black, and red; \neach fiber image showing in brightfield (left) and polarized (right) views (from SZT29); (f) red hematite pigment attached to a fiber, f-2 is an enlarged view \nof the left end of f-1; (g) hematite pigment attached to an unknown object; (h) hematite powder on PVS sample (f–h from 29-GS3); (i) ostrich eggshell \nbead showing red pigment on surface and perforation (SZT29 Layer 7 Top); (j) bead exhibiting wear traces (from SZT24).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346767.g008", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 21 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "23fda09a820cbbb5b1d1107329ca2f9f1e66929111c9a369f3bbee1d208b4df4", "image_bytes": 9892411, "sites": [ "CN006" ], "caption_zh": "图8. 来自柿子滩的染色和着色纤维、赤铁矿粉末以及鸵鸟蛋壳珠。（a–e）染成蓝色、粉红色、绿色、黑色和红色的纤维；每根纤维图像分别显示在明场（左）和偏振（右）视图下（来自SZT29）；（f）红色赤铁矿颜料附着在纤维上，f-2是f-1左侧端部的放大视图；（g）赤铁矿颜料附着在未知物体上；（h）赤铁矿粉末附着在PVS样品上（f–h来自29-GS3）；（i）鸵鸟蛋壳珠表面有红色颜料且具有穿孔（SZT29第7层顶部）；（j）珠子表现出磨损痕迹（来自SZT24）。", "caption_en": "Fig 8.  Dyed and pigmented fibers, hematite powder, and ostrich eggshell beads from SZT. (a–e) Fibers dyed blue, pink, green, black, and red; \neach fiber image showing in brightfield (left) and polarized (right) views (from SZT29); (f) red hematite pigment attached to a fiber, f-2 is an enlarged view \nof the left end of f-1; (g) hematite pigment attached to an unknown object; (h) hematite powder on PVS sample (f–h from 29-GS3); (i) ostrich eggshell \nbead showing red pigment on surface and perforation (SZT29 Layer 7 Top); (j) bead exhibiting wear traces (from SZT24).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346767.g008", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "source_original", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "柿子滩染色纤维与颜料珠", "title_en": "Dyed Fibers and Pigment Beads from SZT", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/23fda09a820cbbb5b1d11073.png", "image_url": "media/S291_0f29a28c0891_S291-F08.png?v=23fda09a820c", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:27:13.486643+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN006", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 21 ], "quote": "Fig 8.  Dyed and pigmented fibers, hematite powder, and ostrich eggshell beads from SZT. (a–e) Fibers dyed blue, pink, green, black, and red; \neach fiber image showing in brightfield (left) and polarized (right) views (from SZT29); (f) red hematite pigment attached to a fiber, f-2 is an enlarged view \nof the left end of f-1; (g) hematite pigment attached to an unknown object; (h) hematite powder on PVS sample (f–h from 29-GS3); (i) ostrich eggshell \nbead showing red pigment on surface and perforation (SZT29 Layer 7 Top); (j) bead exhibiting wear traces (from SZT24).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346767.g008", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Shizitan 29", "quote": "opment of fiber technologies during the Paleolithic era. However, an NPP analysis of materials from the Upper\nPaleolithic site of Shizitan 29 in North China identified microfibers [11], offering new pathways for further research.\n In addition, the recent integration of microfossil analysis and usewear studies on stone tools from the Peiligang site\nin Henan provides evidence of bast fiber producti", "page": 3, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0f29a28c0891968b4a78e4fc4feb60ba2075d2846842fb337a0f04715c8eb29c" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S292_d9991fd1eed3_S292-F05", "paper_key": "S292_d9991fd1eed3", "paper_id": "S292", "number": "5", "caption_original": "Fig. 5. Starches recovered from Peiligang flakes and ground- edged tools (Scale bar, 3, 20 µm; others, 10 μm). 1: Type 1, from Paleolithic microblade; 2: Type \n1, from Neolithic ground axe; 3: Type 1, in cluster from Neolithic ground axe; 4: Type 2 cluster, from Neolithic ground sickle; 5: Type 3, from Neolithic ground \nedged tool; 6: Type 4 from Paleolithic microblade; 7: Type 4 from Neolithic flake; 8: Type 5 from Neolithic flake; 9: Type 5 from Neolithic ground sickle; 10: \ndamaged starch.", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f7b8dbbb0aec466c3889aac3ac1377f91c841e38c6d368e589221931f9e93058", "image_bytes": 3898615, "sites": [ "CN025" ], "caption_zh": "图5. 从裴李岗遗址细石叶和磨制边缘工具中提取的淀粉粒（比例尺，3、20 μm；其余，10 μm）。1：类型1，粟或黍，来自旧石器时代微石叶；2：类型1，粟或黍，来自新石器时代磨制石斧；3：类型1，粟或黍，聚集体，来自新石器时代磨制石斧；4：类型2，水稻，聚集体，来自新石器时代磨制镰刀；5：类型3，薏苡或者黍亚科，来自新石器时代磨制边缘工具；6：类型4，小麦族，冰草属、披碱草属或羊草属，来自旧石器时代微石叶；7：类型4，小麦族，冰草属、披碱草属或羊草属，来自新石器时代细石叶；8：类型5，来自新石器时代细石叶；9：类型5，块根块茎类植物，来自新石器时代磨制镰刀；10：受损淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Fig. 5. Starches recovered from Peiligang flakes and ground- edged tools (Scale bar, 3, 20 μm; others, 10 μm). 1: Type 1, from Paleolithic microblade; 2: Type \n1, from Neolithic ground axe; 3: Type 1, in cluster from Neolithic ground axe; 4: Type 2 cluster, from Neolithic ground sickle; 5: Type 3, from Neolithic ground \nedged tool; 6: Type 4 from Paleolithic microblade; 7: Type 4 from Neolithic flake; 8: Type 5 from Neolithic flake; 9: Type 5 from Neolithic ground sickle; 10: \ndamaged starch.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "裴李岗细石叶和磨制工具中淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from Peiligang flakes and ground-edged tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/f7b8dbbb0aec466c3889aac3.png", "image_url": "media/S292_d9991fd1eed3_S292-F05.png?v=f7b8dbbb0aec", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "tools (SI Appendix, Table S6). They were classified into six types based on the morphological characteristics and size, five of which were taxonomically distinctive (Fig. 5). The unidentifiable starches lack diagnostic morphological features and may be identified in the future based on the expansion of modern reference collections. Throughout this study, ubiquity refers to the occurrence frequency of a specified form of residue or use- wear evidence, calculated as the percentage of analyzed artifacts within each comparison group on which that evidence was identified (SI Appendix, section 2.2).", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 5, "quote": "1. Type 1 starch (np = 11, nn = 61, 4.84 to 16.65 μm), is compa rable to Panicoideae grasses (Panicoideae subfamily). Granules are mainly polyhedral with centric hila. Some show fissures that can be short linear, stellate, Y- shaped, or circular (Fig. 5(1, 2)). Panicoideae starches may occur in large clusters (Fig. 5(3)). Examples of typical wild and domesticated species include wild Setaria, foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and broomcorn millet Panicum miliaceum). Early Neolithic Panicoideae starches show larger granules (81.63% are over 11 μm, with a maximum size of 16.65 μm) and Y- shaped fissures, suggesting the presence of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (52). 2. Type 2 starch (np = 0, nn = 11, 3.85 to 6.67 μm) is comparable to rice (Oryzeae). Granules are polyhedral or round polyhe dral, with centric hila and “X”- shaped crosses (Fig. 5(4)). They often occur in clusters due to amyloplast formation (53). The morphology and size of rice starch do not significantly differ between wild and domesticated species (54), but their presence indicates rice exploitation since the early Neolithic.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" }, { "page": 6, "quote": "3. Type 3 starch (np = 0, nn = 14, 12.76 to 22.70 μm) is com parable to Job’s tears (Coix lacryma- jobi). These starches are polyhedral or spherical with centric hila. Fissures are commonly linear or T/Y- shaped (Fig. 5(5)). Diagnostic features include a Z- shaped arm and an eccentric ratio over 1.47, as well as a relatively larger size compared to Panicoideae (55). 4. Type 4 starch (np = 7, nn = 13, 9.72 to 22.40 μm) is comparable to Triticeae grasses (Triticeae tribe). Granules are round or dis coid, with a flat surface. When turned, they become elongated oval or lenticular. Fissures are unclear, but the hila are centric, and lamellae are visible (Fig. 5(6, 7)). Common wild Triticeae grasses in the study area include Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus. 5. Type 5 starch (np = 9, nn = 18, 9.76 to 32.54 μm) is comparable to USOs (underground storage organ, or tubers). These tuber starches vary in size and shape but share eccentric hila and bent extinction arms (Fig. 5(8, 9)). Due to the lack of distinguishing features, they cannot be identified beyond this general category.", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.745055+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN025", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "Fig. 5. Starches recovered from Peiligang flakes and ground- edged tools (Scale bar, 3, 20 µm; others, 10 μm). 1: Type 1, from Paleolithic microblade; 2: Type \n1, from Neolithic ground axe; 3: Type 1, in cluster from Neolithic ground axe; 4: Type 2 cluster, from Neolithic ground sickle; 5: Type 3, from Neolithic ground \nedged tool; 6: Type 4 from Paleolithic microblade; 7: Type 4 from Neolithic flake; 8: Type 5 from Neolithic flake; 9: Type 5 from Neolithic ground sickle; 10: \ndamaged starch.", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "peiligang", "quote": "d. This study integrates use-wear and microfossil analyses of 140 stone Ground-edged cutting tools in\n tools from the Peiligang site, with experimental data, to reassess their roles within early Holocene North China are\n long-term trajectories of technological change from the Late Paleolithic to the Early often interpreted as cereal-\n Neolithic. Upper Paleol", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d9991fd1eed374a42c57c8d0942297eb77855c7d3d8749e18df17bce5a062fb6" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S292_d9991fd1eed3_S292-P0007-B001", "paper_key": "S292_d9991fd1eed3", "paper_id": "S292", "number": "未编号2", "caption_original": "Fig. 6. Phytoliths and fungi recovered from Peiligang flakes and ground edged tools. 1–5: phytoliths from Neolithic ground edged tools. (Scale bar, 10 µm.) 1: Oryza- type bulliform; 2: Phragmites bulliform; 3: common bulliform; 4: rondel; 5: sponge spicule. 6–12: microfibers from flaked and ground tools, (Scale bar, 6 to 8, 10, 11, 50 μm, 9 and 12, 100 μm, and 13, 20 µm.) 6–8: Red plate testing for fibrillar orientation. Z- twist: Changing color from blue at 0° in Left to red at 90° in Right, showing in 6: PLGP- BLD10; 7: PLGN- SCK6. S- twist: Changing color from red at 0° in Left to blue at 90° in Right, showing in 8: PLGN- SF3; 9–11: Fiber morphology. 9: PLGN- SF2, showing twisted ribbon; 10: PLGP- SCP13, damaged fiber showing slightly twisted pattern; 11: PLGN- SCK6, showing prominent cross markings (Upper arrows) and dislocation (Lower arrows); 12–13: example of dyed fiber", "source_language": "en", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 7 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a3b150f97f7d8c07805d84b69e05cfae2c6eeb8fee252ab5f46adeacac31b8dc", "image_bytes": 2708716, "sites": [ "CN025" ], "caption_zh": "图6. 从裴李岗石片和磨制边缘工具中提取的植硅体和真菌。1–5：新石器时代磨制边缘工具中的植硅体。（比例尺，10 μm。）1：水稻扇型；2：芦苇盾型；3：常见扇形；4：帽型；5：海绵骨针。6–12：来自打制和磨制工具的微纤维，（比例尺，6至8、10、11、50 μm，9和12、100 μm，13、20 μm。）6–8：红板测试纤维取向。Z-扭转：从左端0°时蓝色变为右端90°时红色，显示在6:PLGP-BLD10；7：PLGN-SCK6。S-扭转：从左端0°时红色变为右端90°时蓝色，显示在8:PLGN-SF3；9–11：纤维形态。9：PLGN-SF2，显示扭曲带状；10：PLGP-SCP13，损伤纤维显示轻微扭曲模式；11：PLGN-SCK6，显示明显横纹（上箭头）和位错（下箭头）；12–13：染色纤维示例。", "caption_en": "Fig. 6. Phytoliths and fungi recovered from Peiligang flakes and ground edged tools. 1–5: phytoliths from Neolithic ground edged tools. (Scale bar, 10 μm.) 1: rice (Oryza)- type bulliform; 2: reeds (Phragmites) bulliform; 3: common bulliform; 4: rondel; 5: sponge spicule. 6–12: microfibers from flaked and ground tools, (Scale bar, 6 to 8, 10, 11, 50 μm, 9 and 12, 100 μm, and 13, 20 μm.) 6–8: Red plate testing for fibrillar orientation. Z- twist: Changing color from blue at 0° in Left to red at 90° in Right, showing in 6: PLGP- BLD10; 7: PLGN- SCK6. S- twist: Changing color from red at 0° in Left to blue at 90° in Right, showing in 8: PLGN- SF3; 9–11: Fiber morphology. 9: PLGN- SF2, showing twisted ribbon; 10: PLGP- SCP13, damaged fiber showing slightly twisted pattern; 11: PLGN- SCK6, showing prominent cross markings (Upper arrows) and dislocation (Lower arrows); 12–13: example of dyed fiber", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "裴李岗石片和磨制工具中植硅体与真菌", "title_en": "Phytoliths and Fungi from Peiligang Flakes and Ground Edged Tools", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/a3b150f97f7d8c07805d84b6.png", "image_url": "media/S292_d9991fd1eed3_S292-P0007-B001.png?v=a3b150f97f7d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 6, "quote": "The number of identified starches is low on the Paleolithic artifacts, a pattern consistent with the relatively small artifact sizes, less intensive use, and preservation conditions. The starches were mainly identified from artifacts with a relatively sharp cutting edge, such as blades and microblades. One microblade (PLGP- MB19) revealed 10 starches in three types (Panicoideae, Triticeae, and USO). A few scrapers and flakes also yielded a limited number of starches, indicating they may have contacted starchy plants sporadically. The total ubiquity of starch processing in the Upper Paleolithic sample is low, only 16.88%. Flaked tools were still used for processing starch resources during the early Neolithic, and the ubiquity of starch acquisition in flake tools did not increase significantly (23.08%) compared to the Upper Paleolithic. On the ground- edged tools, however, starches occurred more frequently (53.33% ubiquity) with a larger variety, indicating increased focus on plants compared to the Paleolithic. 2.3.2. Phytoliths. Phytoliths were not identified from the Paleolithic artifacts. In the experiments, phytoliths were recovered in sub stantially lower quantities than starch grains and in numbers comparable to microfibers (Section 2.1 and Fig. 3). This pattern may reflect differences in the abundance of these microremains in the processed plant tissues, their adherence and retention on tool surfaces, or their recovery during extraction. The small size and likely short use- life of Paleolithic flaked tools may have further limited phytolith retention. Consistently, phy", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.798623+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN025", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 7 ], "quote": "Fig. 6. Phytoliths and fungi recovered from Peiligang flakes and ground edged tools. 1–5: phytoliths from Neolithic ground edged tools. (Scale bar, 10 µm.) 1: Oryza- type bulliform; 2: Phragmites bulliform; 3: common bulliform; 4: rondel; 5: sponge spicule. 6–12: microfibers from flaked and ground tools, (Scale bar, 6 to 8, 10, 11, 50 μm, 9 and 12, 100 μm, and 13, 20 µm.) 6–8: Red plate testing for fibrillar orientation. Z- twist: Changing color from blue at 0° in Left to red at 90° in Right, showing in 6: PLGP- BLD10; 7: PLGN- SCK6. S- twist: Changing color from red at 0° in Left to blue at 90° in Right, showing in 8: PLGN- SF3; 9–11: Fiber morphology. 9: PLGN- SF2, showing twisted ribbon; 10: PLGP- SCP13, damaged fiber showing slightly twisted pattern; 11: PLGN- SCK6, showing prominent cross markings (Upper arrows) and dislocation (Lower arrows); 12–13: example of dyed fiber", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "peiligang", "quote": "d. This study integrates use-wear and microfossil analyses of 140 stone Ground-edged cutting tools in\n tools from the Peiligang site, with experimental data, to reassess their roles within early Holocene North China are\n long-term trajectories of technological change from the Late Paleolithic to the Early often interpreted as cereal-\n Neolithic. Upper Paleol", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d9991fd1eed374a42c57c8d0942297eb77855c7d3d8749e18df17bce5a062fb6" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S294_9ecf7c088b51_S294-F03", "paper_key": "S294_9ecf7c088b51", "paper_id": "S294", "number": "3", "caption_original": "图3\n海昏侯墓园主墓出土的木质漆盒内样品的显微结构. (a) 冰冻切片机下的样品断面, 显示辅料层和植物两部分, 白色为冰冻状态下的胶水;\n(b) 显微镜下的样品断面, 显示辅料层和植物两部分; (c1) 辅料层的碎片; (c2-1) 辅料层中淀粉粒(明场); (c2-2) 辅料层中淀粉粒(偏光); (c3) 辅料\n层的碎片; (c4-1) 辅料层中含晶体的团块物(明场); (c4-2) 辅料层中含晶体的团块物(偏光); (d1) 植物的周皮; (d2) 次生木质部, 含有导管和薄壁\n组织; (d3) 次生木质部, 含有导管和宽广的木射线; (d4) 红棕色细胞; (d5) 植物组织与碘-碘化钾试液显特异蓝色; (d6) 植物的导管\nFigure 3\nThe microstructure of sample in wooden lacquer box unearthed from Haihunhou Han tomb. (a) The sample cross section in freezing\nmicrotome, showing the excipients and plants, with white frozen glue; (b) the sample section under microscope, showing excipient layers and plants;\n(c1) fragments of excipient layers; (c2-1) starch granules in excipient layers (bright-field); (c2-2) starch granules in excipient layers (polarized-light);\n(c3) fragments of excipient layers; (c4-1) one of the masses containing crystals in the excipient layers (bright-field); (c4-2) one of the masses containing\ncrystals in the excipient layers (polarized-light); (d1) periderm; (d2) secondary xylem containing vessels and parenchyma cells; (d3) secondary xylem\ncontaining vessels and rays; (d4) reddish brown cells; (d5) the reaction between plant tissues and iodine-potassium iodide test solution showing\ncharacteristic blue; (d6) vessels", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "e336610880b6a532a0e630322c491f413f29e2b926fb1f2500ccb8b42d2b5566", "image_bytes": 16685027, "sites": [ "CN135" ], "caption_zh": "图3 海昏侯墓园主墓出土的木质漆盒内样品的显微结构. （a） 冰冻切片机下的样品断面， 显示辅料层和植物两部分， 白色为冰冻状态下的胶水；（b） 显微镜下的样品断面， 显示辅料层和植物两部分； （c1） 辅料层的碎片； （c2-1） 辅料层中淀粉粒（明场）； （c2-2） 辅料层中淀粉粒（偏光）； （c3） 辅料层的碎片； （c4-1） 辅料层中含晶体的团块物（明场）； （c4-2） 辅料层中含晶体的团块物（偏光）； （d1） 植物的周皮； （d2） 次生木质部， 含有导管和薄壁组织； （d3） 次生木质部， 含有导管和宽广的木射线； （d4） 红棕色细胞； （d5） 植物组织与碘-碘化钾试液显特异蓝色； （d6） 植物的导管。", "caption_en": "Figure 3 The microstructure of sample in wooden lacquer box unearthed from Haihunhou Han tomb. (a) The sample cross section in freezing microtome, showing the excipients and plants, with white frozen glue; (b) the sample section under microscope, showing excipient layers and plants; (c1) fragments of excipient layers; (c2-1) starch granules in excipient layers (bright-field); (c2-2) starch granules in excipient layers (polarized-light); (c3) fragments of excipient layers; (c4-1) one of the masses containing crystals in the excipient layers (bright-field); (c4-2) one of the masses containing crystals in the excipient layers (polarized-light); (d1) periderm; (d2) secondary xylem containing vessels and parenchyma cells; (d3) secondary xylem containing vessels and rays; (d4) reddish brown cells; (d5) the reaction between plant tissues and iodine-potassium iodide test solution showing characteristic blue; (d6) vessels", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "海昏侯墓园主墓出土木质漆盒内样品的显微结构", "title_en": "The microstructure of sample in wooden lacquer box unearthed from Haihunhou Han tomb", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/e336610880b6a532a0e63032.png", "image_url": "media/S294_9ecf7c088b51_S294-F03.png?v=e336610880b6", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [ { "page": 5, "quote": "层的碎片; (c4-1) 辅料层中含晶体的团块物(明场); (c4-2) 辅料层中含晶体的团块物(偏光); (d1) 植物的周皮; (d2) 次生木质部, 含有导管和薄壁 组织; (d3) 次生木质部, 含有导管和宽广的木射线; (d4) 红棕色细胞; (d5) 植物组织与碘-碘化钾试液显特异蓝色; (d6) 植物的导管 Figure 3 The microstructure of sample in wooden lacquer box unearthed from Haihunhou Han tomb. (a) The sample cross section in freezing microtome, showing the excipients and plants, with white frozen glue; (b) the sample section under microscope, showing excipient layers and plants; (c1) fragments of excipient layers; (c2-1) starch granules in excipient layers (bright-field); (c2-2) starch granules in excipient layers (polarized-light); (c3) fragments of excipient layers; (c4-1) one of the masses containing crystals in the excipient layers (bright-field); (c4-2) one of the masses containing crystals in the excipient layers (polarized-light); (d1) periderm; (d2) secondary xylem containing vessels and parenchyma cells; (d3) secondary xylem containing vessels and rays; (d4) reddish brown cells; (d5) the reaction between plant tissues and iodine-potassium iodide test solution showing characteristic blue; (d6) vessels", "status": "retrieved_passage_not_verified_mapping" } ], "panel_status": "body_context_available", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.853519+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN135", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 5 ], "quote": "图3\n海昏侯墓园主墓出土的木质漆盒内样品的显微结构. (a) 冰冻切片机下的样品断面, 显示辅料层和植物两部分, 白色为冰冻状态下的胶水;\n(b) 显微镜下的样品断面, 显示辅料层和植物两部分; (c1) 辅料层的碎片; (c2-1) 辅料层中淀粉粒(明场); (c2-2) 辅料层中淀粉粒(偏光); (c3) 辅料\n层的碎片; (c4-1) 辅料层中含晶体的团块物(明场); (c4-2) 辅料层中含晶体的团块物(偏光); (d1) 植物的周皮; (d2) 次生木质部, 含有导管和薄壁\n组织; (d3) 次生木质部, 含有导管和宽广的木射线; (d4) 红棕色细胞; (d5) 植物组织与碘-碘化钾试液显特异蓝色; (d6) 植物的导管\nFigure 3\nThe microstructure of sample in wooden lacquer box unearthed from Haihunhou Han tomb. (a) The sample cross section in freezing\nmicrotome, showing the excipients and plants, with white frozen glue; (b) the sample section under microscope, showing excipient layers and plants;\n(c1) fragments of excipient layers; (c2-1) starch granules in excipient layers (bright-field); (c2-2) starch granules in excipient layers (polarized-light);\n(c3) fragments of excipient layers; (c4-1) one of the masses containing crystals in the excipient layers (bright-field); (c4-2) one of the masses containing\ncrystals in the excipient layers (polarized-light); (d1) periderm; (d2) secondary xylem containing vessels and parenchyma cells; (d3) secondary xylem\ncontaining vessels and rays; (d4) reddish brown cells; (d5) the reaction between plant tissues and iodine-potassium iodide test solution showing\ncharacteristic blue; (d6) vessels", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "Haihunhou", "quote": "ducts of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Identification and analysis of samples from wooden\n lacquer box unearthed from Haihunhou tomb in the Western Han Dynasty (in Chinese). Chin Sci Bull, 2019, 64: 935–947, doi: 10.1360/N972018-01176\n\n© 2019《中国科学》杂志社 www.scichina.com csb.scichina.com", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "9ecf7c088b511c8e3f593a43a663608853ff91068696d1aa706b706a8e842a29" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S294_9ecf7c088b51_S294-F04", "paper_key": "S294_9ecf7c088b51", "paper_id": "S294", "number": "4", "caption_original": "图4\n天目地黄的根及其显微结构. (a) 根外观形状; (b) 根的横切面; (c), (d) 分泌细胞; (e), (f), (g) 导管\nFigure 4\nThe roots and its microstructure of Rehmannia chingii. (a) Appearance characteristics; (b) transverse section; (c), (d) secretory cells; (e), (f),\n(g) vessels", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 6 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "165ca42ab3e8987994f7189c80e64285720f8093227186afcbf2a66f96a49666", "image_bytes": 14882669, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图4 天目地黄的根及其显微结构. （a） 根外观形状； （b） 根的横切面； （c）， （d） 分泌细胞； （e）， （f）， （g） 导管。", "caption_en": "Figure 4 The roots and its microstructure of Rehmannia chingii. (a) Appearance characteristics; (b) transverse section; (c), (d) secretory cells; (e), (f), (g) vessels", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "天目地黄的根及其显微结构", "title_en": "The roots and its microstructure of Rehmannia chingii", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/165ca42ab3e8987994f7189c.png", "image_url": "media/S294_9ecf7c088b51_S294-F04.png?v=165ca42ab3e8", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.911064+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S295_d82b697c469a_S295-F01", "paper_key": "S295_d82b697c469a", "paper_id": "S295", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图一\n部分现代淀粉粒( 图中比例尺为20μm)\na 粟\nb 黍\nc 薏苡\nd 高粱\ne 麻栎\nf 栓皮栎", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "对照原始PDF校正中英植物名、图注项目对应及遗漏；保留原始题录和原文底稿。", "pdf_pages": [ 2 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "0f7c59eaa1292253fd752ede89084e295706e97e4ea04845fc61ad7b80e41d66", "image_bytes": 2533329, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图一部分现代淀粉粒（ 图中比例尺为20 μm）\na 粟； b 黍； c 薏苡； d 高粱； e 麻栎； f 栓皮栎。", "caption_en": "Figure 1. Modern starch references. a. Foxtail millet; b. Broomcorn millet; c. Job’s tears; d. Sorghum; e. Sawtooth oak; f. Chinese cork oak. Scale bar: 20 μm.", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "editorial_revision", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "现代淀粉粒形态图", "title_en": "Morphology of modern starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/0f7c59eaa1292253fd752ede.png", "image_url": "media/S295_d82b697c469a_S295-F01.png?v=0f7c59eaa129", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:54.966772+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S295_d82b697c469a_S295-F02", "paper_key": "S295_d82b697c469a", "paper_id": "S295", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二\n查海遗址发现的淀粉粒( 图中比例尺为20μm)\na ～d，i．A 类\ne．B 类\nf．C 类\ng ～h．D 类", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 3 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "efc9e70049364c61dab2dce85b0a4fef5989c1cc8a580ef5f6b945872720e31f", "image_bytes": 601702, "sites": [ "CN043" ], "caption_zh": "图二查海遗址发现的淀粉粒（ 图中比例尺为20 μm）\na ~d，i.A 类，禾本科植物种子，可能来自粟、黍、狗尾草或高粱等； e.B 类，无法鉴定类型； f.C 类，块根块茎类植物； g~h.D 类，无法鉴定。", "caption_en": "Figure 2. Starch grains from the Chahai site (scale bar in the figure is 20 μm)\na–d, i. Type A\ne. Type B\nf. Type C\ng–h. Type D", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "查海遗址淀粉粒", "title_en": "Starch grains from the Chahai site", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/efc9e70049364c61dab2dce8.png", "image_url": "media/S295_d82b697c469a_S295-F02.png?v=efc9e7004936", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "马", "note": "导入专家意见：已核对", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T02:16:55.029304+00:00", "revision": 2 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN043", "role": "caption_named_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 3 ], "quote": "图二\n查海遗址发现的淀粉粒( 图中比例尺为20μm)\na ～d，i．A 类\ne．B 类\nf．C 类\ng ～h．D 类", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "chahai", "quote": "集经济在查海先民的生业经济中应占主要地位。同时，数量\n较多的狗尾草属植物淀粉粒的发现暗示查海遗址可能已经出现对这类植物的集中利用甚至是初期栽培活动。石器表\n层各类淀粉粒的数量比说明禾本科植物是查海遗址石磨盘和磨棒最主要的加工对象。\n KEY WOＲDS: Chahai Site Stone tools Starch grain Subsistence\n ABSTＲACT: Significant numbers of starch grains，including Poaceae，tubers and other unknown types，are extracted\n\n from 4 stone tools of the Xinglongwa Culture at the Chahai Site．The analysis indicates that thePo", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "d82b697c469ac5aad4fe542f693291fa54b4d0e7731393dda3f7e1fa0fd4a097" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "caption_named_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S296_0fda021344c0_S296-F01", "paper_key": "S296_0fda021344c0", "paper_id": "S296", "number": "1", "caption_original": "图一，古代谷子淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "c11c617ba4ddf4d1460ea2a1b7a8283599d8a4b46956af61810195b3e64bdfa5", "image_bytes": 1134363, "sites": [ "CN069" ], "caption_zh": "图一，古代谷子淀粉粒。", "caption_en": "Figure 1, ancient foxtail millet starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "editorial_revision", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "古代谷子淀粉粒", "title_en": "ancient foxtail millet starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/c11c617ba4ddf4d1460ea2a1.png", "image_url": "media/S296_0fda021344c0_S296-F01.png?v=c11c617ba4dd", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:27:16.044573+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN069", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图一，古代谷子淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "五堡", "quote": "二 ， 一 一 一 一 一一石\n 粮食作物\n\n\n 新疆哈密市五堡 号古墓出土农作物分析\n\n\n\n\n 新疆师范大学生物系 于喜风\n\n\n\n 年 月 ，新疆文化厅组织多学科学者对新疆出土的古代干尸进行综合研究 ，为使诸\n学科研究人员具体了解古尸的出土和生成环境 ，新疆文物考古研究所在哈密市五堡墓地又发\n掘清理了两座墓葬 。墓葬形制为竖穴土犷 ，底部有土坯二层台 ，其中在巧 号墓中除见陶器 、木\n器 、毛织物 、毛皮制品外 ，还见大麦穗 、谷穗和狗尾草 。 从出土文物 、墓葬形制 、并结合碳十四测\n定的数据 ，这座墓葬的时代仍在距今三千年前后 ，是属于青", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0fda021344c0ab12566d61e47e3b0a01be5643aa39dd7f6bf88fcc9d5221ed87" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S296_0fda021344c0_S296-F02", "paper_key": "S296_0fda021344c0", "paper_id": "S296", "number": "2", "caption_original": "图二，栽培谷子淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "1d62b7ed1f9f3dc990d83cd16a0b62686382ddc2a366ad74ab5196aa1569a914", "image_bytes": 1180410, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图二，栽培谷子淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure 2, starch grains from cultivated foxtail millet", "caption_zh_origin": "source_original", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "栽培谷子淀粉粒", "title_en": "starch grains from cultivated foxtail millet", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/1d62b7ed1f9f3dc990d83cd1.png", "image_url": "media/S296_0fda021344c0_S296-F02.png?v=1d62b7ed1f9f", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:27:19.031930+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S296_0fda021344c0_S296-P0004-B002", "paper_key": "S296_0fda021344c0", "paper_id": "S296", "number": "未编号3", "caption_original": "图三，古代大麦淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "f678415882f286b146b836c413a7bc1de5d06d40cb987dc4ea445ce7236894ec", "image_bytes": 1357959, "sites": [ "CN069" ], "caption_zh": "图三，古代大麦淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure 3, ancient barley starch grains", "caption_zh_origin": "source_original", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "古代大麦淀粉粒", "title_en": "ancient barley starch grains", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [ "number_tokens_differ" ], "thumbnail": "previews/f678415882f286b146b836c4.png", "image_url": "media/S296_0fda021344c0_S296-P0004-B002.png?v=f678415882f2", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:27:21.454784+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [ { "site_id": "CN069", "role": "single_study_material", "evidence": [ { "pages": [ 4 ], "quote": "图三，古代大麦淀粉粒", "method": "图注校录" }, { "matched": "五堡", "quote": "二 ， 一 一 一 一 一一石\n 粮食作物\n\n\n 新疆哈密市五堡 号古墓出土农作物分析\n\n\n\n\n 新疆师范大学生物系 于喜风\n\n\n\n 年 月 ，新疆文化厅组织多学科学者对新疆出土的古代干尸进行综合研究 ，为使诸\n学科研究人员具体了解古尸的出土和生成环境 ，新疆文物考古研究所在哈密市五堡墓地又发\n掘清理了两座墓葬 。墓葬形制为竖穴土犷 ，底部有土坯二层台 ，其中在巧 号墓中除见陶器 、木\n器 、毛织物 、毛皮制品外 ，还见大麦穗 、谷穗和狗尾草 。 从出土文物 、墓葬形制 、并结合碳十四测\n定的数据 ，这座墓葬的时代仍在距今三千年前后 ，是属于青", "page": 1, "method": "原始PDF文本定位；研究对象据题名／摘要／材料段判读", "pdf_sha256": "0fda021344c0ab12566d61e47e3b0a01be5643aa39dd7f6bf88fcc9d5221ed87" } ], "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } ], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "single_study_material", "note": "整张图版的材料关联；不把其中现代参照分图当作考古材料。" } }, { "id": "S296_0fda021344c0_S296-P0004-B003", "paper_key": "S296_0fda021344c0", "paper_id": "S296", "number": "未编号4", "caption_original": "图四，栽培大麦淀粉粒", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 4 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "42330293d23db65197719e4aa8d4872fdb000eb346251aae3361ac5fbe890682", "image_bytes": 1298363, "sites": [], "caption_zh": "图四，栽培大麦淀粉粒", "caption_en": "Figure four, starch grains from cultivated barley", "caption_zh_origin": "source_original", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "栽培大麦淀粉粒", "title_en": "starch grains from cultivated barley", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", "translation_checks": [], "thumbnail": "previews/42330293d23db65197719e4a.png", "image_url": "media/S296_0fda021344c0_S296-P0004-B003.png?v=42330293d23d", "panel_annotations": [], "body_evidence": [], "panel_status": "unresolved_or_not_applicable", "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:20:58.810921+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "site_links": [], "site_audit": { "version": "site-audit/20261022-1", "status": "reference_experiment_or_unresolved", "note": "现代参照／实验或材料性质未明确，不自动继承论文研究遗址。" } }, { "id": "S296_0fda021344c0_S296-P0005-B000", "paper_key": "S296_0fda021344c0", "paper_id": "S296", "number": "未编号5", "caption_original": "照片①，新疆哈密五堡出土的古代粟穗", "source_language": "zh", "category": "图版／显微照片", "notes": "", "pdf_pages": [ 5 ], "source_review_status": "editorial_approved", "image_sha256": "a40ed47361668a7851606aaa21c0e13710198935b82062a435d12fecea18e8fd", "image_bytes": 1165527, "sites": [ "CN069" ], "caption_zh": "照片①，新疆哈密五堡出土的古代粟穗", "caption_en": "Panel 1: Ancient foxtail millet spikelet recovered from Wubao, Xinjiang Hami", "caption_zh_origin": "source_original", "caption_en_origin": "local_model_draft", "title_original": "", "title_zh": "新疆哈密五堡出土古代粟穗", "title_en": "Panel 1: Ancient foxtail millet spikelet recovered from Wubao, Xinjiang Hami", "translation_status": "editorial_approved", 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"url": "https://www.geonames.org/1801654", "feature": "PPLA3", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S021" ], "paper_keys": [ "S021_20f45384b1a5" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S021_20f45384b1a5_S021-F03", "S021_20f45384b1a5_S021-F04" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN192", "name": "西金城", "lat": 35.10871, "lon": 113.11244, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "博爱县金城乡行政区代表位置", "source": "S080定位描述；GeoNames 8727256", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型ADM4，名称Jincheng。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S080", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/8727256", "feature": "ADM4", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S080" ], "paper_keys": [ "S080_78fc05c73406" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S080_78fc05c73406_MAN_2dd4828931e3" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN193", "name": "石人子沟", "lat": 43.5475, "lon": 93.25416666666666, "scope": "CN", "kind": "A 原论文范围中点", "approximate": true, "object": "石人子沟遗址范围中点", "source": "S063 PDF第2页", "crs": "原文未注明坐标系", "status": "范围数字已核；不是发掘点实测坐标", "notes": "原文43°31.2′—43°34.5′N、93°13.7′—93°16.8′E，取范围中点；保留近似标记。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S063", "page": 2, "quote": "43°31.2′—43°34.5′N，93°13.7′—93°16.8′E" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S063" ], "paper_keys": [ "S063_1b4685e36bee" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S063_1b4685e36bee_S063-F03" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN194", "name": "平粮台", "lat": 33.76667, "lon": 114.98333, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "淮阳大连乡同名聚落代表位置", "source": "S283定位描述；GeoNames 1814089", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPL，名称Dalian。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S283", "page": 4, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/1814089", "feature": "PPL", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S283" ], "paper_keys": [ "S283_de9e6e2137a2" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S283_de9e6e2137a2_S283-F03", "S283_de9e6e2137a2_S283-F06" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN195", "name": "姜家村汉墓", "lat": 34.32361, "lon": 108.60361, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "咸阳马泉街道驻地", "source": "S042定位描述；GeoNames 2001045", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA4，名称Maquan。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S042", "page": 1, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/2001045", "feature": "PPLA4", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S042" ], "paper_keys": [ "S042_63bcf96910ae" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S042_63bcf96910ae_S042-F02-P0005", "S042_63bcf96910ae_S042-F03-P0005", "S042_63bcf96910ae_S042-F04-P0005" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN196", "name": "胜金店墓地", "lat": 42.94769, "lon": 89.17886, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "吐鲁番城市驻地；胜金乡驻地待进一步核准", "source": "S065定位描述；GeoNames 1529114", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA2，名称Turpan。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S065", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/1529114", "feature": "PPLA2", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S065" ], "paper_keys": [ "S065_c4740007d2d9" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN197", "name": "古北口蟠龙山长城", "lat": 40.68963, "lon": 117.15832, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "古北口镇驻地", "source": "S112定位描述；GeoNames 2037173", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA4，名称Gubeikou。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S112", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/2037173", "feature": "PPLA4", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S112" ], "paper_keys": [ "S112_1e34595f836f" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S112_1e34595f836f_S112-F03" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN198", "name": "小河墓地", "lat": 40.336666666666666, "lon": 88.67166666666667, "scope": "CN", "kind": "B 论文报告候选点（待进一步核准）", "approximate": true, "object": "小河墓地论文候选坐标", "source": "S162 PDF第2页", "crs": "原文未注明坐标系", "status": "保留论文数值；同段方位描述与图1存在冲突，标为待核候选点", "notes": "原文40°20.2′N、88°40.3′E；该段关于小河、古墓沟、楼兰的方向文字与图示不一致，不能视为独立核定位置。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S162", "page": 2, "quote": "40°20.2′N, 88°40.3′E; Fig. 1" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S162" ], "paper_keys": [ "S162_092ae247e07c" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S162_092ae247e07c_S162-F06" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN199", "name": "古墓沟墓地", "lat": 40.67638888888889, "lon": 88.9225, "scope": "CN", "kind": "B 研究文献坐标", "approximate": false, "object": "古墓沟墓地文献坐标", "source": "中国人民大学清史研究所历史地理研究文献；S178研究对象", "crs": "引文未注明坐标系", "status": "按研究文献抄录，尚未独立复测", "notes": "坐标引文88°55′21″E、40°40′35″N；不采用同段对小河墓地的另一组坐标。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "中国人民大学清史研究所", "url": "https://iqh.ruc.edu.cn/old/zglsdlyj/lsdl_lzjj/xqzmddlyj/9a336babf8af4df39edce5a88181549f.htm", "quote": "古墓沟墓地（88°55′21″E，40°40′35″N）" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S178" ], "paper_keys": [ "S178_ca45b85fe13e" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN200", "name": "桑耶寺", "lat": 29.3275, "lon": 91.5019, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "桑耶镇行政区代表位置", "source": "S214定位描述；GeoNames 8605162", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型ADM4，名称Sangye。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S214", "page": 3, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/8605162", "feature": "ADM4", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S214" ], "paper_keys": [ "S214_ec5c7d883ca3" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN201", "name": "石峡", "lat": 24.68413, "lon": 113.59839, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "曲江区马坝镇驻地", "source": "S110定位描述；GeoNames 1801615", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA3，名称Maba。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S110", "page": 1, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/1801615", "feature": "PPLA3", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S110" ], "paper_keys": [ "S110_062d42783d38" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN203", "name": "柳城巨猿洞", "lat": 24.433333333333334, "lon": 109.2, "scope": "CN", "kind": "A 原论文报告坐标", "approximate": false, "object": "柳城巨猿洞化石点（非人类聚落）", "source": "S057 PDF第4页", "crs": "原文未注明坐标系", "status": "原文坐标已核；精度仅至角分", "notes": "24°26′N、109°12′E；研究对象是步氏巨猿化石，不代表人类植物利用。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S057", "page": 4, "quote": "柳城巨猿洞……24°26′N、109°12′E" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S057" ], "paper_keys": [ "S057_de280e8949df" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S057_de280e8949df_S057-F03" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN204", "name": "郭泥沟化石点", "lat": 35.66653, "lon": 103.39792, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "东乡族自治县锁南驻地；那勒寺镇驻地待核", "source": "S072定位描述；GeoNames 1793781", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA3，名称Suonan。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S072", "page": 1, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/1793781", "feature": "PPLA3", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S072" ], "paper_keys": [ "S072_eac5e9f1da11" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S072_eac5e9f1da11_S072-F02" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN205", "name": "关桃园", "lat": 34.36591, "lon": 107.35904, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 行政区替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "宝鸡陈仓区虢镇驻地", "source": "S192定位描述；GeoNames 1809263", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA3，名称Guozhen。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S192", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/1809263", "feature": "PPLA3", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S192" ], "paper_keys": [ "S192_ff365d3959ed" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Bingxin Shao", "note": "保存编辑草稿", "reviewed_at": "2026-11-04T03:28:06.847752+00:00", "revision": 3 }, "figure_ids": [ "S192_ff365d3959ed_S192-F02", "S192_ff365d3959ed_S192-F03", "S192_ff365d3959ed_S192-F04" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN206", "name": "仰韶村", "lat": 34.78832, "lon": 111.79736, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "渑池仰韶镇行政区代表位置", "source": "S136定位描述；GeoNames 8727200", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型ADM4，名称Yangshao。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S136", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/8727200", "feature": "ADM4", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S136" ], "paper_keys": [ "S136_4278225ec231" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN207", "name": "大河村", "lat": 34.75778, "lon": 113.64861, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "郑州城市驻地；遗址所在街道定位待核", "source": "S136定位描述；GeoNames 1784658", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA，名称Zhengzhou。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S136", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/1784658", "feature": "PPLA", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S136" ], "paper_keys": [ "S136_4278225ec231" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN208", "name": "天津金代墓（S280）", "lat": 39.14222, "lon": 117.17667, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "天津城市驻地；原文未给出更小取样行政区", "source": "S280定位描述；GeoNames 1792947", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA，名称Tianjin。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S280", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/1792947", "feature": "PPLA", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S280" ], "paper_keys": [ "S280_37c6aaecb840" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S280_37c6aaecb840_S280-F05" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN209", "name": "离山铺墓群", "lat": 33.89667, "lon": 117.05972, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "宿州夹沟镇同名聚落代表位置", "source": "S257定位描述；GeoNames 1806500", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPL，名称Jiagou。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。 中文名及夹沟镇七里村离山铺自然村归属，经宿州市埇桥区文保单位名录核对。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S257", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/1806500", "feature": "PPL", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S257" ], "paper_keys": [ "S257_b16fe850a5f8" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S257_b16fe850a5f8_S257-F08" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN210", "name": "洛阳王城路—状元红路汉墓", "lat": 34.65997, "lon": 112.42452, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "洛阳王城路街道行政区代表位置", "source": "S286定位描述；GeoNames 13196637", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型ADM4，名称Wangchenglu。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S286", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/13196637", "feature": "ADM4", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S286" ], "paper_keys": [ "S286_cf501a8cf2c2" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S286_cf501a8cf2c2_S286-F06" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN212", "name": "敖包山北梁", "lat": 42.26833, "lon": 118.96361, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "赤峰城市驻地；原文仅明确赤峰地区", "source": "S222定位描述；GeoNames 2038067", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA2，名称Chifeng。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。 中文名称据原文英文音译，正式汉字名仍需中文发掘报告核准；馆藏单位不能代替出土地点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S222", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/2038067", "feature": "PPLA2", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S222" ], "paper_keys": [ "S222_01c7cb97560c" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F02", "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F03", "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F04" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN213", "name": "哈达沟南梁", "lat": 42.26833, "lon": 118.96361, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "赤峰城市驻地；原文仅明确赤峰地区", "source": "S222定位描述；GeoNames 2038067", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA2，名称Chifeng。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。 中文名称据原文英文音译，正式汉字名仍需中文发掘报告核准；馆藏单位不能代替出土地点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S222", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/2038067", "feature": "PPLA2", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S222" ], "paper_keys": [ "S222_01c7cb97560c" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F02", "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F03", "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F04" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN214", "name": "房身西梁", "lat": 42.26833, "lon": 118.96361, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "赤峰城市驻地；原文仅明确赤峰地区", "source": "S222定位描述；GeoNames 2038067", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA2，名称Chifeng。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。 中文名称据原文英文音译，正式汉字名仍需中文发掘报告核准；馆藏单位不能代替出土地点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S222", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/2038067", "feature": "PPLA2", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S222" ], "paper_keys": [ "S222_01c7cb97560c" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F02", "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F03", "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F04" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN215", "name": "团结营子兔子山", "lat": 42.26833, "lon": 118.96361, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "赤峰城市驻地；原文仅明确赤峰地区", "source": "S222定位描述；GeoNames 2038067", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA2，名称Chifeng。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。 中文名称据原文英文音译，正式汉字名仍需中文发掘报告核准；馆藏单位不能代替出土地点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S222", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/2038067", "feature": "PPLA2", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S222" ], "paper_keys": [ "S222_01c7cb97560c" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F02", "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F03", "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F04" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN216", "name": "杜家地", "lat": 42.26833, "lon": 118.96361, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "赤峰城市驻地；原文仅明确赤峰地区", "source": "S222定位描述；GeoNames 2038067", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA2，名称Chifeng。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。 中文名称据原文英文音译，正式汉字名仍需中文发掘报告核准；馆藏单位不能代替出土地点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S222", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/2038067", "feature": "PPLA2", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S222" ], "paper_keys": [ "S222_01c7cb97560c" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F02", "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F03", "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F04" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN217", "name": "高家洼子", "lat": 42.26833, "lon": 118.96361, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "赤峰城市驻地；原文仅明确赤峰地区", "source": "S222定位描述；GeoNames 2038067", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA2，名称Chifeng。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。 中文名称据原文英文音译，正式汉字名仍需中文发掘报告核准；馆藏单位不能代替出土地点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S222", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/2038067", "feature": "PPLA2", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S222" ], "paper_keys": [ "S222_01c7cb97560c" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F02", "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F03", "S222_01c7cb97560c_S222-F04" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN218", "name": "横水倗国墓地", "lat": 35.47111, "lon": 111.44528, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "绛县横水镇同名聚落代表位置", "source": "S113定位描述；GeoNames 1808396", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPL，名称Hengshui。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S113", "page": 1, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/1808396", "feature": "PPL", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S113" ], "paper_keys": [ "S113_ea923acdc3cc" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN220", "name": "小荆山", "lat": 36.75833, "lon": 117.49139, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "章丘行政区代表位置；刁镇驻地待核", "source": "S059定位描述；GeoNames 1785093", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型ADM3，名称Zhangqiu Shi。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S059", "page": 4, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/1785093", "feature": "ADM3", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S059" ], "paper_keys": [ "S059_4cb7aa914f12" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN221", "name": "北辛", "lat": 35.1, "lon": 117.15, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "滕州行政区代表位置；具体乡镇待核", "source": "S059定位描述；GeoNames 1793037", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型ADM3，名称Tengzhou Shi。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S059", "page": 4, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/1793037", "feature": "ADM3", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S059" ], "paper_keys": [ "S059_4cb7aa914f12" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN222", "name": "王因", "lat": 35.45, "lon": 116.76667, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "济宁王因镇同名聚落代表位置", "source": "S059定位描述；GeoNames 1791845", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPL，名称Wangyin。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S059", "page": 4, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/1791845", "feature": "PPL", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S051", "S059" ], "paper_keys": [ "S051_44dd3e928545", "S059_4cb7aa914f12" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F02", "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F03", "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F05" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN223", "name": "白石村", "lat": 37.51687, "lon": 121.35259, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "烟台芝罘区行政区代表位置", "source": "S059定位描述；GeoNames 6573964", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型ADM3，名称Zhifu Qu。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S059", "page": 6, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/6573964", "feature": "ADM3", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S059" ], "paper_keys": [ "S059_4cb7aa914f12" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN224", "name": "西夏侯", "lat": 35.56667, "lon": 117.05, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "曲阜息陬同名聚落代表位置；不是镇政府或遗址实测定位", "source": "S051定位描述；GeoNames 1788089", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPL，名称Xizou。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S051", "page": 3, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/1788089", "feature": "PPL", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S051" ], "paper_keys": [ "S051_44dd3e928545" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F02", "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F03", "S051_44dd3e928545_S051-F05" ], "association_status": "source_linked" }, { "id": "CN225", "name": "转年", "lat": 40.69491, "lon": 116.56217, "scope": "CN", "kind": "C 地名／行政替代点", "approximate": true, "object": "怀柔宝山镇驻地", "source": "S169定位描述；GeoNames 2038436", "crs": "WGS84（GeoNames点；不是遗址实测）", "status": "研究对象已核对；此点仅为明确标注的近似代表位置", "notes": "GeoNames类型PPLA4，名称Baoshan。不把行政区、驻地或聚落代表位置写成发掘点。", "coordinate_evidence": [ { "source": "S169", "page": 2, "role": "study_locality" }, { "source": "GeoNames", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/2038436", "feature": "PPLA4", "role": "approximate_location" } ], "paper_ids": [ "S169" ], "paper_keys": [ "S169_2a7bc7614cd2" ], "editorial_review": { "status": "approved", "reviewer": "Codex（遗址与原PDF重核）", "note": "研究对象／坐标来源核对；近似点继续明确标记，不代表遗址GPS复测", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-22T11:17:07.192309+00:00", "revision": 0 }, "figure_ids": [ "S169_2a7bc7614cd2_S169-F03" ], "association_status": "source_linked" } ], "bibliography_note": "296个编号包含同文献别号S276/S277；302个清单条目不代表302项独立研究。", "site_association_version": "site-audit/20261022-1" }